PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM IN WEST BENGAL: AN EVALUATIVE STUDY
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN Library and Information Science
BY SHAMIM AKTAR MUNSHI (Enrol. No. GD-2903)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. MEHTAB ALAM ANSARI (Associate Professor)
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (U.P.) INDIA 2019 Department of Library & Information Science Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Dr. Mehtab Alam Ansari Mob: +91 9358219781 (Associate Professor) E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
Dated: …………………………………
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Public Library System in West Bengal: An Evaluative Study” Submitted by Mr. Shamim Aktar Munshi for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Library and Information Science, is based on the research work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. It is further certified that to the best of my knowledge, this work has not been submitted in any University or Institution for the award of any other degree or diploma. I deem it fit for submission.
Dr. Mehtab Alam Ansari (Associate Professor)
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
Postal Address: AB-55, Medical Colony, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (U.P), India. Declaration
I hereby declare that the thesis “Public Library System in West
Bengal: An Evaluative Study” submitted for the award of degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science is based on my
individual research effort, and the thesis has not been presented for the
award of any other degree or diploma in any University or Institution, and
that all the sources used in this research effort have been
comprehensively acknowledged.
Place: Aligarh Shamim Aktar Munshi Date: (Enrol. No.: GD-2903)
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to place on record my everlasting gratitude to Almighty Allah, the most beneficent, merciful and sustainer of the universe who provided me all the necessary strength and guidance to embark upon this task and successfully complete of my doctoral thesis.
I am intensely delighted to express emphatically with a profound sense of gratitude and requital to my ideal teacher and esteemed doctoral research supervisor Dr. Mehtab Alam Ansari, Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for his excellent guidance and moral support at every step during my research period. I am indebted to him for being tolerant of my personal shortcomings and professional limitations, for always helping me to remove my doubts and difficulties through his illuminating conversations and inspirations. It was not feasible for me to complete my research work without his keen involvement, expert knowledge, scientific temperament and deep insight into the subject. Apart from helping me understand the problem associated with it, he has made me realize the need and power of rationalism and optimism to conquer the unknown, in those fast developing scientific world.
It will be incomplete without acknowledging my wife Mrs. Sayantoni Barsha, for her always co-operation, encouragement and continuous support throughout my research work without which I could not have completed this herculean task. I personally feel that the words are not enough to describe her contribution in whatever terms it may be. I cannot give her anything in return except a heart full of love, affection and deep reverence.
I, sincerely express my profound sense of gratitude to my respected teacher Dr. Sudharma Haridasan, Chairman, Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Aligarh Muslim University, for her constant encouragement, guidance, support, valuable suggestions and providing me adequate facilities for Maulanacompletion Azad of this work. Library, Aligarh Muslim University
I wish to express my sincere thanks and profound gratitude to my other beloved teachers, Ex-chairman and Dean Professor. Shabahat Husain; Professor. Naushad Ali P. M; Dr. M. Masoom Raza, Associate Professor; Dr. Nishat Fatima, Associate Professor; Dr. Mohammad Nazim, Assistant Professor, Dr. Muzamil
i Mushtaq, Assistant Professor and Mr. Daud Khan, Assistant Professor (Contractual), for their co-operation, valuable suggestions and moral support during my research in the department.
My humble thanks goes to my younger sister, Ms. Sonia Munshi for her endless encouragement and constant support throughout my research journey.
I feel honoured to express thanks to Ms. Shahwar Fatima, Mr. Mohd Faizan, Mrs. Zainab Khan, Mr. Mohd Shikoh and Mr. Muhammad Muzzammi for their support, help and encouragement.
I specially owe my thanks to my batch mates like Mrs. Priyanka Nagar, Mr. Ruman Gul, Mrs. Mumtaz, Mrs. Maliha Subhan and Mrs. Kashish Fatima.
I am thankful to my friends and colleagues who helped and encouraged me during my research period like Mr. Md. Ajmal Ansari, Mr. Md. Yakub Ali, Mr. Md. Firoz, Mr. Tarik Anower, Mr. Md. Shallahuddin, Mr. Mr. Ali Raza, Ms. Sana Zia, Ms. Sadaf Zia, Ms. Priya Vaidya, Mr. Abdus Samim, Dr. Saba Nasreen Bano, Ms. Gulnaz, Ms. Sayma Tabassum, Sufia Khowaja, Mr. Pervez Alam, Mr. Musahid, Mrs. Azra Aftab, Nida Naikoo, Dr. Shazia Khan, Ms. Ashiya Ahamedi, Mr. Md. Rustum Ali, Mr. Md. Akhtarul Hoque, Mr. Md. Firoj Ali, Mrs. Touhida Parvin, Mr. Arshad Faraaz, Mr. Md. Kaiyum Ali, Md. Firdous, Md. Abdul Latif, and specially Dr. Amina Khatun (Assistant Professor, Department of Bengali, A.M.U) for her support and encouragement.
I would like to thanks Mr. Muhammad Asad Siddiqui, Mrs. Naheed Siddiqui, Aliza Siddiqui, Ashar Siddiqui, and all the Members of my Mohaan House Family for their always encouragement, love and care.
I am highly indebted to Sri Abhijit Bhowmik (Librarian of the State Central Library, West Bengal), Dr. Mohd Yusuf (Deputy Librarian, Maulana Azad Library, A.M.U), Dr. Kamila Kanchan (Deputy Librarian, Central Library, Burdwan University), Dr. Zaki Anwar (Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, A.M.U), Maulanaand Dr. Zahid AshrafAzad Wani Library,(Assistant Professor, AligarhDept. of LibraryMuslim and information University Science, University of Kashmir) for their professionally support and encouragement.
I would also like to thanks office and seminar library staff members for their always co-operation and help in every aspect during my research.
ii Last, but the most important of all, I also take this opportunity to remember and thank to the Librarians and other library staff members of 9 district libraries, 39 town/sub-division libraries and 95 rural libraries in West Bengal for their support in the collection of necessary data. Without their co-operation and kind help, this work could not have been possible.
Shamim Aktar Munshi
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
iii Dedicated To My Loving Parents & Parents-in-Law
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University ABSTRACT
The present study evaluates the current status of the public library
system in West Bengal in terms of collection, staff, budget allocation,
infrastructural facilities, implementation of information technology, status
of library automation along with the various services and facilities which
are rendered by the libraries. Apart from these, the study also examines
the users’ perceptions regarding the activities and services provided by
the public libraries.
The researcher has used the structured questionnaire as the data
collection tool for gathering the primary data for the present doctoral
thesis. Before construction of the questionnaires, a number of studies on
public library system and services have been consulted and reviewed in
order to congregate unique and productive questionnaire design. It is
important to mention that before finalizing the questionnaire, researcher
has discussed with many librarians. Notably, these discussions have been
very useful in bringing necessary correction in the questionnaire. For this
research, the investigator prepared two sets of structured questionnaires:
one questionnaire for the library staff and another set of the questionnaire Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University was designed for the user. Significantly, the questionnaire was translated
in the Bengali language to enable staff to understand each concept in their
native language.
1 The study covers four categories of public libraries such as State
Central Library along with 9 district libraries, 39 town libraries/Sub-
division libraries, and 95 rural libraries. The study further evaluates the
opinions of the library users (2,685) about the services and facilities of
the public libraries in West Bengal. The researcher has personally visited
all the libraries and distributed questionnaires among the library staff as
well as users.
The present doctoral thesis has been divided into seven chapters.
Each of the chapter deals with various aspects which are related to the
research work as discussed below:
Chapter-1: Introduction
This chapter discusses the whole outline of the present research
work, begins with the introduction explaining the research background,
basic concept, and historical development of public libraries all over the
world along with the Indian perspective. It delineates the major objectives
of public libraries including the statement of the research problem and its
significance. Further, the chapter also explains the major objectives,
hypotheses, scope and limitations of the study. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Chapter-2: Review of Related Literature
In this chapter, some of the important works have been reviewed.
Many foreign, as well as Indian authors, have written extensively on the
2 public library system. Significantly, besides printed materials, some of
the selected electronic materials also reviewed. However, no updated
study on West Bengal public library system has been taken. The present
work is an attempt to fill this gap.
Chapter-3: Development of Public Libraries in West Bengal
The origin and development of public libraries in West Bengal
started with the determinations of Britishers and various missionaries.
Calcutta being capital of West Bengal is believed to be a central place for
the public library initiation, movement, and development in West Bengal.
Britishers played a pivotal role in inculcating interest and awareness
about public libraries in West Bengal.
This chapter discusses the origin and growth of public libraries in
West Bengal. A comprehensive description about the geographical,
historical, cultural and educational background of West Bengal has been
highlighted. This chapter also highlights the role of social workers,
missionaries and political parties in the development of public libraries in
West Bengal. In addition to these, the impact of the West Bengal Public
Library Act 1979 has also been described in this chapter. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Chapter-4: Public Library System in West Bengal
This chapter describes the Directorate of Library Services and
constitutional body of the State Library Council and Local Library
3 Council of public libraries in West Bengal. It also gives a comprehensive
description about the managing committee of government sponsored
public libraries, present administrative Set-Up in the West Bengal Public
Library System (WBPLS), functions and staff organisation pattern of the
different levels of libraries.
Chapter-5: Methodology
This chapter describes in detail the various types of research
methods, selection of the sampling procedure, tools for data collection,
selection of the sample, size of the sample, sources of data collection,
distribution of questionnaires and statistical tools used for the data
analysis and interpretation. In addition to these, this chapter also explain
the approaches for evaluation employed for the present research work.
Chapter-6: Data Analysis and Interpretation
The present chapter is divided into three sections. The first section
examines the current scenario regarding public libraries in West Bengal
in terms of their available human resources, budget implications,
collection, infrastructural facilities, implementation of information Maulanatechnology, Azad status Library, of library Aligarh automation, membershipMuslim compositions,University while the second section evaluates the various activities and services
being provided in surveyed libraries. This part also describes the
problems faced by the librarians for managing the public libraries. The 4 third section of this chapter discusses the user satisfaction level regarding
the services offered by the public libraries. The present study on these
aspects is used to evaluate the public library system and services in West
Bengal according to the IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Service
Guidelines, 2010.
