July 5, 2016 u vol. 113 u no. 27

From the Cover

7308 Finding causality in Big Data E3901 Treating inflammation-driven fibrosis 7403 Interactions between liquid droplets on solids 7667 Role of plant photoreceptors

Contents

THIS WEEK IN PNAS 7285 In This Issue Cover image: Societies now collect immense amounts of data from both LETTERS (ONLINE ONLY) controlled experiments and natural E3811 Avoid the hard problem: Employment of mental simulation for prediction is observations such as activity on the already a crucial step World Wide Web. Pictured is a Malte Schilling and Holk Cruse visualization of one possible archive of E3812 Consciousness explained or consciousness redefined? data in network form. Such databases Shelley Anne Adamo are analyzed and used for scientific, business, and health purposes. Effective E3813 Insects cannot tell us anything about subjective experience or the origin use of these large databases of of consciousness information, collectively termed Big Brian Key, Robert Arlinghaus, and Howard I. Browman Data, requires identifying the causal E3814 Reply to Adamo, Key et al., and Schilling and Cruse: Crawling around the hard forces behind patterns in the data. Such problem of consciousness an effort was the focus of the Sackler Colin Klein and Andrew B. Barron Colloquium on Drawing Causal Inference from Big Data. See the OPINION—Leading scientists discuss current issues Introduction to the Colloquium papers by Richard M. Shiffrin on pages 7308– 7287 In the wake of Paris Agreement, scientists must embrace new directions for 7309. Image courtesy of Alexander climate change research Vasilyev/Shutterstock. Olivier Boucher, Valentin Bellassen, He´le`ne Benveniste, Philippe Ciais, Patrick Criqui, Ce´line Guivarch, Herve´ Le Treut, Sandrine Mathy, and Roland Se´fe´rian

COMMENTARIES 7291 Strategies to overcome the hurdles to treat fibrosis, a major unmet clinical need Jagdeep Nanchahal and Boris Hinz See companion article on page E3901 7294 Role reversal: Liquid “Cheerios” on a solid sense each other Anand Jagota See companion article on page 7403 7296 Unraveling the mystery of the ring: Tracking heme dynamics in living cells Margaret C. Carpenter and Amy E. Palmer See companion article on page 7539 7298 Multifaceted role of E-cadherin in hepatitis C virus infection and pathogenesis Che C. Colpitts, Joachim Lupberger, and Thomas F. Baumert See companion article on page 7620 7301 Plants wait for the lights to change to red Paul F. Devlin See companion article on page 7667

Free online through the PNAS open access option. PNAS u July 5, 2016 u vol. 113 u no. 27 u iii–viii Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 PNAS PLUS PHYSICAL SCIENCES 7304 Significance Statements APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES Brief statements written by the authors about the significance of 7399 Electrorheology leads to healthier and their papers. tastier chocolate Rongjia Tao, Hong Tang, Kazi Tawhid-Al-Islam, Enpeng Du, ARTHUR M. SACKLER COLLOQUIUM ON DRAWING and Jeongyoo Kim CAUSAL INFERENCE FROM BIG DATA 7403 Liquid drops attract or repel by the inverted Cheerios effect INTRODUCTION Stefan Karpitschka, Anupam Pandey, Luuk A. Lubbers, Joost H. 7308 Drawing causal inference from Big Data Weijs, Lorenzo Botto, Siddhartha Das, Bruno Andreotti, Richard M. Shiffrin and Jacco H. Snoeijer See Commentary on page 7294 COLLOQUIUM PAPERS + − 7491 A macroscopic H and Cl ions pump via 7310 Causal inference in economics and marketing reconstitution of EcClC membrane proteins Hal R. Varian in lipidic cubic mesophases 7316 Estimating peer effects in networks with peer Chiara Speziale, Livia Salvati Manni, Cristina Manatschal, encouragement designs Ehud M. Landau, and Raffaele Mezzenga Dean Eckles, Rene´ F. Kizilcec, and Eytan Bakshy

