Index

Index to Kym Thompson’s – A history of rehousing policy a disaster, 65–66 the Aboriginal people of East : a survey reveals sub-standard dwellings, 67 report prepared for the Land Conservation Aboriginal languages, 47 Council, . : Land Aboriginal linguistic units, 42, 43 Conservation Council, 1985. Aboriginal marriages affected by the shortage of women, 16, 30, Index compiled by Jane Purton 58 (ANZSI Index Series; no.5) arranged at inter-tribal gatherings, 45 arranged by Bulmer, 30, 36 Note:Page numbers followed by ‘n’ indicate by elopement, 30, 58 notes subject to Board approval, 35 Aboriginal men hunting role, 53, 56 initiation ceremonies, 9–10, 58 A religion and the exclusion of women, 11 abalone (shellfish), 76 Aboriginal mythology, 8–12 Aboriginal bands, 42, 48, 49, 50, 56 see also Aboriginal spirituality; creation pre-history, 88 myths; Aboriginal birth rate, 33 exclusion of women from secret affected by the kidnap of women and ceremonies, 11 disease, 16, 17 foretold the conflict between groups, 30 Aboriginal children knowledge of dying out, 12 denied access to secret information, 9, 58 and the Nargun, 107 removed from families and placed in 'outside' versions for women, children and Tyers, 34–35 whites, 9 and Save the Children Fund Aboriginal population, , 13, 24 Aboriginal clans, 30, 43, 56 in the 1980s, 3, 67 Aboriginal culture pre-history, 88–89 see also Aboriginal mythology reduced by disease, 18–19 cultural allegiances see Aboriginal tribes reduced by infanticide, 32 cultural programs, 68, 105 reduced by set up of Lake Tyers, 36 impact of white invasion, 3, 20, 30, 31–32, before white settlement, 3, 60–61 37, 101 Aboriginal population, Victoria, 33, 60 see also Aboriginal warfare Aboriginal religion see Aboriginal spirituality Aboriginal culture areas, 43, 44, 48 Aboriginal resistance to settlers see Aboriginal ethnography, 5–6 Aboriginal hostility Aboriginal families, 42, 56 Aboriginal sites of significance employed picking crops, 63, 64 see also archaeological sites of Aboriginal foods significance see also animals; fish; plant foods; assessment, 102, 103, 107 reptiles; shellfish management and protection calories in, 84 hindered by distrust of whites, 103–104, calories incorrectly calculated, 117 n23 109–110 comparison of meat weights, 113 n5, 113 land issues, 103, 104–105, 109, 110– n7, 116 n16 111 Aboriginal history, 5–6 needs to involve and benefit Aborigines, see also Aboriginal mythology; 109, 110–111 archaeology; the Dreaming types definition of, 8 burial, 103 lack of records between 1798-1838, 15 educational, 103 loss of interest in by young Koories, 12 historical, 101–102, 107 sources massacre, 26, 27–28, 31, 101, 108, 109 biased towards Lake Tyers, 4, 6, 29 political, 102 distort ethnographic studies, 5–6 sacred, 101, 104 Aboriginal hordes, 42, 43 symbolic, 102 Aboriginal hostility traditional, 101, 104 between groups see Aboriginal warfare Aboriginal society towards whites, 19, 20, 21–23, 24–25 impact of white invasion, 3, 31 Aboriginal housing, 64, 67–68 see also Aboriginal warfare erected in towns, 65 organisation of see Aboriginal tribes

1 Index

Aboriginal spirituality young Koories losing interest in the past, see also Aboriginal mythology; creation 12 myths; the Dreaming Aborigines, Bendoc area, arrive at Lake effect of white settlement on, 18, 31–32 Tyers, 36 vital to social order, 59 Aborigines, Central Gippsland, hostile to Aboriginal tribes settlers, 24–25 see also specific tribes, eg. Gunnai Aborigines, Delegate area, arrive at Lake boundaries, 42, 48, 50 Tyers, 36 characteristics of social organisation, 51– Aborigines, East Gippsland 52 see also Aboriginal tribes; Aborigines, concept of, 41–42, 45, 46 Lake Tyers conflict see Aboriginal warfare; Gunnai allegedly kidnap white women, 25–28 tribe allegedly kill survivors of shipwrecked cultural allegiances, 43 Shaw, 20 see also specific tribes becoming aware of archaeology, 102 division of labour, 53, 56 first contact with whites, 13–15, 20 group membership criteria, 42, 43 forbears from other areas, 4 inter-tribal gatherings, 45, 52 forced into missions by policy of land rights, 42, 57 segregation, 3, 5, 34–35 subdivisions, 30, 42, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 56 hostile to settlers, 19, 20, 21–23 Aboriginal warfare, 29 impact of introduced diseases, 15, 16–17, cannibalism, 59–60 21, 32 due to the effect of introduced diseases, 17, leave the bush for the fringes of white 18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 58, 59 settlement, 32 due to the influx of tribes from other areas, living conditions in towns, 63–64 30–31, 45, 59 lose their children for their 'protection', 34– encouraged by white settlers, 31 35 forces closure of Buchan mission station, meet Bass on the Ninety Mile Beach, 14 34 physical appearance, 13 over hunting territories, 19, 23 practise infanticide, 32 over women, 16, 17, 18, 20, 30, 31, 58 pre-history see archaeology between groups, 23 saved from smallpox by isolation, 19, 60 weapons, 55 settle in Newmerella and Orbost, 40 Aboriginal Welfare Association, 64 sources of historical information, 7 Aboriginal women struggle for equality, 68 see also Aboriginal marriages suffer from 'a fatal melancholy', 32–33 denied access to secret information, 9, 11, Aborigines, Lake Tyers, 33–40 58 see also Lake Tyers Aboriginal Trust; hunting role, 56 kidnapped by sealers, 16, 18, 20 alcohol abuse, 34 kidnapped by tribal enemies, 29, 30, 31, 58 become responsible for their own affairs, make bags for hunting, 53 66, 68 permitted to use fish hooks, 90 conflict between tradition and white vices, recipients of Jeraeil secrets, 10 34 rendered sterile by venereal disease, 16–17, culture threatened by Christian conversion, 32 37 secret sites, 104 fighting between tribal groups, 34, 36 and the tundun, 11 forbidden to keep stock or grow crops, 37, Aborigines 63 see also Aborigines in specific areas hunting and fishing restricted, 38 definition of, 3, 5, 38, 64 impact of eviction of half-castes, 38–40 demand a role in archaeology, 103 lose economic independence, 37–38 as Native Police, 26, 27, 31 marriages arranged by agreement, 30, 36 prefer to be called Koories, 3 move about for employment, 63, 65 regional sense of identity, 66, 67 opium use, 32 suspicion of and antipathy to all things poorly prepared for rehousing, 65–66 white, 66 protest against the Board for the Protection view archaeological sites as symbols of of Aborigines, 37, 38, 39, 63 identity and their relationship with relationship with John Bulmer, 34, 36 whites, 103 rely on the Board for rations, 38, 63