Chapter-7: Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
This chapter provides overall findings of the present status of the
public library system and services in West Bengal along with the users’
satisfaction level. The suggestions recommended by the librarians as well
as library users for the improvement of the library system and service
have also been mentioned in this chapter. Apart from these, the tenability
of hypotheses and areas for future research has also been mentioned.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
5 CONTENTS
Page No. Certificate Declaration Acknowledgements i - iii Contents iv - xi List of Tables xii - xv List of Figures, Maps and Snapshots xvi List of Abbreviations Used xvii - xix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 - 29 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background Information 1 1.3 The Public Library 2 1.3.1 Definitions of the Public Library 3 1.3.1.1 Definitions of the Organizations, Associations and Committees 3 1.3.1.2 Definitions of Scholars 5 1.4 Objectives of the Public Libraries 6 1.5 Public Libraries: Origin and Development 9 1.5.1 Public Libraries: International 10 1.5.2 Public Libraries: India 12 1.5.2.1 Public Libraries during Ancient Period 12 1.5.2.2 Public Libraries during Medieval Period 13 1.5.2.3 Public Libraries before Independence 14 (1757 to 1947) 1.5.2.4 Public Libraries after Independence 16 1.6 Public Library System 17 1.7 Statement of the Research Problem 18 1.8 Significance of the Study 18 1.9 Aims and Objectives of the Study 20 1.10 Hypotheses 21 1.11 Scope and Limitations of the Study 21 Maulana1.12 AzadOutline Library,of the Thesis Chapters Aligarh Muslim University22 References 25
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 30 - 53 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Books 31
iv 2.3 Journal Articles 33 2.3.1 Studies by Foreign Authors 33 2.3.2 Studies by Indian Authors 40 2.4 Conference Articles 44 References 47
CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN WEST BENGAL 54 - 79 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 West Bengal 54 3.2.1 Demographic Background of West Bengal 56 3.2.1.1 Location and Area 57 3.2.1.2 Administrative Divisions 58 3.2.2 Educational Background of the State 61 3.3 Library Movements in West Bengal 64 3.3.1 Asiatic Society: An Usher of a New Era for Public Libraries in Bengal (1784-1817) 64 3.3.2 Calcutta Library Society (1818-1832) 65 3.3.3 Calcutta Public Library: New Paradigm for Public Library in Bengal (1833-1902) 65 3.3.4 Establishment of Imperial Library 66 3.3.5 The Journey from the Imperial Library to National Library of India (1903-1953) 66 3.3.6 Contributions of Bengal Library Association in the growth of Public Libraries in Bengal (1925) 69 3.3.7 Growth of Public Libraries in West Bengal after Independence (1947-1977) 70 3.3.8 Role of Left Front/Communist Party (C.P.I.M) to Develop the Public Libraries in West Bengal (1977-2000) 71 3.4 The West Bengal Public Library Act, 1979 72 3.4.1 Developments After Public Library Act 73 References 77
CHAPTER 4: PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM IN WEST BENGAL 80 - 101 4.1 Introduction 80 4.2 The Directorate of Library Services 80 4.2.1 State Library Council (SLC) 80 Maulana4.2.2 AzadLocal Library Library, Authority (LLA) Aligarh Muslim University82 4.2.3 Local Library Authorities for Darjeeling District 83 4.2.3.1 Local Library Authority in Darjeeling Area & Siliguri Mahakuma Parisad (SMP) (Area as mentioned under Sub-section 2B of Section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Amended on 1998) 84
v 4.2.3.2 Local Library Authority, Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (As mentioned under sub-section 2B of section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Amended in 1998) 84 4.3 Managing Committee of Government Sponsored Libraries 84 4.3.1 Managing Committee for District Libraries 85 4.3.2 Managing Committee for Town/Sub-divisional Libraries 86 4.3.3 Managing Committee for Rural/Area/Primary Unit Libraries 87 4.4 Administrative Set-up of Public Library System 87 4.5 Functions of Different Level of Public Libraries in West Bengal 91 4.6 Staff Organisation Pattern of the Public Libraries of West Bengal 96 4.6.1 Staff Organising Pattern of the Government Public Libraries 96 4.6.2 Staff Organising Pattern of the Govt. Sponsored Public Libraries 97 References 101
CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY 102 - 115 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 Research Methodology 102 5.3 Types of Research Methods 102 5.3.1 Experimental Research Method 102 5.3.2 Historical Research Method 103 5.3.3 Descriptive Research Method 103 5.3.4 Observational Research Method 103 5.3.5 Case Study Method 103 5.3.6 Survey Research Method 104 5.4 Sampling 104 5.4.1 Types of Sampling Techniques 104 5.4.1.1 Stratified Random Sampling 105 5.4.1.2 Lottery Sampling 105 5.5 Methodology Adopted for Data Collection 105 5.6 Data Collection Tools 105 5.6.1 Questionnaire Design 105 5.6.1.1 Construction of Questionnaire for the Librarians 106 5.6.1.2 Construction of Questionnaire for the Library Users 106 5.7 Size of the Sample 107 5.7.1 Selection of the Districts 107 Maulana Azad5.7.2 PublicLibrary, Library System Aligarh In West Bengal Muslim University109 5.7.3 User Sample 111 5.8 Distribution of Questionnaire 112 5.9 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 113 5.10 Reference Style Followed 113 References 114
vi CHAPTER 6: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 116 - 241 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Present Status of Public Libraries in West Bengal 116 6.2.1 Profile of the Surveyed Public Libraries 116 6.2.1.1 Surveyed Libraries 117 6.2.1.2 Year of Establishment 118 6.2.1.3 Location of the Libraries 118 6.2.1.4 Staff Strength of the Surveyed Public Libraries 118 6.2.1.5 Library Staff 120 6.2.1.6 Recruitment Process 121 6.2.2 Librarians/Library-in-Charge Profile 125 6.2.2.1 Age Variation among the Librarians 125 6.2.2.2 Education Qualifications of the Librarians 126 6.2.2.3 Professional Experience 127 6.2.2.4 Training Programmes 128 6.2.3 Library Finance 129 6.2.3.1 Fund of the Library 129 6.2.3.1.1 Funds of the State Central Library 130 6.2.3.1.2 Funds of District Libraries 131 6.2.3.1.3 Funds of Town/sub-division Libraries 135 6.2.3.1.4 Funds of Rural Libraries 135 6.2.3.2 Library Expenditure 135 6.2.3.2.1 Expenditures of the State Central Library 135 6.2.3.2.2 Expenditures of District Libraries 138 6.2.3.2.3 Expenditures of town/sub-division Libraries 138 6.2.3.2.4 Expenditures of Rural Libraries 139 6.2.4 Library Collection 140 6.2.4.1 Selection and Acquisition of Books 140 6.2.4.2 Book Selection Tools 141 6.2.4.3 Sources of Library Collection 141 6.2.4.4 Other Sources 142 6.2.4.4.1 Donations from the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) 142 6.2.4.4.2 Author Complimentary Copies 142 6.2.4.4.3 Donations from Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation 143 Maulana6.2.4.5 AzadNumber Library, of Book Collection Aligarh in the Public LibrariesMuslim University143 6.2.4.6 Language-wise Book Collection 144 6.2.4.7 Library Book Collection with Respect to Membership 144 6.2.4.8 Non-book Materials Collection 147 6.2.4.9 Newspapers 147 6.2.4.10 Periodicals/Magazines 148
vii 6.2.4.11 Language Variations of Newspapers and Periodicals/Magazines 149 6.2.4.12 Bound Volumes 150 6.2.4.13 Special Collection 151 6.2.5 Status of Technical Process 151 6.2.5.1 Classification System 151 6.2.5.2 Cataloguing System 152 6.2.5.3 Access to Book Collection 153 6.2.5.4 Stock Verification 154 6.2.5.5 Discharging of Worn Books 155 6.2.6 Library Space, Building and Furniture 155 6.2.6.1 Total Area of the Library 156 6.2.6.2 Library Building 157 6.2.6.3 Availability of Reading Room 157 6.2.6.4 Workshop/Seminar Room 158 6.2.6.5 Other Physical Facilities 159 6.2.6.5.1 Drinking Water Facility 159 6.2.6.5.2 Parking Facility 159 6.2.6.5.3 Washroom/Toilet Facility 159 6.2.6.5.4 Electricity/Power Backup 160 6.2.6.6 Furniture Strength 160 6.2.7 Information Technology Equipment 161 6.2.7.1 Availability of Computer 161 6.2.7.2 Internet Connectivity 162 6.2.7.3 Availability of Printer and Scanner 163 6.2.8 Library Automation 164 6.2.8.1 Status of Library Automation Process 164 6.2.8.2 Library Management Software 164 6.2.8.3 Modules Use 165 6.2.8.4 Problems of Library Automation Process 165 6.2.9 Library Membership 166 6.2.9.1 Types of Membership 166 6.2.9.2 Total Number of Active Members 166 6.2.9.3 Membership Fee 167 6.2.9.4 Annual Fee 168 Maulana Azad6.2.10 Library,Library Administration Aligarh Muslim University169 6.2.10.1 Library Committee 169 6.2.10.2 Committee Meeting 170 6.2.10.3 Library Records 170 6.2.10.4 Library News and Feedback 171 6.2.10.4.1 Library News 171 6.2.10.4.2 Feedback/Suggestion Box 171
viii 6.3 Library Services and Activities 172 6.3.1 Access to Library Services 172 6.3.1.1 Library Working Hours 172 6.3.1.2 Working Days in a Week 173 6.3.2 Lending Services 173 6.3.2.1 Lending Hours 174 6.3.2.2 Number of Books Lent per Member 174 6.3.2.3 Duration of Book Loan 174 6.3.2.4 Renewal Facility 175 6.3.2.5 Fine for Overdue Books 175 6.3.2.6 Method of Recovering the Overdue Books 175 6.3.2.7 Average Books Issued per Day 176 6.3.3 Reference Service 176 6.3.4 Children Services 177 6.3.4.1 Programme/Competitions for Children 179 6.3.5 Women Services 180 6.3.5.1 Programmes for Women 180 6.3.6 Extension Services 180 6.3.6.1 Cultural Programmes 181 6.3.6.2 Mobile Library Service 183 6.3.6.3 Organizing Seminars/ Discussions 184 6.3.6.4 User Education Programmes 184 6.3.6.5 Celebration of Important Days 185 6.3.6.6 Career Counselling Programmes 186 6.3.7 Recreational Equipment 187 6.3.8 Other Services and Facilities 187 6.3.8.1 Referral Service 187 6.3.8.2 Current Awareness Service 188 6.3.8.3 Bibliographic Service 188 6.3.8.4 Inter-Library Loan Service (ILL) 189 6.3.8.5 Community Information Services 189 6.3.8.6 Photocopy Facility 190 6.3.8.7 Services to Visually Impaired Persons 190 6.3.9 Problems of the Public Libraries 191 6.3.9.1 Lack of Administrative Support 191 Maulana Azad6.3.9.2 Library,Space Problem Aligarh Muslim University192 6.3.9.3 Financial Problem 193 6.3.9.4 Shortage of Professional Staff 194 6.3.9.5 Shortage of Non-Professional Staff 195 6.3.9.6 Infrastructure Problem 196 6.3.9.7 Inadequate Library Collection 197
