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Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138

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Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138 Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Engineering Failure Analysis journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/engfailanal The finite element analysis of collapse loads of single-spanned historic masonry arch bridges (Ordu, Sarpdere Bridge) T ⁎ Abdulkadir Cüneyt Aydina, , Suat Gökhan Özkayab a Atatürk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, 25030 Erzurum, Turkey b Ardahan University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, 75000 Ardahan, Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The current methods used in estimating the collapse loads of masonry arch bridges have been Masonry arch bridges examined, and a study has been made aiming the calculation of the behaviors of the single- Collapse loads spanned masonry arch bridges shows under certain loads with the method of static analysis. Finite elements The model used for the study was 3D formed with the ANSYS package program, and the Static analysis results of the analysis were achieved using this program, as well. The model that was created was obtained by using the original dimensions of the historical Sarpdere Bridge located within the province of Ordu. The results obtained have shown compliance with the existing studies in the literature. In addition, the effects of the loads on the bridge that were applied to the different places on the system were examined, and the behaviors of the single-span masonry arch bridges under the loads applied were evaluated. The filler and sidewalls on left and right sides of the arch bridge were differentiated the loading about 10%. 1. Introduction Historical structures are one of the most essential parts of the cultural heritage. Historical monuments are the witnesses of our old traditions and the symbols of the cultural identity. It is not possible to understand, interpret and retrace the period of civilization, without them. They represent the details related with the technology in design, material characteristics, workmanship, architectural features and spiritual value of their periods. Actually, there exist only two basic ways to bring the past into today's world; literature and historical structures. These are remarked as the living history, on which human beings past is reflected, it will not be wrong to say that they are the proof's showing the spirit and charm of the heritage. Conservation and restoration of historical structures require a sensitive systematic study in order to achieve proper results. In addition to a deep knowledge of the ethics of conservation, one should have good technical skills and sufficient information related to the structure and material. This means that specialized people who take the necessary education should perform the conservation of historical structures. As well, conservation requires not only a multidisciplinary work, including history, but also architecture and engineering as the basic sciences. For proper intervention, understanding of the structural behavior and good engineering judgment with sufficient experience of the old construction techniques and concepts and correct interpretation of the analysis results of comprehensive structural analyses are needed. The master historical structures was designed not only for complex load carrying system and continuous interaction of domes, vaults, arches, minarets and pillars, but also for architectural concepts and for enough light and proper acoustics. [3,9,25]. ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.C. Aydin). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.11.002 Received 1 June 2017; Received in revised form 17 October 2017; Accepted 6 November 2017 Available online 07 November 2017 1350-6307/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138 Fig. 1. Plastic stress-strain diagram. Fig. 2. Sarpdere Bridge [1]. Fig. 3. Longitudinal and transverse appearances of the Sarpdere Bridge. 132 A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138 Fig. 4. Three dimensional finite element model of Sarpdere Bridge. Linear load chart 45 41.2 40 41.5 40.01 35 34.4 31.98 30 28.5 25 23.2 21.7 20 15 10 5 0 Maximum live linear load (t/m) Maximum -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 Distance to the mid point of chart(m) Fig. 5. Linear load chart. Singular load chart 50 (11. Analysis) 40 (13. Analysis) 41.2 40.01 (9. Analysis) 30 31.98 (12. Analysis) ( 20) 23.2 10. Analysis Series1 21.7 Maximum live load (t) 10 0 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 Distance to the mid point of arch Fig. 6. Singular load chart. Turkey (Anatolia) is also one of the most important regions about historical construction and stone masonry arch bridges due to the geographical location and rich cultural heritage. Unfortunately, although the Turkish stone arch bridges have been widely sprouted in Turkey and surroundings, studies related to these structures have been rare. Almost no studies in which engineering properties and structural analyses were discussed have been carried out. Being convenient to span large distances, arch form is generally subjected to compressive forces because of its geometric shape. Therefore, arch is among the most commonly utilized structural forms in masonry buildings. Even if many of the historical bridges have been exposed to the great earthquakes, they survived to the present day. The fact that the old masters made such enormous works without the knowledge of any engineering evokes admiration. The thing that first comes to mind is whether they had information related to how similar products in their hands had been made or would be made before they made them. Perhaps the old masters received inspiration from the nature while creating their works. Because, a similar form of the masonry bridges they designed in order to pass the gaps are shapes that already exists in nature [8,10–15,20,23]. The arching had been only possibility for long spanning construction units in stone. Especially, stone bridges had constituted prestige products in the group of early curved structures. From those bridges, only few remained to exist. Wars, floats, intemperies, earthquakes and other sources of casualty make the bridge structures, through centuries and millenniums disintegrate. Some of them installed on relatively active road itineraries would be repaired or reconstructed. Therefore, thousand years old stone arched bridges 133 A.C. Aydin, S.G. Özkaya Engineering Failure Analysis 84 (2018) 131–138 Maximum live load (100*MPa) 21.85 19.12 43.7 21.85 19.12 Area affected by distributed load (m2) Fig. 7. Distributed load graphic. Table 1 The material properties taken into consideration in theoretical analyses [3]. Material Elasticity module Poisson ratio Mass density (N/m2) (kg/m3) Stone arch 3.0E9 0.2 1600 Side walls 2.5E9 0.2 1400 Filler 1.5E9 0.25 1300 do not likely reflect the original shape. Still, they do exhibit, at least, the appearance of ancient taste. Before going to description of few exemplar cases, it should be again recalled that the curvilinearity is a feast to the eyes and the brain. The arch is the initial stage of this festivity [19]. The examples above and many more like these examples may have been a source of inspiration for the old masters regarding the different forms of the bridges both in terms of length and aesthetics. In order to determine whether the old masonry bridges are really required to be strengthened or not, the first task of us the engineers is to determine the critical loads that will give rise to collapse. The preservation of historical buildings is of growing interest in many countries worldwide. Scientists and engineers perform historical, archeological and in situ investigation to repair, maintain and extend its lifetime. The repair and maintenance of historical masonry structures, generally a structural intervention of the existing structure, are reasons for the need of better understanding of these structures. The basic question arises: What is the carrying capacity, serviceability and the safety degree of the structure before and after intervention? To answer this question is extremely difficult in case of masonry structures, because the determination of material and geometrical parameters is generally uncertain. The architectural design of those buildings lacked a structural design that took advantage of the material properties and that allowed appropriate links between image and construction to be taken into account. Indeed, a detailed evaluation of historical, cultural, architectural and structural aspects is required in order to make correct decisions ([10,18,25]). We encounter the formation of the computer models related to the experimental studies and investigation of the experiments made by comparing the results obtained from the model analysis and the test results. In the analysis of structures, strength, stiffness and stability characteristics are considered as the three main criteria. The structure should be strong enough to carry the imposed loads, including its self-weight. Large deflections and differential displacements should not occur in the structure, either locally or overall. In this respect, it is also important to know the load history of the structure also. Lack of information about the loading history, strength and stiffness characteristics of the structural materials reduce the accuracy and validity of the results obtained from the structural analysis. In addition, an exact structural analysis should take into account the crack patterns, the crushing phenomena and the actual deformations [2,25]. Before the start of the experimental studies, creating a computer modeling of the test assembly is advantageous. For example, the issues such as determination of the measurements and parameters belonging to the experiment mechanism and experiment samples, determination of the number of the test samples to be tested, determination of the critical points where data will be obtained during the experiment can be possible with finite-element modeling and the analysis of these models.
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