SPECIAL SECTION C hapter 8: Special Section The 81 DEFENCE THE CARIBBEANAND SECURITY

Creation of Defence and Security Forces 1750-1800 1801-1850 1851-1900 1901-1950 1951 onwards 1792 Trinidad and Tobago 1832 Jamaica Constabulary 1853 Royal Police 1940 Police Force. 1960 Royal Saint Kitts and Police Force Service. Force. Force. Nevis Police Force. 1834 Royal Police 1896 Royal Saint Kitts and 1962 . (1) Force. Nevis Defence Force . 1962 Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. 1835 Royal Police Force. 1965 . 1839 Guyana Police Force. 1967 Royal Police Force. 11840840 Royaly Bahamas Police 1973 Belize Police Department. Force.orce. 1975 National Army of Suriname(2). West Indies Regiment 1978 . Created in 1795, the West India Regiment was an innfantry unit of the BBritish Army recruiteedd and generally stationed in the Britit sh colonies of the Caribbbean. Thehe Regiment ddiffered from similar forcces 1979 Royal Saint Vincent and recruited in other parts of the in that itt formed an integral part of the regular Britiish The Grenadines Police Army. As countries became independent, they started ccreating their own deefence forces, whichh weere Force. no longer part of the West Indies Regiment. 1979 . 1980 Royal Bahamas Defence (1) Initiallyy, a defence force was created as a result of a strike that security forces were unable to control. The regular forcce was Force. created in 1967 . 1981 Royal Antigua and (2) In 1975, the Republic of Suriname, became independent from the Netherlands and established its own national armed forces Surinaamse Krijgsmachi. In 1980, they changed their name to Nationaal Leger or National Armyy, after the military Police Army Barbuda Defence Force. government took over. Regional Organizations In the areas of defence and security, the countries of the Caribbean share a common agenda and take part in regional forums. Though they originally tended towards integration (mainly economic), with time they have created new spaces of cooperation. 1990 2000 - CARICOM. ons i 74 Economic integration and zat 19

i cooperation among its members.

4 ACS. Association of Caribbean an

g OECS. Organization of States

Eastern Caribbean States 199

1 Regional cooperation. c or i Sustainable development olitical and/or eco 198 P nom through their strategic insertion in the world economy.

ACCP. A ssociation of Caribbean Commissioners of s SAM. Security Assistance 7 m Police s RSS. Regional Security System Mechanism 7 996 ni Promote and facilitate Territorial integrity, defence against a

1 Collective security system. 200 h cooperation in the development threats to security. 198 and implementation of mec ence and security

f police strategies, systems and e

D procedures. on

i CDEMA. Caribbean Disaster IMPACS. Implementation es i Emergency Management Agency for Crime and erat enc 991 p Agency Security g 1 2006 a Crime and security management oo Emergency management. C within the CARICOM framework.

The non-Spanish speaking Caribbean is an area of vast heterogeneity that from the foundation of common concerns has established cooperative spaces. The countries have constructed their political systems and structures on the foundation of their processes of decolonization and maintain strong links with countries such as Great Britain, United States, and , both due to historical and linguistic reasons. Strong links with have also been developed. In terms of their relations with other countries from the continent, such as the Latin Americans, shared concerns are highlighted in mechanisms such as the Organization of American States, or the Conference of Defence Ministers of the and Conference of Ministers of Public Security, as well as in the growing relations with Brazil, Colombia or Venezuela. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 82 a e c d r ce u e o r b c o F ce Bar r ce d o li e ice For o l F P ce n ua an g ada ce ce r efe ce n ines Po r e d or r o D Anti F Grenada F l of Surinam Barbados na al Barbados Police F Saint Lucia a p e y al Saint Lucia ice Fo ce ce y al G r l y o li y n o the Grenadines o R o bados o al Saint Vincent and e R Po r R P Saint Vincent and f y e G R a e oyal Antigua and Barbuda o h B R D R T Antigua and Barbuda Police Cor The Republic of Suriname at . a h ce t

ce s ce ded r ce vi o the State r serve as f p ll

a , y h ence o ce s ence For f ce r ce f obago Police For T ana Police Fo ice Fo emergency or war i y l f obago Defence For T ana De Gu ence For y e Po f ce in the de h r o , t Gu f The Republic of Guyana ed ar oper state o l rinidad and T ilitary pr ec

In case of war or emergency a d m rinidad and T T ce The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago The Republic of Trinidad or F ce li f o P al Police For y ca al Saint Kitts and Nevis De o y R http://www.resdal.org isasters mini d

Ro l o D Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis ssistance in case o mergency and/or A e natura Commonwealth of Dominica RESDAL from r d c e on i d an y erat ic or p omesti ce bl d Coo in securit pu Downloaded For y ce r o F ce n gnty i e efe e te r r territory Jamaica e es D d v c Defence, Defe so sove an and ca i a Jamaica Constabular f for for m y t ty Ja i uri ce r ce r ty i s or sec o / ce - Police (Amendment) Act, 1998. - Defence (Amendment) Act, 2007. Act, - Defence (Amendment) 1998. Act, (Amendment) - Police 1979. Chapter 211, Act, - Defence 1965. Chapter 205, Act, - Police 1998. Chapter 167, Act, - Police 2013. Chapter 159, Act, - Defence (amendment) 1978. Chapter 135, Act, - Defence 1951. Chapter 138, Act, - Police 1940. Chapter 14:01, Act, - Police Revised Laws of Grenada 1990. Chapter 244, Act, Police The - 1966. Chapter 15:01, Act, - Defence 1957. Chapter 16:01, Act, - Police 1962. Act, Defence The - 1935. Act, Constabulary Force The - Atc. - Defence 2003. Act, Police The - 2004. Chapter 14:01, Act, - Police Act. - Police 1996, Act, Army - National 2006. Chapter 15:01, Act, Service - Police 1962. Chapter 14:01, Act, - Defence d/ or Secur f artment p ce r o F al Bahamas Police Fo y ce o s o n ence e al Bahamas Defence For R Belize ce f f y ns e or De f i Ro D sio elize Police De e B issions of defence and/or securit liz Commonwealth of The Bahamas e M Mi Mis Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Suriname Tobago and Trinidad B National Legislation

Source: Defence (Amendment) Act, 2007 (Antigua and Barbuda). Defence Act, Chapter 211 (Bahamas). Defence Act, Chapter 159 (Barbados). Defence Act, Chapter 135 (Belize). Police Act, Chapter 14:01 (Dominica). Defence Act, Chapter 15:01 (Guyana). Ministry of National Security and The Defence Act (Jamaica). Defence Act (Saint Kitts and Nevis). Police (Amendment) Act (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). Website of the Ministry of Defence (Suriname). Defence Act, Chapter 14:01 (Trinidad and Tobago). C hap ter 8: S p ecial Section The Caribbean 83

Defence and Defence Force’s Mission Defence, sovereignty Assistance in the event Security Forces Country Cooperation to internal of emergency and/or and Territory Order and Security natural disaster

Antigua and Barbuda x x x

Bahamas x x x

Defence Defence/ Barbados x x x Forces Police Forces Belize x x x In the event of war or other emergency,gy,p if proclaimed by y the autorities, the Police Force Dominica shall be a military force which may be employed for State defence Antigua Grenada In the event of war or other emergency,gy,p if proclaimed by y the autorities, the Police Force and Barbuda shall be a military force which may be employed for State defence Guyana x x x