2 Index

set up tribal council of elders, 36 contents see middens; shell middens; withdraw all secondary students from specific sites, eg. Bottom Lake; stone school, 68 scatter sites Aborigines, tablelands economies practised, 71, 72, 73, 84, 86, 88, see also tribe 89, 90, 118 n31 brought by settlers to work as labourers, 24 endangered by logging, 95, 97, 105, 107 labourers fight with local tribes, 30–31 erosion of, 69–70, 74 victims of cannibalism, 59 occupation dates see specific sites, eg Aborigines, south coast Clinton Rocks see also New South Wales south coast reflect prehistoric settlement patterns, 77, archaeological surveys 78–79 coastal and inland bands, 49 relationship between sites, 72–73, 89–90, contact with East Gippsland groups, 13–14, 93 19 significant sites see Aboriginal sites of cultural allegiance with Ngarigo tribes, 48 significance; archaeological sites of disputes with East Gippsland groups over significance hunting territories, 19 site analysis, 93 employed picking crops, 63 Site Catchment Analysis theory, 93 Aborigines, Phillip Island, wiped out by site densities, 75, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97 sealers, 17 site location factors, 107 Aborigines Protection Act 1886 access to water, 95, 96–97 legislation to expel half-castes from distance from coastal sites, 95 missions, 38–39 terrain, 92, 94, 95, 96–97 Aborigines, Twofold Bay site location models, need for, 97 cultural allegiance with Bidawal tribes, 48 site location types fighting between tribal groups, 23 coastal, 91, 93, 94 Aborigines Welfare Board estuarine , 76, 91–92 assimilation policy, 65 inland, 76, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 107 plan to close Lake Tyers thwarted, 65 site types by content rehousing policy a disaster, 65 see also middens; shell middens; stone replaced by Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, scatter sites Victoria, 66 inconsistent site taxonomies, 115 n12 replaces Board for the Protection of specific sites Aborigines, 64 Bastion Point, 76, 78, 79, 80 Aborigines, Westernport, disruption of by Bottom Lake, 79, 80, 89 whites, 18 Captain Stevensons Point, 79, 80, 82, Aborigines, Wilsons Promontory, disruption 83–84, 86–87, 88, 90 of by whites, 18 Clinton Rocks, 69, 70–73 alcohol abuse, 28, 31, 32, 34, 40, 64 Double Creek Arm, 81–82 Anadara trapezia (cockles), 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 East Howe Flat wetlands, 74, 94 Anglican church Fisheries Point, 82–83, 86, 88 see also Bulmer, John,; Lake Tyers Genoa , 94 mission Goanna Bay, 82, 83, 86 failure of mission at Buchan, 34 Jack Smith Lake, 73, 90 loses control of Lake Tyers mission, 62 Lake Tyers, 106–107 animals Point Hicks, 70–73, 84, 91 see also birds; fish; reptiles; specific Tathra to Bermagui, 93 species eg. koalas Top Lake, 80, 89 burial pits for dingoes, 83 Wallagarangh River, 94 hunted for food archaeological sites of significance, 109 introduced species, 70, 72, 84 see also Aboriginal sites of significance native species, 44, 52–55, 71, 72, 74, 77, Aborigines and archaeologists view 79, 80, 84 differently, 102 role in mythology, 9, 10, 11 assessment, 100–101, 103 archaeological sites, 5–6, 107 burial sites, 103 camp sites by occupation period, 89–90 identification factors, 98 base camps, 76–77, 117 n29 Lake Tyers, 106–107 temporary camps, 74, 76–77, 79, 85, 94, location of publicly unavailable, 106 117 n24, 117 n29 management and protection classification of types a problem, 75, 77 Aborigines demand more involvement

