DOCSLIB.ORG

Freedom of the Press: a Global Outlook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Freedom of the Press: a Global Outlook Istitute for Cultural Relatios Policy Hua Rights Issues Series | 7 ICRP Human Rights Issues Series | 2017 Freedom of the press: a global outlook Authors | Álvaro Palomo Sabata, Dóra Vet, Annalisa Baldassarri, Kiera Wilkins, Adrienn Prieger, Asham Vohra, Aldoreza Prandana, Hannah Cartwright Editor | Álvaro Palomo Sabata Series Editor | András Lrincz Published by | Institute for Cultural Relations Policy Executive Publisher | Csilla Morauszki Institute for Cultural Relations Policy 1131 Budapest, Gyöngyösi u. 45. http://culturalrelations.org [email protected] HU ISSN 2064-2202 © Institute for Cultural Relations Policy Kulturális Kapcsolatokért Alapítvány, 2017 The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy. Neither the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy and nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Content THE FREEDOM OF PRESS (Annalisa Baldassarri).................................................................. 1 THE INSECURE SITUATION OF ETHICAL JOURNALISM IN ITALY (Annalisa Baldassarri) ...................................................................... 4 INTERVIEW WITH MARCO CUNIBERTI (Annalisa Baldassarri) ..................................... 14 MEDIA LAWS IN HUNGARY AND POLAND (Aldoreza Prandana)................................... 23 IMPACTS OF WAR ON THE FREEDOM OF PRESS: THE UKRAINE CASE (Kiera Wilkins)................................................................................... 31 FREEDOM OF PRESS IN TURKEY (dr. Adrienn Prieger – Asham Vohra) .......................... 38 CHINA, CENSORSHIP, AND THE INTERNET (Hannah Cartwright).............................. 52 FREEDOM OF PRESS IN MEXICO: ORGANISED CRIME OPERATES WITH IMPUNITY (Álvaro Palomo Sabata) ................. 59 RESTRICTING, CONTROLLING AND OWNING THE MEDIA – CONSTITUTIONAL VIOLATIONS IN VENEZUELA (Dóra Vető) .................................. 68 THE FREEDOM OF PRESS The freedom of speech represents the Independence in 1776, whose final outcome fundamental base of any democratic order. If was the creation of the first modern democratic we take this principle as assumption, it appears State along with the adoption of the first simple to speak about the freedom to hold an Constitution. Freedom of speech is now opinion and to express it as a necessity. This protected by many constitutions as a necessity derives from the social utility which is fundamental right and it is provided for by recognised to a liberty of this calibre, which International law. First of all, the above- allows people not to hide personal opinions and mentioned liberty finds its own protection convictions and to express them in order to within a milestone document in the history of discuss, criticise or shed a light on possible human rights; the Universal Declaration of different points of view. It follows that in this Human Rights, which was proclaimed by UN perspective any State order which used its General Assembly in 1948. Article 19 of the authority to put excessive restrictions to the Declaration reads as follow: “Everyone has the freedom of speech of both who align with its right to freedom of opinion and expression; this policy and those who oppose to it, would right includes freedom to hold opinions without nullify the social necessity of free thinking by interference and to seek, receive and impart preventing its own community to take part in information and ideas through any media and its development and possible changings. regardless of frontiers”.2 According to Dutch philosopher Spinoza’s political theory the freedom of speech must be Hence, what is the scope of a legislative defined as the first and inalienable liberty which provision created with the aim of protect and is, at the same time, the most easily and guarantee the freedom of speech within the stealthily manipulable.1 Before the freedom of society? It is fundamental to understand that expression became a right guaranteed by several the freedom of expression includes in its sphere constitutions, history has been characterised by other important rights. As we can learn from a long and bitter struggle. The recognition of the texts of various international documents as this particular freedom has always been well as from some constitutions; recognising the obstructed by political authorities as well as freedom of speech, first, entails the necessity to religious ones, because of two reasons: on one provide for a proper protection to the freedom hand the concern that free expression could of information, as a corollary. The above- become a danger to the ruling power and to the mentioned Article 19 of the Universal social and political order and, on the other Declaration of Human Rights clearly refers to hand the thread represented by anti-dogmatism the right “to seek, receive and impart information against theology. The turning point in the and ideas”. Another regulatory act approved by history of democratic societies was represented the Council of Europe