fined an ox. an fined all commanding people decree henceforth a to use issued the king new name the of 1577 the castle In ‘’. patronage. If anyone his used veryin the old history otherwise name, of Krogen, was he importance was he the of allthough conscious , the of origin Medieval the emphasizing in interested Frederik case not this was In II 1574–1585. between style Renaissance the in rebuilt completely it had he Sound; the at Krogen of castle Medieval situated strategically the reused (1534–1559–1588) II Frederik king Danish the when case the was as building, older the of location desirable the be might factor One state. transformed a in even structure, older an preserving of choice the behind be may considerations other but well, as cases accommodate new architectural or functional standards. Economic concerns probably played a role in such practice wascommoninDanisharchitecture,butisnotthefocusofthispaper. and their masonry was transported to a new site, where it disappeared into the walls of a new construction. This reusing building issue; material economic from an older extent, structures saved large money. a In to many was, cases It older century. buildings nineteenth were the completely of demolished, middle the before architecture or symbolicmeaning,atplay. it was merely a question of economic necessity or if there were other factors, such as architectural appreciation whether and understood, be should reuse of kind this how examines paper This Jardin. Nicolas-Henri architect Royal Country Houses by the architect Johan Cornelius Krieger and Marienlyst by the French-born 3 2 1 as incorporated or remodelled being by either period, later a in reused was which of each houses, leisure Renaissance two of fate the on based , Modern Early in materials building and buildings of reuse the of aspects some discusses paper This Ulla Kjær&PoulGrinder-Hansen Architecture ofLeisure in theEarlyModernDanish Two CasesofReuseandspolia characteristic variations on this building type. These leisure houses took various forms. Some of them were them of Some forms. various small pavilions, others were took intended for hot baths (Badstuben in German). houses [Fig. 1] In many cases the leisure These type. building this on variations characteristic own his quite developed he but Anna, sister Frederik’s married had who , of August Elector the in-law, to be used exclusively for royal relaxation, and he seems to have had a deliberate policy of establishing such establishing of policy deliberate spaces near a each of his large, residential castles and . had have to seems he and relaxation, royal for exclusively used be to houses and pavilions introduce to king Danish first the was II Frederik Denmark. in kind their of first the were sites mayhavecombinedtopreservethe original buildings. former monastery of Antvorskov in Sealand. Here financial concerns and the historical importance of these preserving most of the extant structures as, for example, at the old castle of Skanderborg in and the

Habsburg and Valois/Bourbon TerritoriesHabsburg andValois/Bourbon Studies 24),Copenhagen2015, pp.170–180. 1500–1700 (=PNM ResidencesOutside andCourt andCharybdis. EuropeanCourts Scylla Johannsen–Konrad Ottenheym (eds.),Beyond in:Birgitte Bøggild 1559–1588, P Grinder-Hansen, Poul , Petersberg 2013, nach 1945 SpolieninBerlin pp.11–18. – BiagiaBongiorno, Brilliant –DaleKinney(eds.),ReuseValue. toSherrie Levine andArchitecture fromConstantine SpoliaandAppropriationinArt , Farnham 2011, pp.1–11. discussion ofthistopic,see:DaleKinney,have exploredthesignificance ofthecontextspoliause.For themostimportant Introduction,in:Richard h term The oul Grinder-Hansen, ”ImGrünen”.The Types ofDenmark ofInformal SpaceandTheir UseinPrivate,Political and DiplomaticActivitiesofKingFrederikII oe neetn ae h css hr a eitn bidn ws o tr dw bt eoeld to remodelled but down torn not was building existing an where cases the are interesting More of feature necessary often and widespread a was materials building and buildings older of reuse The Yet historic preservation could not be a factor in Frederik’s activities in building his leisure houses, which houses, leisure his building in activities Frederik’s in factor a be not could preservation historic Yet spolia 2 In other cases Frederik II reused older building complexes by adding his own buildings while buildings own his adding by complexes building older reused II Frederik cases other In describesarchitectural orsculpturalfragmentsfromAntiquity, which werereusedinlaterAntiquity ortheMiddleAges.Manyrecentstudies Frederik 2.-Danmarksrenæssancekonge,Copenhagen2013, pp.227–235, 252–257. spolia 1 into later buildings in the first two thirds of the eighteenth century, the century, eighteenth the of thirds two first the in buildings later into 3 Frederik II may have been inspired by his brother- Lusthäuser

