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The Ecology of Ectoparasitic Species Carnus Hemapterus on Nestlings Of

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The Ecology of Ectoparasitic Species Carnus Hemapterus on Nestlings Of Slovak Raptor Journal 2010, 4: 45–48. DOI: 10.2478/v10262-012-0045-z. © Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) The ecology of ectoparasitic species Carnus hemapterus on nestlings of common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in Bratislava K ekológii ektoparazitického druhu Carnus hemapterus na mláďatách sokola myšiara (Falco tinnunculus) v Bratislave Martin KAĽAVSKÝ & Barbora POSPÍŠILOVÁ Abstract: The time course and abundance of Carnus hemapterus on common kestrel’s nestlings depends on their age and the type of nest. Ectoparasites were found in 97% of nests and the majority of nestlings (83%) were observed to be infested between their 10th and 15th day of life. The highest infestation rate of Carnus hemapterus was recorded on 5- to 10-day old nestlings. We have confirmed that the Carnus hemapterus species feeds on blood; however no negative impact on nestlings and the breeding success of common kestrel was confirmed. Abstrakt: Doba výskytu a početnosť jedincov druhu Carnus hemapterus na mláďatách sokola myšiara závisí od veku mláďat a typu hniezda. Napadnutých bolo 97 % hniezd, pričom najviac mláďat (83 %) bolo napadnutých medzi 10. a 15. dňom života. Najväčší počet C. hemapterus bol zaznamenaný na mláďatách starých 5 až 10 dní. Potvrdili sme, že druh C. hemapterus sa živí krvou, ale negatívny vplyv na mláďatá a hniezdnu úspešnosť sokola myšiara sa nepotvrdil. Key words: hematocrit, hematophagy, abundance, Slovakia Martin Kaľavský, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, SK–842 15. E-mail: [email protected]. Barbora Pospíšilová, Department of Ecosozology and Physiotactics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, SK–842 15. E-mail: [email protected]. Acknowledgement: We would like to thank to Michal Noga, Zlatica Országhová, Ivan Országh and Mária Melišková for their assistance in the completion of this research. The work was supported by grant of Comenius University UK/230/2009. Introduction (1973) noted that all females of Carnus hemapterus in Ectoparasitic diptera Carnus hemapterus can be found in the nest were wingless, where as one third of males were the Holarctic region (Sabrosky 1987) and was also found observed to have wings; from which they suggested in bird’s nests in North America, Europe and northern Af- that the males move between nests for the purpose of rica (Grimaldi 1997). The long list of hosts (approximately reproduction. 45 bird species from 18 families) suggests that Carnus There have only been a few papers published about this hemapterus does not have any specific host (Grimaldi ectoparasitic species in Slovakia. From older records there 1997). It mainly attacks species nesting in hollows or are papers covering the region of Gbelce (Gregor 1986) in nest boxes; it avoids nests lined with fresh vegetation and National Nature Reserve (NPR Beckovské Skalice; (Valera 2006). The infestation rate differs from host to Straka in verb.), however they don’t comment anything host. According to Fargalla et al. (2001) common kestrels specific about the host. Carnus hemapterus abundance on living in nest boxes were more likely to be attacked by nestlings of European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) was ectoparasites than pairs living in other types of nests. noted by Krištofík et al. (1996) in the research of parasites Adult individuals of Carnus hemapterus can be found and arthropods in their nests. Jánošková et al. (2005) on bald areas, usually under the wings. They feed on observed the occurrence of Carnus hemapterus occu- blood, while larvae are saprotrophic (Grimaldi 1997). rrence on chicks of some hollow-nesting birds namely After the adult individuals find the right host, they lose on nestlings of common starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). their wings and remain in the nest. Capelle & Whitworth Jamriška & Melišková (2007) found Carnus hemapterus 45 Kaľavský M & Pospíšilová B: The ecology of ectoparasitic species Carnus hemapterus on nestlings of common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) in Bratislava on nestlings of tawny owl (Strix aluco). Papers about the in 75% alcohol. The nestlings‘ weight, the length of their occurrence of Carnus hemapterus in the birds of prey tarsometatarsus and the fourth tectrices were measured. nests in Slovakia are absent. As it is one of the common For any individuals where the age could not be ascertai- ectoparasites of raptors and owls (Capelle & Whitworth ned, the calculation according to Voříšek & Lacina (1998) 1973, Fitzner & Woodley 1985, Kirkpatrick & Colvin was used. The occurrence of blood in the digestive system 1989, Roulin & Riols 2001, Wieliczko et al. 2003, Adam of C. hemapterus was determined by HbCl testing. The & Daróczi 2003), our research was focused on its occur- blood was extracted immediately after the extraction of rence on common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) with the ectoparasites from the hosts smeared on a microscope aim to determine the factors affecting the abundance and slide and left to dry out. infestation rate on nestlings of various types of nests, to The hematocrits from the blood of the nestlings aged study the impact on breeding success of its host; addition- 15 to 25 days were determined (Dawson & Bortolotti ally to try to confirm its hematophagy. 