during the same period by the outbreak of American War of (1950), that we can make reference to, is the 1 | FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A GLOBAL OUTLOOK European Convention on Human Rights whose summarise some of the common limitations on Article 10 begins by including into the right to free expression by mentioning hypothesis freedom of expression, the “freedom to hold related to hate speech, classified information, opinions and to receive and impart information liber, right to privacy, public security, political and ideas” as well. A further completeness of correctness and so on. formulation may be found in some of the most recent acts, for instance, within Article 11 of The following pieces of work aim to conduct an the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the analysis of the current situation which European Union which corresponds to Article characterises the freedom of the press in 10 of the above-mentioned Convention on different countries. The freedom of press may Human Rights and which is entitled “Freedom be considered as the most traditional among the of expression and information”. It follows that other means of communication. There are to guarantee a freedom to information, which entities which work with the commitment of may be further split into right to inform and promoting and defending freedom of right to gain information from sources information and freedom of the press, such as accessible for everybody, requires for protection French NGO Reporters Without Borders 2016 World Press Freedom Index [Reporters Without Borders] over the different means through which (RSF) or American Freedom House. The work opinions and information can be delivered. It is carried out by these organisations has gained at this point that we can understand the importance by becoming more and more importance of a legislation whose objective is influential for government authorities. represented by the freedom of the media and Particularly, their sphere of activity includes the relationship between this freedom to other issues press releases, fact finding reports and rights. The freedom of the media is respected as periodical publications regarding issues related long as it is protected from interference by to the development of freedom of information public authority and regardless frontiers as well in specific regions. A publication which may as when media pluralism is safeguarded. But, represent a good starting point for the legal systems impose limitations, at the same dissertations is RSF’s World Freedom Index, time, on the freedom of speech, in regards to which is being unveiled every year since 2002. those cases in which this liberty conflicts with The index aims to provide a measurement of other basic values or rights. It is possible to the degree of freedom available to journalists in FREEDOM OF THE PRESS: A GLOBAL OUTLOOK | 2 180 countries.3 The outcome of the survey is against journalists, in the period evaluated, are determined by the combination of both considered in order to construct the index. The qualitative and quantitative data collected structure of the final outcome will describe the during a determined period of time. The situation of press freedom in the 180 countries qualitative analysis is conducted by pooling the by dividing them into determined categories, responses of experts to a questionnaire, which which evaluate the freedom available to evaluates data such as pluralism, media journalists as follows: good, fairly good, independence and media environment, self- problematic, bad and very bad. Followings censorship, legislative framework, transparency dissertations will deal with the tricky aspects and the quality of the infrastructure that related to freedom of the press by putting supports the production of news and attention on different set of problems information.4 The questionnaire is targeted at contextualising the issues within the framework the experts selected by RSF among lawyers, of International Law and International media professionals and sociologists. Therefore, Relations. quantitative data on abuses and acts of violence Notes 1: Full text available at: http://www.ritirifilosofici.it/?p=1375 2: Full text available at: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights 3: More at: https://rsf.org/en/detailed-methodology 4: https://rsf.org/en/detailed-methodology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Venezuela Venezuela Se Respeta
    IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA VENEZUELA SE RESPETA MARCH 2014 IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA Download our publications: www.minci.gob.ve VENEZUELA SE RESPETA IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA Nicolas Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Delcy Rodriguez Minster of the popular power for Communication and information Printed for the first time in the Republic Bolivariana de Venezuela March 2014 BolivarianThe VENEZUELA SE RESPETA EDITORIAL BOARD TRANSLATED TO ENGLISH BY EMBASSY OF THE MS. ANA CAROLINA RODRIGUEZ JORDAN BISHOP AND CHARLES HETT BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF DE FEBRES CORDERO VENEZUELA IN CANADA [email protected] PRINTED 32 Range Rd. Ottawa, GILMAR HERNANDEZ K1N 8J4. CANADA. JEAN CARLOS DU BOULAY G COMMUNICATION VISUELLE [email protected] Telephone: 6132355151 www.Misionvenezuela.org MORGAN BELLO [email protected] [email protected] 2 VENEZUELA SE RESPETA Democracy under threat The physical disappearance on the 5th sudden counter-revolutionary explosion of march 2013 of Comandante President During the second half of 2013 unscru- Hugo Raphael Chavez Frias, maximum pulous businessmen and merchants led by leader of the Bolivarian Revolution who led the employers organization Fedecamaras Venezuela during 14 years in a victorious and with the active participation of Con- political process of recovery of the national secomercio and Venamcham carried out dignity and the construction of social jus- continuous and indiscriminate price rais- tice- was seen by the Venezuelan people ing in all areas even reaching increases of as an irreparable loss of historic dimen- 2000%, as well as gong on to the hoarding sions.The kind loving man and at the same of essential goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • 2020-Venezuela
    POLITICAL PERSECUTION IN TIMES OF PANDEMIC 2020-VENEZUELA 1 INDEX 03 Research methodology. 04 Executive summary. 05 I. Political persecution in venezuela. 08 II. Venezuela censored during COVID-19 13 III. Persecuted for defending human rights. 17 IV. The threatened health guild. 21 V. Persecution against society. 21 Returned venezuelans are persecuted and stigmatized. 24 Social control as a persecution and discrimination mechanism. 28 VI. Final reflections and conclusions of the report. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The monitoring presented below constitutes a summary of the research work that the Center for Justice and Peace (Cepaz) has prepared on the occasion of the exacerbation of the patterns of persecution by the Nicolás Maduro regime during the pandemic. The investigation has a documentary approach, so the record of the cases presented is derived from the compilation of publications shared by national and international digital information sources, to which any organization or individual can have access if they so require. The monitoring has been carried out from march 16, 2020 to june 9, 2020. The use of the sources of information has complied with the process of tonnage of the sources, the revision, the comparison and the interpretative approach. The information presented is sufficient to yield results that are considered true in terms of numbers and percentages. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The multidimensional crisis that exists in Venezuela and the complex humanitarian crisis has been emphasized in times of a pandemic. The de facto government has used the health emergency to continue with the declaration of a state of emergency, which already has been unconstitutional for more than 4 years, and which, now being necessary to safeguard the lives of Venezuelans, has been used to violate rights and apply greater restrictions that, far from addressing the emergency, further deepens the pre-existing crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Access Denied a Look Into Media Censorship in Venezuela
    ACCESS DENIED A LOOK INTO MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN VENEZULA RES EARCH QUESTION RESULTS CONCLUSION How is media censorship laws in Venezuela Venezuelan government can criminalize freedom of expression to effect the lives of those who live there? what is considered “disrespect” for high What is being censored? government officials. Venezuelan Authorities also block news outlets and social media or arrest critics BACKGROUND who speak out online.Censoring those Venezuela goverment has passed a Law who oppose agaisnt current president against hate, for peaceful coexistence and Nicolas Maduro tolerance also know as " Anti-Hate law" . This FUTURE WORK law prohibits anyone from sharing content that After reading journals and numerous promotes fascism, intolerance or hate on social news articles on this topic I can say that media or digital platforms, under penalty of up this topic is Relevant in the new age of to 20 years in prison. Creating a digital technology especially when Social lockdown on what the government determines Above is a chart that shows Venezulan Authorities blocking media is everywhere. Venezuelan news outlets and social media Almost every time oppostion is "fake news" or "hate speech". Government continues to take away the leader Juan Guaidó livestreams a speech on Instagram, Youtube right to freedom of speech and press. or Periscope, Still the people of Venezuela fight for METHODS OF INQUIRY change despite the digital barriers. Internet-monitoring groups said BILBOGRAPHY CANTV, the state-run Internet 1. Grinffiel,Julieta. "Media laws a comparison between Venezuela and Argentina " Law and Business Review of the Americas 17.3 (2011): 557-81 PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS provider through which a majority 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Résumé - Andrés Cañizález
