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Roman Roads in Britain
THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES !' m ... 0'<.;v.' •cv^ '. V'- / / ^ .^ /- \^ ; EARLY BRITAIN. ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN BY THOMAS CODRINGTON M. INST. C.E., F.G.S. WITH LARGE CHART OF THE ROMAN ROADS, AND SMALL MAPS LY THE TEXT SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, LONDON: NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.G. ErIGHTON ; 129, NORTH STREET. 1903 PUBLISHED UNDEK THE DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITERATURE COMAHTTEE. DA CsHr PREFACE The following attempt to describe the Roman roads of Britain originated in observations made in all parts of the country as opportunities presented themselves to me from time to time. On turning to other sources of information, the curious fact appeared that for a century past the literature of the subject has been widely influenced by the spurious Itinerary attributed to Richard of Ciren- cester. Though that was long ago shown to be a forgery, statements derived from it, and suppositions founded upon them, are continually repeated, casting suspicion sometimes undeserved on accounts which prove to be otherwise accurate. A wide publicity, and some semblance of authority, have been given to imaginary roads and stations by the new Ordnance maps. Those who early in the last century, under the influence of the new Itinerary, traced the Roman roads, unfortunately left but scanty accounts of the remains which came under their notice, many of which have since been destroyed or covered up in the making of modern roads ; and with the evidence now avail- able few Roman roads can be traced continuously. The gaps can often be filled with reasonable cer- tainty, but more often the precise course is doubtful, and the entire course of some roads connecting known stations of the Itinerary of Antonine can IV PREFACE only be guessed at. -
Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall Marlborough, Wiltshire
Wessex Archaeology Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall Marlborough, Wiltshire Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Ref: 71509 July 2011 CUNETIO ROMAN TOWN, MILDENHALL, MARLBOROUGH, WILTSHIRE Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results Prepared for: Videotext Communications Ltd 11 St Andrew’s Crescent CARDIFF CF10 3DB by Wessex Archaeology Portway House Old Sarum Park SALISBURY Wiltshire SP4 6EB Report reference: 71509.01 Path: \\Projectserver\WESSEX\PROJECTS\71509\Post Ex\Report\71509/TT Cunetio Report (ed LNM) July 2011 © Wessex Archaeology Limited 2011 all rights reserved Wessex Archaeology Limited is a Registered Charity No. 287786 Cunetio Roman Town, Mildenhall, Marlborough, Wiltshire Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results DISCLAIMER THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE QUALITY ASSURANCE SITE CODE 71509 ACCESSION CODE CLIENT CODE PLANNING APPLICATION REF. -
Roman Roads of Britain
Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath. -
Roman Berkshire Jill Greenaway November 2006
1 Solent- Thames Research Framework Roman Berkshire Jill Greenaway November 2006 In the Roman period, the area that is now Berkshire was part of the civitas of the Atrebates whose administrative centre lay at Calleva, the Roman town near Silchester in Hampshire. This civitas was a Roman creation. The modern county boundary between Berkshire and Hampshire kinks around the Silchester area and it would be interesting to investigate whether this preserves an ancient land boundary. Roman Berkshire is therefore part of an entity that includes Hampshire, which lies within the Solent-Thames study area, but also east Wiltshire and west Surrey which lie outside it. Berkshire in the Roman period cannot be fully understood without reference to the whole of the civitas, particularly when looking at hierarchical settlement patterns. Most of the Roman small towns, for example Mildenhall (Cunetio), Wanborough (Durocornovium), Dorchester and Staines (Pontes), are outside the modern county boundary but must have influenced the area that is now Berkshire. Today the area is a mix of urban and rural settlements and many sites have been damaged both through urban development and intensive farming. Clay pits, gravel pits and road building have added to the destruction of the historic environment the pace of which has increased during the last fifty years. Recording of the sites so destroyed was somewhat piecemeal until the advent of PPG16 and developer funded archaeology but even with a more planned approach to investigation and recording, the resulting distribution has reflected areas of development and to some extent has followed the pattern of previously known sites. -
Hawkins Jillian
UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES The significance of the place-name element *funta in the early middle ages. JILLIAN PATRICIA HAWKINS Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2011 UNIVERSITY OF WINCHESTER ABSTRACT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The significance of the place-name element *funta in the early middle ages. Jillian Patricia Hawkins The Old English place-name element *funta derives from Late Latin fontāna, “spring”, and is found today in 21 place-names in England. It is one of a small group of such Latin-derived elements, which testify to a strand of linguistic continuity between Roman Britain and early Anglo- Saxon England. *funta has never previously been the subject of this type of detailed study. The continued use of the element indicates that it had a special significance in the interaction, during the fifth and sixth centuries, between speakers of British Latin and speakers of Old English, and this study sets out to assess this significance by examining the composition of each name and the area around each *funta site. Any combined element is always Old English. The distribution of the element is in the central part of the south- east lowland region of England. It does not occur in East Anglia, East Kent, west of Warwickshire or mid-Wiltshire or north of Peterborough. Seven of the places whose names contain the element occur singly, the remaining fourteen appearing to lie in groups. The areas where *funta names occur may also have other pre-English names close by. -