1997). The blood of 22 nestlings was collected for this purpose, from which we then set the amount of hematocrit Materials and methods for individual nestlings. We took out the blood and put it The presence of ectoparasitic diptera C. hemapterus on into 40 µl capillaries coated with anticoagulant NH4-He- nestlings of common kestrel were found in 27 nests of in- parin. The blood was then centrifugated on a hematocrit ner city (n = 6) and outskirts (n = 21) of Bratislava. In total centrifuge and the amount of hematocrit was determined 88 nestlings were checked in 2008 and 2009. The area of in per cents using a ruler. interest was represented by the outskirt area of Bratislava situated on the Podunajská nížina Lowland in the vicinity Results and discussion of the villages Most pri Bratislave, Miloslavov, Alžbetin There were 1096 individuals, comprised of 497 males and dvor and in Záhorie Region near Devínska Nová Ves. 599 females of C. hemapterus collected from 88 nestlings Within the inner city of Bratislava the studied nests were of common kestrel (n = 88). From the total number of situated in the city parts Devínska Nová Ves, Dúbravka, 27 nest examined 97% were found to have nestlings of Karlova Ves and Rača. The occurrence of ectoparasites common kestrel attacked by ectoparasite C. hemapterus. on nestlings was monitored weather permitting, every 3 to The type of nest was suggested as one factor, having an 5 days from hatching until nestlings left the nest. impact on the occurrence and the number of C. hemap- The individuals of C. hemapterus were collected from terus in the nests of common kestrel. Common kestrels each bird using an exhaustor and ectoparasites were fixed living in the hollows or in nest boxes were attacked with greater frequency and by a larger number of ectoparasites than nestlings inhabiting open nests (Fig. 1). On average 100.57 individuals of C. hemapterus were recorded per pair (n = 7) of kestrels nesting in hollows and nest boxes. This equates to an average of 4.2 individuals of C. he- mapterus per nestling. On average 37.28 individuals of C. hemapterus was recorded per pair occupying a Eurasian magpie’s (Pica pica) nest (n = 8), which equals to 1.96 in- dividuals of C. hemapterus per nestling. On average 16.28 individuals of C. hemapterus were found per pair living in nest pads or flowerpots, equating to 0.74 individuals of C. hemapterus per nestling. Fargallo et al. (2001) studied the nesting biology of common kestrel, focusing on nest predation frequency, prevalence and intensity of infection of ectoparasites in relation to the nest type. He found that the number of fledglings from pairs Fig. 1. The abundance of Carnus hemapterus in different types breeding in nest boxes was higher than those breeding in of nests. Black – hollows and nest boxes (n = 7), grey – magpie’s old stick nests in trees, however chicks from nest boxes nests (n = 8), white – nest bases and flower pots (n = 7). showed a higher intensity of infection. Roulin (2000) re- Obr.1. Početnosť Carnus hemapterus v rôznych typoch hniezd. Čierna – dutiny a búdky (n = 7), sivá – stračie hniezda (n = 8), biela ported a significantly higher prevalence of C. hemapterus – hniezdne podložky a kvetináče (n = 7). individuals on the nestlings of barn owl (Tyto alba) in 46 Slovak Raptor Journal 2010, 4: 45–48. DOI: 10.2478/v10262-012-0045-z. © Raptor Protection of Slovakia (RPS) nest boxes used in consecutive years than in those, which Hematophagy of C. hemapterus ectoparasite was also ob- remained unoccupied. served by Heddergott (2003), Fitzner & Woodley (1985), From the total number of nests (n = 27), 90% were who found traces of dried blood in the axillary area. found to have all nestlings infected, 7% nests were par- According to Grimaldi (1997) the question of how the tially infected and only in 3% of nests C. hemapterus was C. hemapterus obtains its food has not been sufficiently not recorded. Fargallo et al. (2001) reported an occurrence answered. Bequaert (1942) noted that the oral organs of of C. hemapterus in 80% of all examined nests. Dawson these parasites are dissimilar to those of blood-sucking & Bortolotti (1997) in their research of the American flies; which may likely enable them to cut the host’s skin kestrel (Falco sparverius) found that more than 70% of and suck its blood. nests with at least one nestling infected where as in 30% The negative impact of parasitism of C. hemapterus of nests were either none or all nestlings infected. on infected nestlings was tested in relation to the decrease The infestation rate of nestlings showed some correla- tion with their age which can be linked to the develop- ment of their plumage.
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