75 Looking for Leissure here awoodenbalconyranallalongtheridgeofpitchedroof. century; seventeenth the of decades first the in built was which , in Palace Rosenborg at appeared later construction similar a balcony, a and roof pitched a combining of problem the to solution unconventional 7 6 5 4 by Netherlandishexampleswithredbricksandbandsofsandstone. inspired style Renaissance the in built were they Often cupolas. and towers with palaces miniature like looked 8 and Hogenberg’s atlas from 1586. However, this villa was placed on the east side of the Sound, not on the Elsinore clearly present in Denmark; a villa similar to Lundehave can be seen in the print of were ideas architectural Classical built. been yet not had Lundehave 1584, c. in made was tapestry the when But view behind the figures towards Kronborg Palace is similar to how the view from Lundehave must have appeared. with his son, the future king Christian IV, in front of a balustrade of the same type as the one at Lundehave. The garden aroundLundehave. and early seventeenth centuries. Accounts describe the construction of an arena, but there was also an elaborate sixteenth late the in times several occurred have to known were events such pavilion; the of front in area the in intended as a place in which to admire a view. The balcony could also be used to view the jousts that took place The Lundehave pavilion was only equipped for short stays. The tower-like structure would make sense, if it was privy. a as well as king, the for bed a have would bathhouse the Lundehave, to contrast In other. the to building the below and room, queen’s the storage roomforweaponsandarmour)thekitchens. middle the in room, large king’s the was floor upper the on on theupperlevelwasaccessedbyabridgeconnectinghillsidetorearof villa. Theplanwassimple; are only known from later prints and a painting. [Fig. 3] Because the villa was built into a hill the king’s chamber facade and plan the structure, this of illustrations contemporary no are there As 2] [Fig. corner. each at statues with decorated originally was which balustrade, a by encircled roof flat a as well as balcony, and loggia open an Lundehave (1587), which is located outside of Elsinore and served as a retreat from Kronborg. Lundehave featured supported by pillars and accessed by a door in the upper storey of the tower. the at made was attempt the surrounding landscape. However, this was not always easy to achieve in a building with pitched roof. A bold of courtlife. these were but used Frederiksborg, in at a Frydenborg similar and manner Skanderborg as at the House Sparepenge; Green as they such were leisure names secluded larger other locations given and far were away houses buildings from bath the king’s formalities The Frederiksborg. and Antvorskov Haderslev, at gardens palace the of each in Sparepenge a built II Frederik few. servants the and small were parties the because money save could inspiration forgardenhousesandpavilionstomanyEuropeancourts. in present-day Belgium. The architectural patterns and fantasies in the prints of Hans Vredeman de Vries offered very well not have come directly from Italy, but from the first version of Mary of Hungary’s pavilion Mariemont may architecture villa the for inspiration the and Netherlands, the of traditions architectural the into well fitted thus scheme colour The 5] [Fig. sandstone. of courses horizontal and joints white with ashlars brown reddish large, imitate to stripes white with red painted was surface their but brick, of out made were walls original The

(= PNM Studies 16),Copenhagen2011, pp.219–233. Reframing theDanish Renaissance.Problems andprospectsinaEuropean perspective (=PNM Reframing theDanish RoyalResidencesinaEuropean Perspective, Johannsen–Hugo Johannsen(eds.), in:Michael Andersen–Birgitte Bøggild K Lars BjørnMadsen,”L Peter p.19. Kristiansen (eds.),Christian4.ogRosenborg , Copenhagen2006, Wanscher, Vilhelm Hanne HonnensdeLic J. A.Fridericia,OmOprindelsen tilNavnet’Sparepenge’, Copenhagen 1988, pp. 53–91. – Bente Lange – Bo Christiansen–LarsBjørn Madsen,MarienlystSlot.Restaureringaf,Helsingør2013. tagogfacader pp.53–91.–Bente Lange–Bo Copenhagen 1988, 149, 2005,pp. 45–57. 149, DeJonge, Mariemont, ’Châteaudechasse’ deMarie deHongrie,Revuel’art rista DeJonge,ANetherlandish Model? –Krista The king used the name Sparepenge (money saver) for several of these leisure buildings. leisure these of several for saver) (money Sparepenge name the used king The The largest of the series of tapestries made for the great hall in Kronborg Palace depicts Frederik standing Frederik depicts Palace Kronborg in hall great the for made tapestries of series the of largest The one from directly walk could he that so Lundehave, near built be to bathhouse a commissioned Frederik villa was this of example oldest The villa. Italian the of model the to turn to was solution obvious more A One common form of leisure building across Europe was designed specifically to provide a good view of view good a provide to specifically designed was Europe across building leisure of form common One h wls f rdrks esr hue r peevd eid h woe pnl i te rsn building. present the in panels wooden the behind preserved are house leisure Frederik’s of walls The , Copenhagen 1930, p. 89. –Peter Kristiansen, p.89. Christian4.ogdetstorelysthusihaven,in:Jørgen Hein–KatjaJohansen Rosenborg, Copenhagen1930, Marienlyst Slot. Det kongeligeLystanlægysthuszitt wdiLundehaffue”,in: JanFaye–HannesStephensen(eds.),MarienlystSlot.Det vedHelsingør , 2, 1983), Delft 1984, pp.37–53. (=Leids inDenmark htenberg, FrederikII’s Delft1984, Kunsthistorisch Frederiksborg,in:Art Jaarboek2,1983), in Frederiksborg, which had a large, rectangular, wooden roof-top balcony roof-top wooden rectangular, large, a had which Frederiksborg, in Badstube , vol. 6, 3. Rk., 1891, pp.235–236. Historisk Tidsskrift, vol.6,3.Rk.,1891, 7 [Fig.4] 6 8 5 Although this may appear to be an Øresund (the Sound) in Braun 4 (a Rustkammer Here the king the Here

