DEMOGRAFÍA Y GENÉTICA DE POBLACIONES DE LA ORQUÍDEA TERRESTRE Cyclopogon Luteo-Albus (A

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DEMOGRAFÍA Y GENÉTICA DE POBLACIONES DE LA ORQUÍDEA TERRESTRE Cyclopogon Luteo-Albus (A DEMOGRAFÍA Y GENÉTICA DE POBLACIONES DE LA ORQUÍDEA TERRESTRE Cyclopogon luteo-albus (A. Rich. y Galeotti) Schltr. EN FRAGMENTOS DE BOSQUE DE NIEBLA DEL CENTRO DE VERACRUZ TESIS QUE PRESENTA LILIÁN JUÁREZ TÉLLEZ PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN ECOLOGÍA Y MANEJO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Xalapa, Veracruz, México 2013 RECONOCIMIENTO Agradezco al Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca de manutención otorgada durante seis años (número de registro ED03007) y por el apoyo financiero para los trabajos de campo y laboratorio a través de un proyecto asignado al Dr. Carlos Montaña Carubelli (número de proyecto 36642 V). Al Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca de ayudante de investigador asociada al Dr. Carlos Montaña Carubelli (número de expediente 393166629). A Carlos Montaña Carubelli quien me guió y acompañó durante el camino a la cima y por las amenas charlas. A Miriam Ferrer quien me rescató en un momento de crisis académica, por su disposición y valiosas sugerencias en el manuscrito de genética. A Teresa Valverde por sus valiosas sugerencias y enseñanzas. A María Luisa Martínez quien también me apoyó en un momento de crisis académica. A Danaé Cabrera Toledo, Francisco Reyes Zepeda, Andrew Vovides, Julia Hernández, Sonia Galicia y Julia Hernández, por su ayuda en el laboratorio, a Jorge García Burgos, Antonio López, Carlo Sormani, Alejandro Abundis, Vicky y Mario Márquez por apoyo en campo. A Pablo Carrillo, Claudia Gallardo por su valioso apoyo, Phil Brewster, Carlos Yáñez, Luis Cervantes y Ricardo Ayala en la determinación de abejas y avispas, a Martín Mata por su ayuda en el laboratorio de cultivo in vitro. A los propietarios del terreno en Banderilla. A todo el personal administrativo, en especial a las asistentes del Departamento de B.E.: Gloria Martínez y Mary Salazar por su profesional apoyo y al equipo de la biblioteca por su excelente disposición: Felisa Herrador, Rafael Colorado, Ángeles Ferrer, Delfino Hernández y Patricia Ortiz. A mi compañero de vida, Jorge García Burgos por su amor y apoyo económico que me permitieron culminar esta etapa. A mis compañeros de generación: Itzel, Lizette, Danaé, Susana, Juan Pablo y Pepe; de otras generaciones: Karolina, Karla, Carla, Vania, Victor, Bernal, Lucía, Pita, Paco, Oswaldo Gómez y Rikardo González, y de Pronatura Veracruz. A los investigadores que me apoyaron en algún momento de mi formación académica: Miriam Ferrer, Marisa Martínez, Roger Guevara, Octavio Rojas, Oscar Ríos, Oscar Briones, Rogelio Macías, Andrew Vovides, Sergio Ibáñez, Gonzalo Castillo, Larissa Guillén, Gonzalo Castillo, Vinicio Sosa, Isabel Barois, Enrique Jardel, Luis Cervantes, Antonio Guillén, Luciana Porter, Mariano Ordano, Hugo Piña, Yareni Perroni, Juan García, Bertha Anguiano, Gabriela Garza, José Arévalo, Alejandro Meléndez y Gilberto Binqüist. 3 DEDICATORIA A Jorge GB, el amor de mi vida A mis padres y hermana 4 ÍNDICE RESUMEN………………………………………………………………….................... 13 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….. 14 Capítulo I Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Orquídeas…………………………………………………………………………. 18 Problemática local de las orquídeas………………………………………………. 22 Especie de estudio…………………………………………………….................... 25 Literatura Citada……………………………………………………………………........ 30 Capítulo II Dinámica poblacional de Cyclopogon luteo-albus (Orchidaceae) en el Bosque de Niebla del centro de Veracruz, México Resumen……………………………………………………………………………………... 41 Abstract.……………………………………………………………….................................. 42 Introducción………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Métodos…………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Especie de estudio……………………………………………………….. 49 Ensayos de germinación…………………………………………………. 50 Diagrama del ciclo de vida de Cyclopogon luteo-albus…………………. 52 Datos demográficos……………………………………………………… 53 Matrices de proyección poblacional…………………………………….. 56 Tasa de crecimiento y estructura de tamaños…………………………………. 59 Sensibilidad, elasticidad y otros parámetros poblacionales…………………………… 59 Variabilidad en la tasa de crecimiento poblacional……………………………………. 61 Probabilidades de cuasi-extinción……………………………………………………… 63 Resultados……………………………………………………………………………………. 64 Densidad y estructura 64 poblacional……………………………………………………… 6 Dinámica poblacional……………………………………………………………... 65 Sensibilidad, elasticidad y otros parámetros poblacionales………………………. 66 Variabilidad en la tasa de crecimiento poblacional………………………………. 67 Probabilidades de cuasi-extinción……………………………………………….. 68 Discusión………………………………………………………………………………. 69 Estructura poblacional…………………………………………………………… 69 Dinámica poblacional……………………………………………………………. 70 Agradecimientos…………………………………………………………………. 