Jamaica x x x

Bahamas Saint Kitts and Nevis x x x

Saint Lucia In the event of war or other emergency,gy,p if proclaimed by y the autorities, the Police Force shall be a military force which may be employed for State defence Saint Vincent and the Grenadines In the event of war or other emergency,gy,p if proclaimed by y the autorities, the Police Force shall be a military force which may be employed for State defence Barbados Trinidad and Tobago x x x Sources: Defence (Amendment) Act, 2007 (Antigua and Barbuda). Defence Act, Chapter 211 (Bahamas). Defence Act, Chapter 159 (Barbados). Defence Act, Chapter 135 (Belize). Police Act, Chapter 14:01 (Dominica). Defence Act, Chapter 15:01 (Guyana). Ministry of National Security and The Defence Act (Jamaica). Defence Act (Saint Kitts and Nevis). Defence Act, Chapter 14:01 (Trinidad and Tobago). Belize GG: Governor General / PTE: President / PM: Prime Minister / DB: Defence Legal functions related to defence: Board / CF: Chief of the Force / SC: Security Council / CP: Commissioner of Police / CM: Military Command. Commission in Command, Responsible for Troop exit Defence Board Country Commanded Directed by Controlled Through another country administration and Dominica formally by authorized by discipline Operations authorized by Members Antigua PM DB DB CF GG PM, CF, others to be and Barbuda GG PM designated. PM, Minister of National Bahamas GG Minister of National SC SC CF GG Security, others to be PM Security Grenada designated. Barbados GG PM -- -- DB CF GG --

Ministry of Defence and Belize GG PM Ministry of Defence and Minister DB CF GG Immigration, CF, other Immigration ministers to be designated. Guyana Minister for National Dominica PTE PM Security, Labor and -- CP CP -- -- Immigration

Grenada GG PM -- -- CP CP -- -- Jamaica PM with PTE, PM, Minister of Home PTE DB CF Guyana PM -- PM Parliament Affairs, CF, three others to be designated.

Minister of National Jamaica GG Minister of National DB CF Saint Kitts PM Security DB GG Security, CF, other minister to be designated. and Nevis Saint Kitts GG PM Minister of National -- DB CF -- -- and Nevis Security*

Minister for Home Saint Lucia Saint Lucia GG PM Affairs and National -- CP CP -- -- Security

Saint Vincent and Minister of National -- CP -- the Grenadines GG PM Securit CP --

Saint Vincent and PTE, President of the the Grenadines National Assembly, Vice-president, two representatives of Minister Suriname PTE PTE PTE CM CF PTE the Armed Forces, a of Defence representative of the Ministry of Justice, a member of the Council of Suriname Ministers, a representative of the Police.

Trinidad Minister of National PTE PM Minister of National -- DB CF PTE Security, CF, two ministers and Tobago Security Trinidad to be designated. and Tobago Source: Compilation based on the defence and police force laws of each country. In the case of Dominica, Police Act, Chapter 14:01, 1940, reference is made only to the responsibility for the Police Force. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 84

Strategic Relations and International Assistance ) f

Members of ce A o l ces

n In the CDMA A ies n organizations and a e r

of process, the i ce

ca n fer

regional systems: on i ce f SICOF ri n n Alli

( Caribbean States n Arm n e a R sta ) i ence of e Co ri ) can A r ica i ) l

a show special interest ss -American -American r es s a r r fer ence Counci e c aty of Recipr r Am v f n liv r l A The Americas ter e

a for non-traditional f o o r or the Peoples o CDMA ALBA TIAR n Confe Defense Ministers o ( Co Am I N System o Cooperat Among the Amer F South American De UNASU B f Ou ( Inte T ca ( security aspects Antigua and Barbuda (natural disasters, Bahamas arms traffficking and Barbados (1) drug-trafficking, Belize (1) (1) among others). Dominica Their closing statements and Grenada speeches include the Guyana (1) (1) small island states of Jamaica (1) (1) the Caribbean. Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Source: Compila- tion based on the Suriname (1) Conference closing Trinidad and Tobago statements. (1) Observer members.

The bond between thethh CaribbC bbean and Latin American countrieieses isi shohownh Bahahaamas through their participatiotiont n in diffferent regional and hemispheric insinstanceses and cooperation treaties and agreemenmentnts,

such as: CubCubaba http://www.resdal.org DominicanDomDomin Republic Mexico •Memorandum of understanding to combat international Belize JamaicaJamaamaiica drug trafficking (Cuba - Bahamas, 1996). RESDAL • Cooperation agreement against Guatememmala drug-trafficking (Cuba - Barbados, 1993). Barbadoos from

• Agreement on prevention, control, and Trinidad and repression of consumption of stupefacient and Tobago psychotropic substances (VVenezuela - Barbados, 1987). Venezuela Other examples of agreements on narcotics and drug-trafficking: Downloaded • Jamaica-Dominican Republic • Trinidad and Tobago-VVenezuela. Suriname • Belize-Mexico. y • Belize-Guatemala. Brazil • Suriname-Brazil. • Suriname-VVenezuela. Source: Compilation based on information provided by the public information services of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Ministries of Defence from the dif- ferent countries. Joint Exercises Cooperation among states is also manifested through the following joint exercises: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Bahamas, Belize, Brazil, Chile, Anguila, Antigua and Barbuda, Caribbean, Mexico, Brazil, Guyana, Puerto Dominica, Dominican Repub- Canada, Chile, Colombia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British United States and Rico, Antigua and lic, Guyana, , Honduras, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Virgin Islands Costa Rica, Dominica, Canada Barbuda, Suriname. Jamaica, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts Ecuador, El Salvador, , Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Guatemala, Holland, Nicaragua, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Vincent and the Grenadines, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname, Trinidad and Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Peru, United States and Uruguay, United States. Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Tobago, and in conjunction with CFAC. United States the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands and United States

Tradewinds Panamax Allied Command Forces Humanitarian Allied Caribe Wave 11 CARIBEX Forces Forces (FAHUM) and Lantex 11

Maritime interdiction Ensure the defence of the Competency in military Response to natural disasters Simulation of Training Panama Canal capabilities. in the region Tsunami Alert

Anglophone Caribbean Other countries and dependencies in the region , Mexico, Haiti, Dominican Republic South America United Kingdom European countries with dependencies United States Canada Source: Compilation based on information provided by the US Southern Command, the White Paper on National Defence, 2012 and the website of the Regional Security System and the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. C hapter 8: Special Section The Caribbean 85

Presence through Embassies Which Caribbean countries have Embassies in Latin American countries? Which Caribbean countries do Latin American countries send ambassadors to?