76 Looking for Leissure of the new palace, where they still functioned as window frontons. window as functioned still they where palace, new the of architecture the into unchanged incorporated were relief high in heads and motifs decorative Renaissance their with Sparepenge of windows the over frontons sandstone The palace. new the of parts invisible as beams and used it for the fireplaces in the new building. But Frederik IV and his architect did not just recycle bricks, stones palace. summer new the of floors the in reused were beams wooden Even Fredensborg. of site building the to peasants During the year 1720 no less than 18,170 wagon loads of building materials from Sparepenge were driven by local ashlars from the old building even and though they bricks had to reuse be cleaned, to and the feasible old mortar economically had to became be removed it by hand. that money little so for soldiers by done were towing and at Esrom Lake. In any case it is interesting to note that triangular window frontons are indicated on both of these building new the for drawings first the made 1720 c. in who himself, king the been have may it But Fredensborg. spolia wasintendedaspartofthebuilding’srepresentational program. as frontons Renaissance of use this that likely is it function, symbolic building’s the of aspects other with as and 13 12 11 10 9 finely the carved for reliefs. used was which Sparepenge, the to alabaster of load a of delivery the for arranged house, the design of the in involved been have may who Nosseni, Giovanni architect Italian the 1601 In included. also were art of works Other IV. Christian under built also were which 7], [Fig. Frederiksborg and Rosenborg of palaces II’s Frederik at found those to similar roof onthetoweratKoldinghusCastle,whichChristianhadbuiltafewyearsearlier. with white stripes. The balcony had sculptures at the four corners, similar to the giants at each corner of the flat masonry red had and hill a into built also was building new The tower. a via reached was which roof, flat a and same name. [Fig. 6] the Like Lundehave the new of Sparepenge consisted of a house vaulted basement supporting two leisure stories father’s his replacing 1598–1601, in Frederiksborg at erected (1577–1588–1648) IV Christian coast where Lundehave was actually built. The architectural plans may already have been underway at that time. of ’. of castle ‘the meaning Fredensborg, name the given was which palace, new the in re-used the were Sparepenge from on Frederiksborg of north-northeast the to kilometres ten materials the as combined, were and architect same the had initiatives two The Lake. Esrom idyllic the of shore palace leisure new a build to steps the took time same king the At 9] [Fig. demolished. was plan the of symmetry the disrupted which Sparepenge, Palace; he couldalsoexecutehislong-cherishedplansforanew,informalsummerresidence inNorthSealand. of Denmark improved and Frederik could comply with his father’s wish and rebuild Copenhagen Castle. and it was only after the death of Karl XII in December 1718 and the subsequent peace that the financial situation XII, Karl king Swedish the and Frederik IV had been instructed by his ailing father to solve this embarassing problem. Owing to his cousin, Copenhagen was still a Medieval castle which was not considered suitable for an important European sovereign, , Denmark, included kingdom his Greenland, predecessors, Iceland, his (1671–1699–1730) the Faroe like Islands, IV large and parts Frederik monarch, of Schleswig-Holstein country. absolute and some autocratic Danish colonies. The third an royal the residence become in was had Denmark time, that By buildings. new into Rustkammer, wasusedoccasionallybyDanishkingsthroughouttheseventeenthcentury.