77 Literatura Citada………………………………………………………………………. 96 Capítulo III Genetic structure at patch level of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon luteoalbus (Orchidaceae) in a fragment cloud forest Abstract………………………………………………………………………………… 107 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……… 107 Materials and Methods………………………………………………………….……… 108 Species and study sites…………………………………………………...……… 108 Sample collection………………………………………………………...……… 109 Enzymatic extraction and electrophoresis………………………………..……… 109 Genetic diversity measurement…………………………………………..……… 110 Genetic structure at fragment level………………………………............……… 110 Evidence of recent bottlenecks………………………………………..….……… 110 Spatial genetic structure at patch level……………………………….......……… 111 Results………………………………………………………………………….……… 111 Genetic diversity………………………………………………………………… 111 Genetic structure at fragment level……………………………………………… 112 Evidence of recent bottlenecks…………………………………………..……… 112 Spatial genetic structure at patch level…………………………………..……… 112 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………… 113 Genetic diversity………………………………………………………………… 113 7 Genetic structure at fragment level……………………………………………… 115 Spatial genetic structure at patch level…………………………………..……… 116 Acknowledgments……………………………………………………….……… 118 References……………………………………………………………………………… 119 Capítulo IV Discusión General y Conclusiones……………………………………………………. 124 Conclusiones…………………………………………………………………………… 131 Literatura citada...……………………………………………………………………… 134 8 LISTA DE FIGURAS Y CUADROS Capítulo I Figura 1.1. Inflorescencia de Cyclopogon luteo-albus con abeja Halictidae visitando flores en el sitio SBN (17/02/2007). La flecha muestra el polinario adherido al labro de la abeja (Fotografía: Phill Brewster)………………………………………………………………………….......... 27 Capítulo II Figura 2.1. Ubicación de los sitios de estudio en los fragmentos de Bosque de Niebla cercanos a la Ciudad de Xalapa. SBN (Santuario del Bosque de Niebla) y MART (Martinica)………… 49 Figura 2.2. Ciclo de vida de C. luteo-albus. Los círculos representan las categorías de tamaño de acuerdo al área foliar total de la planta (cm2): plántulas de < 0.3 cm2 con una raíz < 1 cm de largo (P), juveniles de 0.01–10.01 cm2 (J1), juveniles de 10.02–26.64 cm2 (J2), adultos de 26.65– 64.25cm2 (A1), adultos de 64.26 – 93.6cm2 (A2), y adultos de > 93.7cm2 (A3) y latentes (L). Las flechas representan transiciones entre categorías y la flecha punteada representa la fecundidad…………………………………………………………………………………… 53 Figura 2.3. A) Plantas de C. luteo-albus dispuestas de acuerda a las categorías de tamaño consideradas (A3, A2, A1, J2 y J1, la flecha indica los frutos maduros), B) acercamiento de las raíces de un individuo adulto, C), ejemplo de la medición de las hojas de una planta adulta, D) hábitat de C. luteo-albus en el sitio SBN, Veracruz, E) avispas de la familia Eurytomidae que emergieron de ovarios florales (escala en mm), F) plantas adultas (la flecha indica el escapo con herbivoría en el sitio SBN, en 2010), G) semillas viables de C. luteo-albus (escala 5 mm), H) acercamiento de la avispa (Eurytomidae), e I) planta adulta de C. luteo-albus (la flecha indica el escapo emergiendo)…………………………………………………………………….…… 55 Figura 2.4. Estructura poblacional observada (nt) y estructura estable de tamaños (EET, vector w) de las poblaciones SBN (a) y MART (b) para los años 2005-2009 y 2006-2009, respectivamente. Los valores de significancia (prueba Kolmogorov-Smirnov) se refieren a la comparación entre la estructura poblacional observada (nt) barras en negro, y la estructura estable de tamaños (w), barras grises……………………………………………………………….. 86 9 Figura 2.5. Porcentaje de individuos que formaron frutos en un año o más durante el periodo 2005-2009 en SBN y durante 2006-2009 en Martinica……………………………………..... 87 Figura 2.6. Diagrama del ciclo de vida de Cyclopogon luteo-albus para las poblaciones SBN (a) y MART (b). Los valores corresponden a las matrices promedio de transición (2005-2009 y 2006-2009, respectivamente). Las letras dentro de cada óvalo corresponden a la categoría de tamaño (ver definiciones de categorías de tamaño en Cuadro 2.1)…..………………………. 89 Figura 2.7. Triángulo demográfico en el que se ubican las poblaciones estudiadas de C. luteo- albus (construido con las elasticidades de las matrices de transición promedios) y otras especies de orquídeas terrestres. En las poblaciones de C. luteo-albus, los círculos consideran la etapa de latencia y los triángulos la omiten (SBN en gris y MART en negro)………………………… 90 Figura 2.8. Curvas de supervivencia (log lx), (a); y valor reproductivo escalado a la primera categoría de tamaños (Vx/V1), (b), calculados a partir de las matrices promedios de las poblaciones SBN (periodo 2005-2009) y MART (periodo 2006-2009)……………………… 91 Figura 2.9. Distribución de frecuencias (a partir de 5000 simulaciones al azar con remplazo) de la desviación estándar de la tasa finita de crecimiento poblacional
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