3 Index

in, 103 reports on seal colonies in , 15 identified sites, 105–107 Bass Strait inappropriate in the past, 98–99 sealing, 15, 16, 17 issues involved, 99, 103–104 whaling, 17 need to involve and benefit Aborigines, Bastion Point archaeological site, 76, 78, 79 99, 104, 107, 109–111 contents, 80 potential sites, 105, 107–109 Bateman's Bay cattle stations, 18 symbols of Aboriginal of identity, 102, 103 bears see koalas archaeological surveys Bega see also Victoria Archaeological Survey cattle stations, 18 first Gippsland survey, 69 peas and beans grown, 63 specific surveys, New South Wales south Bega River archaeological survey coast, 73, 87, 88–89, 91–93, 94, 96–97 camps, 92, 93 Bega River, 92–93 site contents, 92 Five Forests, 93, 95 site location factors, 92–93 Mimosa River National Park, 92–93 Bellbird Creek massacre site, 109 , 96 Ben, division of the Krauatungalung, 50, 109 Wandella-Dampier area, 95 Bendoc area Aborigines, move to Lake Tyers, specific surveys, Victoria 36 East Howe Flat wetlands, 74, 94 Benmitter, division of the Krauatungalung, Gabo Island, 76, 77–78, 86, 90 50, 109 , 74, 75–77, 89–90 Bermagui see Tathra to Bermagui Mallacoota Inlet, 5, 53, 78–81, 83, 87, archaeological site 88, 90–91, 93, 94, 96–97 archaeological survey see Tamboon Inlet to Petrel Point, 69–73 Wingan Inlet to Betka River Wingan Inlet to Betka River, 73–74 Bidawal tribe archaeologists arrive at Lake Tyers, 36 recognise the need to involve Aborigines, boundaries, 41, 45–46, 47–48 102 cultural allegiances of inland and coastal archaeology bands, 47–50 Aborigines become more aware of, 102 known as 'scrub-dwellers', 47, 49 Aborigines demand more involvement in, poorly documented, 45, 51 103 Bidwell tribe see Bidawal tribe problem of a white perspective, 98–99 birds archaeology, East Gippsland see see also specific species, eg. emus archaeological sites; archaeological surveys hunted for food, 52, 53, 54, 71, 72, 77, 78, archaeology, New South Wales south coast 84, 113 n7 see New South Wales south coast role in mythology, 10 archaeological surveys black trackers, 31 assimilation see also Native Police of all Aborigines, 62, 65 blades, backed (stone tools) see backed of half-castes, 3, 38–40 blades (stone tools) policy changes to integration, 66 blood mussels (shellfish), 80 Aurora Australis (fire), role in mythology, 10 Board for the Protection of Aborigines, 35–39 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies see also Aborigines Welfare Board; Lake (Canberra), 6 Tyers mission Aborigines protest against decisions, 37 B closes down all missions except Lake backed blades (stone tools), 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, Tyers, 62 86 controls of all aspects of Aborigines' lives, Bairnsdale 35, 37, 38, 62–63 aboriginal students withdrawn from school, petitions government for exclusive fishing 68 rights on Lake Tyers, 38 base for the Gippsland and East Gippsland prevents crop growing on Lake Tyers, 63 Aboriginal Co-operative, 67 primary aim to minimise own expenses, 62 bandicoots, 54, 77, 84 refuses economic support for Lake Tyers, Banks, Sir Joseph, sights Aborigines from the 36, 38 Endeavour, 12–13 refuses to help Aborigines outside Lake Bass, George Tyers, 64 friendly relations with Aborigines, 14, 16 replaced by Aborigines Welfare Board, 64

4 Index

supports assimilation, 62, 65 supports assimilation of half-castes, 39 cattle stations, 23 takes control of Lake Tyers mission, 62 home of 1980s aborigines, 67 Bogong moths, food of the Ngarigo tribe, 44– site of kidnap of Hopping Kitty, 31 45, 52 tribal boundary, 45 bone remains (archaeology), 75, 76, 114 n8, cannibalism, 59–60 119 n31 Cape Conran, tribal boundary, 47 birds, 72, 82, 84 Cape Everard see Point Hicks fish, 71, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84 Cape Howe introduced species, 70, 72, 84 first contact between Aborigines and native animals, 71, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, whites, 14 84 tribal boundary, 46, 47, 50 reptiles, 84 Captain Stevensons Point archaeological site, Bottom Lake archaeological site 82 camp type, 89 classification problem, 86–87, 117 n25, contents, 79, 80 117–118 n29 Brabirrawulung language, 47 contents, 80, 83–84, 86, 87, 115 n13, 116 Brachidontes rostratus (mussels), 70, 71, 74, n17 81, 84, 113 n7, 116 n16 economy practised, 84, 90, 118 n31 bracken fern (food), 54 occupation dates, 83, 84, 86, 88, 117 n24, Brajerak (wild men), 30–31, 44, 49 117 n26 victims of cannibalism, 59 similar to New South Wales south coast bream, 54 sites, 79 massacre sites, 26, 27–28, 31 type of camp site, 85, 117 n29 historical significance, 108 cats, 70, 113 n5 bronchitis, 32 cattle stations, 18, 21, 22, 23 Brt-Britta, division of the Krauatungalung, 50 see also specific districts, eg. Cann River Buchan, 3, 23 employment of Aborigines, 24, 30, 31, 32, site of failed mission station, 34 36, 39–40 , tribal boundary, 45 Cellana spp. (limpets), 70, 76 bull-roarer (tundun), 10, 11 Central Board for Aborigines Bulmer, John, Anglican missionary removes Aboriginal children from their see also Lake Tyers mission families, 34–35 abandons Buchan mission, 34 Central Gippsland Aborigines, hostile to on Aboriginal violence, 29 settlers, 24–25 Aborigines surrender weapons to, 36 chert stone flakes, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 82–83, authority rebuffed or met with 84 manipulative strategies, 34 Christie, MF, on the destruction of Aboriginal educates Aborigines who then appeal culture, 31–32 against decisions, 37 churches establishes mission at Lake Tyers, 34 see also Anglican church; Bulmer, John; fights for Aboriginal wages, 37 missions gains trust of Aborigines at Lake Tyers, 36 involvement in 'protection' of Aborigines, on the Gunnai, 51 33 seasonal subsistence activities, 52–53, Clark, sailor from the Sydney Cove, 13 54 Clinton Rocks archaeological site, 69 helps arrange Aboriginal marriages, 30, 36 contents, 70–71, 113 n5 imposes Christian beliefs, 37 contents compared to Point Hicks site, 71– opposes hunting at Lake Tyers, 38 73, 113 n7 spends salary on animals for Lake Tyers, occupation dates, 70–71, 72–73 36 Coast Murring tribes spends salary on meat for children and boundaries, 46, 48 workers, 38 cultural allegiances, 48 on tribal boundaries, 47 cockatoos burial pits (archaeology), 83 hunted for food, 54 burial sites, 103 role in mythology, 12 cockles (shellfish), 80, 81, 84 C cormorants, 54 Cameron No 2, site associated with the creation myths and Nargun, 107 animals, 9, 10, 11

