Addressing Denial of Service Attacks on Free and Open Communication on the Internet — Interim Report 1 —
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Technical Report (Open)SSH Secure Use Recommendations
DAT-NT-007-EN/ANSSI/SDE PREMIERMINISTRE Secrétariat général Paris, August 17, 2015 de la défense et de la sécurité nationale No DAT-NT-007-EN/ANSSI/SDE/NP Agence nationale de la sécurité Number of pages des systèmes d’information (including this page): 21 Technical report (Open)SSH secure use recommendations Targeted audience Developers Administrators X IT security managers X IT managers Users Document Information Disclaimer This document, written by the ANSSI, presents the “(Open)SSH secure use recom- mendations”. It is freely available at www.ssi.gouv.fr/nt-ssh. It is an original creation from the ANSSI and it is placed under the “Open Licence” published by the Etalab mission (www.etalab.gouv.fr). Consequently, its diffusion is unlimited and unrestricted. This document is a courtesy translation of the initial French document “Recommanda- tions pour un usage sécurisé d’(Open)SSH”, available at www.ssi.gouv.fr/nt-ssh. In case of conflicts between these two documents, the latter is considered as the only reference. These recommendations are provided as is and are related to threats known at the publication time. Considering the information systems diversity, the ANSSI cannot guarantee direct application of these recommendations on targeted information systems. Applying the following recommendations shall be, at first, validated by IT administrators and/or IT security managers. Document contributors Contributors Written by Approved by Date Cisco1, DAT DAT SDE August 17, 2015 Document changelog Version Date Changelog based on 1.3 – french August 17, 2015 Translation Contact information Contact Address Email Phone 51 bd de La Bureau Communication Tour-Maubourg [email protected] 01 71 75 84 04 de l’ANSSI 75700 Paris Cedex 07 SP 1. -
Pairing-Based Onion Routing with Improved Forward Secrecy ∗
Pairing-Based Onion Routing with Improved Forward Secrecy ∗ Aniket Kate Greg M. Zaverucha Ian Goldberg David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 {akate,gzaveruc,iang}@cs.uwaterloo.ca Abstract This paper presents new protocols for onion routing anonymity networks. We define a provably secure privacy-preserving key agreement scheme in an identity-based infrastructure setting, and use it to forge new onion routing circuit constructions. These constructions, based on a user’s selection, offer immediate or eventual forward secrecy at each node in a circuit and require significantly less computation and communication than the telescoping mechanism used by Tor. Further, the use of the identity-based infrastructure also leads to a reduction in the required amount of authenticated directory information. Therefore, our constructions provide practical ways to allow onion routing anonymity networks to scale gracefully. Keywords: onion routing, Tor, pairing-based cryptography, anonymous key agreement, forward secrecy 1 Introduction Over the years, a large number of anonymity networks have been proposed and some have been implemented. Common to many of them is onion routing [RSG98], a technique whereby a message is wrapped in multiple layers of encryption, forming an onion. As the message is delivered via a number of intermediate onion routers (ORs), or nodes, each node decrypts one of the layers, and forwards the message to the next node. This idea goes back to Chaum [Cha81] and has been used to build both low- and high-latency communication networks. A common realization of an onion routing system is to arrange a collection of nodes that will relay traffic for users of the system. -
Anonymous Rate Limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation
Anonymous rate limiting with Direct Anonymous Attestation Alex Catarineu Philipp Claßen Cliqz GmbH, Munich Konark Modi Josep M. Pujol 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Data is essential to build services 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Problems with Data Collection IP UA Timestamp Message Payload Cookie Type 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:01 1e550 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://analytics.twitter.com/user/konark Cookie=966347bfd 14:06 modi 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona Cookie=966347bfd 16:15 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX Chrome.. 2018-07-09 QueryLog [face, facebook.com] Cookie=966347bfd 14:10 1e55040434abe… 195.202.XX.XX FF.. 2018-07-09 Page https://shop.flixbus.de/user/resetting/res Cookie=966347bfd 18:40 et/hi7KTb1Pxa4lXqKMcwLXC0XzN- 1e55040434abe… 47Tt0Q 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [face, facebook.com] 2018-07-09 14 Querylog [boo, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 Page https://booking.com/hotels/barcelona 2018-07-09 14 Telemetry [‘engagement’: 0 page loads last week, 5023 page loads last month] More details: https://gist.github.com/solso/423a1104a9e3c1e3b8d7c9ca14e885e5 http://josepmpujol.net/public/papers/big_green_tracker.pdf 25.09.18 Crypto and Privacy Village 2018 Motivation: Preventing attacks on anonymous data collection Timestamp Message Type Payload 2018-07-09 14 querylog [book, booking.com] 2018-07-09 14 querylog [fac, facebook.com] … …. -
