FORAGE KOCHIA COMPETITION WITH CHEATGRASS IN CENTRAL UTAH E. Durant McArthur A. Clyde Blauer Richard Stevens

ABSTRACT Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata [L.] Schrad.) plantings on cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum £.)-dominated highway rights-of-way and near an abandoned farm also domi­ nated by cheatgrass showed forage kochia to be competi­ tive with cheatgrass. The forage kochia plantings were made between 1970 and 1979 at about a dozen mostly semiarid study sites in three central Utah counties (Carbon, Sanpete, Sevier) and evaluated between 1986 and 1988. Recruitment of new forage kochia plants at most study sites demonstrates that the species is becoming integrated into the existing plant communities. Some plants have established in nearby, more natural com­ munities. A wildfire at one site provided evidence that forage kochia is adapted to recovery after.burning, an important characteristic for any species that is to coexist with large, dominant cheatgrass populations.

INTRODUCTION Forage kochia (Kochia prostrata [L.] Schrad.) is a long-lived, woody-based shrub or subshrub, ranging in height from less than 30 to over 100 em (12 to 40 inches) (fig. 1). It is native to arid and semiarid regions of central Eurasia, extending to the Mediterranean Basin and northeastern China (fig. 2), where it grows on alkaline, stony, and sandy steppes and plains at elevations ranging from 0 to 2,400 m (0 to 8,000 ft) (Balyan 1972). The spe­ cies includes considerable taxonomic diversity. Balyan (1972) recognized a green subspecies (ssp. virescens) and a grey one (ssp. grisea) with additional varieties in the latter subspecies. Although each taxon encompasses con­ siderable adaptive variation, each is best adapted to a particular soil type and climatic regime (Balyan 1972; Shishkin 1936). The species forms a polyploid complex Figure 1-Line drawing (about one-fifth actual size) based on x = 9 (Herbel and others 1981; McArthur and ·of 'Immigrant' forage kochia (Kochia prostrata ssp. Sanderson 1989; Pope and McArthur 1977). virescens).

Forage kochia is well adapted to the climate and soils Paper presented at the Symposium on Cheatgrass Invasion, Shrub Die­ of the Intermoutain area, especially in the pinyon-juniper, Off, and Other Aspects of Shrub Biology and Management, Las Vegas, NV, sagebrush, and salt desert shrub communities (Keller April 5-7, 1989. E. Durant McArthur is Project Leader and Chief Research Geneticist, and Bleak 1974; McArthur and others 1974; Stevens Intermountain Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agri­ and others 1985). It is a valued plant for animal forage culture, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT 84606. A. Clyde Blauer is and for rehabilitation of disturbed soils both in Eurasia Professor, Division ofNatural Sciences, Snow College, Ephraim, UT 84627 and seasonal Botanist, Intermountain Research Station. Richard Stevens (Alimov and Amirkhanov 1980; Balyan 1972; Nechaeva is Project Leader and Wildlife Biologist, Wildlife Habitat Restoration 1985; Nechaeva and others 1977; Nemati 1977) and west­ Project, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Ephraim, UT 84627. em North America (Aldan and Pase 1981; Davis 1979;

56 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. :ao

20

Figure 2-Natural distribution of Kochia prostrata. Adapted from Shishkin (1936). The solid line outlines the area of distribution. The Roman numerals refer to floristic provinces: Ill, Central European; V', West­ ern Mediterranean; v·, Eastern Mediterranean; VI, Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor; VII, Lesser Armenia . and Kurdistan; VIII, Iran; IX, India and Himalayas; X, Sinkiang; XI, Mongolia; XII, China and Japan; XV, Tibet.