7323 Quantity discounts on a virtual good: The results CHEMISTRY of a massive pricing experiment at King 7408 Metallurgically lithiated SiO anode with high capacity Digital Entertainment x and ambient air compatibility Steven D. Levitt, John A. List, Susanne Neckermann, Jie Zhao, Hyun-Wook Lee, Jie Sun, Kai Yan, Yayuan and David Nelson Liu, Wei Liu, Zhenda Lu, Dingchang Lin, Guangmin Zhou, 7329 Characterizing treatment pathways at scale using the and Yi Cui OHDSI network 7414 Two-dimensional polyaniline (C3N) from carbonized George Hripcsak, Patrick B. Ryan, Jon D. Duke, Nigam H. organic single crystals in solid state Shah, Rae Woong Park, Vojtech Huser, Marc A. Suchard, Javeed Mahmood, Eun Kwang Lee, Minbok Jung, Martijn J. Schuemie, Frank J. DeFalco, Adler Perotte, Dongbin Shin, Hyun-Jung Choi, Jeong-Min Seo, Juan M. Banda, Christian G. Reich, Lisa M. Schilling, Sun-Min Jung, Dongwook Kim, Feng Li, Myoung Soo Michael E. Matheny, Daniella Meeker, Nicole Pratt, Lah, Noejung Park, Hyung-Joon Shin, Joon Hak Oh, and David Madigan and Jong-Beom Baek 7337 Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system 7420 Multiscale simulations reveal key features of the through large-scale systems neuroscience proton-pumping mechanism in cytochrome Michael Hawrylycz, Costas Anastassiou, Anton Arkhipov, Jim c oxidase Berg, Michael Buice, Nicholas Cain, Nathan W. Gouwens, Sergey Gratiy, Ramakrishnan Iyer, Jung Hoon Lee, Stefan Ruibin Liang, Jessica M. J. Swanson, Yuxing Peng, Ma˚rten Mihalas, Catalin Mitelut, Shawn Olsen, R. Clay Reid, Corinne Wikstro¨m, and Gregory A. Voth Teeter, Saskia de Vries, Jack Waters, Hongkui Zeng, Christof Koch, and MindScope COMPUTER SCIENCES 7345 Causal inference and the data-fusion problem 7310 Causal inference in economics and marketing Elias Bareinboim and Judea Pearl Hal R. Varian 7353 Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous 7345 Causal inference and the data-fusion problem causal effects Elias Bareinboim and Judea Pearl Susan Athey and Guido Imbens 7391 Modeling confounding by half-sibling regression 7361 Methods for causal inference from gene perturbation Bernhard Scho¨lkopf, David W. Hogg, Dun Wang, experiments and validation Daniel Foreman-Mackey, Dominik Janzing, Carl-Johann Nicolai Meinshausen, Alain Hauser, Joris M. Mooij, Jonas Peters, Simon-Gabriel, and Jonas Peters Philip Versteeg, and Peter Bu¨hlmann

7369 Improving massive experiments with threshold blocking EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, AND PLANETARY SCIENCES Michael J. Higgins, Fredrik Savje, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon ¨ 7426 Relative influence of meteorological conditions 7377 Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that and aerosols on the lifetime of mesoscale explicitly addresses environmental variation convective systems David Heckerman, Deepti Gurdasani, Carl Kadie, Cristina Sudip Chakraborty, Rong Fu, Steven T. Massie, Pomilla, Tommy Carstensen, Hilary Martin, Kenneth and Graeme Stephens Ekoru, Rebecca N. Nsubuga, Gerald Ssenyomo, Anatoli Kamali, Pontiano Kaleebu, Christian Widmer, 7432 Multiple sulfur-isotope signatures in Archean sulfates and Manjinder S. Sandhu and their implications for the chemistry and dynamics of the early atmosphere 7383 Lasso adjustments of treatment effect estimates in E´lodie Muller, Pascal Philippot, Claire Rollion-Bard, randomized experiments and Pierre Cartigny Adam Bloniarz, Hanzhong Liu, Cun-Hui Zhang, Jasjeet S. Sekhon, and Bin Yu 7391 Modeling confounding by half-sibling regression PHYSICS Bernhard Scho¨lkopf, David W. Hogg, Dun Wang, 7438 Elementary quantum mechanics of the neutron with an Daniel Foreman-Mackey, Dominik Janzing, Carl-Johann electric dipole moment Simon-Gabriel, and Jonas Peters Gordon Baym and D. H. Beck