Argentina: Trinidad and Tobago Argentina: Guyana / Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago

Brazil: Dominica / Guyana / Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Brazil: Antigua and Barbuda / Bahamas / Barbados / Belize / Dominica / Grenada / Guyana / Jamaica / Saint Kitts and Nevis / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines / Saint Lucia / Trinidad and Tobago Chile: Trinidad and Tobago Chile: Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Colombia: Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Colombia: Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Cuba: Antigua and Barbuda / Bahamas / Barbados / Belize / Dominica / Grenada / Guyana / Jamaica / Saint Kitts and Nevis / Saint Lucía / Cuba: Antigua and Barbuda / Bahamas / Barbados / Belize / Dominica / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines / Suriname / Trinidad and Tobago Grenada / Guyana / Jamaica / Saint Kitts and Nevis / Saint Lucia / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines / Suriname / Trinidad and Tobago Dominican Republic: Belize / Jamaica Dominican Republic: Jamaica / Saint Lucia El Salvador: Belize / Trinidad and Tobago El Salvador: Belize / Trinidad and Tobago Guatemala: Belize Guatemala: Belize / Trinidad and Tobago Honduras: Belize Honduras: Belize Mexico: Belize / Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Mexico: Belize / Guyana / Jamaica / Saint Lucia Venezuela: Grenada / Guyana / Jamaica / Trinidad and Tobago Nicaragua: Belize / Jamaica • All of the Caribbean countries considered in this Special Section have an Embassy in Cuba. • Out of the Latin American countries considered in this publication, Cuba is the country with most Paraguay: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines embassies in the Caribbean, followed by Brazil and Venezuela. Source: Website of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Antigua and Barbuda, Argen- Venezuela: Antigua and Barbuda / Barbados / Belize / Dominica tina, Chile, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Gren- / Guyana / Jamaica / Saint Kitts and Nevis adines, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname; of the Government of Bahamas, Grenada / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines / Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Lucia.

Participation in regional organizations Anglophone Caribbean and Suriname Other dependencies and countries in the region Latin America

Antigua and Barbuda Anguilla Colombia

Bahamas French Antilles Costa Rica

Barbados Dutch Antilless Cuba

Belize Aruba (1) Dominican Republic

Dominica Bermuda El Salvador

Grenada Curacao Guatemala

Guyana Cayman Islands Haiti

Jamaica Turks and Caicos Islands (1) Honduras

Saint Kitts and Nevis Virgin Islands Mexico

Saint Lucia British Virgin Islands Nicaragua

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Montserrat Panama Suriname Saint MartinVenezuela

Trinidad and Tobago (1) Aruba, Curacao, the Netherlands Antilles and the Turks and Caicos Islands, along with France on behalf of French Guyana, Guadeloupe and Martinique, are associate members of the ACS. As such, they have the right to participate and vote on issues directly affecting them and within their constitutional competence. CARICOM ACS OECS ACCP Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Puerto Rico and Venezuela have observer status in IMPACS RSS SAM CDEMA CARICOM.

1. Take the profi t out of crime, target criminal assets and protect the 7. Strengthen the effectiveness of criminal investigation through modern Following fi nancial system. technologies and scientifi c techniques. consultations 2. Crime Prevention - Addressing the causes of crime and insecurity and 8. Strengthen CARICOM’s resilience to cybercrime. made by IMPACS, increase public awareness of the key risks. 9. Pursue functional cooperative security engagements to tackle and in 2013 the manage shared risks and threats. Heads of State of 3. Establishing appropriate legal instruments while ratifying existing CARICOM members agreements. 10. Strengthen the justice sector. adopted a new 4. Increase trans-border intelligence and information sharing. 11. Modernize and enhance correctional services and institutions management. Regional Security 12. Strengthen mechanisms against human traffi cking. Strategy, which 5. Enhance law enforcement and security capabilities and strengthen re- plants the followingg gional security systems. 13. Improving resilience to natural and man-made disasters. security pillars: 6. Enhance maritime and airspace awareness, strengthen CARICOM bor- 14. Promote resilient critical infrastructure management and safety at ma- ders including contiguous land borders. jor events

Source: Compilation based on information provided by the aforementioned institutions and their websites. A Comparative Atlas of Defence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 86

Implementation Agency for Crime and Security (IMPACS) Seat IMPACS: It is the operational center of CARICOM’s crime and security management structure and main organization respon- Port of Spain, sible for the implementation of the agenda against crime and security. Among its functions, it daily reports to the Trinidad and Tobago. Council of Ministers responsible for these matters. It is focused on projects related to security affairs management andnd investigation.invess

XXII Conference of the Heads Establishment of a Regional Task Force to examine the main causes of crime and make 1 of Government of CARICOM recommendations to cope with interrelated problems, including traffi cking of drugs and 00

2 (Nassau, Bahamas). fi re arms, and terrorism.

XXVI Conference of the Heads Establishment of the Agency’s formal organization. By means of an inter-governmental agreement, the IMPACS was created in July 2006. of Government of CARICOM 005 The IMPACS worked in a limited way until January 2007, when it started to operate as 2 (Gros Islet, Saint Lucia). it is known today.

CARIPASS Program Regional Integrated Ballistic Regional Border Implementation of a regional Information Network (RIBIN) Security Training electronic identifi cation system. Support to CARICOM members with (CARICAD) In 2007, the initiative to create a no forensic technology, in order to Training and education on border regional travel card was conceived. Its track the movement of weapons to security for offi cers from the installation began in 2010. Main organized crime activity. Caribbean region. projects Regional Forensic Science Human Resource Counter Traffi cking Strategy Capacity Building Development Strategy It is devoted to articulate a framework Dialogues and cooperation mechanisms A working group was established policy to increase regional coordination among the directors of forensic to promote the development of a and information and intelligence science laboratorios from the different human resource development strategy sharing among the CARICOM countries. among the Member States. The key Member States and their components are law enforcement, international partners intelligence, customs and immigration, and forensics. http://www.resdal.org Advanced Passenger Joint Interdiction Training Information System (APIS)

RESDAL It is an automatic system imple- mented in 2007 for maritime and

from aviation operators that permits the strengthening of border security in The Minister the region through the provision of Foreign of information to law enforcement Affairs of personnel from CARICOM Mem- the Bahamas ber States regarding passengers signs different

Downloaded and carriers prior to their depar- agreements ture and/or arrival. The exchange related to of information such as the pass- IMPACS at the port numbers of passengers and 18th Meeting of the Council carrier information, including crew, for Foreign and is carried out through an electronic Community system between the airline operat- Relations ing system and that of the country (COFCOR), of destination. Such information in St. Lucia. must comply with a specifi c for- Photo: mat. Efforts are currently being IMPACS. made to expand the program to include information regarding the cargo carried by planes and ships. Photo: IMPACS..

Joint Regional Communications Centre Regional Intelligence - Mechanisms for border Fusion Centre security. - Advanced information system - Shares information. for passengers and cargo. - Joint analysis. - Regional listings.

Source: Compilation based on public information from IMPACS. C hap ter 8: S p ecial Section The Caribbean 87

Regional Security System (RSS) The Regional Security System (RSS) was created in 1996. It is a collective security system whereby members agreed that any armed attack against any of them, whether by a third State or other sources, represents an armed attack against all of them. Security forces are comprised of military and police personnel. Mission: To ensure the stability and well-being of its Member States Permanent headquarters: Bridgetown, Barbados. through mutual cooperation, in order to maximize regional security in Troops: contributed by each Member State (combination of po- preserving the social and economic development of people. lice and military personnel). Functions: Promote cooperation in the prevention and interdiction of traffi cking of illegal narcotic drugs, national emergencies, search and res- SAM Secretariat established by CARICOM. cue, immigration control, fi sheries protection, customs and excise control, Coordinates disaster response on behalf of CDEMA, through maritime policing duties, natural and other disasters, pollution control, CDRU (Caribbean Disaster Relief Unit). combating threats to national security, prevention of smuggling, and pro- tection of off-shore installations and exclusive economic zones. The Regional Security System has a cooperation agreement with , including consultations and information exchanges. Backgound:Backgound:

1982: Memorandum of understanding among 4 members of 1983: Saint Kitts 1985: Grenada the OECS (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, St. Lucia and St. and Nevis endorsed the 1996: Regional Vincent and the Grenadines) and Barbados to provide mutual endorsed the memorandum. Security System assistance when required. memorandum.