Davis and Welch 1984, 1985; McArthur and Stevens 1983; For taxonomic treatment of big sagebrush (Artemisia tri­ McArthur and others 1974; Otsyina 1983; Stevens and dentata) and rubber rabbi thrush (Chrysothamnus nau­ others 1985). seosus) subspecies see McArthur (1983) and McArthur Like forage kochia, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Meyer (1987), respectively. Origin of plant species is a native to Eurasia that is also well adapted to the (native or introduced) was taken from Welsh and others Intermountain area (Mack 1981). Unlike forage kochia, (1988) and Albee and others (1988). The ecological meas­ however, cheatgrass is an unwanted invader because ures density and cover class (Cox 1967; Daubenmire 1969) it has displaced productive native vegetation by its com­ were used to measure performance of forage kochia and petitive establishment and fire climax characteristics associated plants. Our density values are given as (Leopold 1949; Pickford 1932; Piemeisel1951; Young plantslm2 (10.8 ft2). Our cover class values were modified and others 1979). slightly from those suggested by Daubenmire to cover This set of studies was undertaken to document the classes 1, <1 percent; 2, 1-5 percent; 3, >5-25 percent; competitive interactions between forage kochia and 4, >25-50 percent; 5, >50-75 percent; 6, >75-95 percent; cheatgrass and other annual weeds in central Utah 7, >95-100 percent. areas where these annuals are naturalized and forage kochia had been seeded. Study One: Roadside Plantings MATERIALS, METHODS, AND STUDY In the first study, experimental plantings in disturbed highway rights-of-way in Sanpete and Sevier Counties SITES were established (table 1). The study reported here in­ Three studies were undertaken. Taxonomic nomencla­ cludes data collected during the summers of 1986-1988 ture follows Welsh and others (1987), except names for from forage kochia seedings between 1972 and 1979. Study grasses followed the traditional treatment of Hitchcock sites were surface seeded with 'Immigrant' forage kochia; (Hitchcock and Chase 1971; Plummer and others 1978). seeds were raked lightly into the seedbed. 'Immigrant' is

57 Table 1-Locations and descriptions of study sites for the roadside planting study

Location Transect Quadrat Site and elevation Description number number

Ephraim Canyon, Mouth of Canyon, Roadside, burned, 2 10 Sanpete Co. along Ephraim- and unburned Orangeville Road. 1,780 m (5,840 ft) Nine Mile Reservoir, Along U.S. High- Cut, natural 2 15 Sanpete Co. way 89. 1,645 m (5,400 ft) North of Sterling, Along U.S. High- Cut, natural, 3 25 Sanpete Co. way 89. 1,675 m pasture (5,500 ft) Redmond Cut, Along U.S. High- Cut, crest 3 20 Sevier Co. way 89. 1,570 m (5,150 ft) Redmond Junction, Along U.S. High- Roadside 10 Sanpete Co. way 89. 1,575 m (5,160 ft) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mouth Cut, natural 2 15 Sevier Co. of Canyon. 1,615 m (5,300 ft) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut 2 10 Sevier Co. post 57.8, north side. 1, 730 m (5,670 ft) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut, natural 3 35 Sevier Co. post58,north (Kochia prostrata side. 1, 725 m and Ceratoides (5,660 ft) lanata plantings) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut, natural 2 20 Sevier Co. post 58.5, south (Kochia prostrata side. 1, 735 m and Ceratoides (5,690 ft) Janata plantings) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut 4 25 Sevier Co. post 60, north side. 1, 750 m (5,740 ft) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut 2 10 Sevier Co. post 7 4, south side. 2,200 m (7,220 ft) Salina Canyon, Along 1-70, Mile- Cut 10 Sevier Co. post 76, south side. 2,230 m (7,320 ft)

58 a selection from P.I.line 314929 of K prostrata ssp. vires­ Study Two: Wildfire cens (Stevens and others 1985). The total study, including the performance of many more plant species, will be re­ This study was a small one drawn from the larger ported elsewhere (Blauer and others 1989). Study One. It differed from other aspects of the first Density and cover class data were collected from 205m2 study in that a wildfire had burned through part of this 2 (3.28-ft ) quadrats on 27 linear transects from 12 study forage kochia seeding. This site was seeded in 1979. sites (table 1). Transects were up to 50 m (168ft) long The wildfire occurred in 1983 or 1984. with quadrats located at regular intervals on alternate Transects were placed in the adjacent burned and sides of the transect at 3- to 8-m (9.8- to 26.2-ft) intervals. unburned areas. The quadrats on the burned site were The intervals were regularly spaced in each transect with spaced at 5-m (16.4-ft) intervals; the quadrats on the the interval value being determined by the length of the unburned site were at 6-m (19.7-ft) intervals (table 1). transect, which in tum was determined by the boundaries This study site was near the mouth of Ephraim Canyon. of homogenous sampled sites. The transects ran through The soil type is Sanpete stony fine sandy loam with a the highway rights-of-way (mostly roadcuts) out into rela­ slope of about 5 percent, an aspect of 315°, and mean tively undisturbed rangelands and pastures in random annual precipitation of29.7 em (11.7 inches) (Price and compass directions not intersecting the highways. Evans 1937; Swenson and others 1981). These were mostly semiarid sites (average annual precipi tion range from less than 25 to more than 60 em Study Three: Cheatgrass Invasion of (10 to 25 inches), of varied slope (range= 0 to 61 percent), over an elevational range of 1,575 to 2,165 m (5,170 to an Abandoned Farm 7,100 ft). The general soil types vary from aridisols The spread of forage kochia into an abandoned farm at through entisols to mollisols (Johnson 1989; Stevens the Gordon Creek Wildlife Management Area was exam­ and others 1983). ined in this study (fig. 3). A small ( <0.25-ha; 0.45-acre)