ix 6.4 Evaluation of Users’ Perception 199 6.4.1 Demographic Characteristics 199 6.4.1.1 Age and Gender 199 6.4.1.2 Education Qualifications of the Users 201 6.4.1.3 Occupational Status 202 6.4.1.4 Economic Status 203 6.4.2 Library Use 204 6.4.2.1 Duration of Library Use 204 6.4.2.2 Frequency of Library Visits 205 6.4.2.3 Reasons Behind Users’ Disinterest to Visit the Library Regularly 206 6.4.2.4 Time Spent in the Library by the Users 207 6.4.2.5 Purposes of Library Visits 208 6.4.2.6 Reading of Newspapers 209 6.4.2.7 Books Consulted by the Users 210 6.4.2.8 Use of Reference Materials by the Users 211 6.4.2.9 Users’ Language Preference 212 6.4.2.10 Method of Retrieval of Books from the Library 213 6.4.2.11 Reasons for Using the Public Library 214 6.4.3 Evaluation of Users’ Perception Regarding Library Services and Activities 215 6.4.3.1 Users’ Perception of District Libraries 216 6.4.3.1.1 Users’ Opinion about Library Collection 216 6.4.3.1.2 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Services and Facilities 217 6.4.3.1.3 Users’ Opinion about Library Infrastructure 220 6.4.3.2 Perception of the Users’ of Town/Sub-division Libraries 222 6.4.3.2.1 Users’ Opinion about Library Collection 222 6.4.3.2.2 User Perception regarding Library Services and Facilities 224 6.4.3.2.3 Users’ Opinion about Library Infrastructure 226 6.4.3.3 Opinion of the Users’ of Rural Libraries 229 6.4.3.3.1 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Collection 229 6.4.3.3.2 Users’ Opinion regarding Library Services and Facilities 230 Maulana Azad Library,6.4.3.3.3 Users’Aligarh perception RegardingMuslimLibrary University Infrastructure 232 6.4.4 Users’ Suggestions for Further Improvements 235 6.4.4.1 Users’ Expectations 235 6.4.4.2 Users’ Suggestions for Improvement 236 References 239
x CHAPTER 7: FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 242 - 269 7.1 Introduction 242 7.2 Major Findings 242 7.2.1 Notable Changes after the Enactment of Public Library Act, 1979 242 7.2.2 Human Resources 242 7.2.3 Finance 244 7.2.4 Library Collection 245 7.2.5 Technical Processes 247 7.2.6 Physical Resources 247 7.2.7 Information Technologies 248 7.2.8 Automation Process 249 7.2.9 Library Members 249 7.2.10 Library Administration 249 7.2.11 Services and Facilities 250 7.2.12 Users’ Perception 252 7.3 Tenability of Hypotheses 255 7.4 Problems and Suggestions for Improvement 259 7.4.1 Standards and Guidelines 260 7.4.2 Library Staff 260 7.4.3 Financial Support 260 7.4.4 Library Collection 261 7.4.5 Infrastructural Facilities 261 7.4.6 Effective Services and Facilities 262 7.4.7 Separate Section for Children, adolescent and Women 263 7.4.8 Public Relations, Programmes and Publicity 263 7.4.9 Role of the State Government 264 7.4.10 Evaluation 264 7.5 Suggestions from the Librarians 265 7.6 Recommendations for Further Research 265 7.7 Conclusion 266 References 268 MaulanaBIBLIOGRAPHY Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim 2University70 - 286 APPENDICES 287 - 311 Appendix A-: Librarian’s Questionnaire 287 Appendix B-: User’s Questionnaire 299 Appendix C-: User’s Questionnaire in the Bengali Language 304 Appendix D-: List of total Surveyed Public Libraries in West Bengal 308
xi LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No. No. 3.1 Some Facts 55 3.2 Administrative Set-up in West Bengal 59 3.3 Some Facts of each District in West Bengal 60 3.4 Literacy Rate of each District in West Bengal 63 3.5 List of Librarians 67 3.6 Number of Public Libraries in Undivided Bengal during 1901-1940 68 3.7 Number of Public Libraries Established During the Years of 1947- 70 1977 3.8 A List of District-Wise Government and Government Sponsored 74 Public Libraries in West Bengal 3.9 A list of Community Library Information Centre (CLICs) in 75 different districts of West Bengal 4.1 The Structure of the State Library Council 81 4.2 Composition of Local Library Authority (Except for Darjeeling 82 District) 4.3 Composition of Local Library Authority in Siliguri Mahakuma 83 Parishad 4.4 Composition of Local Library Authority in Darjeeling Gorkha Hill 84 Council 4.5 Composition of the Managing Committee of District Libraries 85 4.6 Composition of the Managing Committee of Town/Sub-divisional 86 Libraries 4.7 Composition of the Managing Committee of Rural/Area/Primary 87 Unit Libraries 4.8 Staff Organising Pattern of the Govt. Public Libraries in West 98 Bengal 4.9 Staff Pattern of Govt. Sponsored Public Libraries in West Bengal 100 5.1 Districts Covered Under this Study 108 Maulana5.2 NumberAzad of LibrariesLibrary, and Sample Aligarh Size Muslim University110 5.3 Selected Districts and Libraries for User Survey 111 5.4 Total number of Users Survey 112 6.1 Sample Public Libraries in West Bengal 117 6.2 District-wise Govt. Sponsored and Government Public Libraries 117
xii 6.3 Year-wise Establishment of Public Libraries in West Bengal 118 6.4 Number of Library Staff Sanctioned and Existing Post in the Public 119 Libraries 6.5 Number of Staff Members are existing in the Surveyed Public 120 Libraries 6.6 Gender-specific variants of the Librarians/Library-in-charge 125 6.7 Age Variation of the Librarians/Library-in-charge 126 6.8 Education Qualifications of the Librarians/Library-in-charge 127 6.9 Professional Experience of the Librarians/Library-in-charge 128 6.10 Year-wise total Budget of the State Central Library during 2011- 131 2016 (in Rs.) 6.11 Year-wise average Budget of District Libraries during 2011-2016 132 (in Rs.) 6.12 Year-wise average Budget of Town/Sub-division Libraries during 134 2011-2016 (in Rs.) 6.13 Year-wise average Revenue of Rural Libraries during 2011-2016 135 (in, Rs.) 6.14 Year wise total Expenditure of the State Central Library during 136 2011-2016 (in Rs.) 6.15 Year-wise total Expenditure of the District Libraries during 2011- 137 2016 (in Rs.) 6.16 Year-wise average Expenditure of the Town/sub-division 138 Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.) 6.17 Year-wise average Expenditure of the Rural Libraries during 2011- 139 2016 (in Rs.) 6.18 Sources of Library Collection 142 6.19 Author Complimentary Copies Received by the Surveyed Public 143 Libraries 6.20 Total Number of Book Collection 144 6.21 District-wise Average Book Collection with Respect of Active 146 Membership of the District, Town/sub-division and Rural Libraries 6.22 Non-book Materials Collection 147 6.23 Number of Newspapers Subscribed by the Surveyed Public 148 MaulanaLibraries Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 6.24 Total Number of Periodicals/Magazines Subscribed by the Public 149 Libraries 6.25 Language-wise Average Newspapers and Periodicals Subscribed 150 by the Libraries
xiii 6.26 Cataloguing System Followed by the Public Libraries 152 6.27 Access to Book Collection 153 6.28 Time Period of Stock Verification 154 6.29 Total Area Covered by the Libraries 156 6.30 Number of Reading Room Available in the Libraries 157 6.31 Strength of Furniture in the Surveyed Public Libraries 160 6.32 Availability of Computer in the Surveyed Public Libraries 162 6.33 Available IT Equipment in the Surveyed Public Libraries 163 6.34 Total number of Active Members in the Public Libraries 167 6.35 Membership Fee for Adult Members 168 6.36 Annual Subscription Fee for Adult Members 169 6.37 Duration of Library Committee Meeting 170 6.38 Working Hours of the Surveyed Public Libraries 173 6.39 Number of Books Lent per Registered Member at a Time 174 6.40 Duration of Book Loan 175 6.41 Average Books Issued per Day 176 6.42 Reference Service Access Mode 177 6.43 Per day Visitors in the Children Section 178 6.44 Extension Services Provided by the Libraries 184 6.45 Recreational Equipment Available in Public Libraries 187 6.46 Other Services and Facilities Provided by the Public Libraries 189 6.47 Lack of Administrative Support 192 6.48 Lack of Space Problem 193 6.49 Lack of Financial Problem 194 6.50 Lack of Professional Skilled Staff 195 6.51 Shortage of Non-professional Staff 196 6.52 Lack of Proper Infrastructure 197 6.53 Inadequate Library Collection 198 Maulana6.54 GenderAzad and Library,Age-wise Distribution Aligarh of the Participants Muslim University200 6.55 Educational Level of the Participants 201 6.56 Occupational Status of the Library Users 202 6.57 Economic Status of the Library Users 203 6.58 Duration of Public Library Use by the Participants 204
xiv 6.59 Frequency of Public Library Visits among the Users 205 6.60 Reasons for not visiting the Public Library Regularly 206 6.61 Time Spent in the Public Library by the Users 207 6.62 Purposes of Visiting the Public Library by the Users 208 6.63 Reading of Newspapers by the Users 209 6.64 Types of Books Consulted by the Users 210 6.65 Reference Sources Usually Consulted by the Users 212 6.66 Language Preference among the Users 213 6.67 Method of Retrieval of Books from the Library 214 6.68 Reasons for using the Public Library by Users 215 6.69 Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Collection in District 217 Libraries 6.70 Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities in 219 the District Libraries 6.71 Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Infrastructure in the 221 District Libraries 6.72 Users’ Opinions about the Quality of Collection in the Town/Sub- 223 division Libraries 6.73 Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities 225 in the Town/sub-division Libraries 6.74 Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Infrastructure in the 227 Town/sub-division Libraries 6.75 Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Collection in the Rural 229 Libraries 6.76 Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities in 231 the Rural Libraries 6.77 Users’ Perceptions regarding the quality of Infrastructure in the 234 Rural Libraries 6.78 Users’ Expectation from the Public Libraries 236 6.79 Users’ Opinions Regarding the Improvement of the Library 237 Services 7.1 Showing Difference among the District, Town/Sub-division and 256 MaulanaRural Libraries Azad in termsLibrary, of Library Collection Aligarh Muslim University 7.2 Multiple Comparisons 256 7.3 Showing Difference among the District, Town/sub-division and 257 Rural libraries in terms of Availability of IT 7.4 Multiple Comparisons 257
xv LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page No. No. 4.1 Administrative Set-up in the West Bengal Public Library System 88 6.1 Year-wise Average Budget of District Libraries during 2011-2016 133 (in Rs.)