    Résumé - Andrés Cañizález Summary: Venezuelan, born on February 9, 1966; is a Bachelor of Mass Communication (Journalism Major), Master of Political Science with emphasis on International Relationships from Simón Bolívar University (USB by its Spanish initials) and Master of Venezuelan History from Andrés Bello Catholic University (UCAB by its Spanish initials), also earned a Political Science Doctorate from USB, Caracas His doctoral thesis earned high honors. He further completed postdoctoral studies at Central University of Venezuela (UCV by its Spanish initials). Chair Professor-Researcher at UCAB, in charge of the line of research on media, democracy, and freedom of the press. His position promotion research was awarded a publication recommendation by the examining jury. He has managed such academic journals as Temas de Comunicación (Communication Issues) from 2006 to 2016, and Comunicación. Estudios Venezolanos de Comunicación (Communication. Venezuelan Studies on Communication) from 2000 to 2008, coordinated the Latin American Communication Researchers (ALAIC by its Spanish initials) Political Communication and Media Task Group from 2006 to 2016. Cañizález is a member of the Academic Council for the Opening and Development of Latin America (CADAL by its Spanish initials). In May 2019, he has appointed President Emeritus of the Venezuelan Association of Communication Researchers (INVECOM by its Spanish initials), in recognition for his career, and is a board member of the NGO Medianálisis, which since 2010 conducts research and training endeavors, encouraging interaction between journalism and democracy. In 2017, he was ranked among the 300 highest impacting Venezuelan scholars (from all fields), according to Google Scholar indicators, in a rating by EU-sponsored Acumen Project, being the only one involved in media journalism and free speech among those listed.
    [Show full text]
  • “Political Persecution in Venezuela”
    Report to the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations on the occasion of the 4th Periodic Review Report of the Venezuelan State in the 114th session of June 2015, on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights “POLITICAL PERSECUTION IN VENEZUELA” Systematization of patterns of persecution to Venezuelan political dissidents Geneva, june 2015 0 Presentation This report was prepared by the organization CEPAZ Justice and Peace Center, for the Human Rights Committee on the occasion of examination performed in Venezuela Fourth Report on the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This report is focused on patterns of persecution of individuals and groups for political reasons, corresponding to Articles 2, 9, 14, 19 and 25 of the Covenant. Center for Justice and Peace, CEPAZ: organization that since its creation, promotes citizen activism for human rights and has made systematic monitoring, analysis, reporting, dissemination and training on the situation of human rights in Venezuela, with the permanent references to the covenants and conventions that make up the International Human Rights System. www.cepaz.org.ve [email protected] 1 INDEX ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 6 POLITICAL PERSECUTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Media's Influence on the Government
    Article The Media’s Influence on the Government: A Case Study of Venezuela’s Media Agenda Setting with a Non-Free Press and Its Repercussions Susan M. Fredricks * and Joshua D. Phillips Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University-Brandywine, Media, PA 19063, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: A free and open press (unincumbered by political pressures) is necessary to hold govern- ment officials accountable. When governments become entangled in the business of licensing and regulating news outlets, news outlets succumb to the pressures of only publishing stories favorable to the current regime. The temptation to publish negative stories could result in losing one’s publishing license. This scenario has been playing out in Venezuela for the past two decades and has led to a media culture of misinformation, confusion, and propaganda. This paper first analyzes the Venezuelan view on the influential forces on its government through the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP). Second, it explores how the Venezuelan government vanquished the free press by affecting the Venezuelan citizens’ attitudes towards the press. Finally, it reviews how the internet and social media are creating new avenues for publishing uncensored and unregulated information in an effort to challenge current government restrictions. Citation: Fredricks, Susan M., and Joshua D. Phillips. 2021. The Media’s Keywords: Venezuela; media agenda setting; mass media; ISSP; survey Influence on the Government: A Case Study of Venezuela’s Media Agenda Setting with a Non-Free Press and Its Repercussions. Journalism and Media 2: 275–287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ 1.