K  Copenhagen 2006, pp.200–211. Copenhagen 2006, a Steenberg, Jan Steenberg (see note11),pp.29–32. Steenberg (see note11),pp.23. Steenberg, Fredensborg Slot. MonumenterogMinder. Tiden 1720–1796, andFrederikWeilbach, Copenhagen1969 Fredensborg Slot,Hillerød1928. General worksonFredensborg are UllaKjær–BenteScaveniusChristineW ristian Hvidt – SvendEllehøjOtto Norn,ChristiansborgSlot,Copenhagen1975. Hvidt ristian The architect Johan Cornelius Krieger (1683–1755) was in charge of both the garden and the new building at Triangular sandstone reliefs of male and female heads were placed above the windows of the Sparepenge, the of windows the above placed were heads female and male of reliefs sandstone Triangular which Sparepenge, new the for inspiration of source a been have may Lundehave of architecture The In 1719 it was decided to create a symmetrically planned park with fountains on its axis at Frederiksborg at axis its on fountains with park planned symmetrically a create to decided was it 1719 In In the eighteenth century both of these leisure houses were subject to a large-scale reuse and incorporation 12 [Fig. 10] Marble from the old palace was sent to the stone mason, Diderik Gercken i Copenhagen, who Copenhagen, i Gercken Diderik mason, stone the to sent was palace old the from Marble 10] [Fig. 11 Construction of the new leisure house demanded skilled artisans, but manual tasks such as digging as such tasks manual but artisans, skilled demanded house leisure new the of Construction 9 Christian I [Fig. 8] Sparepenge, which contained rooms for informal dinners as well as a Vs pp.9–26.–FlemmingBeyer, Frederiksborg, Hillerød1950, Lysthusene, in:SteffenHeiberg, Christian 4.ogFrederiksborg, the first twenty years of his reign were, however, consumed by long and costly wars, costly and long by consumed however, were, reign his of years twenty first the in Frederiksborg’s park [Fig. 1] and again some years later at the at later years some again and 1] [Fig. park Frederiksborg’s in Badstube aage Rasmussen,Fredensborg Slotogslotshave,Copenhagen2013.Jan – 13 This type of fronton was obsolete in 1719, in obsolete was fronton of type This Kunstkammer and a 10 At last

77 Looking for Leissure it wasimpliedthatthosewhowereadmittedfeltanincreasedloyaltytotheking. meant to be a parallel to Marly as a location where the king could retreat with his mistress and a few guests. few a and mistress his with retreat could king the where location a as Marly to parallel a be to meant was Fredensborg that suggest to evidence is There hand’. left his ‘to her married he where Copenhagen, to her brought and home her from her abducted He Reventlow. Sophie Anna countess Danish the life, his of love the a similar retreat. In 1695 Frederik had married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, but it was only in 1711 that he met seems that Frederik was fascinated by this house, but twenty years passed before he had the possibility of getting 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 At 1601. intersection oftwocorridors. in death Tycho’s after shortly the at fountain a by demolished but Fredensborg, in as hall, a it by not marked was plan the had of point central the Uranienborg, IV Christian before but decades, 1576–1580 few built a was for This . stood and only Denmark between Hven of isle the on observatory Brahe’s Tycho at Church Danish Saviour’s) on found soil. The nearest Danish (Our secular building with be a centralized plan is the much older Uranienborg, the astronomer can Frelsers Fredensborg for Vor inspiration as contemporary direct such no but churches (1682–1696), Christianshavn from known were plans centralized architecture. secular Denmark in In unusual was Denmark in which plan, Palladian centralized, a has Fredensborg house. frontons areclearlyrecognizedbytheirdesignsofhumanheads.[Fig.12–13] somewhat amateurish drawings [Fig. 11] and on Krieger’s 1721 design for the final project in which the Sparepenge continued on to France, where he visited Louis XIV and on 31 January 1693 joined the French king at Marly. at king French the joined 1693 January 31 on and XIV Louis then visited he where France, and to on continued Rome to travelled IV, Frederik future the prince, crown Danish the 1692–1693 In tour. grand their in house wereblurred. itself in the same manner as he had seen at Charlottenburg in , so that the boundaries between garden and garden the to rooms garden these connect to doors glass used also king The garden. the with directly house the Palladianism, the traditional indicator of a leisure house, with the features of contemporary plans that connected the to similar manner a in garden the onto opening room a and hall entrance an this to added Frederik apartments. identical four by surrounded hall central a with designed Marly, and villas Italian many like was, Fredensborg feature. advanced more a however, added, He leisure. of place a as use intended palace’s the indicated clearly Fredensborg at style this of choise Frederik’s that so outmoded, was architecture Palladian-inspired 1719 in But in Denmark in monarchy absolute an of 1660, introduction the After recreation. with associated was which style, life quiet the and Frederik soughtatthispalace. Sweden with war the of end the to both refers peace’, of castle ‘the Fredensborg, name The villa, where the Sun King could escape the rigid ceremony of court life and relax with his mistress and a few a and mistress his select with guests. relax and life court of ceremony rigid the escape could King Sun the where villa, a pleasure, for place a as purpose building’s new the indicated plan centralized the of use The Versailles. near wealthy among popular especially became citizens. But the French king Louis XIV also it chose this style, when in 1679–1686 he built the new palace where of Marly Europe, northern to spread style Palladian The Palladio. of a wood at the shores of Esrom Lake. In 1727 Frederik told the French ambassador to Denmark that it was the was it that Denmark to ambassador French the told Frederik 1727 In Lake. Esrom of shores the at wood a of