LIST OF MAPS
Map Title Page No. No.
3.1 Indication of West Bengal State from Indian Map 57
3.2 The State West Bengal 58
5.1 Selected Nine Districts in West Bengal 109
LIST OF SNAPSHOTS
Snapshot Title Page No. No. 6.1 Issuing Books at the Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia district 165 6.2 Painting Competition Organized for Children by the Nadia 179 District Library on Annual Book Fair, 2019 6.3 Cultural Event Organized by the District Library of Dakshin 182 Dinajpur on International Mother Language Day 6.4 Cultural Programme Organized by the Krishnanagar Public 182 Library, Nadia District 6.5 Cultural Programme Organized by the Nadia District Library on 183 Rabindra Jayanti 6.6 Celebration of International Mother Language Day by the 185 Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar, Nadia District 6.7 Celebration of International Women’s Day by the Abdul Halim 186 Maulana AzadSmriti Rural Library,Granthagar, BirbhumAligarh District Muslim University 6.8 Celebration of Teachers’ Day by the Basanta Smriti Pathagar, 186 Nadia District
xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED
AACR Anglo American Cataloguing Rules ALA American Library Association BLA Bengal Library Association BLIS Bachelor of Library and Information Science BPL Below Poverty Line CALIBNET Calcutta Library and Information Network CAS Current Awareness Services CC Colon Classification CD Compact Disc CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CDS/ISIS Computerized Documentation System/ Integrated CL Banipur Central Library Banipur CL Kalimpong Central Library Kalimpong CLIC Community Cum-Information Centre CLIS Certificate Course in Library Science DDC Dewey Decimal Classification DDL Deshbandhu District Library DGL Digha Government Library DL District Library DLO District Library Officer DLUD District Library Uttar Dinajpur DVD Digital Versatile Disc E-Journals Electronic Journals E-mail Electronic Mail MaulanaGHC Azad Library,Gorkha Hill CouncilAligarh Muslim University IASLIC Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres ICT Information Communication Technology
xvii IFLA International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions ILA Indian Library Association ILL Inter Library Loan ILMS Integrated Library Management Systems ILS Integrated Library Systems IT Information Technology KML Kolkata Metropolitan Library LAN Local Area Network LLA Local Library Authority MEELSD Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department MLA Member of the Legislative Assembly MLIS Master of Library and Information Science N-24 PGS DL North 24 Parganas Government District Library NAPLIS National Policy on Library Information System NBSL North Bengal State Library NGO Non-Government Organization OPAC Online Public Access Catalogue PG Post Graduate PGDLAN Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking PhD Doctor of Philosophy PLA Public Library System RFID Radio Frequency Identification RL Rural Library RRRLF Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation SCL State Central Library MaulanaSKBTL AzadSidhu Library, Kanu Birsa Town Aligarh Library Muslim University SLC State Library Council SMP Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad Sq. Km. Square Kilometres
xviii TGDL Taki Government District Library TL Town Library UJPL Uttarpara Joykrishna Public Library UK United Kingdom UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural WBPLA West Bengal Public Library Act WBPLNET West Bengal Public Library Network
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
xix Chapter 1 Introduction
CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction
The present chapter begins with the background information; the basic concept of public library and definitions; the major objectives of public libraries; origin and development of public libraries in the World and Indian perspective including the statement of the research problem and its significance. Further, the chapter also explains the main objectives and hypotheses of the study. Along with these, the chapter delineates the scope and limitations of the concerned study.
1.2 Background Information
From the very beginning, human civilization has been shaped by the very deeds of human beings themselves. The accumulation of human thought, preservation of knowledge in a well-defined framework and passing the same on generation after generation has been made by libraries. Moreover, the library compiles various types of information, organizes them systematically and makes them available to the user communities of the society to use the pieces of information and develop their knowledge. From the ancient period, it plays a significant role in the well-being of the society as well as the nation as a whole. Shera (1972) believed that “the library is a product of our cultural maturation” and as a “social agency rather than as an institution” whereas Ranganathan (1961) argued that library serves as a “vehicle of social development in the nation”. Literally, the library is not only a storehouse of the information resources but also it represents the social, cultural and economic values and standards of the people of a country (Job, 1990; Ramasamy, 2003).
There are various types of libraries such as public, academic, and special libraries, functioning in our society in order to cater to the need of the users. All the libraries exist with some specific objectives or functions for the needs of the users, but Maulanathe activities Azad such as Library,identification, collection Aligarh building Muslim, organising, and Universitydissemination of information to the users are common to all. The main objective of the public libraries is to provide concrete information to all types of users in the society. A study by Aabo (2005) mentioned that “the purpose of public libraries is still to further democracy, equality and social justice, increase access to information, disseminate
1 Chapter 1 Introduction
culture and knowledge, contribute to a meaningful and informative leisure time, and act as a communal institution and social meeting place”. Murison (1971) stated that the public library is “a social institution which converts a savage community into a state of civilization”. The prime objectives of the academic libraries are to provide information for general study and research for the valid members of its own institutions whereas special libraries are concerned with the particular user communities, special collections, subjects, groups which are working towards one common purpose and serve the clients. However, Frank (1967) believed that public libraries are the “mind of society” along with a “live dispository of the cultural past and sustainer of the intellectual activity that anticipates the future”, while Ramasamy (2003) rightly stated that the public libraries are “organ of social democracy”, which help to make the literal society. Public libraries are the part of a community, society, and nations and significantly, public libraries “provides access to knowledge, information, lifelong learning, and works of the imagination through a range of resources and services and is equally available to all members of the community” (IFLA/UNESCO, 2010).
Public libraries are considered as a form of “a unique of culture as they encompass a broad spectrum of human knowledge and civilization”, which provide “a unique combination of resources and services already embodying the values necessary to contribute to an open society by being a secure, risk-free and supportive social place that welcomes every user on equal terms, as well as a gateway to knowledge and diversity” (Kostagiolas, Margiola and Avramidou, 2011). The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (1949) strongly recognized the importance of a public library and stated that it is a “Living Force for Popular Education”. Thus, public libraries are playing a significant role in improving the entire system of the country including education, communication, social affairs, etc. and it became the source of enlightenment to the mind of people.
Maulana1.3 The Public Azad Library Library, Aligarh Muslim University The concept of the public library means rendering free library service or charging a minimum fee for the common people of our society. It fulfils the needs of the users as well as non-users of the society. It supports the community by providing various information resources and several activities which help to seek knowledge
2 Chapter 1 Introduction
and develop their social life. Therefore, “public library is unique only as it strives to make the knowledge public as it opens its doors to all public alike” (Vyas, 1998).
1.3.1 Definitions of the Public Library
Here, it is noteworthy that the scope of the public library is larger than academic or special libraries. Public library is the best of its kinds and plays a crucial role in the development of the society because it covers all types of users irrespective of the user communities. Notably, the significance of public libraries in our society is highly complex and the responsibilities imposed upon them are stupendous. So now the question is what the exact definition of a public library is. However, a number of organizations, associations, committees and scholars have defined the phrase “public library”, in a different way depending on the significances, scope and its objectives, which are as follows:
1.3.1.1 Definitions of the Organizations, Associations and Committees
According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO):
In 1949 UNESCO Manifesto described the potentialities of the public library and proclaimed “the public library is a product of modern democracy and a practical demonstration of democracy’s faith in Universal education as a life-long process”. The Manifesto also noted that public library “started and maintained under the clear mandate of the law”, and it fully operated by the “public fund”.
ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science (1983) defined Public Library as:
Any library which provides general library services without charge to all residents of a given community, district or region. Supported by public or private funds, the public library makes its basic collections and basic services available to the population of its legal service area without charges to individual users, but may Maulanaimpose Azad charges Library, on users outside Aligarhits legal services area.Muslim Products and University services beyond the library’s basic services may or may not be provided to the public at large and may or may not be provided individual charges. Earlier, a library accessible to all residents of a given community, but not generally free, as distinguished from a private library.
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According to the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA):
In 1985, IFLA stated that “a library established and financed by the local or in some cases, central government body or by some other organization authorized to act on its behalf, available without bias or discrimination to all who wish to use it”.
According to IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto (1994) latest revision in 2010 defined:
The public library is the local centre of information, making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users. The services of the public library are provided on the basis of equality of access for all, regardless of age, race, sex, religion, nationality, language or social status. Specific services and materials must be provided for those users who cannot, for whatever reason, use the regular services and materials, for example linguistic minorities, people with disabilities or people in hospital or prison. All age groups must find material relevant to their needs. Collections and services have to include all types of appropriate media and modern technologies as well as traditional materials. High quality and relevance to local needs and conditions are fundamental. Material must reflect current trends and the evolution of society, as well as the memory of human endeavour and imagination. Collections and services should not be subject to any form of ideological, political or religious censorship, nor commercial pressures.
According to the Government of India’s Advisory Committee on Libraries
The Government of India appointed the Advisory Committee for libraries in 1957 with Dr. K. P Sinha as a chairman of this committee which submitted its report in 1958. But this report got published in 1959 (Ministry of Education and Youth Services, 1959). This report defined the public library which is widely accepted.
A public library is financed for the most part out of public funds. It charges no fee from readers. It is open for all use by the public without distinction of caste, creed or Maulanasex. It is Azadintended as anLibrary, auxiliary educational Aligarh institution providingMuslim a means University of self- education, which is endless. Public library houses learning materials giving reliable information freely and without partiality or prejudice on a wide variety of subjects which satisfies the interest of the readers.