Strategic Plan 2010-2020. Objectives: RSS Training Institute 1. Expand the role of the RSS. It is a virtual center that trains qualified instruc- 2. Strengthen the integrity of security institutions. tors, develops standardized training materials 3. Increase the contribution of the RSS to regional and international security. and promotes leadership skills among participat- ing security forces. 4. Improve border security. Between April 2011 and March 2014, Canada 5. Reduce crime and identify and dismantle organized criminal networks. contributed US$1,200,000 in support to this 6. Improve response and levels of activity in the face of natural and man-made project for the professionalization of personnel. disasters. 7. Develop and implement a public relations strategy for the RSS.

Member States 2009 - Saint Lucia: 2010 – Earthquake, Haiti: 1995 – Hurricanes Luis should take the Firefighters from the RSS Operación Restore and Marilyn, Antigua, necessary measures were deployed. Comfort. St Kitts and Nevis. to facilitate the passage across their territories of service 2004 – , 1998 – : personnel, Grenada. St Kitts and Nevis. equipment, andndd materials to be used in assistance.tance. Turks and Caicos 1989 – , Antigua, St Kitts and Nevis. SeniorSe commanders Cuba Dominican Rep. of contributinggCaymanCaymaC n Islands countries maintain Puerto Vírgin Islands command of their Rico personnel during AntAAn igua operations. HHiiaiti BBaarbuda Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis GuaG dalupe Supporting the population during Montserrat DomDoD inica the . 2015 – Tropical Storm Erika and Hurricane Martinique Danny: support to Saint Lucia CDEMA. Saint Vincent Barbados Antilles

Grenada Tobago

2014 – Tropical Storm Trinidad Bertha: support to CDEMA. Photo: GIS Dominica, published on October 2, 2015.

Source: Compilation based on the Treaty Establishing the Regional Security System (1996/03/05), information provided by the Permanent Secretary of the RSS (Central Enlace Offi ce, Barbados) and its website. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 88

Security Assistance Mechanism 2006 (*) Treaty to establish a security assistance mechanism, creating a link be- tween different actors (the RSS and non-member States, the English- speaking Caribbean and Suriname). Objectives: Anglophone Caribbean - Disaster response.

(Antigua and Regional - Regional resource mobilization and deployment for national and re- Barbuda, Bahamas, gional crisis management and fi ght against crime. Barbados, Belize, Suriname Security Dominica, Grenada, System (RSS) - Combat and elimination of threats to national and regional security. Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint - Preservation of the territorial integrity of participating States. Kitts and Nevis, A Joint Coordination and Strategic Planning Committee, comprised Saint Vicent and the Grenadines and of the Regional Security System (RSS) Coordinator and the Security Trinidad and Tobago). Chiefs of the Member States, has been established for its imple- mentation. Where exist, both their commander and the commander of the police force are members of the Committee.

* Signing by the various countries occurred gradually since then and continued through 2007.

Source: Compilation based on the Treaty Establishing the Regional Security System (1996/03/05), information provided by the Permanent Secretary of the RSS (Central Liason Offi ce, Barbados) and its website.

Association of Caribbean Commissioners of Police (ACCP) The creation of the Association reaches back to the Conference of Regional Police Commissioners in 1972, in the Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, where it was agreed to meet annually in order to discuss questions of interest to the police forces of the region. In 1987 in Castries, Saint Lucia, the Association was offi cially established.

Its mission is to be the regional organization for the promotion and facilitation of: Values http://www.resdal.org • Cooperation in the development and implementation of police strate- ✓ Commitment to a quality service. gies, systems and procedures. ✓ Collaboration and cooperation. ✓ • The development of technical and professional skills among Ethicacal and professional standards. ✓ Links with the community. police offi cers. ✓ RESDAL Respect for human rights. • Proactive measures to prevent crime and improve rela- ✓ Gender perspective. tions between the police and the community. from Secretariat Executive Committee Based in Barbados Composed of 5 since 1999. Responsible members from for planning and different countries. coordinating ACCP Downloaded activities.

ACCP and Motorola Scholarship Program

Since 2007, this program has provided assistance tot the children of police offi cers so that they are able to fi nish their university studies in engineering, human resources, criminol- 31st Annual General Meeting, Suriname, 2016-09-01 ogy and forensic science. Those selected are able to continue The Meeting brought together 24 countries and its slogan was Border security, a key their education in Caribbean, British, American and Cana- element for citizen and regional security. dian institutions. of the 2015 scholarships were granted to female 80% offi cers.

There are approxi- Project Triage mately 40,000 po- lice offi cers serving in the ACCP countries. One of the most relevant projects is the Project Triage, as a high number of deaths in the line of duty is provoked by the lack of emergency materials for primary, immediate atention in the case of being attacked. The Project provides trauma kits to police offi cers and is supported by donations only. 2016 meeting in Suriname.

Photo: Royal Bahamas Police Force.

Source: ACCP, Royal Bahamas Police Force and Suriname Police Force. Chapter 8: Special Section T he Caribbean 89

Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) Created in 1991 by decision of the Heads of Government of CARICOM Member State, CDEMA is an inter-governmental body. Initially created as CDERA (Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency), in September 2009 it adopted the concept of emergency management, thus expand- ing their scope of action. Seat CDEMA: 25 years supporting emergency Functions: Barbados management in the Caribbean. - Mobilizing and coordinating humanitarian relief. National Organizations - Mitigating or eliminating, as much as possible, the consequences of disasters impacting an affected par- • National Offi ce of Disaster Services (NODS) Antigua and Barbuda ticipating State. • Ministry of Health and Social Transformation - Providing immediate and coordinated response by • National Emergency Management Agency. Bahamas means of humanitarian assistance to an emergency in • Prime Minister’s Offi ce. any participating State. • Emergency Management Department Barbados - Securing, coordinating and channelling comprehen- • Ministry of Home Affairs. sive and reliable information on disasters affecting any • National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO). participating State to the pertinent governmental and Belize • Ministry of Transport, Communications and National Emergency non-governmental organizations. Management. - Promoting the adoption of loss-reduction policies and • Disaster Management Offi ce. Dominica practices at national and regional levels. • Ministry of National Security, Labour and Immigration. - Coordinating the establishment, promotion and • National Disaster Management Association Agency (NADMA). Grenada maintenance of adequate response capabilities. • Prime Minister’s Offi ce. • Civil Defence Commission. Guyana • President’s Offi ce Structure • ffi ce of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management E Jamaica (ODPEM). Secretariat xecutio • Prime Minister’s Offi ce. Headquarters: Barbados. • National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA).