rdrk Weilbach, Frederik , Copenhagen 1988, pp. 9–59. pp.9–59. dansk arkitektur oghavekunst.Studiertilegnet HakonLund,Copenhagen1988, See Steenberg (seenote11),pp.14–16. See SørenKaspersen, K Marly. Centuries. http://crcv.revues.org/11933, to19th 16th 2013. Societies, decourenEurope,XVIe-XIXe siècle –EuropeanCourt Sociétés  Ulla Kjær Maroteaux, Marly. L’autre, Paris2002,pp.45–56. PalaisduSoleil Vincent Worms esp.pp.19–23and242–57. 1995, Hartmann, Claudia See HugoJohannsen,Arkitekturpåpapir-ogT maisons de plaisance, which from the 1730s became increasingly popular in France. Thus Frederik combined Like Sparepenge with its villa architecture, the architecture of Fredensborg signalled its role as a country a as role its signalled Fredensborg of architecture the architecture, villa its with Sparepenge Like Many European absolutist regimes looked to France for inspiration, and princes often included the country Frederik wanted a retreat in a natural setting to share with Anna Sophie. This led him to choose the Palladian Centralized plans were used in many of the recreational villas built in the sixteenth century by Andrea by century sixteenth the in built villas recreational the of many in used were plans Centralized Fredensborg was built in one of the most picturesque locations in North Sealand; it stands in the middle the in stands it Sealand; North in locations picturesque most the of one in built was Fredensborg bourgeois taste dominated society, even in the higher ranks, where Palladianism had become popular. become had Palladianism where ranks, higher the in even society, dominated taste bourgeois , L’architecture audébutdel’absolutismedanois(1675–1725): derecherche FredensborgetMarly, duCentre du château Bulletin deVersailles, 15 It soon became a special honour to be invited to Marly and see the king in this private setting, and Frederik IV.s Italiensrejser,Copenhagen1933,pp.78–79. Das Schloss Marly.Das Schloss (=ManuskriptederKunstwissenschaft Kartause Einemythologische inderWernerschen Verlagsgesellschaft 47), 20 øbman Michelbechers palæogdenkøbenhavnske Palladianisme,in:KjelddeFine Licht (ed.),Forblommetantik. Klassicismeri

14

ychos huse,in:Poul Grinder-Hansen(ed.),Tycho pp.95–110. Brahesverden,Copenhagen2006, 16