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Harrod’s Librarians’ Glossary (2005) defined Public Library as:
“A library provided wholly or partly from public funds, and the use of which is not restricted to any class of persons in the community but is freely available to all”.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010) defined:
“Public libraries are now acknowledged to be an indispensable part of community life as promoters of literacy, providers of a wide range of reading for all ages, and centres for community information services”.
1.3.1.2 Definitions of Scholars
According to Compbell and Metzner (1950), “public library is one of the few places remaining in an over structured society where one can search freely for whatever one wants from the vast resources. It is an agency for public assistance. It is unique, precious and wins the plaudits of every one”.
The great scholar McColvin (1956) has defined public library as “it is provided by the local authority, the town, or county council, entirely or mostly at its own expense; governed and administered by the authority or a committee, wholly or largely appointed by itself; available free of any charge to all who live in the area; and offering a wide selection of materials chosen to embrace as completely as possible the varied interests of the individual and the community, free from bias or religion, political or others motives”.
Dr. S. R. Ranganathan is the father of library science in India. He pointed out that the public library is a “multiple purpose social institution” for various groups of people in the society. Further, he defined public library is “a library owned and maintained by the public of its area for the socialization of its books and kindred materials free service to the people of the area”.
With regard to public library, Viswanathan (1967) stated that “public libraries which Maulanaprovide freeAzad library Library,services to the local Aligarh people without Muslim any consideration University of colour, caste and any other discrimination and whose management is carried out by the local government fully or mostly with own expenditure and run by the appointed staff or committee by the local administration”.
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However, in the context of recent development in the library system, Jaeger et al. (2014) pointed out that “public libraries are community spaces, meeting places, and study areas that offer printed materials, electronic resources, audio and visual materials, computers, story time, information literacy and technology literacy training, job-seeking help, social services of many types, e-government, and so much more”.
In view of all the definitions and discussions about the concept of public library, it makes clear that a library which is open for all the people in the society, operates under the fundamental laws/legislation by the government, societies, as well as local people and maintained by the public funds/tax money, is called public library.
1.4 Objectives of the Public Libraries
The basic objectives of all types of libraries are collection development, processing, and information dissemination to a group of users. However, the objectives of public libraries are somewhat different from those of the other libraries. Johnson (1938), therefore, rightly considers public library as “The people’s university”. Hence, the door of the public libraries is always open to all types of user communities in our society irrespective of their position and age group. The focus of the public library is to create the atmosphere of self-education, life-long learning and development of the socio-economic, cultural, social and political values of each and every pupil in the nation. Notably, it fulfils the needs of its citizens that support and serves the educational, informational and recreational range of the subject areas (Ramasamy, 2003).
In its Manifesto regarding the development of the public library, IFLA points out that “the primary purposes of the public library are to provide resources and services in a variety of media to meet the needs of individuals and groups for education, information and personal development including recreation and leisure”. While the American Library Association (1996) in “Public library service: A guide to evaluation with minimum standards” has enunciated the following objectives of the Maulanapublic libraries: Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
To facilitate informal self-education environment of all people in the community; To enrich and further develop the subjects on which individuals are undertaking formal education;
6 Chapter 1 Introduction
To meet the information needs of all; To support the educational, civic, and cultural activities of groups and organisation; and To encourage wholesome recreation and constructive use of leisure time (ALA, 1996).
On the other hand the “Public Libraries Research Group” in the United Kingdom (1971) has stated that the aim and objectives of the public library is “to contribute is sustaining the quality of life in all aspects, educational, economic, industrial, scientific, and cultural and promote the concept of a democratic society in which equal opportunity exists for all to develop into true citizens with whole and balanced personalities leading to an increase in the sum total of man’s happiness and his environment”.
IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Manifesto, (1994) points out that “The public library, the local gateway to knowledge, provides a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social groups.” Subsequently, public library is a part of our society which provides free services to all people and improves the literacy rate, contributes in socio- economic development, cultural development, and so on. Further, the UNESCO in its public library Manifesto of 1994 also mentioned the key missions/objectives which relate to information, literacy, education and culture. These should be at the core of public library services which as follows:
1. Creating and strengthening reading habits in children at an early age; 2. Supporting both individual and self-conducted education as well as formal education at all levels; 3. Providing opportunities for personal creative development; 4. Stimulating the imagination and creativity of children and young people; 5. Promoting awareness of cultural heritage, appreciation of the arts, scientific achievements and innovations; Maulana6. AzadProviding Library,access to cultural expressionsAligarh of all performingMuslim arts; University 7. Fostering inter-cultural dialogue and favouring cultural diversity; 8. Supporting the oral tradition; 9. Ensuring access for citizens to all sorts of community information;
7 Chapter 1 Introduction
10. Providing adequate information services to local enterprises, associations and interest groups; 11. Facilitating the development of information and computer literacy skills; and 12. Supporting and participating in literacy activities and programmes for all age groups, and initiating such activities if necessary (IFLA/UNESCO, 1994).
Ranganathan, a doyen in library science has stated objectives of public libraries as follows:
It should be conducive for the life-long self-education; It should furnish up-to-date facts and information on all subjects; It should distribute, in an unbiased and balanced way, all shades of recorded views and thought to one and all, as a help in the discharge of political functions in respect of local, national, and international affairs; It should contribute to the productivity-drive by informing top-management of the latest trends in diverse enterprises, by ploughing back into the minds of researchers, designers, and technologists every piece of relevant new thought, promptly and pin-pointedly; It should provide to one and all a harmless and elevating use of leisure; It should preserve the literacy remains of humanity for posterity, as vehicles of culture and as source material for antiquarian research; and It should work for continued social well-being as, the agency in charge of all socialised recorded thoughts (Ranganathan, 1961).
According to the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) Libraries, Information and Archives Division pointed out the objectives of public libraries are as follows:
They underpin education, providing essential support for school children, students and lifelong learners; They enhance public access to the world’s storehouse of knowledge and information; Maulana They Azadpromote social Library, inclusion, by helping Aligarh to bridge theMuslim gap between those University who can afford access to information and those who cannot, and by facilitating access to information for socially excluded people; They are a vital conduit and access point for the main principles of modernisation and delivery of public services;
8 Chapter 1 Introduction
They provide information and learning opportunities which underpin creativity, economic regeneration, urban renewal and rural development (Department for Culture, Media and Sport Libraries, Information and Archives Division).
According to the Finnish Library Act (1998) “the objective of the library and information services provided by public libraries is to promote equal opportunities among citizens for personal cultivation, for literary and cultural pursuits, for continuous development of knowledge, personal skills and civic skills, for internationalisation, and for lifelong learning. Library activities also aim at promoting the development of virtual and interactive network services and their educational and cultural contents”.
The Public Library Association (A division of the American Library Association) specified three major objectives of the development and effectiveness of the public library staff and services. These are:
Focus its efforts on serving the needs of its members. Address issues which affect public libraries. Commit to quality in public library services that benefit the general public (Public Library Association, 2018).
So, finally, it can be concluded that the major objectives of the public library are to help the local communities by providing various services specially community information services, extension services, etc. It also creates self-education environment for children, adult and old people. It also creates self-education environment for children, adult and old people. It helps unemployed persons to build their career and to develop the literacy rate of the nations.
1.5 Public Libraries: Origin and Development
Public libraries, across the world, trace its origin from times immemorial. The public libraries have played a significant role in promoting literacy and culture in our Maulanasociety sincAzade the ancient Library, period. It carried Aligarh out the overall Muslim pictures of theUniversity earlier times such as educational, socio-economical background, political, cultural, languages, literacy as so on. Therefore, public libraries are considered to be an “Intellectual powerhouse” (Sharma, 1985), which help to know about the ancient information.
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1.5.1 Public Libraries: International
Human civilizations have witnessed the growth of libraries as its contemporary from the most primitive form. People started developing their ideas and giving shape to them by expressing their thoughts through recording them on rocks, clay, metals, leather, wood papyrus, etc. about 5,500 years ago. From the primitive cave walls to paper and then to the electronic media, people have preserved their records in the libraries along with each level of development. History also witnessed that galleries were built within temples for the religious purpose which were used as a library. These temple libraries that developed across the Egypt, Palestine, Babylon, Greece and Rome had acquired a special niche within the history of libraries. These libraries were established during ancient period especially for acquiring and preserving the religious literary works (Kelly, 1966).
In Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, India and China civilisation, libraries have been set up by the enthusiasm and encouragement of kings. Around 30,000 clay tablets of ancient Mesopotamia were found which were dated more than 5,000 years old. Archaeologists have found a large number of oldest cay tables and papyrus scrolls from various ancient Egyptian cities like Amarna and Thebes and from debris of several royal palaces such as the palace of King Sennacherib, who was an Assyrian ruler and his capital was at Nineveh. Archaeologists found many ruins of libraries of clay tablets while mining ancient cities in Syria, Rome and Turkey.
The first largest library during the ancient world was built up by king Asurbanipal at Nineveh city of Assyrian. The most famous Alexandria Library which was established by the Greek ruler in 330 B.C., got huge fame for many causes. According to McLeod (2004) “Alexandria library was a very wonderful creature during the Ancient World”. Famous scholars were engaged in the management of this library and they had more than 750, 000 collection of scrolls (Barbara, 2001). In the MaulanaRoman era, the fireAzad and ruins Library, slowly destroy theAligarh library. Likewise Muslim Alexandria UniversityLibrary, Pergamum Library is also a famous library which was established by Greek Marshall first Atlas I Soter and Eumenes II province on Modern Turosk. In the middle of the second century, the wealth of the rich library in Rome was also found. The library initially constitutes some isolated personal collection but is expanded by war damage.
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Pachomius built a monastery and emphasized literacy among his devotees in 500 B.C. of Egypt. After the Roman Empire was split after about 100 years, it had long lasting effects. Throughout the whole eastern empire, religious communities have set up small religious libraries (Barbara, 2001). When Europe emerged from the depths of darkness, his people started looking for Greek and Roman artistic and literary classics for inspiration. Many aristocrat’s people of the time were dedicated developing their personal libraries. The famous Florentine family, Kosimo de Medici, set up the library of its own collection, which laid the foundation of the Lorentian Library. In the 1400s, the Vatican Library was also established in Italy. With the development of the University, the university's libraries were established on personal donation. For example, Duke Humphrey of Gloucester donated his huge collection to Oxford University in the early 1400s (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, 2018).