-Acts as a coordination body. n Saint Kitts and Nevis • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Security, Labour, Immigration and Social Security. • National Emergency Management Organisation. Saint Lucia

• Prime Minister’s Offi ce. Board of Directors A d

Saint Vincent and • National Emergency Management Organisation. -Brings together coordinators from each vi the Grenadines • Ministry of National Security, Maritime and Aerial Development. national organization. se Suriname • National Coordination Center for Disaster Relief. -Provides recommendations. • Offi ce of Disaster Preparedness and Management. Trinidad and Tobago • Ministry of National Security. Council Note: CDEMA Members include Anguilla (Department of Disaster Management), Turks and P

Caicos Islands (Department of Disaster Management and Emergencies), British Virgin Islands Highest political body. olitical (Department of Disaster Management), Haiti (Directorate of Civil Protection) and Montserrat (Disaster Management Coordination Agency). Made up of the Heads of Government of participating states. Training to the CARICOM Disaster Reviews the Agency’s work. Relief Unit (CDRU) In the framework of the regional mechanism, CDEMA trains several units. 32 participants completed the training for the CDRU in 2016, including pólice The Regional Response Mecha- nism (RRM) is an agreement for offi cers, members of the military and fi re services. National coordinating disaster response Disaster between Member States and re- Plans gional and international agencies. Regional It ensures a rapid response and ef- Coordination fective management of resources. Plan

Response (agreements, acts, memoran- Specialized dums of understanding and Plans standardized work plans) RRM

ECDG* Operations Regional Deposits

CDRU Operations CARICOM’s disaster response unit runs disaster response and humanitarian operations in the name of CDEMA. Formed by the police and military forces that make up the RSS, it acts at the request of CDEMA and is prepared to provide assistance * Eastern PhotPhPPhohhothooto to:o: CDEMCDECCDDEMDEMEMA in maintaining law and order, in the management and distri- bution of vital goods, and to deploy immediately. Caribbean Donor Group. Source: Compilation based on the information provided by the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) and its website. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 90

Antigua and Barbuda Offi cial name: Antigua and Barbuda Minister of Legal Affairs, Public Safety and Labour: Steadroy Benjamin Population: 93,000 inhabitants Parliamentary Monarchy since 1981 Territorial Extension: 440 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 1,332,000,000

Responsible for the coun- National Legislation Minister of Legal Affairs, try’s defence and other tasks established by the • Police (Amendment) Act, 1998. Public Safety and Labour Defence Committee. • Defence (Amendment) Act, 2007. Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force TheTh Force actively collaborates with the Offi ce of Personnel: 250 National Drug Control and Money Regular Forces Laundering Policy, especially through its Intelligence Unit and the Coast 1st Batallion Coast Guard Guard. One of the biggest joint operations carried Service out in 2014 was and Support the capture of a Unit sailboat carrying marijuana (with an approximate value Reserve Forces of 10 million Euros).

The Antigua & Barbuda National Cadet Corps is an organization of young people who volunteered to be cadets during their high school studies. It receives private support as well as from the Government and is under the command of a senior offi cer of the Defence Forces. Its main objective is to train young people in the military fi eld, but also to promote certain attitudes such as discipline, loyalty, leadership and citizenship. Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force anniversary. Photo: ABDF. Total cadets number approximately 180 young men and women. http://www.resdal.org

Sources: Public information services, ABDF and National Cadet Corps; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. RESDAL

Bahamas National Legislation from Offi cial name: Commonwealth of The Bahamas • Police Force Act, Chapter 205, 1965. Minister of National Security: Bernard J. Nottage Population: 393,000 inhabitants • Defence Act, Chapter 211, 1979. Parliamentary Monarchy since 1973. Territorial Extension: 13,880 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 8,917,000,000 Downloaded

Ministry of National Security Its mission is to defend the sov- ereignty of the Commonwealth Royal Bahamas of The Bahamas, provide assist- Defence Force ance to law and order enforce- ment and carry out humanitar- ian tasks together with their local and international partners. Personnel: 1,378 Regular Forces Sandy Bottom Project This large investment project, with a total Squadron Air Wing cost of US$ 232 Department million, will drive the Force capability to 1,900 personnel 43 marines graduated in 2016. Photo: Royal Bahamas Defence Force. in three years Recruits and will enhance 54 23 the operational men and women Reserve Forces capabilities. It includes entered the Bahamas Defence Force WOMEN the acquisition of as candidates in women 2016. 30% patrol crafts, the Naval offi cers taking the Junior development of port MEN Naval Offi cers course in the infrastracture and Britanian Royal Navy College of the establishment of 70% Great Britain for 9 months. military bases.

Sources: Royal Bahamas Defence Force website; House of Assembly, 2013-14 Mid-Year Budget Review; Commonwealth of the Bahamas, An Agenda for a Modern Bahamas, Draft Estimates of Revenue & Expenditure 2016-2017; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; FMI, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Chapter 8: Special Section T he Caribbean 91

Barbados Offi cial name: Barbados National Legislation Prime Minister: Freundel Stuart Population: 285,000 inhabitants • Defence (amendment) Act, Chapter 159, 2013. Parliamentary Monarchy since 1966 Territorial Extension: 430 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 4,498,000.000 • Police Act, Chapter 167, 1998

Prime Minister’s Offi ce Independence Barbados Defence Force Parade Personnel: 626

Regular Forces Its mission is defend the country from external invasions or attacks, pa- 1st Batallion Coast Guard Air Wing trol the coastal zone to prevent contraband and other illegal activities and assist other agencies in the case of natural or manmade disasters.por el hombre. Reserve Forces

The Barbados Defence Force administers the National Sports Development Program. In 2016 the national budget allocated approximately US$ 680,000 to this program.

Photo: Barbados Government Information Service – GIS – C. Pitt. Sources: Barbados Government Information Service-GIS; Barbados Defence Force; The Barbados Parliament, Barbados Estimates 2016-2017; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Belize Offi cial name: Belize National Legislation Minister of Defence: John Saldivar Population: 367,000 inhabitants • Police Act, Chapter 138, 1951. Parliamentary Monarchy since 1981 Territorial Extension: 22,970 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 1,807,000,000 • Defence Act, Chapter 135, 1978.

It is responsible for the Minister of Defence defence of Belize, for bringing support to the Belize Defence Force civilian authorities in maintaining order, and other functions de- Personnel: 1,537 fi ned by the Governor Regular Forces General.

1st and 2nd Air Wing National Batallion Special Boat Coast Guard (1) Unit Service and Support Batallion Acquisitions In 2016 and for Volunteer the fi rst time in Batallion history Belize will acquire 200 patrol PhotPhPhoPhothhoooto:o: BeBelBelizeizzeze DefeDefDeDefeefeencencncee FForcFoForoorcorrcrcee. boats, at a cost of Reserve Forces US$ 10.2 million. Handing over of two helicopters from Taiwan, April 2016. (1) Independent from the Defence Forces.

Belize – Mexico Institutional changes - Ministry of Defence Joint foot, land vehicle and maritime patrols are carried out along the Rio Hondo (boundary In 2016 the former Ministry of National Security has been divided between these countries) and quarterly meetings are held between the authorities of the Belize into a Ministry of Defence and a Ministry of Police. Defence Force and the Army of Mexico in order to coordinate these border control activities.