iv u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 STATISTICS 7470 Placebo effects in cognitive training 7316 Estimating peer effects in networks with peer Cyrus K. Foroughi, Samuel S. Monfort, Martin Paczynski, encouragement designs Patrick E. McKnight, and P. M. Greenwood Dean Eckles, Rene´ F. Kizilcec, and Eytan Bakshy 7475 The base rate principle and the fairness principle in 7353 Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous social judgment causal effects Jack Cao and Mahzarin R. Banaji Susan Athey and Guido Imbens SOCIAL SCIENCES 7361 Methods for causal inference from gene perturbation experiments and validation 7316 Estimating peer effects in networks with peer Nicolai Meinshausen, Alain Hauser, Joris M. Mooij, Jonas Peters, encouragement designs Philip Versteeg, and Peter Bu¨hlmann Dean Eckles, Rene´ F. Kizilcec, and Eytan Bakshy 7369 Improving massive experiments with threshold blocking 7353 Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous Michael J. Higgins, Fredrik Sa¨vje, and Jasjeet S. Sekhon causal effects Susan Athey and Guido Imbens 7377 Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that explicitly addresses environmental variation 7383 Lasso adjustments of treatment effect estimates in David Heckerman, Deepti Gurdasani, Carl Kadie, Cristina randomized experiments Pomilla, Tommy Carstensen, Hilary Martin, Kenneth Adam Bloniarz, Hanzhong Liu, Cun-Hui Zhang, Jasjeet S. Ekoru, Rebecca N. Nsubuga, Gerald Ssenyomo, Sekhon, and Bin Yu Anatoli Kamali, Pontiano Kaleebu, Christian Widmer, 7481 Increasing instruction time in school does and Manjinder S. Sandhu increase learning 7383 Lasso adjustments of treatment effect estimates in Simon Calmar Andersen, Maria Knoth Humlum, randomized experiments and Anne Brink Nandrup Adam Bloniarz, Hanzhong Liu, Cun-Hui Zhang, Jasjeet S. Sekhon, and Bin Yu SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 7575 Global threat to agriculture from invasive species Dean R. Paini, Andy W. Sheppard, David C. Cook, Paul J. De Barro, Susan P. Worner, and Matthew B. Thomas SOCIAL SCIENCES

ANTHROPOLOGY 7443 Geospatial modeling approach to monument BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES construction using Michigan from A.D. 1000–1600 as a case study ANTHROPOLOGY Meghan C. L. Howey, Michael W. Palace, 7485 Long-term genetic stability and a high-altitude East and Crystal H. McMichael Asian origin for the peoples of the high valleys of the Himalayan arc Choongwon Jeong, Andrew T. Ozga, David B. Witonsky, ECONOMIC SCIENCES Helena Malmstro¨ m, Hanna Edlund, Courtney A. 7310 Causal inference in economics and marketing Hofman, Richard W. Hagan, Mattias Jakobsson, Hal R. Varian Cecil M. Lewis, Mark S. Aldenderfer, Anna Di Rienzo, 7323 Quantity discounts on a virtual good: The results and Christina Warinner of a massive pricing experiment at King BIOCHEMISTRY Digital Entertainment E3824 Cardiac myosin light chain is phosphorylated by Steven D. Levitt, John A. List, Susanne Neckermann, 2+ and David Nelson Ca /calmodulin-dependent and -independent kinase activities 7449 Economic impact of refugees Audrey N. Chang, Pravin Mahajan, Stefan Knapp, Hannah Barton, J. Edward Taylor, Mateusz J. Filipski, Mohamad H. Lee Sweeney, Kristine E. Kamm, and James T. Stull Alloush, Anubhab Gupta, Ruben Irvin Rojas Valdes, and Ernesto Gonzalez-Estrada E3834 Role and structural mechanism of WASP-triggered 7454 Insurance coverage of customers induces dishonesty conformational changes in branched actin filament of sellers in markets for credence goods nucleation by Arp2/3 complex Max Rodnick-Smith, Qing Luan, Su-Ling Liu, and Brad J. Nolen Rudolf Kerschbamer, Daniel Neururer, and Matthias Sutter E3844 Immobilization of the N-terminal helix stabilizes prefusion paramyxovirus fusion proteins PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Albert S. Song, Taylor A. Poor, Luciano A. Abriata, Theodore S. E3816 Epigenetic modification of OXT and human sociability Jardetzky, Matteo Dal Peraro, and Robert A. Lamb + − Brian W. Haas, Megan M. Filkowski, R. Nick Cochran, 7491 A macroscopic H and Cl ions pump via Lydia Denison, Alexandra Ishak, Shota Nishitani, reconstitution of EcClC membrane proteins and Alicia K. Smith in lipidic cubic mesophases 7459 Working memory is not fixed-capacity: More active Chiara Speziale, Livia Salvati Manni, Cristina Manatschal, storage capacity for real-world objects than for Ehud M. Landau, and Raffaele Mezzenga simple stimuli 7497 The neurofibromin recruitment factor Spred1 binds Timothy F. Brady, Viola S. Sto¨rmer, and George A. Alvarez to the GAP related domain without affecting 7465 Effect of physician disclosure of specialty bias on Ras inactivation patient trust and treatment choice Theresia Dunzendorfer-Matt, Ellen L. Mercado, Karl Maly, Frank Sunita Sah, Angela Fagerlin, and Peter Ubel McCormick, and Klaus Scheffzek