5 Index

fire, 10, 11 74, 94 floods, 10, 11–12 see also Howe Flat wetlands landscape, 8, 9, 10 echidnas, 54 origin of water and the frog, 12 education of Aborigines, 64 sea, the, 10, 11 all secondary students withdrawn from cultural resource management see Aboriginal schools, 68 sites of significance; archaeological sites of eels significance hunted for food, 53, 54, 55 role in mythology, 12 D employment of Aborigines daisy yams, 44 affected by mechanisation, 64 Dan the cook, killed by Aborigines, 27–28, on farms and stations, 4, 24, 30, 31, 32, 36, 31, 108 39–40 Dandenong, 66 as pea and bean pickers, 63, 64, 67 deaths of Aborigines, 3 half-castes, 39–40 believed to be caused by sorcery, 17, 18, at Lake Tyers, 66 20, 58 in the Latrobe Valley, 65 during conflict with whites, 23, 24 limited by Board for the Protection of due to introduced diseases, 16–17, 18, Aborigines, 35, 37, 63 19, 32 living conditions of workers, 63–64 due to melancholy, 32–33 in Melbourne factories, 63 by massacre, 21, 25–27, 28 as prostitutes, 32 deaths of whites in sawmills around Orbost, 67 during conflict with Aborigines, 21–22, through the Gippsland and East Gippsland 24, 25 Aboriginal Co-operative, 67–68 survivors of the Shaw killed by in the timber industry, 40, 105 Aborigines, 20 unemployment, 67 Delegate area emus, 54, 71 Aborigines moved to Lake Tyers, 36 Endeavour (sailing ship), 12–13 tribal boundary, 45, 47 environment Devil's Hole, site associated with the Nargun, conservation of by Aborigines, 51–52, 107 104–105, 110–111 Dicathais spp. (dog winkles), 70 impact of sealing, 15, 17 dingoes, burial pits, 83 Ewing Marsh, hunting territory, 54 diseases see also specific diseases, eg. measles F impact on Aboriginal society, 15, 16–17, farmers 18, 19, 30, 31, 32, 64 employers of Aborigines see employment dog winkles (shellfish), 70 of Aborigines dolphins, 71 had pea growing halted at Lake Tyers, 63 Double Creek Arm archaeological site, 81–82, provide basic accommodation, 64 116 n15 ferns (plant food), 54 Dreaming, the fire in mythology, 10, 11, 12 see also Aboriginal mythology; fish Aboriginal spirituality; creation myths hunted for food, 53–55, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, basic concept, 8–9 82, 84, 89, 113 n7 characters of, 9 see also shellfish; specific species, eg. and creation myths, 10–12 flathead Dreamtime, the see the Dreaming role in mythology, 10 ducks, 54 Fisheries Point archaeological site Dura, division of the Krauatungalung, 50, 108 contents, 82–83, 115 n13, 119 n31 occupation dates, 83, 86, 88, 117 n26 E fishing tools East Gippsland, 66 bone fish hooks, 53, 54, 73, 84, 90–91, 119 see also Aborigines, East Gippsland n32 peas and beans grown, 63 bone spears, 54, 55, 86 pre-history see archaeology, East nets, 53, 54, 55 Gippsland shell fish hooks, 55, 73, 116 n17, 119 n32 East Howe Flat wetlands archaeological sites, Five Forests archaeological survey site location factors, 93, 95