    [Show full text]
  • BY Under the Supervision of Sambuddho Chakravarty NEW DELHI
    AQUEST FOR CYBER HIGH GROUND:IMPACT OF INTERNET STRUCTURE ON (ANTI-)CENSORSHIP BY DEVASHISH GOSAIN Under the supervision of Sambuddho Chakravarty COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDRAPRASTHA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DELHI NEW DELHI– 110020 JULY, 2020 AQUEST FOR CYBER HIGH GROUND:IMPACT OF INTERNET STRUCTURE ON (ANTI-)CENSORSHIP BY DEVASHISH GOSAIN ATHESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING INDRAPRASTHA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DELHI NEW DELHI– 110020 JULY, 2020 Certificate This is to certify that the thesis titled A Quest for Cyber High Ground: Impact of Internet Structure on (Anti-)Censorship being submitted by Devashish Gosain to the Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is an original research work carried out by him under my supervision. In my opinion, the thesis has reached the standard fulfilling the requirements of the regulations relating to the degree. The results contained in this thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma. July, 2020 Dr. Sambuddho Chakravarty Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi New Delhi 110020 Abstract The original design of the Internet was a resilient, distributed architecture, that should be able to route around (and therefore recover from) massive disruption — up to and including nuclear war. However, network routing policies and business decisions cause traffic to be often routed through a relatively small set of Autonomous Systems (ASes). It has practical implications — some of these frequently appearing ASes (i.e., “key” ASes) are hosted in censorious nations.
    [Show full text]
  • MODEL UNITED NATIONS November 6-8, 2020
    40th ANNUAL TENNESSEE YMCA MODEL UNITED NATIONS Sponsored by the YMCA Center for Civic Engagement November 6-8, 2020 Democracy must be learned by each generation. TENNESSEE YMCA MODEL UNITED NATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Conference Agenda 3-5 Program Administration 6 Letter from the Secretary General 7-8 2020 MUN Officers 9 MUN Delegate Roster 10-21 Election Ballot 22 Plan Padrino 23 Committee Flow Chart 24 UN Member Countries 25-26 Format for Debate 27 Table of Motions 28 Intent Speaker Procedure 29 Rules of Procedure 30-32 Script for Debate 33-34 Code of Conduct 35-36 Secretariat 37 Security Council 38 International Court of Justice 39 Department of Public Information 40 General Assembly Committees 41-223 Committee A 41-62 Committee B 63-86 Committee C 87-106 Committee D 107-133 Committee E 132-152 Committee F 153-178 Committee G 179-201 Committee H 202-223 2 Tennessee YMCA MODEL UNITED NATIONS A Tennessee YMCA Center for Civic Engagement Program CONFERENCE AGENDA November 5-8, 2020 Thursday , November 5 8:00PM Full Opening Ceremony Posted Watch any time before Friday morning session Friday, November 6 9:00–10:00 AM Opening Ceremony Livestream 10:00-11:00 AM First Committees Committee A Committee B Committee C Committee D Committee E Committee F Committee G Committee H Components Department of Public Information International Court of Justice Secretariat Security Council 12:30–3:00 PM First Committees Resume Components Resume 4:00–6:00 PM First Committees Resume Components Resume 7:00–7:30 PM Candidate Town Hall 7:30-9:00 PM SOCIAL HOUR:
    [Show full text]
  • Annual-Report-2019-N
    1 Public Report: Doc-03/18 Original: Spanish REDESAYUDA CIVIL ASSOCIATION DICTATORSHIP 2.0 IN VENEZUELA 2018 Record and study of events that violate, restrict and criminalize freedom of expression on the internet in Venezuela during 2018 2019 www.redesayuda.org 2 Some rights reserved This publication is available under Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution-Share Equal License. You may copy, distribute, display and perform the work, make derivative works, and make commercial use of the work. You must give credit to the original authors of the work and, in case of making derivative works, use for them a license identical to this. - 3 Report of RedesAyuda Dictatorship 2.0 in Venezuela 2018 Record and study of events that violate, restrict and criminalize freedom of expression on the Internet in Venezuela during 2018. REDESAYUDA The Non-Governmental Organization RedesAyuda was founded in 2014 with the intention of contributing to the promotion and strengthening of the creation of human social networks (digital or analog) free and independent as an indispensable instrument for the promotion and defense of human rights in a democratic society. Among its main areas of interest are: Human Rights, freedom of expression, the media, access to the internet and the strengthening, preparation and training of activists, leaders, and defenders in the field of digital security and information. Director: Mr. Melanio Escobar, Mass Communications graduate and Human Rights activist. Authors: Andrellys Ramírez, architect. Nickole Quilarque, student. Rodolfo Montes