Scofield Spring Glenn Consumer Road

Gordon Creek Wildlife Management Area

Boundary of Abandoned Farm t Yh Area Seeded to Forage Kochia, 1970 N

t---1 30m

figure 3-Map of abandoned dry farm area at Gordon Creek, Carbon County, UT.

59 plot in a pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteo­ Stipa comata; the introduced annual forbs Descurainia spermus) chaining near the abandoned farm was seeded sophia, Halogeton glomeratus, Kochia scoparia, and to forage kochia during the fall of 1970. The seed was Lepidium perfoliatum; the native annual forbs Crypthan­ broadcast between double chainings (Plummer and others tha spp., Eriogonum hookerii, Gilia spp., Lappula occi­ 1968). The forage kochia for the seeding was K. prostrata dentalis, Microsteris gracilis, and Oenothera spp.; the ssp. grisea (P.I. 356821). introduced perennial forbs Convolvulus arvensis, Medi­ Two transects in random directions were established cago sativa, Onobrychis viciaefolia, and Sanguisorba mi­ and read from the seeded area through the abandoned nor; the perennial native forbs Arenaria spp., Astragalus farm in September 1988 (fig. 3). Species composition, spp., Astragalus kentrophyta, Calochortus nuttallii, Erio­ density, and cover class data were collected from 4-m2 gonum brevicaule, Gilia congesta, Hedysarum boreale, Iva 2 (13.1-ft ) quadrats placed on alternating sides of the axillaris, Phlox hoodii, P. longifolia, Physaria spp., Sphae­ transects every 15m (49.2 ft). This site is at 2,130 m ralcea coccinea, and S. grossulariaefolia; and the native (6,985 ft) elevation, receives about 29 em (11.4 inches) shrubs Artemisia nova, A. pygmaea, Ephedra nevadensis, of annual precipitation, and is an aridisol soil type E. viridis, Kochia americana, Opuntia spp., Tetradymia (Hutchings and Murphy 1989; McArthur and Welch canescens, T. spinosa, and Sarcobatus vermiculatus. 1982). Forage kochia's performance as evidenced by it highest mean cover class value of all species (table 2), high rank among the species in density (it is exceeded only by the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION annuals cheatgrass, storksbill [Erodium cicutarium] Study One: Roadside Plantings bur buttercup [Ranunculus testiculatus ], and Russian thistle [Salsola iberica]), success in areas where it was 'Immigrant' forage kochia performed well in the high­ planted (it is present on all 22 sites and in 24 of the 27 way right-of-way plantings (fig. 4; table 2). As table 2 transects), and its ability to grow and persist on the dis­ demonstrates, forage kochia grows well in association turbed roadsides as well as on more natural and pasture with native and introduced, annual and perennial, and sites (table 1), show it to be well adapted to our study herbaceous and woody species. In addition to introduced sites. It competes well with cheatgrass, other disturbance­ annual cheatgrass, three introduced perennial grasses adapted species, and, indeed, with all species at our study (Agropyron cristatum, A. intermedium, Dactylis glomer­ sites. ata), four native perennial grasses (Agropyron smithii, Forage kochia is sustaining its position in the plant A. spicatum, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Sitanion hystrix), six communities studied as is demonstrated by the presence introduced annual forbs (Erodium cicutarium, Malcolmia of seedlings as well as mature plants on the study sites. africana, Melilotus officinalis, Ranunculus testiculatus, Seedlings in the quadrats were observed for only three Salsola iberica, Tragopogon dubius), the native annual species during the data collection period, black sagebrush forb Lactuca serriola, two perennial native forbs (Erio­ (Artemisia nova), Russian thistle, and forage kochia. Of gonum umbellatum, Grindelia squarrosa), and seven these, only forage kochia had seedlings at more than one native shrubs (Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, site. Moreover, forage kochia had seedlings at all12 sites A confertifolia, Ceratoides lanata, Chrysothamnus and in 75 percent of the transects that included mature nauseosus, C. viscidiflorus, Gutierrezia sarothrae) were forage kochia plants. Forage kochia seedlings averaged a commonly associated with forage kochia on the transect cover class value of 1.5 ± 0.6 (range, 1-3) and a density of quadrats (table 2). 18.2 ± 21.5 (range, 0.2-72.8). These numbers suggest that . Other species that less commonly occurred with forage forage kochia will be an integral part of plant communities kochia in the quadrats were the annual introduced at the study sites for the foreseeable future. Forage kochia grasses Aegilops cylindrica and Secale cereale; the intro­ plants have become established up to 100 m (328ft) dis­ duced perennial grasses Agropyron elongatum, A repens, tant from original seeding sites into natural and pasture Bromus inermis, Festuca ovina, and Poa bulbosa; the plant communities as well as the severely disturbed high­ native perennial grasses Elymus cinerus, Hilaria jamesii, way right-of-way sites. Figure 4 shows examples of forage Poa nevadensis, P. secuttda, Sporobolus contractus, and kochia occupancy of highway right-of-way plantings.