Openssh Client Cryptographic Module Versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2
OpenSSH Client Cryptographic Module versions 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Version 3.0 Last update: 2021-01-13 Prepared by: atsec information security corporation 9130 Jollyville Road, Suite 260 Austin, TX 78759 www.atsec.com © 2021 Canonical Ltd. / atsec information security This document can be reproduced and distributed only whole and intact, including this copyright notice. OpenSSH Client Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Table of Contents 1. Cryptographic Module Specification ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Module Overview .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Modes of Operation ................................................................................................................................ 9 2. Cryptographic Module Ports and Interfaces ......................................................................................... 10 3. Roles, Services and Authentication ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Roles ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Services ................................................................................................................................................. -
Venezuela Venezuela Se Respeta
IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA VENEZUELA SE RESPETA MARCH 2014 IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA Download our publications: www.minci.gob.ve VENEZUELA SE RESPETA IN DEFENSE OF VENEZUELA Nicolas Maduro Moros President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Delcy Rodriguez Minster of the popular power for Communication and information Printed for the first time in the Republic Bolivariana de Venezuela March 2014 BolivarianThe VENEZUELA SE RESPETA EDITORIAL BOARD TRANSLATED TO ENGLISH BY EMBASSY OF THE MS. ANA CAROLINA RODRIGUEZ JORDAN BISHOP AND CHARLES HETT BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF DE FEBRES CORDERO VENEZUELA IN CANADA [email protected] PRINTED 32 Range Rd. Ottawa, GILMAR HERNANDEZ K1N 8J4. CANADA. JEAN CARLOS DU BOULAY G COMMUNICATION VISUELLE [email protected] Telephone: 6132355151 www.Misionvenezuela.org MORGAN BELLO [email protected] [email protected] 2 VENEZUELA SE RESPETA Democracy under threat The physical disappearance on the 5th sudden counter-revolutionary explosion of march 2013 of Comandante President During the second half of 2013 unscru- Hugo Raphael Chavez Frias, maximum pulous businessmen and merchants led by leader of the Bolivarian Revolution who led the employers organization Fedecamaras Venezuela during 14 years in a victorious and with the active participation of Con- political process of recovery of the national secomercio and Venamcham carried out dignity and the construction of social jus- continuous and indiscriminate price rais- tice- was seen by the Venezuelan people ing in all areas even reaching increases of as an irreparable loss of historic dimen- 2000%, as well as gong on to the hoarding sions.The kind loving man and at the same of essential goods. -
Into the Reverie: Exploration of the Dream Market
Into the Reverie: Exploration of the Dream Market Theo Carr1, Jun Zhuang2, Dwight Sablan3, Emma LaRue4, Yubao Wu5, Mohammad Al Hasan2, and George Mohler2 1Department of Mathematics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 2Department of Computer & Information Science, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 3Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Guam, Guam 4Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AK 5Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Since the emergence of the Silk Road market in Onymous" in 2014, a worldwide action taken by law enforce- the early 2010s, dark web ‘cryptomarkets’ have proliferated and ment and judicial agencies aimed to put a kibosh on these offered people an online platform to buy and sell illicit drugs, illicit behaviors [5]. Law enforcement interventions such as relying on cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin for anonymous trans- actions. However, recent studies have highlighted the potential for Onymous, along with exit scams and hacks, have successfully de-anonymization of bitcoin transactions, bringing into question shut down numerous cryptomarkets, including AlphaBay, Silk the level of anonymity afforded by cryptomarkets. We examine a Road, Dream, and more recently, Wall Street [6]. Despite these set of over 100,000 product reviews from several cryptomarkets interruptions, new markets have continued to proliferate. The collected in 2018 and 2019 and conduct a comprehensive analysis authors of [7] note that there appears to be a consistent daily of the markets, including an examination of the distribution of drug sales and revenue among vendors, and a comparison demand of about $500,000 for illicit products on the dark web, of incidences of opioid sales to overdose deaths in a US city. -