Contents PNAS u July 5, 2016 u vol. 113 u no. 27 u v Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 7503 Selective small molecule inhibitor of the Mycobacterium 7557 E3 ubiquitin ligase RFWD2 controls lung branching tuberculosis fumarate hydratase reveals an allosteric through protein-level regulation of ETV regulatory site transcription factors Monica Kasbekar, Gerhard Fischer, Bryan T. Mott, Adam Yasgar, Yan Zhang, Shigetoshi Yokoyama, John C. Herriges, Marko Hyvo¨nen, Helena I. M. Boshoff, Chris Abell, Clifton E. Zhen Zhang, Randee E. Young, Jamie M. Verheyden, Barry III, and Craig J. Thomas and Xin Sun 7563 Exclusion of Dlx5/6 expression from the distal-most BIOPHYSICS AND COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY mandibular arches enables BMP-mediated E3852 Directly measuring single-molecule heterogeneity using specification of the distal cap force spectroscopy Joshua W. Vincentz, Jose J. Casasnovas, Ralston M. Michael Hinczewski, Changbong Hyeon, and D. Thirumalai Barnes, Jianwen Que, David E. Clouthier, Jun Wang, E3862 Evolution of domain–peptide interactions to coadapt and Anthony B. Firulli specificity and affinity to functional diversity 7569 N-cadherin relocalization during cardiac trabeculation Abdellali Kelil, Emmanuel D. Levy, and Stephen W. Michnick Anoop V. Cherian, Ryuichi Fukuda, Sruthy Maria Augustine, 7361 Methods for causal inference from gene perturbation Hans-Martin Maischein, and Didier Y. R. Stainier experiments and validation Nicolai Meinshausen, Alain Hauser, Joris M. Mooij, Jonas Peters, ECOLOGY Philip Versteeg, and Peter Bu¨hlmann 7575 Global threat to agriculture from invasive species 7509 Dynamic heterogeneity as a strategy of stem Dean R. Paini, Andy W. Sheppard, David C. Cook, Paul J. De Barro, Susan P. Worner, and Matthew B. Thomas cell self-renewal Philip Greulich and Benjamin D. Simons 7580 Acid rain mitigation experiment shifts a forested watershed from a net sink to a net source 7515 Elongation factor G initiates translocation through of nitrogen a power stroke Emma J. Rosi-Marshall, Emily S. Bernhardt, Donald C. Buso, Chunlai Chen, Xiaonan Cui, John F. Beausang, Haibo Zhang, Charles T. Driscoll, and Gene E. Likens Ian Farrell, Barry S. Cooperman, and Yale E. Goldman