17 It 19 18

78 Looking for Leissure 24 lla23 Kjær et al. (see note 11), fig. p.50. table inlate table seeMogensBencard:Noteson the 17th andearly 18th For thehistoryofelevation 22 21 the room, important most the be to assumed be might domed, centralhallofthepalace,butroomopeningontogarden,havesalen. what not is circle the of centre the At 14] [Fig. circle. large a was buildings satellite and garden its literally palace, the encompassing quite Fredensborg, of was plan The nature centre. the Here, in Marly. emulate to possible it made that Fredensborg at surroundings natural closest confidant. With full reverence for the sovereign Moltke was the wirepuller behind all his decisions. his all behind wirepuller the was Moltke sovereign the for reverence full With confidant. closest Frederik’s was and authority ruler’s the promote to anxious was childhood, since king the with been had who Lundehave, villa II’s Frederik of transformation the which wasrebuiltforFrederikV(1723–1746–1766),thegrandsonofIV. with connection in economic role and central a mentality played Danish also to He it means. adapted and country the to Neoclassicism introduced He architecture. Art in Copenhagen. Frederik’s Church in Copenhagen and to hold a professorship in architecture at the newly established Academy of was the project French-born Nicolas-Henri Jardin this (1720–1799), who had for been summoned to architect Denmark in 1755 The to build the today. seen be can they form which in style, Neoclassical the in renovated were number of occasions until the 1780s. [Fig. 16] Around 1760, thirty years after the death of Frederik IV, the gardens to livemodestlyandclosenature. of the building was the same as the first. Both Sparepenge and Fredensborg, then, were designed to allow the king elements in a way that allowed the viewer to recognize their origin; this highlighted the fact that the second use king had Fredensborg built and furnished. He not only recycled materials from Sparepenge but also reused some the that spirit this in was It expense. little comparatively at and privately live could Sophie Anna and he where building, which,ofcourse,alsohadtobeplaced halfwayintotheslope. preserved most of the Renaissance building, also but Jardin he palace. turned the on it work into to a Jardin engaged slightly Moltke projecting and part mix, stylistic of odd a an simple, was structure rectangular resulting The side. either on wings Rococo adding villa, original the preserved Moltke of request the at perhaps who builder, Moltke later years five But use. purchased the royal estate and ordered for the building expanded. The dated first remodelling projectout was executed byconsidered a master was it as sold was royal it a when was 1753, pavilion until old property II’s Frederik usual. than role visible more a played Moltke Lundehave, of case the In reused for the new hermitage table at Fredensborg – another example of continuity between the two buildings. been installed at Sparepenge by Frederik’s father, and as a matter of fact the silver table top from Sparepenge was out of silver and mounted with silver antlers on which trays and plates could be arranged. A table of this type had top which could mechanically be moved up and down from the floor below. [Fig. 15] Often the table top was made was probably designed by the Danish astronomer and engineer Ole Rømer. Hermitage tables had a central table hermitage as Known tables, they removed. had been be features of Danish later residences since and the reign of food, Frederik IV’s and father. The earliest dishes such table with covered fully room, dining the to basement the from floor the through raised be could mechanism special a by which table, a of aid the with occurred This present. servants any without meals share could Sophie Anna and Frederik Fredensborg at drawings, these of one in seen be can As 12] Fig. [see garden. and allowed house the of Frederik plan a and draw to finished Lønborg Christopher Hans was Colonel palace the 1728 In chamber. audience king’s the in portrait full-length a of form the in palace the in present also was Sophie Anna queen. became 1721, Anna in death Louise’s after and who Sophie, Frederik celebrating monograms stucco had rooms new The Copenhagen. in arrival Sophie’s Anna inaugurated on Frederik’s birthday in October 1722, two years before it was habitable, but exactly ten years after

ved Helsingør,Copenhagen 1988. F F French. T century Denmark,in:MogensBencard –Niels-Knud Liebgott(eds.),RosenborgStudier, Copenhagen 2000,pp.239–256. See U Marienlyst Slot. Det kongeligelystanlæg or ageneraldescription ofLundehaveandthe re-usedLundehave,seeJanFaye –HannesStephensen(eds.), MarienlystSlot. Det see:Moltke.Rigetsmægtigste mand,byKnud J.V.or ageneraldescription ofMoltkeandhisimportance, Jespersenetal.,Copenhagen 2010. bookonJardinisUllaKjær,he mostimportant Frederik V took the same interest in nature as his grandfather. His lord chamberlain , In 1729, the year before he died, Frederik wrote that he saw Fredensborg as an as Fredensborg saw he that wrote Frederik died, he before year the 1729, In rdnbr rmie a aort rsdne f aih oacs ad h cmlx a epne o a on expanded was complex the and monarchs, Danish of residence favourite a remained Fredensborg The connection between the palace and Anna Sophie was symbolized in various ways. The new palace was 22 The Frederik’s Church was never finished, but Jardin became an important figure in Danish Nicolas-Henri Jardin–enideologisk nyklassicist,Copenhagen2010, withthoroughsummariesinEnglishand 24 [Fig.17] (hermitage), ‘eremitage’ 23 21