The National Library of France Bibliotheque Nationale de was established in 1367. Mazarine Library was set up in 1643 in Paris. At the end on the 1500 BC, the Humphrey's Library was set up in Oxford, by the efforts of Sir Thomas Bodley, which was named after the Bodleian Library and is now the second largest library in the country. The first ever Public Library in the UK was associated with London's Guild Hall 1425. In 1850, the UK Parliament passed the Public Library Act for establishing public libraries throughout the country. In Italy, there was a number of renowned libraries, founded during 1600 to 1700 such as Laurentian Library in Florence, Ambrosian Library in Milan, Vatican Library in Vatican City, National Central Library in Florence, etc. In Spain, King Philip V has established the National Library of Spain in 1711. The library is famous for its rare collection (Murison, 1971).
In Germany, during the 16th century, the German State Library in Berlin was set up by Friedrich Wilhelm. It also revealed that seminar libraries and town libraries were first started in Germany. The largest library in Russia, the M. E. Saltykov- Shchedrin State Public Library which was formed by Catherine the Great in late 1700, but later this library was renamed as the Lenin State Library in 1862. In America, the Maulanafirst free Azadlending libraries Library, were set up Aligarhby Thomas Bray Muslimat the end of the University16th Century. The Library of Congress was established in 1800 in Washington D.C. For spreading free public education, the first public library in the US opened at Peterborough in New Hampshire in 1833. The great philosopher Andrew Carnegie donated 2,00,000 pounds for the development of public libraries in the United Kingdom. The
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fundamental goal of Carnegie was to establish public libraries in every city and town in the United Kingdom. Around 1700 public libraries were built during 1881-1919 (Munford, 1951). Therefore, the development of the public library of the United Kingdom can be considered as the model public library movement throughout the world.
1.5.2 Public Libraries: India
1.5.2.1 Public Libraries during Ancient Period
The libraries were considered as a “glorious ancient learning institutions” (Ramasamy, 2003) because it plays a crucial role with “spread of literacy and education” (Azhikodan, 2010) of the society since in the ancient periods. Since in the ancient times, India civilization was one of the oldest in the World dating back to 300 BC. India has been considered as a centre of higher education and the libraries were the part of Indus Valley civilization which flourished in India is 2500 BC and these libraries were called “Pustakalayas” (Vyas, 1998). According to the P. N. Kaula, the origin of the libraries in India is as follows: “Much is not known about the libraries of these days although we find evidence of some kind of libraries in the Indus Valley Civilization stocking a large number of cylinder seals and tablets with inscriptions. During the Buddhist period of Indian history, there are evidence of foreign travellers like, Fa-Hien, Huien-Tsang and I-tsing about great libraries at Nalanda, Taxila, Pataliputra, Vikramsila and Tamralipti” (Kaula, 1977). In ancient India, Bihar, is the “Heart of India’ played a very important role in cultural, political and spiritual development” (Thakur, 2006). Nalanda Library: the world famous library and the pride of Indian sub-continent, was a central library situated at Nalanda in Bihar in 400 AD. Notably, Mookerjee and Sengupta (1977) mentioned that “The libraries attached to Nalanda University centered round Dharmaganja or the Mark of Religion, comprising of three large buildings with three different names viz., Ratnasagara, Ratnodadhi and Ratnaranjaka. The Ratnasagara was a nine-storied building which Maulanahoused the rare Azad and sacred Library, works like the Aligarh Prajnaparamitra Muslim Sutra and othe rUniversity tantric works as ‘Samajaguhya’. It was from these rich sticks of manuscripts that I-sing, the famous traveller from China, was able to copy out whatever he needed to carry home”. In Taxila, Vikramsila, Odantopuri, Somepur and Jagaddal, the great libraries were also set up at that period. Taxila Library was considered as a massive
12 Chapter 1 Introduction
educational centre in the ancient period, which was specialized in the “Vedic Literature”. These libraries did not only preserve the books but also involved with publishing works. Sharma (1968) listed out some of the prestigious libraries which were existed during the ancient, medieval and modern periods of Indian history. In this context, he expressed that “In India, libraries in one form or other have existed since pre-historic days is beyond shadow of doubt. The large collection of early Hindu manuscripts at Nalanda, Taxila, Pataliputra, Visalia; of the medieval Hindu period at Ujjain, Banaras, Navadipa and Karachi; and of the modern date at Bikaner, Tanjore, Kasmir bear testimony to the assiduous care with which the libraries were formed and preserved in the country”. Apart from these, ample evidence proved the existence of libraries in India, from “The earliest written and recorded materials found in India are the inscriptions on stone pillars of King Asoka (300 BC); these inscriptions could be called the first outside open libraries” (Patel and Kumar, 2004).
1.5.2.2 Public Libraries during the Medieval Period
In the history of Indian Sub-Continent, literary activities were exercised with the encouragement of rulers at different times. Banbhatta, the writer of Kadambari, was a librarian and Asthana Kavi at the palace of King Harsha Vardhsns. Several Manuscripts were placed within the temples in various regions of India. Mostly Muslim rulers were fond of books and libraries. The sultans of Delhi are believed to have built up at least five types of libraries. Sultan Jalal-Uddin set up Imperial Library in Delhi and Amir Khusru was appointed as the librarian (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). As Islam gives importance to literary activities, Sultans of Delhi established Madrasa in which the collections of text and reference books were available. Collections of religious books were available at the Khanka Sarif of Sufi Darbesh in India. Even the libraries were set up at Mosque for the sake of common people in various places. Among the Mughals Emperors, Humayun was a great lover of books and he established a library at Agra Fort where Lal Beg was appointed as a librarian. Mookerjee and Sengupta (1977) notated that “Humayun Badshah was a lover of Maulanabooks and Azad is said to Library, have lost his life Aligarh from a fall from Muslim his library stair”. UniversityThe great King Akbar had built a great library which basically had a huge number of translated collections like Sanskrit to the Persian language. He was also a great lover of books, and he had spent his favourite time in the library. According to Sharma (1985) “Mughals Emperors like Akbar, Aurangzeb, and Bahadur Shah Zafar, etc. also set up
13 Chapter 1 Introduction
and patronised libraries” in their time. Among personal libraries, libraries of Sufi Nizamuddin Aulia and Gaji khan were notable. In the same way, rulers of Gujarat province and the members of Bahmoni Kingdom were famous for knowledge acquisition. Mughal rulers also got fame for their interests in books and libraries. Most of the Mughal rulers made a magnificent library in their period.
The Muslim rulers developed the social, cultural, and educational system in medieval India. Therefore, Khursid (2004) highlighted that “The period of Mughal is considered as the golden period of Indian history for its educational, literary, and library activities”. Even the rulers of medieval India were also interested in acquiring knowledge through library. Among them, king Sawai Man Singh of Jaipur and Ranjit Singh of Punjab were prominent. Even capitalist classes and landlords were also fond of libraries. Since the use of these libraries was limited to some particular classes, common people were not benefitted of these. And these pathetic situation has not changed until British rulers established libraries for common people.
1.5.2.3 Public Libraries before Independence (1757 to 1947)
The concept of free public library services for general people of the society has first started in western countries. After their arrival, Britishers had started free public library services and set up a number of public libraries in different parts of India. Basically, the Britishers had come to India for establishing their business, but later they had established the British Emperor in India. Some of the Britishers were interested in promoting their culture and education in India and established a good number of public libraries. “The historical evidences ascertain that the colonial rulers of India, played a definite role in heralding the public library movement of India” (Ramasamy, 2003). Subsequently, the Britishers started setting up the first group public libraries in the first half of the nineteenth century in the three presidency towns -- Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and another part of the country (Misra, 1979; Sharma, 1985; and Bhattacharjee, 2002). Notably, the Asiatic Society was established in MaulanaCalcutta (1784) Azadand Bombay Library, (1808) as an early Aligarh appearance of Muslim academic pursuit Universityof the British Government. The Calcutta Public Library was established in the year of 1836 and other important libraries such as Andrews Library in Surat (1850); Lang Library (1856) of Rajkot; Connemara Public Library, Madras (1860); Gaya Public Library, Gaya (1855); Allahabad Public Library, Allahabad (1864); Government Library of
14 Chapter 1 Introduction
Junagarh (1867); Punjab Library, Lahore (1884); Adyar Library, Madras (1886); Khudabus Library, Patna (1891); and Delhi Laxmi Library (1892) of Nadiad etc. were established as public libraries in India (Sharma, 1985). The historical evidence shows that the libraries of this period were used only by the members of the upper-class people. The lower strata of the society have no permission to use the libraries due to so many reasons (Vyas, 1998).
The twentieth century is considered as a golden period in the history of public library development in India. The Punjab public library was established in 1900 and it was considered as the first Central Library in Punjab, which “occupies the most significant place in the history of libraries in India” (Bhatt, 2011). It was noteworthy that the arrival of Lord Curzon in 1901 was considered as a significant event for the upliftment of the libraries in India. Lord Curzon passed the Imperial Library Act In 1902 and replaced the name of Calcutta Public Library with Imperial Library of India. Lord Curzon declared in 1903 that the reading room of the library would remain opened for common people. After independence in 1948, the Imperial Library of India was renamed as National Library of India. With the great effort of Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaikwad III, the Public Library System was developed to a great extent in India in 1910. Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaikwad III was the first Indian ruler to declare compulsory elementary education for all the people in his state in the year of 1907 and he invited the famous American Librarian William Allenson Bordern to Boroda and organised free public library service (Sharma, 1985). In 1910 Bordern successfully established a public library network in the Baroda state. With the efforts of Munindradev Rai “Bengal Library Association” was established in 1925, which promoted the public library movement in West Bengal. Of course in “The next phase of the library movement began in 1937 when the Congress Party came to power in many provinces. This phase was really a synthesis of the previous two phases. The main trend of this phase was setting up of village libraries through governmental effort. Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Orissa, Punjab, Cochin and some other provinces and Maulanastates set Azad up village librariesLibrary,as well asAligarhtravelling libraries. Muslim It is estimated University that in 1942 there were 13000 village libraries in India” (Bhattacharjee, 2002). In the year of 1940, Fyzee Committee report recommended that it is necessary to build up a strong public library network in Bombay. According to Nagaraj (1997) “This was the first library
15 Chapter 1 Introduction
development in India. At that period of time, the report was an ideal blueprint for a State”.