Roman Roads in Britain
ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN c < t < r c ROMAN ROADS IN BRITAIN BY THE LATE THOMAS CODRINGTON M, INST.C. E., F. G S. fFITH LARGE CHART OF THE ROMAN ROADS AND SMALL MAPS IN THE TEXT REPRINT OF THIRD EDITION LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1919 . • r r 11 'X/^i-r * ' Ci First Edition^ 1903 Second Edition, Revised, 1905 Tliird Edition, Revised, 1918 (.Reprint), 19 „ ,, 19 PREFACE The following attempt to describe the Roman roads of Britain originated in observations made in all parts of the country as opportunities presented themselves to me from time to time. On turning to other sources of information, the curious fact appeared that for a century past the litera- ture of the subject has been widely influenced by the spurious Itinerary attributed to Richard of Cirencester. Though that was long ago shown to be a forgery, statements derived from it, and suppositions founded upon them, are continually repeated, casting suspicion sometimes unde- served on accounts which prove to be otherwise accurate. A wide publicity, and some semblance of authority, have been given to imaginary roads and stations by the new Ordnance maps. Those who early in the last century, under the influence of the new Itinerary, traced the Roman roads, unfortunately left but scanty accounts of the remains which came under their notice, many of which have since been destroyed or covered up in the making of modern roads; and with the evidence now available few Roman roads can be traced continuously. The gaps can often be filled with reasonable certainty, but more often the precise course is doubtful, and the entire course of some roads connecting known stations of the Itinerary of Antonine can only be guessed at. -
Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S
Map 8 Britannia Superior Compiled by A.S. Esmonde-Cleary, 1996 with the assistance of R. Warner (Ireland) Introduction Britain has a long tradition of antiquarian and archaeological investigation and recording of its Roman past, reaching back to figures such as Leland in the sixteenth century. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the classically-educated aristocracy and gentry of a major imperial and military power naturally felt an affinity with the evidence for Rome’s presence in Britain. In the twentieth century, the development of archaeology as a discipline in its own right reinforced this interest in the Roman period, resulting in intense survey and excavation on Roman sites and commensurate work on artifacts and other remains. The cartographer is therefore spoiled for choice, and must determine the objectives of a map with care so as to know what to include and what to omit, and on what grounds. British archaeology already has a long tradition of systematization, sometimes based on regions as in the work of the Royal Commissions on (Ancient and) Historic Monuments for England (Scotland and Wales), but also on types of site or monument. Consequently, there are available compendia by Rivet (1979) on the ancient evidence for geography and toponymy; Wacher (1995) on the major towns; Burnham (1990) on the “small towns”; Margary (1973) on the roads that linked them; and Scott (1993) on villas. These works give a series of internally consistent catalogs of the major types of site. Maps of Roman Britain conventionally show the island with its modern coastline, but it is clear that there have been extensive changes since antiquity, and that the conventional approach risks understating the differences between the ancient and the modern. -
ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY
ATLAS of CLASSICAL HISTORY EDITED BY RICHARD J.A.TALBERT London and New York First published 1985 by Croom Helm Ltd Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1985 Richard J.A.Talbert and contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Atlas of classical history. 1. History, Ancient—Maps I. Talbert, Richard J.A. 911.3 G3201.S2 ISBN 0-203-40535-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71359-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-03463-9 (pbk) Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Also available CONTENTS Preface v Northern Greece, Macedonia and Thrace 32 Contributors vi The Eastern Aegean and the Asia Minor Equivalent Measurements vi Hinterland 33 Attica 34–5, 181 Maps: map and text page reference placed first, Classical Athens 35–6, 181 further reading reference second Roman Athens 35–6, 181 Halicarnassus 36, 181 The Mediterranean World: Physical 1 Miletus 37, 181 The Aegean in the Bronze Age 2–5, 179 Priene 37, 181 Troy 3, 179 Greek Sicily 38–9, 181 Knossos 3, 179 Syracuse 39, 181 Minoan Crete 4–5, 179 Akragas 40, 181 Mycenae 5, 179 Cyrene 40, 182 Mycenaean Greece 4–6, 179 Olympia 41, 182 Mainland Greece in the Homeric Poems 7–8, Greek Dialects c. -
The Roman Era in Britain
THE ANTIQUARYS LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE . THE ANTIQUARY'S BOOKS GENERAL EDITOR: J. CHARLES COX, LL.D., F.S.A. THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN - THE ROMAN ERA IN BRITAIN BY JOHN WARD, F.S.A. AUTHOR OF "ROMANO-BRITISH BUILDINGS AND EARTHWORKS" WITH SEVENTY-SEVEN ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR METHUEN & GO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.G. LONDON I First Published in 19 II PREFACE years ago, I was desired by the Editor of this SEVERALseries to write a volume on Roman Britain, but I soon found that the subject was too large and complex to be treated comprehensively, and at the same time to place the reader en rapport with the results of the systematic excavations of the last twenty-five years. These have vastly increased our " " knowledge of Roman Britain, especially its major monuments the towns, forts, public buildings, and houses and to these I confined myself in Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks, of this series. It was felt, however, that the series demanded a general work on the era in Britain. This was now feasible, as the subjects which came within the restricted purview of the above volume could be treated in a more condensed manner than would be otherwise desirable. In spite of this, however, the question of space has been a difficulty. Two chapters which could best be spared a short history of the era, and practical hints upon to be cut out and a third archaeological exploration had ; upon our public Romano-British collections, which was contemplated at the outset, and for which much material was collected, had to be abandoned. -