79 Looking for Leissure Moltke wasawareofthesourcefinancing. conducted at the king’s and expense, but in order to kingdom protect the king in case the the experiments were unsuccessful only of interest the in were experiments These tried. be could improvement soil of methods new At fertilizer. a as seaweed using this time one of the old Lundehave’s primary functions thus seems to with have been as an experimental farm, where experimented and stones, of cleared grounds the had soil, quality poor with fields of dozens include to Lundehave around lands the extended He methods. new the testing for suitable 27 28 26 25 rhtcs f h pro, h Fec peir rhtc Ag-aqe Gabriel. Ange-Jacques architect prominent premier most French the of the one period, by the designed been of had architects which Versailles, in Trianon Petit the of copy mere a as it vocabulary. The spirit and purpose of the old pavilion survived, as symbolized by the obvious appreciation of its architectural point. lookout a as usefulness building’s the maintain and king the for shelter adequate an provide to concerned preserving While property. the of parts of the Renaissance building in the innovative purpose design of the Neoclassicist Marienlyst, the architect was the also recycled also Jardin But form. aberrant their to no-one attention where paid Marienlyst, of facade rear the in used were Lundehave old the from windows the Accordingly, before returningtoCopenhagen. experiments soil the inspect and 20], [Fig. roof the from or there either view the enjoy floor, upper the on dine and rest then and entrance modest very a through pass side, rear the from arrive could king the Thus 19] [Fig. Jardin had to alter the course of the staircase, so that he could that create meant a It suitable 18] room [Fig. for occupancy. the king’s king on the the for top appropriate floor. one only the therefore and sides four all on view a the ground and half of the windows on the ground floor are facing the slope, the upper floor is the only one with but in reality, the house actually contains a cellar, a ground floor and a first floor. And as the cellar is half floor, dug second and into first floor, ground a with palace elegant an as itself presented it front the From different. very residence. looked Marienlyst, house, new the a of facades rear and front the hill, a be into built was Lundehave old the Because to meant not was it but farm, the of inspection his during rest could king the where place a as Moltke. for gift a as or mistress a for intended was house the that theorized have even thesmallestdetailsofworkatLundehavewereunusuallywelldocumented. employed by the king. However, in order to ensure that everything related to the construction was above board, were they knew accounts, the for responsible was who Bartholin, O. V. Kronborg, at trustee the nor Jardin even not meantime the In Marie. Juliane queen dowager the after Marienlyst named was villa the and revealed, ownership was real the that death Frederik’s after only was It Garden. Pleasure Moltke’s as known was palace the h fc ta Dnak a ls mc o is nentoa pwr uig h nntet cnuy Is ra had area Its century. nineteenth the during power international its of much lost had Denmark that fact the 1764. 1757– published journal, industrial and agricultural new a promoting those among was Moltke and agriculture, from Kronborg,forexampletiles,weretakentoLundehaveandreusedthere. removed materials the of Some stayed use. his for converted occasionally was which Kronborg, castle old and II’s Frederik at overnight Sealand North in hunting went He way. this in secret a as gift a keep should king the why reason no is there and none, had he back, it bought he when 1760, in and mistress, a had V Frederik house,

 S , I,s.l.1926,pp. 327–336.Marienlyst Slot, in:LauritsPedersen (ed.),HelsingøriSundtoldstiden 1426–1857 Pedersen, KronborgHave.Hamlets Marienlyst.HamletsGrav, Copenhagen1920,p.106 andFrederikWeilbach, Lysthuset iKronborg Haveog Odense1978, pp.271–84. danskeLandbosamfund1500–1800, Det Pierre Lespinasse,LesFrèresJardin, Danmark ogNorgesO See HanneRaabyemaglein: ee Ulla Kjær (note 22),pp.386–90. Kjær Ulla ee 26 adns ainyt s ned vr sbr n srih bidn. Fg 2] r hsoin hv dismissed have historians Art 21] [Fig. building. straight and sober very a indeed is Marienlyst Jardin’s reuse. of value the appreciated he and means, limited of family a to country the in born was Jardin intended then was palace new the experimentation, agricultural was Lundehave of purpose primary the If Some Garden. Pleasure Moltke’s of ownership strange the explain to made been have attempts Several Publically back. property the bought secretly king the 1760 in begun, had house new the on work Although Between 1753 and 1760 Danish government officials took a new interest in the latest developments in latest developments the in interest anew took officials government Danish 1760 and 1753 Between h cat er lioe a a ae mre b sn dit ad t em ta Mlk fud hs area this found Moltke that seems it and drift, sand by marked area an was Elsinore near coast The economiske Magazin1757–64, ed.ErikPontoppidan. For thehistoryofagricultural improvements,seeFridlevSkrubbeltrang, Marienlyst Slot(seenote24),pp.175–82. XXVIII, juli-dec.1910, AncienetModerneXXVIII, pp.111–22,227–38.La Revuedel’Art The theoryisrepeatedin:Laurits 27 28 u ti itrrtto reflect interpretation this But 25 But in 1753, when he sold the sold he when 1753, in But

80 Looking for Leissure attentive observerwithoutdisruptingthenewstyleofhouseoritsartisticquality. the by appreciated be could which meaning of layer a added deliberately themselves buildings the of re-use the Fredensborg Both structure. new the into and Marienlyst are exemplary works of art in their own right, but the use of history their incorporated buildings older from the materials Further, roots. of one’s reuse emphasize to urgent increasingly grew it when period a in in valuable especially setting, features rural design a Palladian of retention the making leisure, with associated was style villa classical The play. at factors other were there but reduced, be could costs building Certainly buildings? new in materials connection betweenthetwobuildings. any was there if – Jardin by inspired was who Gabriel been have must it Consequently, began. Trianon Petit the development. However, the conversion of style Marienlyst was completed in in 1762, the same year role that construction on leading any played having country tiny this imagine could no-one and reduced significantly been h dd ihenhcnuy ig ad hi aciet cos t rue le liue aae o their or palaces leisure older reuse to choose architects their and kings eighteenth-century did Why spolia from older royal buildings or