60 A

8

Figure 4-Photographs of seeded 'Immigrant' forage kochia in Salina Canyon, UT. (A) Site near mouth of canyon along Interstate Highway ·15 (1-15). Dark plants (foreground) are forage kochia plants. Note the exclusion of cheatgrass by forage kochia (foreground) as compared to abundant cheatgrass behind fence (arrow) where forage kochia was not seeded but is invading. (B) Site near milepost 58 along 1-15 in Salina Canyon, UT. Dark shrubs in foreground are forage kochia plants. Lighter shrubs in background (arrow) are winterfat plants.

61 Table 2-Species density and cover class values from disturbed roadside plantings in central Utah Specles1 (Life form, Number of Number of Cover class Dens it~ name) Orlgln2 sites transects Range Mean±sd Range Mean±sd Annual grass Bromus tectorum 11 18 1-4 1.8 ±0.9 0.1-265.0 57.4±87.0 Perennial grasses Agropyron cristaturrt 9 11 1-3 2.3±0.8 0.1-8.2 3.3 ± 3.1 Agropyron intermediurr/t· 5 5 7 1-4 2.5 ± 1.0 0.2-29.0 9.3 ± 11.0 Agropyron smithir N 3 3 1-3 1.7± 1.2 0.3-65.7 22.8 ± 37.2 Agropyron spicatum N 4 5 1-2 1.2 ± 0.4 0.1-1.1 0.4±0.4 Dactylis glomerata 4 4 1-2 1.2 ±0.5 tr-6-0.5 0.3 ±0.2 Oryzopsis hymenoidesS N 8 12 1-3 1.8±0.2 tr-1.7 0.4 ±0.5 Sitanion hystrixS N 6 7 1-2 1.6±0.5 0.1-2.3 0.9 ±0.7 Annual forbs Erodium cicutarium 3 3 1-3 1.7± 1.2 0.2-55.5 20.2 ±30.6 Lactuca serriola7 N 4 6 1-2 1.2 ±0.5 0.1-5.2 1.9 ± 5.4 Malcolmia african a 3 4 1.0±0 0.1-2.2 0.9±0.9 Me/ilotus officinalis7 5 5 1-2 1.2±0.4 tr-0.1 0.1 ± tr Ranuncu/us testicu/atus 9 14 1-3 1.6 ±0.6 0.3-132.2 40.4±52.5 Sa/sola iberica 5 7 1-2 1.3±0.5 0.1-31.9 7.9 ± 10.9 Tragopogon dubius 3 4 1-2 1.2 ±0.5 tr-1.0 0.5±0.4 Perennial forbs Eriogonum umbel/a tum N 3 6 1-2 1.5 ±0.5 0.1-4.0 1.3 ± 1.5 Grindelia squarrosa N 4 4 1-2 1.2 ±0.5 0.1-0.3 0.2 ± 0.1 Shrubs Artemisia tridentataB N 3 3 1-3 1.7± 1.2 0.1-0.6 0.3 ±0.3 A triplex canescens N 3 3 1-2 1.3 ±0.6 tr-tr tr ± tr A triplex confertifolia N 5 7 1-3 2.3 ± 1.0 0.1-1.2 0.4 ±0.4 Ceratoides Ia nata N 3 3 1-3 2.3 ± 1.2 0.4-1.2 0.9 ±0.4 Chrysothamnus nauseosusB N 7 7 1-2 1.7±0.5 tr-1.0 0.3±0.3 Chrysothamnus Viscidiflorus N 5 7 1-3 1.4±0.8 0.2-2.0 0.6 ±0.6 Gutierrezia sarothrae N 3 3 1-3 1.7± 1.2 0.3-1.1 0.7±0.4 Kochia prostrata I 12 19 1-4 2.9 ±0.9 tr-21.4 7.4 ±6.5 10nly those species that occurred on a minimum of three sites were included. See text for other associated species. 21=introduced, N =native. Determined from Welsh and others (1987) and Albee and others (1988). 31ncludes Agropyron desertorum. '*Includes Agropyron trichophorum. 5New generic names are given in Barkworth and Dewey (1985) and Arnow (1987). 6fr =trace. 1"fhese species may also be biennials. 'These species include subspecies. For Artemisia tridentata these were ssp. tridentata and wyomingensis and for Chrysothamnus nauseosus these were ssp. consimilis, graveolens, and hololeucus.