Sources: Public information services of the Government of Belize; Belize Defence Force; Defence Act, Chapter 135; Budget Debate 2016-2017; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 92

Dominica National Legislation • Police Act, Chapter 14:01, 1940. Offi cial name: Commonwealth of Dominica Minister of Justice, Immigration and National Security: Rayburn Blackmoore Population: 73,000 inhabitants Parliamentary Monarchy since 1978 Territorial Extension: 750 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 521,000,000

Minister of Justice, Immigration National Emergency Planning and National Security Organisation - NEPO The Ministry runs the Offi ce of Disaster Dominica Police Force Management, which takes part of the National Emergency Planning Organi- sation. The Dominica Police Force is Personnel: 444 also part of this system. Regular Forces

Departments Marine La Plaine, new police station PhoPhotPPhhothototo:o: GGISGII DoDomDomomiinicinnicnicaa. Unit Members of the Police Force conducting transit operations Reserve Forces Police Service Commission

New members of the Police Force Created under the Dominica Constitu- tion Order, it has the power to appoint 39 additional members will be in- and remove offi cials in the Police Force corporated into the Police Force by below the rank of Deputy Chief of Po- October 2016. lice, and to exercise disciplinary control.

Disaster relief and assistance In 2015 the Government of Dominica spent between 5 and 6 million US$ dollars to assist victims of Tropical Storm Erika. The Police Force actively collaborated during the operations.

http://www.resdal.org Photo: GovGoovvernmernerrnmrnnmnmeneentnntt IInInfonnfofoorrmmattioionn SerServeer icece -GI- GISSD DDoominiicaca.ca

Sources: Dominica Government Information Service-GIS; Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force website; Public and Police Service Commissions; Anuario Estadís- tico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. RESDAL Grenada from Offi cial name: Grenada National Legislation Prime Minister: Keith Mitchell* Population: 107,000 inhabitants • The Police Act, Chapter 244, Revised Parliamentary Monarchy since 1974. Territorial Extension: 340 km2 Laws of Grenada 1990. Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 1,000,000,000 *Acting as Minister for National Security, Public Administration, Disaster Management, Home Affairs, Information & Implementation. Downloaded Drugs seized by Ministry of National Police Force (in kg.) Security1 2,000 Royal Grenada Police Force 1,500

1,000

Personnel: 836 500 Regular Forces 0 PhotPh o:o Royal G rerenae dadP Policl e FoF rce.rce Departments Coast Guard 2013 2014 2015 Police anniversary, parade during a sports celebration.

In 2014, the Police Force received responsibilities in case of disaster. In addition to designing, updating and evaluating the continuity of operations and response plans and procedures, their specifi c responsibilities are:

Police Force Coast Guard • Search and rescue. Reserve Forces • Protection of public property and the prevention of vandalism and looting. • Law enforcement and maritime security. • Traffi c control towards and away from hospitals and emergency areas. • Control of pollution, such as substances 1 Ministry of National Security, Public • Crowd control. spilled into the sea from ships or from the Administration, Disaster Management, • Evacuation procedures. land. Home Affairs, Information & • Security of basic services and vulnerable points. • National security along the coast. Implementation. • Coordination of the telecommunications system. • Assist in evacuations when requested

Sources: Government Information Service; Royal Grenada Police Force; Grenada Drug Epidemiology Network (GRENDEN), Annual Report 2015; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Chapter 8: Special Section T he Caribbean 93

Guyana Offi cial name: The Republic of Guyana President: David A. Granger Population: 771,000 inhabitants National Legislation Semi-presidential republic since 1966. Territorial Extension: 214,970 km2 • Police Act, Chapter 16:01, 1957. Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 3,335,000,000 • Defence Act, Chapter 15:01, 1966. • Status of Visiting Police Force Act, 2008. Its mission is to defend the territorial integrity of Offi ce of the President Guyana, assist the civilian power in law and order enforcement when required and to support the Guyana Defence Force country’s economic development. Personnel: 3,800 Guyana’s People’s Militia Regular Forces In 2016 the militia, which was previously subsumed into the reserve infantry battalion, 1st and 2nd has been re-established. It will be deployed Coast Air Corps Infantry Guard throughout the territory and will comprise Batallion around 1,500 members. (Reserve) Education Service and Support Guyana Defence Force’s Schools have Batallion trained many offi cers and soldiers from other Caribbean Commonwealth countries. Engineers Since 1981, Guyana has provided training to Battalion future offi cers at Colonel Ulric Pilgrim Offi cer Cadet School, who are also trained at the Artillery Royal Military Academy (Sandhurst, United PhotPhoP ootto:o: GuyGGuu anaanana Defeefee enncncecee ForcFFoorco cee. Company Kingdom), the Royal Naval Academy (Dart- mouth, United Kingdom) and in Brazil. Independence Day celebrations. Special Forces Guyana-Brazil Military Intelligence Exchange Guyana is a member Squadron of UNASUR’s South The XX meeting was held in 2016, under the theme “Continued American Defence Reserve Forces friendship and partnership towards enhanced border security”. Council.

Sources: Defence Act Chapter 15:01; Guyana Information Agency – GINA; Guyana Defence Force website; Address by H. E. Brigadier David Granger President of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana at The Annual Guyana Defence Force Offi cers’ Conference, March 3 2016; Organizational Analysis of the Guyana Defence Force; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Jamaica Offi cial name: Jamaica National Legislation Minister of National Security: Robert Montague Population: 2,803,000 inhabitants • The Constabulary Force Act, 1935. Parliamentary Monarchy since 1962 Territorial Extension: 10,990 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 14,057,000,000 • The Defence Act, 1962.

Jamaica - Canada Canada takes a particular inter- The 1st and 2nd Battalions The Combat The mission of the Ministry of National Security est in Jamaica because more than are tasked with conducting Support Batallion Service and Support 300,000 Jamaicans live in their infantry operations. They provides training in Battalion is to provide Jamaica Defence Force country. For this reason, coop- assist the police in order to assure and timely combat service eration with the Jamaican Defence maintaining law and order facilitate the the support to the JDF. It is and in conducting joint operational responsible for the Personnel: 3,199 Forces is of strategic importance in preparation of the JDF. the fra mework of the Canadian internal security operations. administration and project “Capacity Development in logistics of the JDF Regular Forces (health, transport, the Caribbean”. The institution- finance, alization of training programs at Coast FaFalmouthlmouth communication, vehicle 1st and Air wing the Centers of Excellence built in maintenance, etc.). 2nd Batallion Guard cooperation with Jamaica aims to Montego Bay DiscoveryDi Bay consolidate the country as a re- Ocho Rios 3rd Batallion gional leader and strengthen the Caribbean regional security system. (Reserve) Negrilg Service and Its mission is to provide PoPPort Antonio the military capacity to The Coast Guard's Support mission is to Batallion dissuade and/or elimi- nate threats against provide maritime Spanish services to help the Mandeville the State and/or the Black River Town Engineer JDF to achieve its KKingston Regiment country’s interests. operational MaMayy Pen objectives. MoranMorant Bay AlligatorAlligator Pond Rocy Point Combat PortrtttEsq EsquivelEsquive EEsquivuivevelvel support Batallion The 3rd Battalion's mission is to provide TheTh EngineerEi RiRegiment's t' immediate service to the The rolel offth the AirAi Wing W is to support country and to promote mission is to provide military engineering support infantryinfant military operations, provide Reserve Forces nation building through support to the police and, head human development. to achieve the operational objectives of the JDF. continuous drug eradication operations.

