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Roman attitudes towards the natural world - a comparison of Wessex and Provence David Roberts PhD University of York Archaeology September 2014 Abstract Interactions with the natural world are a fundamental part of human life. The Roman Empire has had very significant effects on later European and world societies. This study examines interactions with landscape and nature during the Roman period in south-west Wiltshire and the landscape of the Montagne Sainte-Victoire. Reviewing a wide range of scholarship from Roman archaeology and beyond in Britain and France demonstrates the need for a holistic, diachronic and spatially integrated approach in studies of Roman landscapes. A new research framework is constructed based on phase space theory, archaeological landscape theory and previous work in Roman archaeology. Key structuring concepts in this analysis are a tripartite division between ‘wild’, ‘tame’ and ‘encountered’ nature, and a fourfold consideration of sociospatial dimensions: ‘territory’, ‘place’, ‘scale’ and ‘networks’. Extensive analysis of range of aspects of interaction with nature in the two case study areas is undertaken, demonstrating a complex array of interactions and relations embedded in landscape practices. GIS analyses are used throughout as supporting evidence, but the main analyses are focused on traditional archaeological techniques. Environmental, landscape, material, geoarchaeological, zooarchaeological and excavation datasets are used to build broad-ranging narratives of landscape interaction in the case study landscapes. The Sainte-Victoire landscape demonstrates a highly controlled landscape, dominated by the Roman state and elite groups via villas and a range of material landscape structures. Contrastingly, south-west Wiltshire displays patterns of landscape interaction and social power with their locus in the practices of pre-Roman communities, and selective engagement with structures of the Roman state and wider elite networks. This comparison sheds light on wider debates regarding Roman society, landscape use and social change. Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ii Contents .............................................................................................................................. iii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... xix List of accompanying material ............................................................................................ xxii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................... xxiii Author’s Declaration ......................................................................................................... xxiv Chapter 1 – Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 – Research Context ............................................................................................... 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 – Theoretical Context – Roman landscape archaeology in Britain and France .............. 7 2.2 – Methodological context: resolutions of study ......................................................... 21 A methodology for defining resolutions ...................................................................... 25 2.3 – Themes in Roman Landscape Studies; Nature as a prism for understanding ........... 30 Wild nature: Climate, Natural disasters and Wildness ................................................. 31 Tame nature: Agriculture, Animals and Resources....................................................... 39 Encounters in the Landscape ....................................................................................... 48 2.4 Research Framework ................................................................................................. 54 Key issues .................................................................................................................... 56 Choice of case studies ................................................................................................. 57 The Montagne Sainte Victoire ..................................................................................... 58 South-west Wiltshire ................................................................................................... 62 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 3 – Wessex and Provence ...................................................................................... 68 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 68 3.1 – The Roman Archaeology of south-west Wiltshire ................................................... 68 Provincial Structure and Urban Settlement ................................................................. 68 Rural Settlement ......................................................................................................... 69 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 78 3.2 – South-west Wiltshire - Understandings through nature. ......................................... 80 Wild Nature ................................................................................................................. 80 Tame nature ................................................................................................................ 85 Encounters in the landscape........................................................................................ 93 3.3 – The Roman Archaeology of the Montagne Sainte-Victoire .................................... 102 Provincial Structure and Urban Settlement ............................................................... 102 Rural Settlement ....................................................................................................... 107 3.4 – The Montagne Sainte-Victoire – Understandings through nature. ........................ 116 Wild Nature ............................................................................................................... 116 Tame Nature ............................................................................................................. 119 Encounters in the landscape...................................................................................... 124 3.5 – South-west Wiltshire and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire – Archaeological research issues ............................................................................................................................ 128 Chapter 4 – Analysis of south-west Wiltshire case study ................................................... 132 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 132 Wild Nature .................................................................................................................. 134 Marginality from settlement ..................................................................................... 135 Wild animals ............................................................................................................. 144 Climate, weather, hydrology and geology.................................................................. 144 Tame Nature ................................................................................................................. 154 Territory .................................................................................................................... 154 Place ......................................................................................................................... 160 Sedimentation and commemoration of place ............................................................ 169 Rural practices in the landscape ................................................................................ 174 ‘Place’ in the landscape ............................................................................................. 184 Scale ............................................................................................................................. 185 Imperial / Elite Power ................................................................................................ 185 Economic power........................................................................................................ 190 Scale in the landscape ............................................................................................... 195 Networks ...................................................................................................................... 196 Encounters in the Landscape ......................................................................................... 199 Encounters on the road ............................................................................................. 199 Structured Encounters .............................................................................................
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