7521 Voltage-dependent motion of the catalytic region EVOLUTION of voltage-sensing phosphatase monitored by 7584 Transcriptome, genetic editing, and microRNA a fluorescent amino acid divergence substantiate sympatric speciation Souhei Sakata, Yuka Jinno, Akira Kawanabe, and Yasushi Okamura of blind mole rat, Spalax 7527 Structures of the orthosomycin antibiotics avilamycin and Kexin Li, Liuyang Wang, Binyamin A. Knisbacher, Qinqin Xu, evernimicin in complex with the bacterial 70S ribosome Erez Y. Levanon, Huihua Wang, Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern, Stefan Arenz, Manuel F. Juette, Michael Graf, Fabian Nguyen, Paul Satabdi Tagore, Xiaodong Fang, Lily Bazak, Ilana Buchumenski, Huter, Yury S. Polikanov, Scott C. Blanchard, and Daniel N. Wilson Yang Zhao, Matej Lo¨vy, Xiangfeng Li, Lijuan Han, Zeev Frenkel, Avigdor Beiles, Yi Bin Cao, Zhen Long Wang, 7533 Knotting and unknotting of a protein in single and Eviatar Nevo molecule experiments Fabian Ziegler, Nicole C. H. Lim, Soumit Sankar Mandal, 7590 Early stages contribute strongly to local adaptation Benjamin Pelz, Wei-Ping Ng, Michael Schlierf, Sophie E. in Arabidopsis thaliana Jackson, and Matthias Rief Froukje M. Postma and Jon A˚gren

CELL BIOLOGY

E3872 Relating conformation to function in integrin α5β1 E3892 Versatile in vivo regulation of tumor phenotypes by Yang Su, Wei Xia, Jing Li, Thomas Walz, Martin J. Humphries, dCas9-mediated transcriptional perturbation Dietmar Vestweber, Carlos Caban˜as, Chafen Lu, Christian J. Braun, Peter M. Bruno, Max A. Horlbeck, Luke A. and Timothy A. Springer Gilbert, Jonathan S. Weissman, and Michael T. Hemann 7539 Heme dynamics and trafficking factors revealed by 7377 Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that genetically encoded fluorescent heme sensors explicitly addresses environmental variation David A. Hanna, Raven M. Harvey, Osiris Martinez-Guzman, David Heckerman, Deepti Gurdasani, Carl Kadie, Cristina Xiaojing Yuan, Bindu Chandrasekharan, Gheevarghese Raju, Pomilla, Tommy Carstensen, Hilary Martin, Kenneth F. Wayne Outten, Iqbal Hamza, and Amit R. Reddi Ekoru, Rebecca N. Nsubuga, Gerald Ssenyomo, See Commentary on page 7296 Anatoli Kamali, Pontiano Kaleebu, Christian Widmer, 7545 Cell type-specific control of protein synthesis and and Manjinder S. Sandhu proliferation by FGF-dependent signaling to the translation repressor 4E-BP IMMUNOLOGY AND INFLAMMATION Rachel Ruoff, Olga Katsara, and Victoria Kolupaeva E3901 OX40L blockade protects against 7551 Tumor-associated fibroblasts predominantly come inflammation-driven fibrosis from local and not circulating precursors Muriel Elhai, Je´roˆme Avouac, Anna Maria Hoffmann-Vold, Nadira Ainhoa Arina, Christian Idel, Elizabeth M. Hyjek, Maria-Luisa Ruzehaji, Olivia Amiar, Barbara Ruiz, Hassina Brahiti, Matthieu Alegre, Ying Wang, Vytautas P. Bindokas, Ralph R. Ponsoye, Maxime Fre´chet, Anne Burgevin, Sonia Pezet, Je´re´my Weichselbaum, and Hans Schreiber Sadoine, Thomas Guilbert, Carole Nicco, Hisaya Akiba, Vigo Heissmeyer, Arun Subramaniam, Robert Resnick, Øyvind DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY Molberg, Andre´ Kahan, Gilles Chiocchia, and Yannick Allanore E3882 Human pluripotent stem cells as a model of trophoblast See Commentary on page 7291 differentiation in both normal development and disease E3911 YY1 plays an essential role at all stages of Mariko Horii, Yingchun Li, Anna K. Wakeland, Donald P. Pizzo, B-cell differentiation Katharine K. Nelson, Karen Sabatini, Louise Chang Laurent, Eden Kleiman, Haiqun Jia, Salvatore Loguercio, Andrew I. Su, Ying Liu, and Mana M. Parast and Ann J. Feeney