Sources: Jamaica Defence Force; Press Clippings; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribee 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 94

Saint Kitts and Nevis Offi cial name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis National Legislation Prime Minister: Timothy Harris Population: 56,000 inhabitants • The Police Act, 2003 Parliamentary Monarchy since 1983 Territorial Extension: 260 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 945,000,000 • Defence Act,10, 1997

Minister of Foreigng Affairs, National Security, Labour, Immigration and Social Security Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force

Personnel: 480 Regular Forces

Company Coast Guard Service and Support Platform PhotPhoPPhhohhototto:o: SKNSKSKNKNIS.ISS Incorporation of new recruits.

Basic Course Defence Council The Training Basic Course for members of the military lasts A National Crimes Commission and the Saint Kitts for fi ve months, comprising issues like patrolling, map and Nevis Defence Council have been approved by reading and land navigation, fi eld craft and tactics, physical the Cabinet of Ministers and will be activated dur- Reserve Forces training, internal security, drills, and use of fi rearms. ing 2016. http://www.resdal.org

Sources: Government of St. Kitts and Nevis Information Service - SKNIS; 2016 Budget Address; Estimates for the Year 2016, Vols. I and II, Government Expenditure and Revenue Plan; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. RESDAL Saint Lucia National Legislation from • Police Act, Chapter 14:01, 2001. Offi cial name: Saint Lucia Minister of Home Affairs, Justice and National Security: Hermangild Francis Population: 186,000 inhabitants Parliamentary Monarchy since 1979 Territorial Extension: 620 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 1,425,000,000 Downloaded

Ministry of Justice, Internal Affairs and Security

The Police is deployedd in Royal Saint Lucia two division across thhee Police Force territory of Saint Luuciaa: North and SoSouthuthh

Personnel: 1,270 Castries Regular Forces

Anse La Raye Departments Marine Police Dennery PhotPhPhohothoto:o RoyRRooyalal S aintainiinintnt LucLuLucuciaaaP P olicolilicceeFo FoForcerce.rcrccee.e Female agents parading during a celebration. Soufriere Strategic objectives of the Royal Saint Lucia Police Force Micoud • Establish a community-based policing program in cooperation with all communities. • Implement a crime prevention strategy to improve arrest rates Choiseul and reduce crime. • Increase professional standards of investigations into complaints and internal reviews. Vieux Fort • Strengthen internal support services. Reserve Forces • Establish an effective strategy against traffi cking.

Sources: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, public information pages; Police Act, Chapter 14:01; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribee 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Chapter 8: Special Section T he Caribbean 95

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Offi cial name: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines National Legislation Prime Minister: Ralph Gonsalves* Population: 110,000 inhabitants • Police Act 280. Parliamentary Monarchy since 1962 Territorial Extension: 390 km2 Member of the Commonwealth. GDP (US$): 784,000,000 * Acting as Minister of National Security, Air and Sea Port Development.

Ministry of National Security and Force distribution Aerial and Maritime Development 1,000 836 Royal Saint Vincent and 800 the Grenadines Police Force 600

Personnel: 1,026 400

Regular Forces 220 91 99 0

Rapid Coast Response Guard Unit Photo: Royal St.Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force. Police Coast Fire Guard Service Police station at Georgetown. Special Fire Services Service National Economic and Social Development Plan (2013-2025) Unit The Coast Guard • Improve and sustain initiatives to reduce crime. conducts training • Collaborate, fi rst with members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, and with CARICOM with Barbados, members. Antigua and • Solidify initiatives to improve border security Barbuda, United • Improve mechanisms for exchange of information and intelligence between forces at the national, States and the regional and global levels. United Kingdom • Amend legislation pertaining to national security, including essential services. Reserve Forces • Collaborate with the international community on issues of transnational and international security.

Sources: Ministry of National Security and Royal St.Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force public information; Budget Address 2016; National Economic and Social Development Plan (2013-2025); Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. Suriname Offi cial name: Republiek van Suriname Minister of Defence: Ronni Benschop Population: 548,000 inhabitants National Legislation Territorial Extension: 163,820 km2 • National Army Act, 1996. Republic with a presidential system since 1975. GDP (US$): 4,336,000,000

Ministry of Defence The mission or the National Army is to: • Defend the territorial integrity of Suriname. National Army of Suriname • Assist the civil power in maintaining law and order. • Contribute to the country’s economic development. Personnel: 2,000 Regular Forces The Republic of Suriname became in- dependent in 1975. At that time, the 1st and 2nd defence of the new republic was trans- Naval Air Corps Infantry Service ferred from the Royal Netherlands Army Battalion to the newly-formed armed forces: the Surinaamse Krijgsmacht. The military Special government that seized power in 1980 Forces Company after the coup changed their name to Nationaal Leger, or National Army, as they are known today. Internal security is mainly a responsibility of the police forces. However, the armed forces can be involved in domestic issues when required. Moreover, they contrib- ute to the development of tasks in other countries. PhotPPhohothohototo:o MinMMinistrisstrsttrryyof off DeDDefefefeencenceenncecece. Reserve Forces Ceremony held after a military exercise, 2016.

Sources: Public information from the Government of Suriname and the Ministry of Defence; National Army Law; Anuario Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2015, CEPAL; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 96 Trinidad and Tobago Offi cial name: The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Minister of National Security: Edmund Dillon Population: 1.365.000 inhabitants Parliamentary Republic since 1962. Territorial Extension: 5,130 km2 Member of the Commonwealth GDP (US$): 23,816,000,000

Its mission is to defend National Legislation Trinidad and Tobago from • Defence Act, Chapter 14:01, 1962. Ministry of National Security external and internal threats, assure national interests and • Police Service Act, Chapter 15:01, 2006. Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force provide support to a state andnd non-state agencies that seekk national development.

Personnel: 5,044 Functions

1st and 2nd Regular Forces • Cooperate with and assist the civil authorities in maintaining law Battalion and order. Coast Air Guard • Assist civil authorities in times of crisis or disaster. 3rd Engineer- Guard (398) • Perform ceremonial functions on behalf of the State.

983 ing Battalion . (1.474) • Provide search and rescue services in accordance with national 2 requirements and other international agreements. Service and • Assist in the prevention of traffi cking in narcotics and other illicit goods. Support Battalion • Monitor the safety of maritime traffi c in national waters. • Assist in the development of the national community. Reserve Forces (189)

The Minister of National Composition of the Defence Force

Security inspects the y

http://www.resdal.org Regiment’s parade, 2016 Air Guard: 8% Reserves: 4% Regiment: 59%

Coast Guard: 29% Charlotteville

Tobago National Securit f fl

RESDAL Roxborough o Plymouth Moriah y

from Scarborough Tobago Airport Canaan Ministr Photo: The Military-Led Academic Training (MiLAT) It is a two year residential programme for young men who have not Downloaded completed their secondary school education, organized by the De- fence Force on behalf of the Government. It recruits 120 persons Galera Point Caribbean Sea Toco annually and provides life skills training and classes under the supervi- sion of military instructors and civilian teachers. Instruction is received Venezuela Maracas in areas such as mathematics, English language, physical education,

Dragons Maraval computer studies, biology, music, accounting, social studies, basic Mouths Saint Joseph business, foot drill, fi rst aid, land navigation, survival training. They also Tunapuna Arima Port-of-Spain San Arouca participate in community service, environmental maintenance, culinary Juan Caroni Guaico skills, gardening, etc. Piarco Airport (Port-of-Spain) Sangre Grande Chaguanas