Dark and Deep Webs-Liberty Or Abuse
International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism Volume 9 • Issue 2 • April-June 2019 Dark and Deep Webs-Liberty or Abuse Lev Topor, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1836-5150 ABSTRACT While the Dark Web is the safest internet platform, it is also the most dangerous platform at the same time. While users can stay secure and almost totally anonymously, they can also be exploited by other users, hackers, cyber-criminals, and even foreign governments. The purpose of this article is to explore and discuss the tremendous benefits of anonymous networks while comparing them to the hazards and risks that are also found on those platforms. In order to open this dark portal and contribute to the discussion of cyber and politics, a comparative analysis of the dark and deep web to the commonly familiar surface web (World Wide Web) is made, aiming to find and describe both the advantages and disadvantages of the platforms. KeyWoRD Cyber, DarkNet, Information, New Politics, Web, World Wide Web INTRoDUCTIoN In June 2018, the United States Department of Justice uncovered its nationwide undercover operation in which it targeted dark web vendors. This operation resulted in 35 arrests and seizure of weapons, drugs, illegal erotica material and much more. In total, the U.S. Department of Justice seized more than 23.6$ Million.1 In that same year, as in past years, the largest dark web platform, TOR (The Onion Router),2 was sponsored almost exclusively by the U.S. government and other Western allies.3 Thus, an important and even philosophical question is derived from this situation- Who is responsible for the illegal goods and cyber-crimes? Was it the criminal[s] that committed them or was it the facilitator and developer, the U.S. -
Consensgx: Scaling Anonymous Communications Networks With
Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies ; 2019 (3):331–349 Sajin Sasy* and Ian Goldberg* ConsenSGX: Scaling Anonymous Communications Networks with Trusted Execution Environments Abstract: Anonymous communications networks enable 1 Introduction individuals to maintain their privacy online. The most popular such network is Tor, with about two million Privacy is an integral right of every individual in daily users; however, Tor is reaching limits of its scala- society [72]. With almost every day-to-day interaction bility. One of the main scalability bottlenecks of Tor and shifting towards using the internet as a medium, it similar network designs originates from the requirement becomes essential to ensure that we can maintain the of distributing a global view of the servers in the network privacy of our actions online. Furthermore, in light to all network clients. This requirement is in place to of nation-state surveillance and censorship, it is all avoid epistemic attacks, in which adversaries who know the more important that we enable individuals and which parts of the network certain clients do and do not organizations to communicate online without revealing know about can rule in or out those clients from being their identities. There are a number of tools aiming to responsible for particular network traffic. provide such private communication, the most popular In this work, we introduce a novel solution to this of which is the Tor network [21]. scalability problem by leveraging oblivious RAM con- Tor is used by millions of people every day to structions and trusted execution environments in order protect their privacy online [70]. -
Improving Signal's Sealed Sender
Improving Signal’s Sealed Sender Ian Martiny∗, Gabriel Kaptchuky, Adam Avivz, Dan Rochex, Eric Wustrow∗ ∗University of Colorado Boulder, fian.martiny, [email protected] yBoston University, [email protected] zGeorge Washington University, [email protected] xU.S. Naval Avademy, [email protected] Abstract—The Signal messaging service recently deployed a confidential support [25]. In these cases, merely knowing to sealed sender feature that provides sender anonymity by crypto- whom Alice is communicating combined with other contextual graphically hiding a message’s sender from the service provider. information is often enough to infer conversation content with- We demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, that this out reading the messages themselves. Former NSA and CIA one-sided anonymity is broken when two parties send multiple director Michael Hayden succinctly illustrated this importance messages back and forth; that is, the promise of sealed sender of metadata when he said the US government “kill[s] people does not compose over a conversation of messages. Our attack is in the family of Statistical Disclosure Attacks (SDAs), and is made based on metadata” [29]. particularly effective by delivery receipts that inform the sender Signal’s recent sealed sender feature aims to conceal this that a message has been successfully delivered, which are enabled metadata by hiding the message sender’s identity. Instead of by default on Signal. We show using theoretical and simulation- based models that Signal could link sealed sender users in as seeing a message from Alice to Bob, Signal instead observes few as 5 messages. Our attack goes beyond tracking users via a message to Bob from an anonymous sender. -