1.5.2.4 Public Libraries after Independence
India has owned a long historical background of the library movement for several centuries. After Independence, the government of India had realized the significance of public libraries and taken several steps for the development of public libraries in India. It is a fact that public libraries are maintained through library legislation in every state in a proper way. It helps to build a systematic network of public libraries for the whole state. According to Pradhan and Tripathi (2010), the first and most vibrant event in 1948 was the enactment of the Madras Public Library Act, which was drafted by S. R. Ranganathan. It was the first Library Act in India whose main objective was to develop the organized public library services in Tamil Nadu state. The second step of the government was to pass the Imperial Library Act and replace the name of Imperial Library with National Library of India. The third step by the government of India was to establish the Delhi Public Library which was drafted by UNESCO in 1951. It was a Pilot project of the UNESCO and Government of India. After that, ‘the passing of Delivery of books Act’ in 1954 as amended in 1956; establishment of the ‘Central Reference Library at Calcutta’ in 1955; formation of ‘Advisory Committee’ in 1957; ‘Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation’ as a nodal agency 1972; ‘Department of Culture under Ministry of Education’ in 1979; are the most significant steps taken by the government for the upliftment the public libraries in whole country (Ramasamy, 2003).
It was ascertained that the pathetic condition of public libraries in India has been due to the absence of any national level body. Having realized this vacuum, a committee was set up under the chairmanship of Prof. D.P. Chattpadhyay to formulate a National Policy on Library & Information System (NAPLIS). The committee submitted its report in 1986. Following that up, another committee examined the Maulanareport and suggested Azad an action Library, plan for its implementation Aligarh (Bhattacharjee, Muslim 1999). University The empowerment committee submitted in 1988 and an implementation cell was created to implement its recommendations within a period of six months. Subsequently, a working group under the Joint Secretary was constituted to examine its recommendations for implementation. The working group submitted its report in July
16 Chapter 1 Introduction
1993 and suggested implementing only 29 of 60 recommendations made by the NAPLIS (Wani, 2008). However, level of progress from state to state is highly variable. Significantly, some states have announced e-government projects, some have also lunched technology literacy initiatives, but surprisingly few of them have done nothing (Nikam et al., 2004).
After having a long discussion about the origin and development of public libraries in India, it was observed that there were several rulers in the Ancient and Medieval times who set up a number of public libraries according to their own interest. Thereby, the Britishers had also established a great number of public libraries in the entire country. It is noteworthy that in the development of public libraries in India, “British Period is the Golden Period” of the library movement in India. The government of India has taken several measures for the development of public libraries in India after Independence. Even during the Five-Year Plan as well various schemes were introduced for the development of public libraries in the country as well.
1.6 Public Library System
Having discussed the different meaning of public libraries in the previous pages, the “Public Library System” will be defined in the following paragraphs. The term ‘system’ means a set of network inter-connected with each other and works together. According to New Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus (1991) system is an “assemblage of objects arranged after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; whole scheme of created things regarded as forming one complete whole; Universe; organization; classification; set of doctrines or principles; the body as functional unity”. However, the term “Public Library System” denotes a network of the public libraries in a country, state or regions which operates each level of the public libraries of our society systematically and fruitfully. According to Ranganathan (1972), “Public Library System means an integrated nation-wide network of public Maulanalibraries Azad giving free Library, library and information Aligarh services Muslim to one and all University of the citizens- literate or rich or poor, rural or urban”. Nair (1996) pointed out that the public library system “at different levels, viz. state, city, district along with lower service units should be so interlinked as to form part of a system”. However, some of the scholars also mentioned that the public library system denotes the various segments of the
17 Chapter 1 Introduction
library e.g. library legislation, the structure of the library, physical facilities, collection management, finance, human resources and ICT and services, etc. (Wani, 2006; Kumar, 2008; Kinya, 2011). Hence, the present study will help to know about the Public Library System in West Bengal, besides the status of structural conditions, collection development, ability of manpower, support of financial management, pattern of services and types of problems encountered by public libraries in West Bengal.
1.7 Statement of the Research Problem
The present study examines the current status of the “Public library system in West Bengal” and it also evaluates the services and facilities which are rendered by the libraries. Apart from these, the study also examines the users’ perceptions regarding the services and facilities provided by the public libraries.
Notably, in West Bengal substantial development regarding “Public Library” have taken place after 1979 when West Bengal Public Libraries Act has been passed. The present study examines the various levels of public libraries in West Bengal in order to the present status of the public libraries in terms of manpower, collection, finance, along with physical facilities. In addition to these, the viewpoints of users will also be examined.
1.8 Significance of the Study
India is a diversified country with the second largest population next to China and the seventh largest country on the basis of the area. With more than 1.2 billion population, India is the second most populous country in the world. Having total number of 3,287,263 km2, spread over 29 states and 7 union territories, India ranks seventh in the world. The literacy rate is 74.04 % (Census of India, 2011).
West Bengal is a state which is situated at the East part of India and bordered MaulanaEast by Bangladesh Azad and Assam Library, state; North byAligarh Nepal, Bhutan, Muslim and Sikkim state; University West by Bihar, Jharkhand, and Orissa state; and South by the Bay of Bengal. The total area of West Bengal is 88,752 sq.km. and has a population of more than 91 million (91,347,736), out of them the literacy rate is 77.08 % (Census of India, 2011). It consists of 19 districts. Due to this high literacy rate, West Bengal occupies a significant position in India.
18 Chapter 1 Introduction
Effective public library service plays a significant role in the educational, informational, social, cultural, political, economic and scientific development of any nation (Kumar, 2008; Azhikodan, 2010). The main motive of setting up public libraries is to make library services and resources available to all sections of the society without any distinction of caste, creed, colur, religion, region, and sex. According to the IFLA/UNESCO (1994), the public library is “a living force for education, culture and information, and as an essential agent for the fostering of peace and spiritual welfare through the minds of men and women”. Therefore, the significance of public libraries is undeniable for the advancement of community life.
Throughout its history, West Bengal has been bearing a glorious place in the world. It has the record of carrying a rich culture and admirable social system. From 1836 onwards, it carried a long tradition of the public library movement in India. West Bengal consists of nineteen districts and every district has different categories of public libraries, such as district, town/sub-division, and rural libraries. Besides these libraries, there exists one State Central Library in Kolkata which is the capital of the West Bengal. Against above backdrop the title “Public Library System in West Bengal: An Evaluative Study” for the present study has been selected.
A number of scholars have conducted several studies on the various aspects and issues of public libraries in West Bengal. Bandyopadhyay (2008) has completed a research project on “our public libraries: evaluation of the public library services in West Bengal”. The project focuses on service pattern, problems encountered by the librarians, and users demand from public libraries in West Bengal. Pradhan and Tripathi (2010) have conducted a study on public library systems and services in Darjeeling district on evaluation from information marking and promotional point of view. Samanta (2012) has conducted a research programme on “Public library services in different continents of the World: An evaluative study, suggesting a suitable model for West Bengal”. The study discusses public library services in the different continents of the world e.g. USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Kenya, China, MaulanaBrazil and AzadIndia and Library, suggests a suitable Aligarh model of the Muslimpublic library services University for West Bengal.
This study presents a comprehensive picture of the public library system, services, and problems as well as suggests a proper plan for the development of the
19 Chapter 1 Introduction
public library services in West Bengal. It is expected from this study that it will help the authorities to adopt the suitable strategies to modify their library service pattern, collection, building, implementing new technologies, recruiting professional staff and realizing the problems being encountered by the librarians to operate the public libraries. Hopefully, the study will be relevant not only to the scholars who are connected with public libraries but also to the public library authorities in West Bengal, policy makers, planners, and librarians.
1.9 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The present study, which endeavours to evaluate the public library system in the state of West Bengal, incorporates such aims and objectives as to justify the organizational pattern and its significance of (i) District Libraries; (ii) Town/Sub- division Libraries; (iii) Rural Libraries along with the Apex body State Central Library in West Bengal. Notably, this study is commendably designed to have some specific objectives which will help to accomplish the aims of this study. These are as follows:
To examine the growth and development of the public libraries in West Bengal before and after ‘West Bengal Public Libraries Act’, 1979. To investigate the current status of public libraries in terms of infrastructure, collection development and strength of staff members. To find out the budget allocation in various level of West Bengal public library system. To measure the availability of IT in West Bengal public library system. Ascertain to what extent West Bengal public libraries could develop relevant and conspiring collection for the user’s satisfaction. To examine the contribution of public libraries in educating the youth of West Bengal. Maulana To measure Azad the satisfactionLibrary, level regardingAligarh services Muslim of West Bengal University public library system. To ascertain the impact of users suggestions on improvement of services and facilities.
20 Chapter 1 Introduction
1.10 Hypotheses
Hypothesis helps us in identifying and locating different variables involved which in turn affect the adoption of methodological procedures. Koul’s (2014) pointed out that “hypotheses are guesses or tentative generalizations, but these guesses are not merely accidents. Collection of factual information alone does not lead to successful formulation of hypotheses. Hypotheses are the products of considerable speculation and imagination guess work. They are based partly on known facts and explanations, and partly conceptual. There are no precise rules for formulating hypotheses and deducing conclusions from them that can be empirically verified”. However, for the given study, the investigator has formulated the following hypotheses:
Public library system has undergone through notable changes in the aftermath of the West Bengal Public Library Act, 1979.
There is no significant difference in terms of library collection among the district, town/sub-division and rural libraries.
There is no significant difference in terms of availability of IT infrastructure in the district, town/sub-division and rural libraries.
District libraries are equipped well in terms of library infrastructure in comparison to town/sub-division, and rural libraries.
Most of the libraries under study are lacking sufficient staff.
There is no significant difference between district, town/sub-division and rural libraries and level of satisfaction of their users.
1.11 Scope and Limitations of the Study
West Bengal has a long history of public library services right from the British Period. “The public library system in West Bengal is well-developed systems in MaulanaIndia” ( Bandyopadhyay,Azad Library, 2008) where Aligarh, 12 Government Muslim Libraries, 2,463 University Government Sponsored Libraries, 7 Government Aided Libraries along with the State Central Library which is situated in Kolkata (West Bengal Public Library Network, 2018). The State Central Library is the apex body of the public library system in West Bengal. The second one is the district library which exists in every district. The third
21 Chapter 1 Introduction
level is the town/sub-division library and fourth is rural libraries which are operated by the District Library Officer (DLO).