6 Index flathead, 54 hunting tools, 53, 55 Flinders, Matthew, meets Aborigines on the importance of religion to social order, 59 Ninety Mile Beach, 14 initiation ceremonies, 10, 58 floods, role in mythology, 10–12 kinship relationships and food distribution, flounder, 54 57 foods see Aboriginal foods land rights, 57 forestry see timber industry marriages, 58 frogs and the origin of water (myth), 12 population, 56, 58, 60–61 pronunciation, 43 G seasonal subsistence activities, 52–53 Gabo Island gurnet, 54 sealing, 17 Gabo Island archaeological survey, 76 H occupation dates, 77, 86 half-castes site contents, 77–78, 90 adults and employment, 40 site contents designated in error, 114–115 boys and girls sent to work for settlers, 39 n12 children removed from their families, 34– Gardner, PD 35 on massacres, 25, 26, 27, 28 forced off missions and assimilated, 3, 38– on tribal divisions, 50 40 geese, 54 infanticide of, 32 hatchets, edge-ground, 55, 76 archaeological sites, 94 Hopping Kitty (Aboriginal woman) cattle stations, 18, 23 kidnap, marriage and murder of, 31 site of rescue of Hopping Kitty, 31 Housing Commission, Victoria, builds houses tribal boundary, 46, 47, 50 for Aborigines, 65 geometric microliths (stone tools), 81 Howe Flat wetlands, 88, 89–90, 118 n31 Gippsland and East Gippsland Aboriginal Co- see also East Howe Flat operative Howitt, AW activities, 67–68 on Aboriginal warfare, 29 land rights and site management, 99 attends initiation ceremony of the Kurnai, must have a role in tourism development of 9, 58 Lake Tyers, 107 on flood in mythology, 11 runs cultural programs, 68, 105 on the Gunnai, 43 should be involved in the Report, 110 on the Kurnai or Gunnai, 51, 55–56 gliders (animals), 54 on the Mungan-ngaur creation myth, 10 Goanna Bay archaelogical site, 115 n13 on tribal boundaries, 46–47, 50 contents, 82, 86, 119 n31 hunting and gathering, 52–55, 89 occupation dates, 82, 83, 86, 117 n27 characteristics, 51–52 goannas, 54 focal areas, 54 gonorrhoea and female sterility, 16–17, 32 foods see Aboriginal foods Gott, B, on foods, 54 impact on the environment, 51–52, 104– Green Cape, tribal boundary, 45 105, 110–111 gulls, 54 restricted at Lake Tyers, 38 Gunnai tribe supplements diet of unemployed, 40 also known as Kurnai, 43 tools, 44, 53, 54, 55 believed death was due to sorcery, 58, 59 see also fishing tools; stone tools boundaries, 46 hunting territories, impact of white settlement Brabirrawulung language speakers, 47 on, 18, 19, 35 cannibalism, 59–60 Hutton, Andrew, cattle farmer from Nungatta canoes, 55 account of Aboriginal hostility disputed, conflict between generations, 58 20, 22 conflict between groups, 58, 59 cultural allegiances, 48, 49, 51 I culture area, 44, 48 Imlay, Peter, cattle farmer from Twofold Bay dispute settlement procedures, 59 account of Aboriginal hostility disputed, elopement of couples, 58 22–23 enmity with the Ngarigo tribes, 45, 59 infanticide, 32 foods eaten, 54–55 influenza, 16 hunting areas, 54

7 Index initiation ceremonies, 9–10, 11, 58, 101 improvement of facilities, 64–65 integration, policy change from assimilation, Nowa Nowa Arm, 107 66 potential tourist site, 107 tribal boundary, 46, 47, 50 J Lake Tyers Aboriginal Trust, 4 Jack Smith Lake archaeological site, 73, 90 given control of Lake Tyers, 66 Jeraeil initiation ceremony of the Kurnai, 10, must have a role in tourism development, 58 107 Jimmy's Point, tribal boundary, 50 should be involved in the Report, 110 Lake Tyers mission see also Aborigines, Lake Tyers; Board K for the Protection of Aborigines; Bulmer, kangaroo apples, 53, 54 John kangaroo rats, 54 agriculture banned, 63 kangaroos, 84 alcohol abuse, 34 clothes made from skins, 44 arrival of Aborigines from the Bendoc and hunted for food, 53, 54, 71, 82 Delegate areas, 36 kidnap of Aboriginal women arrival of remnant of the Bidawal tribe, 36 by Aborigines, 29, 30, 31 becomes a permanent town run by the Lake by sealers, 16, 18, 20 Tyers Aboriginal Trust, 66 kidnap of white women by Aborigines, 25–27 becomes sole mission in Victoria, 62 kinship relationships, 42 bias towards in historical sources, 4, 6, 29 and distribution of food, 57 Board for the Protection of Aborigines and regulation of society, 30–31 takes control, 62 knapping areas (archaeology), 75 dormitory established for captured koalas, 53, 54, 55 children, 35 Konite (Benmitter chief), 50 established by John Bulmer, Anglican koonyang (kangaroo apples), 53, 54 missionary, 33, 34 Koories see Aborigines expels half-castes, 38–40 Krauatungalung tribe forced concentration of Aborigines on, 3, 5 see also Gunnai tribe granted land by the Victorian government, boundaries, 41, 45–46, 47–48 4, 34, 68 cultural allegiances, 48 hunting and fishing restricted, 38 division of labour, 53, 56 improved living conditions, 64–65 a division of the Gunnai tribe, 43–44, 55– malnutrition at, 38 56 marriages arranged by agreement, 30, 36 initiation ceremonies, 58 opium use by Aborigines, 32 land rights, 57 planned closure thwarted, 65 population, 61 policies arbitary and paternalistic, 62 subdivisions of, 50, 55–56 population, 34, 35, 36, 63, 65 bands, 56 rations withdrawn as a sanction, 34, 38, 63 clans, 56 refuge for seasonal labourers, 62 families, 56, 57 regulations for movement on and off the subject of the study area, 43 station, 63 Kurnai tribe see Gunnai tribe symbol of Koorie identity, 4, 33, 62, 106 Kyrerkong tribal division, 50 withdraws secondary students from schools, 68 L Land Conservation Council of Victoria Lake Barracoota archaeological survey advised to discuss Report with the geography, 74 Gippsland and East Gippsland Aborignial site contents, 75–77, 89–90 Co-operative, 99, 110 sites, 74 has list of all known archaeological sites in Lake Tyers study area, 106 see also Aborigines, Lake Tyers mission land, dispossession of, 3, 23 archaeological site of significance, 106, see also hunting territories 107 land grant to Lake Tyers mission, 4, 34, 67 becomes a permanent town run by the Lake land management, need to involve Tyers Aboriginal Trust, 66 Aborigines, 110–111 farming and brickmaking, 68 land rights and site management on public hunting territory, 54 land, 99