62 Study Two: Wildfire of several forage kochia accessions to quantitative (inten­ sity, fuel load, season) fire events. The fire event we We examined the response offorage kochia to a wild­ documented showed that 'Immigrant' forage kochia can fire. Since cheatgrass is a fire climax species (Mack recover from at least some fires 4 or 5 years after seeding. 1981), the response of forage kochia to fire is an important characteristic to consider in its competitive relationship to cheatgrass. The data we collected from the site showed Study Three: Cheatgrass Invasion of that under the unknown (intensity, season) circumstances an Abandoned Farm of that fire, forage kochia survived and is maintaining a In this study forage kochia moved from a small initial vigorous population (table 3). There was apparent mor­ 1970 seeding through an abandoned cheatgrass-infested tality of some mature plants, but many survived and farm. (fig. 3). By the time we collected data (1988), forage recruitment has been successful. kochia had spread throughout the field. It had moved This study is a small one covering only a limited area the entire length of both transect lines, each over 400 m (approximately 800 m2; 9,600 ft2). Originally, before being seeded, the area was dominated by Wyoming big (1,312 ft) long, into the fringe of the native Wyoming big sagebrush-pinyon-juniper community to the south and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), east. threadleaf rubber rabbi thrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus Forage kochia had not moved more than 15m (49.2 ft) ssp. consimilis), hairy low rabbitbrush (C. viscidifiorus into the native woodland. In the abandoned farm how­ ssp. puberulus), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), ever, it was an integral part of the existing and gray horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens). Based veget~tion (table 4). As a matter of record (based on 61 2- by 2-m on our limited data base, it appears as if forage kochia, [~.6- by 6.6-ft] quadrats), forage kochia had average densi­ crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and bulbous ties of 0.6 for mature (fruiting) plants, 2.6 for immature bluegrass (Poa bulbosa) were not materially affected (>1-year old but not fruiting) plants, and 6.4 for seedlings by the fire. Jointed goat grass (Aegilops cylindrica), for a total of9.6 plants per m2 in the old farm. Forage Wyoming big sagebrush, threadleafrubber and hairy kochia was the single most dominant perennial cover low rabbitbrushes, sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), Utah juniper, Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), and (35.2 percent). Its cover was approximately equal to the perennial grass cover contributed by 10 species (table 4). gray horsebrush have decreased in importance or were Its distribution throughout the old dry farm is under­ wiped out by the fire. Cheatgrass, field bindweed (Con­ scored by its presence in 46 of the 61 studied quadrats volvulus arvensis), storksbill, curly cup gum weed (Grinde­ (75 percent). In this study as in Study One, forage kochia lia squarrosa), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) achieved its place in the plant community despite a formi­ sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia), bur buttercup, bottle ' dable cheatgrass presence. brush squirrel tail (Sitanion hystrix), and scarlet globe­ mallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) populations were enhanced by the fire. Fire tolerance of forage kochia has not, to our knowl­ edge, been documented before in the literature. This Table 4-Percent cover by species or class on a cheatgrass­ important characteristic needs more study. If fire toler­ dominated, abandoned dry farm, Gordon Creek Wildlife Management Area ance is strong and consistent, the species' contribution to stability and productivity on cheatgrass-dominated lands Plant Mean±sd Range Quadrat presence1 will be enhanced. Monsen and Kitchen (1989) have data Cheatgrass 41.4 ± 27.2 0-85 59 on the recovery of forage kochia following a burn subse­ Forage kochia 6.8 ± 12.1 0-60 46 quent to the one we report. Their data are from a plant­ Perennial ing of 'Immigrant' in southeastern Idaho. Monsen and grasses2 7.3 ± 10.8 0-40 40 Kitchen and colleagues are also investigating response Annuals, excluding cheatgrass3 3.2±6.8 0-35 38 Field bindweed4 1.7± 2.5 0-10 38 Perennial forbs 5 1.4 ± 3.0 0-15 21 Shrubs6 1.6 ± 6.5 0-47 7 Table 3-Density and cover class comparisons of Trees7 0.5±3.8 80-30 1 forage kochia at burn site 10ut of 61 quadrats. Burned site Unburned site 21ncludes Agropyron aistatum, A. smithii, Bromus inermis Boutefoua Parameter (N = 5) (N = 5) eriopoda, Elymus junceus, E. safinus, Oryzopis hymenoides, Poa secunda Sporobofus airoides, and Sitanion hystrix. ' Average density 3!ncludes Amaranthus a/bus, Sa/sofa iberica, and a few unidentified Mature plants 3.4±1.7 12.8 ± 5.2 SpecieS. "'Convolvulus arvensis. Seedlings 4.6 ± 4.1 2.8 ± 1.4 5Medicago sativa and Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia. Average percent cover 6Artemisia nova, .A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Chrysothamnus Mature plants 4.2 ± 2.8 19.2±11.2 nauseosus, and Gutteffezia sarothrae. 7 Seedlings 0.2 ± 0.1 0.4 ±0.1 Juniperus osteosperma. SOverstory presence only.