    [Show full text]
  • Constituents Before Assembly
    Constituents before Assembly Under what circumstances do new constitutions improve a nation’s level of democ- racy? Between 1974 and 2014, democracy increased in 77 countries following the adoption of a new constitution, but it decreased or stayed the same in 47 others. This book demonstrates that increased participation in the forming of constitu- tions positively impacts levels of democracy. It is discovered that the degree of citizen participation at the “convening stage” of constitution-making has a strong effect on levels of democracy. This finding defies the common theory that levels of democracy result from the content of constitutions, and instead lends support to “deliberative” theories of democracy. Patterns of constitutions are then compared, differentiating imposed and popular constitution-making processes, using case stud- ies from Chile, Nigeria, Gambia, and Venezuela to illustrate the dynamics specific to imposed constitution-making, and case studies from Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, and Tunisia to illustrate the specific dynamics of popular constitution-making. Todd A. Eisenstadt is Professor of Government at American University. His democ- ratization and rule of law scholarship includes his award-winning dissertation book Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions (Cambridge, 2004). His research has been funded by Fulbright, the Ford and Mellon Foundations, and the National Science Foundation. He has held visiting appoint- ments at El Colegio de México, Harvard University, the University of California, San Diego, and the Latin American Social Science Faculty (FLACSO) in Ecuador. A. Carl LeVan is Associate Professor in the School of International Service at American University in Washington, DC. He is the author of Dictators and Democracy in African Development: The Political Economy of Good Governance in Nigeria (Cambridge, 2015) and co-editor of African State Governance: Subnational Politics and National Power (2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Literature, Journalism and Censorship in Venezuela
    Acts of Resistance: Literature, Journalism and Censorship in Venezuela 1 With PEN in Venezuela This report is the result of a mission conducted by PEN International in Venezuela between February-March 2018, as well as interviews with writers, journalists and other stakeholders. 2 Lazarus’ Gaze Researched and written by Alicia Quiñones 3 Introduction Editors: Cathal Sheerin, Emma Wadsworth-Jones and Romana Cacchioli 6 Case Studies Translated into English by Emma Wadsworth-Jones With thanks to Espacio Público, Sahar Halaimzai, Ebony Riddell-Bamber, Mike Halmshaw, Getty Images, 6 Journalists in exile and Brett Biedscheid. PEN International wishes to thank all those who gave their time for 7 Attacks and intimidation interviews as well as contributed to the report. of journalists and writers Published by PEN International, with the support of the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) 10 The shrinking space for PEN International promotes literature and freedom of expression and is governed by the PEN Charter and the principles it embodies: cultural freedoms unhampered transmission of thought within each nation and between all nations. Founded in 1921, PEN International connects an international community of writers from its Secretariat in London. 11 The book and publishing It is a forum where writers meet freely to discuss their work; it is also a voice speaking out for writers silenced in their own countries. Through Centres in over 100 countries, PEN operates on five 13 The future for continents. PEN International is a non-political
    [Show full text]