81 Looking for Leissure Photo: Poul Grinder-Hansen Renaissance architecture,inspiredbytheNetherlands. the triangularfrontonswithhumanheadsaretypicalofDanish Palace. Theredbrickwallswithwhitebandsofsandstoneand 1. FrederikII’sBathHousefrom1580nearFrederiksborg

82 Looking for Leissure Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, The NationalMuseumofDenmark depiction fromc.1680fortheso-calledResen’s Atlas. 2. FrederikII’spavilionLundehavefrom1587–88 inaprimitive,yetinstructive

83 Looking for Leissure Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, The NationalMuseumofDenmark in 1681. on thefacadeinformsusthatpavilionhad beenrestored Johannes RachandHansHeinrichEegberg. Theincription 3. Lundehaveasitappearsinapaintingfromc.1730by

84 Looking for Leissure Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, The NationalMuseumofDenmark Laurids deThurah,1746. 4. Plansandfacadeof Lundehaveasmeasuredbythearchitect

85 Looking for Leissure Photo: Poul Grinder-Hansen house. white paintarestillpreservedbehindpanelsintherebuilt 5. TheoriginalouterwallsofLundehavewiththeirredand

86 Looking for Leissure Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, The NationalMuseumofDenmark drawn bythearchitectKjelddeFineLicht,1987. 6. TheleisurehouseSparepengeatFrederiksborg.Modernreconstruction

87 Looking for Leissure Photo: Poul Grinder-Hansen 7. FrederiksborgPalaceasseenfromthespotwhereonceSparepengestood.

88 Looking for Leissure National MuseumofDenmark Antikvarisk-TopografiskPhoto: LennartLarsen1964, Arkiv, in thebasementunderFredensborgPalace. 8. StonefragmentsfromSparepenge,nowkept Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, NationalMuseum ofDenmark the palace. the palacenearlake, yetnotinthemainaxisthrough from 1765.Until1719–20 Sparepengewassituatedopposite 9. PlanofFrederiksborg Palaceanditsbaroquegarden,

89 Looking for Leissure Photo: Lennart Larsen 1964, Antikvarisk-TopografiskPhoto: Lennart Larsen 1964, Arkiv, National MuseumofDenmark ornaments, uncoveredinfloors at FredensborgPalace. 10. Recycledboardsand beamsfromSparepengewithrenaissance

90 Looking for Leissure Museum ofDenmark. Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, National for FredensborgPalace, from1720. 11. Thefirstknown,anonymous project

91 Looking for Leissure National MuseumofDenmark. Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, 12. FredensborgPalacepaintedbyH.C.Lønborgin1728.

92 Looking for Leissure National Museum ofDenmark Photo: JanSteenberg 1967, Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, 1753–55 addedsomeshort wingstothemainbuilding. were reusedoncemore whenthearchitectNicolaiEigtvedin The triangularfrontons withhumansheadsfromSparepenge 13. FredensborgPalace seenfromtheeasterncourtyard.

93 Looking for Leissure Photo: S.A.Rasmussen2014. 14. AerialphotoofFredensborgPalaceanditspark.

94 Looking for Leissure 1709), Copenhagen2010, p.286 (eds.), Tro, –ægteskaber, styrke,kærlighed.DanmarksogSachsen politiskeogkulturelleforbindelser(1548– KappelClaudiaBrinkJørgenHeinet.al. iKøbenhavn ogDresden,in:Jutta From M.Bencard:Eremitageborde Denkmalpflege Sachsen:Plansammlung. 15. DrawingofaDanish‘hermitagetable’from 1713,inDresden,Landesamtfür

95 Looking for Leissure National MuseumofDenmark Photo: RobertoFortuna 2007, Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, 16. FredensborgPalace.

96 Looking for Leissure Photo: RobertoFortuna 2007, Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, NationalMuseumofDenmark 17. MarienlystPalace. National Museum ofDenmark Photo: Roberto Fortuna 2007, Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, on thisphoto. 18. MarienlystPalace is builtintoaslope,asclearlyseen

97 Looking for Leissure of Denmark Photo: Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, National Museum the eighteenthcentury. 19. Marienlyst.Unsigned plansofthestories,probablyfrom

98 Looking for Leissure Arkiv, National MuseumofDenmark Photo: Roberto Fortuna 2007, Antikvarisk-Topografisk 21. MarienlystPalace. Photo: RobertoFortuna 2007, Antikvarisk-Topografisk Arkiv, NationalMuseumofDenmark the backofpalace.InbackgroundaviewSound. 20. Theentrancetotheupper,officialstoryofMarienlyston

99 Looking for Leissure