Gulf of Paria Tabaquite

Guatuaro Point

Rio Claro San Fernando Pierreville Brighton La Brea Princes Tableland Town Ortoire Debe Trinidad Point Fortin Penal Siparia Basse Guayaguayare Terre Galeota Point Fullarton Moruga San Francique

Serpents Mouth The Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard is the Regional Maritime Rescue Coordinating Centre, with responsibility T

Atlántic Ocean AT A

for 62,000 square nautical miles. L iL MiL M

Venezuelaela MiL M o: o hot h

Source: Ministry of National Security of Trinidad and Tobago; Defence Act, Chapter 15:01; Trini- Phot Ph P dad and Tobago Citizen Security Programme; IMF, World Economic Outlook Database; Anuario Emancipation Day Parade, 2016 Estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe, 2015, CEPAL. Chapter 8: Special Section T he Caribbean 97

Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force MenREGIMENT Women 87 Officers 8

2,543 Enlisted NCOs 319

The framework for the incorporation 20 Cadet 6 of women into the TTDF is established on the principle of equal opportunity. Women have the option to join any MenCOAST GUARD Women Branch/military occupational 80 Officers 17 specialization in the TTDF, and also have equal access to education, 1,176 Enlisted NCOs 184 training and promotional 19 Cadet 3 opportunities, including Command and Staff appointments. Additionally, base pay and pension entitlements are MenAIR GUARD Women similar for male and female members. Women 14% Men 86% 39 Officers 16

Men Women 2632 Enlisted NCOs 79

1 Cadets 0

16.00% 13.36% 18.37% MenRESERVES Women 4 Officers 4

84.00% 86.64% 81.63% 129 Enlisted NCOs 52

Officers Enlisted NCOs Cadets

Education and training Number of persons recruited 450 The TTDF conducts its own professional education and training courses, along with providing opportunities for selected individuals at local and overseas Men Women establishments. The Force also trains and educates its junior and mid-level 400 Officers locally and –in a similar way- it complements these efforts with participa- tions at local universities and local or foreign tertiary/technical and vocational institutions. 350

Number of persons who applied, 2015 300 3,000 Men Women 250 2,500

200 2,000 One out of 3 people 150 1,500 who apply for cadet is 100 1,000 a woman.

50 500

00 00 Officer Cadets Oter Ranks Officer Cadets Enlistees

Quantity of persons who applied and were recruited, 2015

Persons recruited 12 In 2015, the number of officer school candidates exceeded the recruitment requirements by 12,841%, Cadets Persons who applied 1,553 while the number of enlisted/NCO school candidates was 760% higher than expected for recruitment. Persons recruited 407

Persons who applied 3,504 Enlistees

Scholarships offered by other countries include: the US Army War College; the Caribbean Junior Command and Staff College, Jamaica; the George C. Marshall Europe- an Center for Security Studies; the Naval War College; the National Defence University; the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defence Studies; the US Command and General Staff College and the Air Force NCO Academy; the and the Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School; the Chinese National Defence University; the Nanjing Army Command College; the Dalian Naval Academy and the Academy of Special Operations, China; and the HMS Collingwood, U.K.

Source: Ministry of National Security. A Comp arative Atlas of Def ence in Latin America and Caribbean / 2016 Edition 98

Organisational structure of the Ministry of National Security

Minister of National Security National Security Council

Minister in the Ministry of National Security

Permanent Secretary Parliamentary (Accounting Offi cer) Permanent Secretary Secretary

Deputy Permanent Secretary

Offi ce Of Trinidad & Strategic Trinidad & Trinidad & Trinidad & Trinidad & Tobago Police Services Tobago Defence Tobago Fire Immigratio n Disaster Tobago Prisons Forensic General Preparedness & Tobago Cadet Science Service Agency Force Services Division Force Division Service Administration (TTPS) (SSA) (TTDF) (TTFS) Management (TTPRS) Centre (ODPM)

Activities performed by the Force in 2015 and 2016

Community support Support to public security The TTDF has a special focus in youth development and The TTDF conducts operations in support of 8,200 law enforcement as part of its routine op- sports. Apart from the Military-Led Academic Training, it 8,000 manages other major youth development programme: the erational duties. Members of the TTR par- Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). ticipate in foot, mobile and static patrols in 7,800 high crime areas as part of the Inter Agency 7,600 This programme recruits and trains 2,400 young persons Task Force (IATF), which comprises members annually. Training includes a life skills programme, a variety of the Defence and the Police Forces. 7,400 of employment skills training, and literacy training. http://www.resdal.org The Force also participates in inter-agency 7,200 The Force is also engaged in developing the national com- mobile patrols in coastal areas in support 7,000 munity through sports. Its fl agship programme is the Physi- of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service’s 6,800 cal Training Instructors Course, in partnership with the border security efforts. Provides support for University of the West Indies, St. Augustine campus (Trini- planned police operations, namely, cordon 6,600 RESDAL dad and Tobago). The course provides TTDF/foreign military and search, raids, and vehicle check points. 6,400 personnel and civilians with diploma level certifi cation. This course is also actively involved in assisting national sport- - In 2015: 6,793 patrols with the Police Service 6,200 from and participated in 89 planned operations. ing bodies to prepare athletes for regional and international 6,000 sporting competitions. The Department also supports sport- - As at June 30, 2016 patrols conducted 2015 1st semester 2016 ing activities in schools, communities and assists private and stood at 7,995 and 91 planned operations During the fi rst half of 2016, the police force conducted public enterprises as part of its outreach programme. were undertaken. 18% more patrols than in 2015 as a whole.

The Coast Guard was also involved in search and rescue, humanitarian assistance and other maritime security missions such as counter narcotics and counter terrorism operations. Downloaded

Offi ce of Disaster Management and Preparedness

Created in 2005, is a division within the Ministry of National Executive Director Security whose mission is to build capacity for disaster risk management and adaptation Vice Executive Director to climate change in conjunc- tion with other agencies, and to coordinate responses and reconstruction operations in or- Mitigation, Preparation and Public Information Administration and Project Planning and der to protect persons, the envi- Response Unit and Community Finance Unit Management Unit Investigations Unit Education ronment and the economy, and Extension Unit ensure a nation resilient from disasters.

Assistance in emergencies and crises The Air Guard (TTAG) conducts fi refi ghting operations through The Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force (TTDF) routinely participates in fl ood relief opera- the use of its bambi buckets (a system involving the use of water tions with the 1st Engineer Battalion of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment (TTR) being the buckets suspended from helicopters) in support of the Trinidad lead for Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief operations. and Tobago Fire Service’s fi refi ghting efforts During 2015 and 2016: - 12,960 personnel hours were spent on the conduction of damage assessments. - 41 and 13 bambi bucket operations were conducted in 2015 - 51,840 on standby duties. and 2016 respectively. - The TTDF also provided assistance for the Energy Sector Security Initiative (ESSI), which is - It also supported the humanitarian assistance and disaster a private-public partnership between security forces in Trinidad and Tobago and the United relief operations conducted in Dominica in the aftermath of States, with the objective of providing protection for critical energy infrastructure from for- Tropical Storm Erika. eign or local threats.

Source: Ministry of National Security.