8 Index land rights legislation, Northern Territory, 42 28 land rights within tribes, 57 over killing of Dan the cook, 27, 28, 31, land use by Aborigines 108 see also environment; hunting and sites of significance, 28, 101, 108, 109 gathering massacre of whites by Aborigines, 20 employment in the timber industry, 105 McAllister, murdered by Aborigines, 25 landscape in mythology, 8, 9, 10 measles, 16 Langford, Ros, on Aboriginal heritage, 111 men see Aboriginal men; white settlers languages see Aboriginal languages microliths, geometric (stone tools), 81 Latrobe Valley, 66 Microseris scapigera (yam), 54 Aborigines settle in, 65 middens, 69–70 leather jackets (fish), 84 contents limpets (shellfish), 70, 76 see also specific sites, eg. Top Lake linguistic units see Aboriginal tribes bone remains see bone remains lithic workshops (archaeology), 75, 76, 114 (archaeology) n10, 115 n12 hearth areas, 75, 77, 83 lizards, 54 lithic workshops, 75, 76, 114 n10 logging see timber industry shells see shell middens stone artefacts see stone tools M dimensions, 114 n9 Maddock, K, on the Dreaming, 8–9 erosion of, 69–70, 118–119 n31 Mallacoota relationship with stone scatters, 82, 85, 93, cattle stations, 23 94, 117–118 n29 sealing, 17 Mimosa River National Park archaeological Mallacoota area archaeological surveys see survey, 92–93 East Howe Flat wetlands; Gabo Island; Lake Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs, Victoria, 66 Barracoota; Mallacoota Inlet; Wingan Inlet Ministry of Housing, Victoria, 68 to Betka River missions, 3, 4 Mallacoota Inlet see also Lake Tyers mission station; hunting territory, 54 Ramahyuck mission station tribal boundary, 46, 47, 48 sites of significance, 101 Mallacoota Inlet archaeological surveys, 5, Moko Moko (Mallekotang Mittong chief), 50 53, 78–91 Monaro tablelands Aboriginal population, 88 see also Aborigines, Monaro tablelands compared to New South Wales south coast, Aboriginal labourers brought from, 30 87, 88, 93, 94, 96–97 white settlers from, 18, 21, 24 economy practised, 90–91, 118 n31 Morwell Council, refuses building permit for geography, 78, 118 n31 Aborigine settlement, 65 occupation dates, 78–79, 83, 88, 119 n31 mud arks (shellfish), 80 reveal no use of fish hooks, 90–91, 116 mud cockles (shellfish), 80 n17 mud oysters (shellfish), 80, 83 site contents, 78–79, 80–81, 94, 115 n13, mud whelks (shellfish), 81 115 n14 mullet, 53, 54 site location factors, 94 Mumbulla Mountain see Tathra to Bermagui sites see Bastion Point; Bottom Lake; archaeological site Captain Stevensons Point; Fisheries Mungan-ngaur (mythical creator), 10 Point; Goanna Bay; Top Lake murnong (yam), 55 Mallekotang Mittong tribal division, 50 Murring tribe, 48 Marlo, 3, 12 see also Coast Murring tribes potential archaeological site under by mussels (shellfish), 70, 71, 80, 81, 82, 84, 90 tourism threat, 108 mutton-birds, 77, 78 tribal boundary, 50 mythology see Aboriginal mythology; marloo (pipeclay), 12, 108 creation myths; the Dreaming massacre of Aborigines by whites, 21 Mytilus planulatus (mussells), 70, 71, 80, 81, see also deaths, of Aborigines 82, 84, 90, 116 n16 after alleged kidnap of white women, 25– 27 N on Bellbird Creek, 109 Nargun (a dangerous being), 107 on the Brodribb River, 26, 27–28, 31, 108 Narrows, The, archaeological site, 81–82, 115 caused destruction of Aboriginal society, n13