vi u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 7596 Deletion of the gene Pip4k2c, a novel phosphatidylinositol 7337 Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system kinase, results in hyperactivation of the immune system through large-scale systems neuroscience Hyeseok Shim, Chuan Wu, Shivan Ramsamooj, Kaitlyn N. Bosch, Michael Hawrylycz, Costas Anastassiou, Anton Arkhipov, Jim Zuojia Chen, Brooke M. Emerling, Jihye Yun, Hui Liu, Rayman Berg, Michael Buice, Nicholas Cain, Nathan W. Gouwens, Choo-Wing, Zhiwei Yang, Gerburg M. Wulf, Vijay Kumar Sergey Gratiy, Ramakrishnan Iyer, Jung Hoon Lee, Stefan Kuchroo, and Lewis C. Cantley Mihalas, Catalin Mitelut, Shawn Olsen, R. Clay Reid, Corinne 7602 Multiple layers of transcriptional regulation by PLZF in Teeter, Saskia de Vries, Jack Waters, Hongkui Zeng, Christof Koch, and MindScope NKT-cell development Ai-Ping Mao, Michael G. Constantinides, Rebecca Mathew, Zhixiang 7459 Working memory is not fixed-capacity: More active Zuo, Xiaoting Chen, Matthew T. Weirauch, and Albert Bendelac storage capacity for real-world objects than for 7608 Transcription factor Bcl11b sustains iNKT1 and iNKT2 simple stimuli cell programs, restricts iNKT17 cell program, Timothy F. Brady, Viola S. Sto¨rmer, and George A. Alvarez and governs iNKT cell survival 7632 Pubertal activation of estrogen receptor α in the medial Mohammad Nizam Uddin, Dil Afroz Sultana, Kyle J. Lorentsen, amygdala is essential for the full expression of Jonathan J. Cho, Mariana E. Kirst, Mark L. Brantly, Danielle male social behavior in mice Califano, Derek B. Sant’Angelo, and Dorina Avram Kazuhiro Sano, Mariko Nakata, Sergei Musatov, Masahiro Morishita, Toshiro Sakamoto, Shinji Tsukahara, MEDICAL SCIENCES and Sonoko Ogawa 7329 Characterizing treatment pathways at scale using the 7638 Cross-modal object recognition and dynamic OHDSI network weighting of sensory inputs in a fish George Hripcsak, Patrick B. Ryan, Jon D. Duke, Nigam H. Sarah Schumacher, Theresa Burt de Perera, Johanna Thenert, Shah, Rae Woong Park, Vojtech Huser, Marc A. Suchard, and Gerhard von der Emde Martijn J. Schuemie, Frank J. DeFalco, Adler Perotte, 7644 Inability to activate Rac1-dependent forgetting Juan M. Banda, Christian G. Reich, Lisa M. Schilling, contributes to behavioral inflexibility in mutants Michael E. Matheny, Daniella Meeker, Nicole Pratt, of multiple autism-risk genes and David Madigan Tao Dong, Jing He, Shiqing Wang, Lianzhang Wang, Yuqi 7614 Ablation of Liver X receptors α and β leads to Cheng, and Yi Zhong spontaneous peripheral squamous cell lung 7650 Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also cancer in mice divides them Yu-bing Dai, Yi-fei Miao, Wan-fu Wu, Yu Li, Francesca D’Errico, Shan Gao, Benjamin Becker, Lizhu Luo, Yayuan Geng, Wen Su, Alan R. Burns, Bo Huang, Laure Maneix, Margaret Weihua Zhao, Yu Yin, Jiehui Hu, Zhao Gao, Qiyong Warner, and Jan-A˚ke Gustafsson Gong, Rene Hurlemann, Dezhong Yao, and Keith M. Kendrick MICROBIOLOGY E3921 HIV-1 and HIV-2 exhibit divergent interactions with HLTF and UNG2 DNA repair proteins PHYSIOLOGY Kasia Hrecka, Caili Hao, Ming-Chieh Shun, Sarabpreet Kaur, E3960 Stochastic steps in secondary active Selene K. Swanson, Laurence Florens, Michael P. Washburn, sugar transport and Jacek Skowronski Joshua L. Adelman, Chiara Ghezzi, Paola Bisignano, Donald D. F. E3931 VgrG C terminus confers the type VI effector transport Loo, Seungho Choe, Jeff Abramson, John M. Rosenberg, specificity and is required for binding with PAAR Ernest M. Wright, and Michael Grabe and adaptor–effector complex Devanand D. Bondage, Jer-Sheng Lin, Lay-Sun Ma, Chih-Horng Kuo, and Erh-Min Lai PLANT BIOLOGY E3941 responses to bacteria from E3967 Two distinct redox cascades cooperatively its natural habitats regulate chloroplast functions and sustain Buck S. Samuel, Holli Rowedder, Christian Braendle, plant viability Marie-Anne Fe´lix, and Gary Ruvkun Keisuke Yoshida and Toru Hisabori 7620 Hepatitis C virus depends on E-cadherin as an 7655 BBX21, an Arabidopsis B-box protein, directly entry factor and regulates its expression in activates HY5 and is targeted by COP1 for 26S epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition proteasome-mediated degradation Qisheng Li, Catherine Sodroski, Brianna Lowey, Cameron J. Dongqing Xu, Yan Jiang, Jigang Li, Fang Lin, Magnus Holm, Schweitzer, Helen Cha, Fang Zhang, and T. Jake Liang and Xing Wang Deng See Commentary on page 7298 7661 Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1 functions in nitrogen 7626 Highly efficient primed spacer acquisition from targets regulation of flowering destroyed by the Escherichia coli type I-E CRISPR-Cas Shu Yuan, Zhong-Wei Zhang, Chong Zheng, Zhong-Yi interfering complex Zhao, Yu Wang, Ling-Yang Feng, Guoqi Niu, Chang-Quan Ekaterina Semenova, Ekaterina Savitskaya, Olga Musharova, Wang, Jian-Hui Wang, Hong Feng, Fei Xu, Fang Bao, Alexandra Strotskaya, Daria Vorontsova, Kirill A. Datsenko, Yong Hu, Ying Cao, Ligeng Ma, Haiyang Wang, Maria D. Logacheva, and Konstantin Severinov Dong-Dong Kong, Wei Xiao, Hong-Hui Lin, and Yikun He NEUROSCIENCE 7667 Photoreceptor effects on plant biomass, resource E3950 Structural rearrangement of the intracellular domains allocation, and metabolic state during AMPA receptor activation Deyue Yang, Daniel D. Seaton, Johanna Krahmer, Linda G. Zachariassen, Ljudmila Katchan, Anna G. Jensen, Darryl S. and Karen J. Halliday Pickering, Andrew J. R. Plested, and Anders S. Kristensen See Commentary on page 7301

