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Challenges in Thermophysical Property Measurements of Molten Metals in Microgravity

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Challenges in Thermophysical Property Measurements of Molten Metals in Microgravity Challenges in Thermophysical Property Measurements of Molten Metals in Microgravity September 12, 2013 Joonho Lee Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea University Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Introduction of Korea University öEstablished in 1905 öLocated at the center of Seoul öOne of the top universities in Korea öTradition + Culture öScience + Technology ö~8,300 Multicultural students Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Introduction of Lab for Eco-Metallurgy öStudy on metallurgical process for sustainable society - New iron-making process (FINEX) - Clean steel process - Recycling using MW - Galvanizing based on Thermophysical Properties Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Motivation of Thermophysical Property Measurements Thermophysical Property Simulation High-tech Materials Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Current Status of mG Research Aerodynamic Levitation Tech. Columbus Inha Univ. -ESA Electrostatic Levitation Tech. KRISS Electromagnetic Levitatin Tech. Measurements & Modeling Electromagnetic Levitation Tech. Korea Univ. DLR, Univ. of Ulm, NPL Measurements & Modeling Electrostatic Levitation Tech. DLR, CNR, NPL, VTT, KTH NASA, Caltech, Tufts Univ. Electrostatic & Aerodynamic Levitation Tech. JAXA, Gakushuin Univ. Electromagnetic Levitation Tech. Gakushuin Univ., Osaka Univ., Tohoku Univ., etc. Kibo-JAXA Measurements & Modeling Osaka Univ. Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Levitation Techniques Aerodynamics EML ESL Levitation technique Aerodynamics Electromagnetic Electrostatic Atmosphere Inert gas Inert gas or Vacuum vacuum (10-7 torr) Materials that can All Metals All be processed Measurable properties of liquid (with undercooling) Specific heat capacity No Microgravity Yes Viscosity No Microgravity Yes Surface tension No Yes Yes Structure Yes Yes Yes Electrical resistivity Yes Yes No Density and thermal No Yes Yes expansion Kelton & Greer, Nucleation in Condensed Matter, 2010 Lab for Eco-Metallurgy History of EML Research Source: ASTRIUM Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Prospective of EML Research Source: ASTRIUM Lab for Eco-Metallurgy EML Facility in ISS Source: ASTRIUM Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Is it safe to use EML as it is? Copper Silver Oxygen decreases the surface tension of liquid metals. J. Lee, T. Tanaka, Y. Asano, S. Hara, Mat. Trans. 45 (2004), 2719-2722. Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Suggestion by Prof. Watanabe @Gakushuin Univ. Gas cleaning system @ CIT Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Course of EML Research - OXYTHERM • Phase I (Apr. – Nov. 2006) - Evaluation of potential technologies - Assessment of specifications * Sensitivity: 10 ppm * Chamber pressure: 100-800 mbar * Oxygen partial pressure: 1-8 x 10-6 bar * Time constant (complete measurement process): < 5 s • Phase II (Mar. 2007 – Apr. 2011) - Development and testing of self-standing technology demonstrator - Field tests in DLR levitation facility (2009-2011) Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Oxygen Sensor Developed by TU Clausthal (SS1) • Key components - Yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) - Heater and temperature sensor - Housing: 10 x 10x 15 cm3 • Operating principle - Electrochemical concentration cell - Oxygen partial pressure range: 1 to 10-25 bar - Requested operation range: 1 – 1000 ppm ref RT æ p ö E = lnç O2 ÷ 4F ç p ÷ è O2 ø Lab for Eco-Metallurgy mG Parabolic Flight Experiments by Prof. Watanabe Gulfstream-II Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Experimental – Surface Tension Measurements Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension of Liquid Copper Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension of Liquid Iron Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension of Liquid Copper w/ P(O2) Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension of Liquid Copper w/ P(O2) Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension Modeling for Me-MeO system According to Butler’s model Surface RT X j 1 Ex,Surface Surface Ex,Bulk Bulk s = s i + ln( Bulk ) + [Gi (T, X j )- Gi (T, X j )] Ai X j Ai According to Associate model by Tanaka, Me-O system can be treated as Me- MeO system. (ex. Cu-Cu2O) According to Yeum’s model Ex,Surface Surface Mix Ex,Bulk Bulk Gi (T, X j ) = b Gi (T, X j ) Tanaka et al. showed that the surface tension of various liquid alloys was obtained by assuming that bMix is the same as bPure . Pure s i Ai = (1- b )DH LG,i 0.83 for liquid metal surface due to the surface relaxation and surface atomic rearrangement by Tanaka et al. 0 when an ideal adsorption behavior is assumed. Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Phase Diagram of Cu-O system Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension Model Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension Model Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Surface Tension Model – Effect of Temperature Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Oxygen Adsorption on the Surface of Liquid Cu Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Concluding Remarks EML in ISS should equip oxygen sensors and an oxygen pump via Oxytherm Project. The equilibrium time to measure the surface tension of target metallic system should be identified on ground in advance. The constrained drop method and the associated model are very useful to determine the reference values. Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Space Core Technology Development Program through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012M1A3A3A02033446) Lab for Eco-Metallurgy Thank you for your kind attentions! contact: [email protected] Lab for Eco-Metallurgy.
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