Swindon Green Infrastructure Strategy 2010-2016
A Green Infrastructure Strategy for Swindon 2010-2026 Revised Consultation Document A Green Infrastructure Strategy for Swindon 2010-2026 Revised Consultation Document February 2011 Prepared on behalf of Swindon Borough Council. Great Western Community Forest Swindon Borough Council Wat Tyler House Beckhampton Street Swindon SN1 2JH www.swindon.gov.uk Foreword Swindon is home to a wealth of green-spaces, both within the town and reaching into the beautiful countryside surrounding the town and villages. Our open-spaces are knitted into the fabric of the town, greatly treasured by local people and widely enjoyed by visitors. They are part of our everyday lives: where we work, do business and learn, the way we travel around, where we play, celebrate and spend our leisure time. They play host to precious wildlife, are part of our cultural heritage and sit in a landscape shaped over the centuries. In short our parks, green-spaces and surrounding countryside play a major role in enriching our quality of life, environment and economy. We are now asking more and more of our open spaces and countryside as Swindon continues to expand. At the same time our green-infrastructure also has a critical role to play in facing up to the uncertainties and implications of climate change. There is now recognition in policy terms that enhanced ‘green infrastructure’ is needed to support Swindon’s future growth and ambitions: in the same way that we need new roads, schools and other community facilities. In response, plans are needed to set out priorities and locations for networks of green-spaces across the Borough and linkages across neighbouring authority areas as part of Swindon’s regeneration and growth. -
The Roman Community Round Wanborough in Wiltshire 55 BC to AD 410
Berkshire Archæological Society Patron: H.M. THE QUEEN President: Professor Michael Fulford CBE FBA FSA The Roman community round Wanborough in Wiltshire 55 BC to AD 410 Andrew Hutt 12th January 2021 Status: Complete Summary This paper is one of several papers produced by the Society’s Berkshire Romans Project 2. It describes the development of Roman Wanborough and the surrounding landscape as the area evolved from the Late Iron Age, and through the Late Iron Age/Early Roman, Early Roman and Late Roman periods. This shows that in the Late Iron Age, before AD 43, the area was occupied by a few farms with the people living in the valleys practicing a transhumance existence keeping their animals in the valleys over winter and moving them to the Downs in summer. In the Late Iron Age /Early Roman period, from AD 43 to 75, the Roman town of Wanborough was established possibly as a vicus to a fort at St Margarets which has yet to be found. At this time, field systems and settlements were established on the Downs. The shape of the fields suggests they were used for a combination of arable and pastoral farming. The evidence shows that this pattern of existence continued through Early and Late Roman periods (AD 75 to 260 and AD 260 to 410). The Roman small town at Wanborough grew to have a significant urban population while on the Berkshire Downs, the field systems were extended to cover large areas of downland. The Roman community round Wanborough in Wiltshire Date: 12th January 2021 55 BC to AD 410 Document control CONTENTS Document control ................................................................................................................. -
Ohio Geographers: Recent Research Themes. Volume Number 1: 1973
oiliVUMENT RESUME ED 118 466 SO 008 648 AUTHOR Pyle, Gerald F., Ed. TITLE Ohio .Geegraphers: Recent Research Themes; Volume Number 1: 1973. INSTITUTION Akron Uniy., Ohio. Dept. of Geography. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 97p.; For related documents, see SO 008 649 and 650 AVAILABLE FROM Department of Geography, University of Akron, Akron,. Ohio-44325 ($2.00) EDRS PRICE MF-S0.83 Plus Postage. HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Climatic Factors; Essays; Geographic Concepts; Geographic Regions; *Geography; Gtography Instruction; Higher Education; *Human Geography; Land Use; Parks; *Physical Geography; Road Constructions *Social Science Research; Space Orientation; Thematic Approach; Urbanization IDENTIFIERS Ohio ABSTRACT Eight professional geography research papers presented at the Geography Section of the 1973 annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science are provided. The specific topics of concern range from methodological essays to the quantitative analysis of histo;ical geographic information. The titles of the papers are (1) An Attempt at Reform in Regional Geography; (2)A Climatic Model of' the Everglades Drought; (3) A,Case Study Of Lake Effect Snow Squall Precipitation in Northern Ohio: November 22, 1971;(4) Insolation Climate and Urban Topography;(5) The Structure of Geography: A . Revised Version; (6) Policy Implications of the Distribution of Hamilton County, Ohio Park Users; (7) New Towns: Greenbelt, Maryland Thirty-five Years Later; and (8)A Network Analysis of the Roman Boats of Britain. (DE) *********************************************************************** * Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * , * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).