9 Index

see also Double Creek Arm 68 native cherries, 54 erection of houses for Aborigines, 65 native currants, 54 home of 1980s aborigines, 3, 67 Native Police, 26, 27, 31 sign commemorating murder of Dan the New South Wales south coast, 3, 19, 66 cook, 108 see also Aborigines, New South Wales tribal boundary, 50 south coast Orbost district flood mythology, 11 appalling living conditions, 63–64 origin of East Gippsland cattle farmers, 18, employment of Aborigines on stations, 36, 21 63 peas and beans grown, 63 home of Aborigines forced off Lake Tyers, New South Wales south coast archaeological 40, 63 surveys site of two massacres see Brodribb River Aboriginal population, 88–89 massacre site compared to Mallacoota area, 87, 88, 93, Orbost Shire 94, 96–97 provides basic facilities in camping areas, economies practised, 89 64 fishing, 73 report study area, 3 site location factors, 91–93 Ostrea angasi (mud oysters), 80, 82, 83 site location types coastal, 91, 92, 93, 94 P inland, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 pademelons, 54, 82 wetlands, 91–92 parrot fish, 71 specific surveys parrots, 54 Bega River, 92–93 pelicans Five Forests, 93, 95 hunted for food, 54 Mimosa River National Park, 92–93 role in mythology, 12 Snowy River, 96 penguins, 77 Wandella-Dampier area, 95 Pepper, Phillip, 6 Newmerella, Aborigines settle in, 40 on effects of the Aborigines Protection Act, Ngarigo tribe 39 boundaries, 44 on massacres, 28 clothing, 44 perch, 54 cultural allegiance with NSW south coast Petrel Point to Tamboon Inlet archaeological tribes, 48 survey see Tamboon Inlet to Petrel Point enmity with the Gunnai tribes, 45, 59 Phillip Island Aborigines, wiped out by foods eaten, especially Bogong moths, 44– sealers, 17 45 pig-face (plant food), 54 inter-tribal gatherings, 45 pipi (shellfish), 73 seasonal transhumance, 44 plant foods, 44, 52, 53, 54, 72 shelter, 44 scarcity of near settlement, 38 tools, 44 Pledibonax deltoides (pipi), 73 Nicholls, Pastor Doug, protests against pneumonia, 17, 32 closure of Lake Tyers, 65 Point Hicks Ninety Mile Beach sealing, 17 archaeology, 73 tribal boundary, 45, 46 first meetings between Aborigines and Point Hicks archaeological site, 84, 91 whites, 13, 14 contents compared to Clinton Rocks site, Notohaliotis ruber (abalone), 76 71–73, 113 n7 Nowa Nowa, 3 occupation dates, 71, 72–73 Nowa Nowa Arm of Lake Tyers, 107 police Nungatta, source of settlers Imlay and Hutton, see also Native Police 22 help Inspectors round up Aboriginal children, 35 O Ponedyang tribal division, 50 opium use by Aborigines, 32 population see Aboriginal population opossums see possums Bay and flood mythology, 11 oral history recording project, 7 Port Phillip, conflict between Aboriginal Orbost groups, 18 aboriginal students withdrawn from school, possums

10 Index

hunted for food, 53, 54, 55, 71, 84 shell middens, 69–70 skins used for clothes, 44 change in species of shellfish, 90 potoroos, 84 compared to stone scatters, 80–81, 82, 85– prostitution, Aboriginal women, 32 87 Pteridium esculentum (bracken fern), 54 distribution by environmental zones, 92, 94 post-European content, 70, 72 Q shell density, 75 quartz stone flakes, 70, 71, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, shellfish types see shellfish 82–83, 84 shellfish, 113 n7 quartzite stone flakes, 71 estuarine species, 54, 70, 76, 79, 79–80, 82 mud flat species, 80, 81, 84, 89 rock platform species, 70, 71, 74, 75–76, R 77, 80, 81, 84, 89, 90 rabbits, 72, 114 n8 sandy beach species, 54, 70, 73, 76, 79, 89 radiocarbon dating, 70, 117 n24 species identify location types, 78 Ramahyuck mission, 4 silcrete artefacts, 81, 82, 83, 86 established by the Victorian government, see also backed blades (tools) 33 Site Catchment Analysis (archaeology), 93, rat kangaroos, 82 119 n35 rats, 70, 84, 113 n5 smallpox, 17, 19, 60 reconciliation, yet to be negotiated, 68 snakes, 54 Report on the History of Aboriginal People of Snowy River, 3 East Gippsland cattle stations, 23 aim and study area, 3 hunting territory, 54 historical sources for the Report, 4, 5–7, 29 settlers driven off by Aborigines, 22 limitations site of first meeting between Aborigines no discussion of land rights, 99 and whites, 13 still a white perspective, 99 tribal boundary, 44, 46, 47 recommendations for the protection of Snowy River archaeological survey, 96 archaeological and Aboriginal sites, 105– social welfare organisations, 63–64 111 sorcery structure, 5 believed to cause deaths, 17, 18, 20, 58, 59 reptiles in mythology, 29 see also specific species, eg. snakes sow-thistles, 54 hunted for food, 44, 54, 84 spoonbills, 54 role in mythology, 10 Stevenson, John, settler reserves see missions account of Aboriginal hostility disputed, 23 Robinson, GA, reports on Aborigines and see Aboriginal children white settlement, 23, 24–25 stone scatter sites, 70, 77, 115 n14 classification of contents a problem, 114 n8 S location factors, 92, 94, 96–97 Save the Children Fund, 64 nature of artefacts see stone tools schnapper, 54, 82, 116 n17 occupation dates, 88–89 Scirpus maritimus (tuber), 54 relationship with middens, 80–81, 82–83, scrapers (tools), 81 85–87, 93, 94, 114 n10, 117–118 n29 sea in mythology, 10, 11 site densities, 92, 95, 96 sealers, impact on Aboriginal culture and site dimensions, 114 n9 society stone density, 75, 114 n9, 114 n11 by kidnapping women, 16, 18, 20 stone tools, 53, 77, 80, 86, 114 n10, 115 n14 by transmitting diseases, 16, 17, 18 density in stone scatters, 75 sealing industry manufactured artefacts, 55, 85, 86, 117 impact on the natural environment, 15, 17 n29, 119 n31 sites in Bass Strait, 17 backed blades, 70, 71, 72, 81, 82, 86, 87 seals, 71, 77, 78, 84 edge-ground hatchets, 76 Select Committee on the Condition of the geometric microliths, 81 Aborigines (1845), 24 scrapers, 81 sexually transmitted diseases, 16–17, 32 unworked stone flakes, 86 Shaw (schooner), survivors killed by chert, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82–83, 84 Aborigines, 20 quartz, 70, 71, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82–83, sheep, 72, 114 n8 84, 86