How to Use Encryption and Privacy Tools to Evade Corporate Espionage
How to use Encryption and Privacy Tools to Evade Corporate Espionage An ICIT White Paper Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology August 2015 NOTICE: The recommendations contained in this white paper are not intended as standards for federal agencies or the legislative community, nor as replacements for enterprise-wide security strategies, frameworks and technologies. This white paper is written primarily for individuals (i.e. lawyers, CEOs, investment bankers, etc.) who are high risk targets of corporate espionage attacks. The information contained within this briefing is to be used for legal purposes only. ICIT does not condone the application of these strategies for illegal activity. Before using any of these strategies the reader is advised to consult an encryption professional. ICIT shall not be liable for the outcomes of any of the applications used by the reader that are mentioned in this brief. This document is for information purposes only. It is imperative that the reader hires skilled professionals for their cybersecurity needs. The Institute is available to provide encryption and privacy training to protect your organization’s sensitive data. To learn more about this offering, contact information can be found on page 41 of this brief. Not long ago it was speculated that the leading world economic and political powers were engaged in a cyber arms race; that the world is witnessing a cyber resource buildup of Cold War proportions. The implied threat in that assessment is close, but it misses the mark by at least half. The threat is much greater than you can imagine. We have passed the escalation phase and have engaged directly into full confrontation in the cyberwar. -
Doswell, Stephen (2016) Measurement and Management of the Impact of Mobility on Low-Latency Anonymity Networks
Citation: Doswell, Stephen (2016) Measurement and management of the impact of mobility on low-latency anonymity networks. Doctoral thesis, Northumbria University. This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/30242/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF THE IMPACT OF MOBILITY ON LOW-LATENCY ANONYMITY NETWORKS S.DOSWELL Ph.D 2016 Measurement and management of the impact of mobility on low-latency anonymity networks Stephen Doswell A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Research undertaken in the Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Environment October 2016 Declaration I declare that the work contained in this thesis has not been submitted for any other award and that it is all my own work. -
Whotracks. Me: Shedding Light on the Opaque World of Online Tracking
WhoTracks.Me: Shedding light on the opaque world of online tracking Arjaldo Karaj Sam Macbeth Rémi Berson [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Josep M. Pujol [email protected] Cliqz GmbH Arabellastraße 23 Munich, Germany ABSTRACT print users and their devices [25], and the extent to Online tracking has become of increasing concern in recent which these methods are being used across the web [5], years, however our understanding of its extent to date has and quantifying the value exchanges taking place in on- been limited to snapshots from web crawls. Previous at- line advertising [7, 27]. There is a lack of transparency tempts to measure the tracking ecosystem, have been done around which third-party services are present on pages, using instrumented measurement platforms, which are not and what happens to the data they collect is a common able to accurately capture how people interact with the web. concern. By monitoring this ecosystem we can drive In this work we present a method for the measurement of awareness of the practices of these services, helping to tracking in the web through a browser extension, as well as inform users whether they are being tracked, and for a method for the aggregation and collection of this informa- what purpose. More transparency and consumer aware- tion which protects the privacy of participants. We deployed ness of these practices can help drive both consumer this extension to more than 5 million users, enabling mea- and regulatory pressure to change, and help researchers surement across multiple countries, ISPs and browser con- to better quantify the privacy and security implications figurations, to give an accurate picture of real-world track- caused by these services.