The White Horse Press Full citation: Marald, Erland. "Everything Circulates: Agricultural Chemistry and Recycling Theories in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century." Environment and History 8, no. 1 (February 2002): 65–84. http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/3111. Rights: All rights reserved. © The White Horse Press 2002. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism or review, no part of this article may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, including photocopying or recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission from the publishers. For further information please see http://www.whpress.co.uk. Everything Circulates: Agricultural Chemistry and Recycling Theories in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century ERLAND MÅRALD Department of Historical Studies, Umeå University S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Email:
[email protected] ABSTRACT This paper analyses the arguments in favour of recycling put forth by agricultural chemists in the mid nineteenth century. In this context the study emphasises how agricultural chemical theories, mainly developed by Justus Liebig, were con- nected to larger issues outside the scientific domain. The study also investigates how agricultural chemists argued for different kinds if recycling systems in a more practical way. By way of conclusion, some reasons for the ultimate abandonment of the recycling discourse at the end of the nineteenth century will be discussed. KEY WORDS Justus Liebig, agricultural chemistry, chemico-theology, recycling, sewage, Alexander Müller, nineteenth century Paris casts twenty-five millions yearly into the water. And this without meta- phors.