11 Index

quartzite, 71 tundun (bull-roarer), 10, 11 Subninella undulata (turbo and warrener fish), Tundun (son of Mungan-ngaur), ancestor of 70, 71, 74, 76, 84 the Kurnai, 10 substance abuse see alcohol abuse; opium use turbo (fish), 70, 71, 84 by Aborigines turtles, 54 surface campsite see stone scatter sites Twofold Bay surface scatters see stone scatter sites see also Aborigines, Twofold Bay swans, 54 cattle stations, 18 Sydenham Inlet warfare between Aboriginal groups, 23 hunting territory, 54 whaling, 18 potential archaeological site, 109 Tyers, CJ (Commissioner of Crown Lands) tribal boundary, 50 and East Gippsland Koories, 24 Sydney Cove (sailing ship) on massacres over kidnap of white women, survivors first whites to come into contact 27 with Aborigines, 13 reports on the condition of Aborigines, 24 syphilis and female sterility, 16–17, 32 Typha species (cumbungi), 54

T U Tamboon Inlet unemployment see employment of hunting territory, 54 Aborigines resort, 50 Tamboon Inlet to Petrel Point archaeological V survey, 69–73 Velacumantus australis (mud whelk), 81 contents, 69–70, 112 n2, 112 n3 venereal disease, 16–17, 32 further surveys needed, 109 Victoria Archaeological Survey, 69, 73 geography, 69 fails to develop workable site taxonomies, sites see Clinton Rocks; Petrel Point; Point 115 n12 Hicks no information on middens at Marlo, 108 Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre, 111 note on campsite at Bellbird Creek, 109 Tathra to Bermagui archaeological site, 93 policy to keep archaeological site locations Thomas, William, Assistant Protector of secret, 106 Aborigines reports incorrect, 112 n2 on infanticide, 32 Victorian government Thorpe, Billy (Pepper's grandfather), 28 see also Board for the Protection of , tribal boundary, 45 Aborigines timber industry establishes Lake Tyers and Ramahyuck Aborigines employed in, 40, 105 missions, 33 logging endangers archaeological sites, 95, grants land to Lake Tyers Aboriginal Trust, 97, 105, 107 66 Tindale, NB, on tribal boundaries, 45–46 grants land to Lake Tyers mission, 4, 34 Tinnon see Genoa River legislates for the 'protection' of Aborigines, Tinnon tribal division, 50 34–35 Tombun see Tamboon Inlet passes Aborigines Protection Act 1886, Tonghi Creek, potential archaeological site, 38–39 109 policy of forced concentration of tools, 44, 53, 54, 55 Aborigines at Lake Tyers, 3, 5 see also fishing tools; stone tools; weapons Top Lake archaeological site, 115 n13, 115 W n14 Wakefield on Hutton, 22 see also Double Creek Arm; Goanna Bay wallabies, 53, 54, 71, 77, 82, 84 camp type, 89 Wallagarangh River archaeological sites, 94 contents, 80 , tribal boundary, 50 tourism, dangers of to significant sites, 107, Wandella-Dampier area archaeological survey 108 site distribution by environmental zones Triglochin procera (water ribbon), 54 and terrain, 95 tuberculosis, 17, 32 warrener (fish), 70, 71, 76, 84 Tullaberga Island water, origin of (myth), 12 rock platform, 76 see also floods; the sea sealing, 17 water ribbon, 54

12 Index

Watson, D, on the kidnap of white women, 25–27 on Native Police, 26, 27 weapons, 55 welfare see social welfare organisations Aborigines, disruption of by whites, 18 whales, 71 whaling industry, 15, 17–18 white men, first contact with Aborigines, 13– 15 white settlers Central Gippsland, 24 encourage conflict between Aborigines, 31 force drift of Aborigines to lake Tyers, 35 from the Monaro tableland, 18, 21 from New South Wales south coast, 18, 19, 21–23 white women allegedly kidnapped by Aborigines, 25–27 powerful symbol to settlers, 25, 27 whooping cough, 16 Wilsons Promontory conflict between Aboriginal groups, 18 sealing and whaling, 17, 18 Wingan Inlet, site of Shaw shipwreck, 20 Wingan Inlet to Betka River archaeological survey geography, 73–74 site contents, 74 wombats, 54 women see Aboriginal women; white women Worarer Mittong tribal division, 50 Wurnungatti, the, division of the Krauatungalung, 50

Y yams, 44, 54, 55 yowan (lightwood), used to make fishing lines, 53

13