63 A CONCLUDING WORD Tiedemann, A. R.; McArthur, E. D.; Stutz, H. C.; Stevens, R.; Johnson, K. L., compilers. Proceedings­ Forage kochia, a valuable perennial forage and ground­ symposium on the biology of Atriplex and related cover shrub, competes well with cheatgrass under many chenopods; 1983 May 2-6; Provo, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. circumstances. This was made evident in our studies, INT-172. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, which included several sites of contrasting vegetative Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Ex­ communities, topography, soil types, precipitation, time periment Station: 145-149. periods, and a wildfire. Two forage kochia subspecies Davis, J. N.; Welch, B. L. 1985. Winter preference, nutri­ performed well. tive value, and other range characteristics of Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. Great Basin Naturalist. 45: 778-783. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Herbel, C. H.; Barnes, R. F.; Heady, H. F.; Purdy, L. N. These studies were faciliated by Federal funds from 1981. Range research in the Soviet Union. Rangelands. the Pittman-Robertson W-82-R Project for wildlife habitat 3: 61-63. restoration; cooperators were: Utah Division of Wildlife Hitchcock, A. S.; Chase, A. 1971. Manual of the grasses Resources and Intermountain Research Station, and of the United States. New York: Dover Publications. by Cooperative Agreement No. 22-C-5-INT-004 between 1051 p. (in two volumes). the Intermountain Research Station and Snow College. Hutchings, T. B.; Murphy, D. R. 1989. Soils. In: Johnson, A. Perry Plummer initiated the ground work for these K. L., ed. Rangeland resources of Utah. Logan, UT: studies; we gratefully acknowledge his guidance and Utah State University, Cooperative Extension Service: stimulation. Gary L. Jorgensen, Kent R. Jorgensen, 15-17. and the Sanpete County Older American Green Thumb Johnson, K. L., ed. 1989. Rangeland resources of Utah. crew helped establish the experimental plantings. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Cooperative Exten­ sion Service. 103 p. Keller, W.; Bleak, A. T. 1974. Kochia prostrata: a shrub REFERENCES for western ranges? Utah Science. 35: 24-25. Albee, B. J.; Shultz, L. M.; Goodrich, S. 1988. Atlas of Leopold, A. 1949. A sand county almanac. New York: the vascular plants of Utah. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Oxford University Press. 269 p. Museum of Natural History. 670 p. Mack, R.N. 1981. The invasion of Bromus tectorum L. Aldon, E. F.; Pase, C. P. 1981. Plant species adaptability into western North America: an ecological chronicle. on mine spoils in the southwest: a case study. Res. Note Agro-Ecosystems. 7: 145-165. RM-398. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agricul­ McArthur, E. D. 1983. Taxonomy, origin, and distribution ture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ofbig sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and allies Experiment Station. 3 p. 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