Contents PNAS u July 5, 2016 u vol. 113 u no. 27 u vii Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 7673 LHCSR1 induces a fast and reversible pH-dependent SI CORRECTION (ONLINE ONLY) fluorescence quenching in LHCII in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells ECOLOGY Emine Dinc, Lijin Tian, Laura M. Roy, Robyn Roth, Ursula Goodenough, and Roberta Croce E3986 Root exudates drive interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N2 fixation Bai Li, Yu-Ying Li, Hua-Mao Wu, Fang-Fang Zhang, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES Chun-Jie Li, Xue-Xian Li, Hans Lambers, E3977 Budgerigars and zebra finches differ in how they and Long Li generalize in an artificial grammar learning experiment Michelle J. Spierings and Carel ten Cate

RETRACTION (ONLINE ONLY) CORRECTION (ONLINE ONLY) PLANT BIOLOGY NEUROSCIENCE E3987 Autophosphorylation of Tyr-610 in the receptor kinase E3985 Dominant hemisphere lateralization of cortical BAK1 plays a role in brassinosteroid signaling and parasympathetic control as revealed by basal defense gene expression frontotemporal dementia Man-Ho Oh, Xiaofeng Wang, Xia Wu, Youfu Zhao, Steven D. Christine C. Guo, Virginia E. Sturm, Juan Zhou, Efstathios D. Clouse, and Steven C. Huber Gennatas, Andrew J. Trujillo, Alice Y. Hua, Richard Crawford, Lara Stables, Joel H. Kramer, Katherine Rankin, Robert W. Levenson, Howard J. Rosen, Bruce L. Miller, and William W. Seeley ix Subscription Form

viii u www.pnas.org Contents Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021