The present study entitled “Public library system in West Bengal: An evaluative study”. Study confined to the government and government-sponsored public libraries in West Bengal. However, it is pertinent to mention that due to the time limit, it was not possible to cover all the nineteen districts of West Bengal. Hence, the present study will cover nine districts namely under the Burdwan Division: Birbhum district, Bankura district, and Purulia district; under Jalpaiguri Division: Malda district, North Dinajpur district (Uttar Dinajpur) and South Dinajpur district (Dakshin Dinajpur); and under Presidency Division: Murshidabad district, Nadia district and Howrah District. The study covers four categories of public libraries such as State Central Library along with 9 district libraries, 39 town libraries/Sub-division libraries, and 95 rural libraries. The study further evaluates the opinions of the library users about the services and facilities of the public libraries in West Bengal.
1.12 Outline of the Thesis Chapters
The present doctoral thesis has been divided into seven chapters. Each of the chapter deals with various aspects which are related to the research work as discussed below:
Chapter-1: Introduction
This chapter discusses the whole outline of the present research work, begins with the introduction explaining the research background, basic concept, and historical development of public libraries all over the world along with the Indian perspective. It delineates the major objectives of public libraries including the statement of the research problem and its significance. Further, the chapter also explains the major objectives, hypotheses, scope and limitations of the study.
MaulanaChapter-2: Review Azad of Related Library,Literature Aligarh Muslim University
In this chapter, some of the important works have been reviewed. Many foreign, as well as Indian authors, have written extensively on the public library system. Significantly, besides printed materials, some of the selected electronic
22 Chapter 1 Introduction
materials also reviewed. However, no updated study on West Bengal public library system has been taken. The present work is an attempt to fill this gap.
Chapter-3: Development of Public Libraries in West Bengal
This chapter provides a detailed outline of physiographic, historical, cultural and educational background along with the origin and development of public libraries in West Bengal. This chapter also highlights the role of social workers, missionaries and political parties in the development of public libraries in West Bengal. In addition to these, the impact of the West Bengal Public Library Act 1979 has also been described in this chapter.
Chapter-4: Public Library System in West Bengal
This chapter describes the Directorate of Library Services and constitutional body of the State Library Council and Local Library Council of public libraries in West Bengal. It also gives a comprehensive description of the present public library system, its functions and staff organisation patterns.
Chapter-5: Methodology
This chapter describes in detail the various types of research methods, selection of the sampling procedure, tools for data collection, selection of the sample, size of the sample, sources of data collection, administration of questionnaires and statistical tools used for the data analysis and interpretation. In addition to these, this chapter also explain the approaches for evaluation employed for the present research work.
Chapter-6: Data Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter is divided into three major sections. The first section consists of current scenario regarding public libraries in West Bengal in terms of their available staff, collection, budget allocation, infrastructural facilities, implementation of Maulanainformation Azad technology, Library, status of libra Aligarhry automation, Muslim membership compositions University and administration, while the second section evaluates the various activities and services being provided in surveyed libraries. This chapter also described the problems faced by the librarians for managing the public libraries. The third section of this chapter
23 Chapter 1 Introduction
discusses the user satisfaction level regarding the services and facilities offered by the public libraries.
Chapter-7: Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
This chapter provides overall findings of the present status of the public library system and services in West Bengal along with the users’ satisfaction level. The suggestions recommended by the librarians as well as library users for the improvement of the library system and service have also been mentioned in this chapter. Apart from these, the tenability of hypotheses and areas for future research has also been mentioned.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
24 Chapter 1 Introduction
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Singh, S. (1995). An assessment of public library development in Northern India. Advances in library and information sciences, 62-68.
Thakur, U. M. (2006). Public libraries in Bihar: An overview. Herald of library science, 45(N1/2), 77-81.
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2010). Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (15th Ed.), Chicago.
Viswanathan, C. G. (1967). Public library operations and services: A short manual. New Delhi: Asian Publishing House.
Vyas, S. D. (1998). Public library system. Jaipur: Panchsheel Prakashan, 62-73.
Wani, Z. A. (2006). Public library system in Jammu and Kashmir: An assessment. TRIM, 2(2), 87-105.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
29 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
CHAPTER: 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, an outline regarding the doctoral thesis has been made. In the present chapter, some of the important works have been reviewed. Many foreign, as well as Indian authors, have written extensively on the public library system. Significantly, besides printed materials, some useful materials are also available in the electronic format. Notably, investigator has also reviewed some of the selected electronic material at the end of the chapter. It is not possible to review all these works. However, an attempt has been made to review some relevant works in the following paragraphs. Although, there have been many works on public library system and services, no updated study on West Bengal public library system has been made. Hence, the present work is an attempt to fill the aforementioned gap.
It is noteworthy that the State Central Library located in Kolkata, West Bengal, has some useful materials on the given topic. Since the topic is empirical, the present study is by large based on the data collected during the visit to the district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries falling under nine districts of West Bengal. Investigator has also consulted some of the relevant doctoral dissertations submitted by various Indian scholars available in Shodhganga: a reservoir of Indian theses, INFLIBNET. In addition to that, online database useful for the present study has also been consulted.
The fundamental objective of a literature review is to highlight various arguments in the forms of summarisation and synthesization of ideas. Literature review gives directions and suggestions to future research in the same area along with covering the gaps of the previous research (Wilkinson, 2000). Notably, the literature review has been categorised into two broad categories namely printed documents and Maulanaelectronic Azad documents. Library, In printed doc Aligarhuments; books, Muslimarticles in journals, University articles in conference proceedings have been reviewed. Some journal articles available online have also been reviewed. In the following paragraphs, some of the works have been reviewed. Initially, some relevant books will be taken up followed by some journal articles and conference proceeding articles.
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2.2 Books
The study of Nair (1974) discussed the historical development of the public libraries in Kerala State. The author discussed the beginning of the public libraries, organisational development, and administrative function of the Kerala Granthasala Sanghom. In Kerala, Trivandrum Public Library is the first public library which was established in 1829. Notably, the public library movement was started in Kerala with the establishment of Malabar Vayanasala Sanghom in Malabar in 1937.
A comprehensive study of Sharma (1985) highlighted the conceptual framework, function and historical development of the public libraries in India. In this work, the author sketches the development phase of the public libraries covering Ancient, Medieval and Modern period. This study is relevant as it covered the historical background of public libraries in India.
An investigation has been done by Sarada (1986) on the importance and relationship between village community and rural public libraries in India. The author mentioned that the main goal of the rural libraries is to support village people by providing useful information on different walks of life. An analysis of the village community and its basic components groups, with their characteristics features and behaviours has been done by the author along with identifications of the information needs of the village community. This study is relevant for the present work as it extensively covered many rural library services in India.
The study of Vyas (1998) focused on the public library movement in Rajasthan. The library movement in Rajasthan first started 14th century in the period of Rana Kumbha who was a great book lover and maintained a good collection of manuscripts in his personal library. The author mentioned that for the development of the public library system in this state, Rajasthan Library Association and library professional should create library consciousness among the people and increase awareness of the necessity of Library Legislation. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University The study of Ramasamy (2003) critically evaluates the on-going status and functions of the State Central Libraries (SCL) and Union Territories in India. The author revealed that most of the SCLs have faced various problems such as financial problems, environmental problems, shortage of professional staff, technical problems,
31 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
management problems, etc. Moreover, the study highlighted that all the SCLs should develop their collection, services, space for the user, create a dynamic building, maintain physical conditions, implement of modern technologies, library automation, etc. for the effective and efficient services to the user communities.
The study of Kumar (2008) has critically examined the public library system and services in Tamil Nadu. Findings of the study show that the majority of the libraries have good infrastructure and sufficient manpower. The author makes few suggestions for the development of the public library system and services in Tamil Nadu such as implementation of “State Level Policy on Public Libraries”, and “Revision of Tamil Nadu Public Library Act.” This study is relevant for the present work as it extensively covered 29 district level public libraries with their system and services in Tamil Nadu.
Book published by Bandyopadhyay (2008) is based on a research project financed by the University Grants Commission. It deals with the current status of public libraries in West Bengal. The author reported that most of the public libraries are not in a good condition. Most of them are having inadequate staff and some of them function only with one staff member. However, there is a little bit change from what has been reported by Bandyopadhyay a decade back.
An evaluative study was conducted by Azhikodan (2010) who critically examined the status of the public libraries in Malabar, North Kerala. Findings showed that the number of libraries is more in rural area than that of the urban area. However, no library under the study has adopted any book selection policy. Furthermore, not even a single district in the Malabar region follows the Guidelines set by IFLA/UNESCO, 2001 with regard to book selection. Although, this study is confined to a different state i.e. Kerala but is useful for the present work. Since Kerala, as well as Bengal, has been ruled by communist parties, many developments have been common with regard to the public library.
MaulanaThe Azad study of Library,Pradhan and Tripathi Aligarh (2010) analysed Muslim the public Universitylibrary systems and services in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal. There is a chapter “Status of Public Libraries in Darjeeling District” in which the impact of public libraries has also been highlighted. Although the present study does not include Darjeeling, the aforementioned study on Darjeeling is relevant for my work because it is one of the
32 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
districts of West Bengal and it has many features which have a close resemblance with those of the other districts of West Bengal.
2.3 Journal Articles
2.3.1 Studies by Foreign Authors
The study of Job (1990) traced the historical perspectives of the public libraries in Ethiopia. Result highlighted that the public libraries were started with a modern sense in Ethiopia in 1930. The massive development has been in the municipal area after the Addis Abada Municipality Plan in 1986. Within a period of 10 years, a number of public libraries were set up in Ethiopia. The author mentioned that Ethiopia Library Association also played an important role in the development of public libraries.
Jacob (1990) in her article described how she managed to prepare the collection development plan for Skokie Public Library. Notably, with the help of new plan, librarians and patrons could have easy access to all policies related to collection development. Similar efforts need to be made in public libraries covered under the study.
Another study by Wiele (1991) discussed the historical development of public libraries in France since 1789. Significantly, the public library movement in France has been galvanized after the Second World War with the establishment of the Directorate. Author has pointed out that quite good organizational structure that exists in France. This study highlights the various steps taken in France to strengthen public library system. Thus, the study is useful for the present research work.
The study of Serebnick and Quinn (1995) intended to develop a method for measuring the diversity of opinion in public library collection. The result of this study strongly suggests that diversity scores may differ significantly depending on subject area and position. Some of the results from this study are quite interesting for future Maulanaresearches as well Azad as the present Library, one. Aligarh Muslim University
Erinle (2001) conducted a study in the Kwara State Nigeria. Results showed that staff of the public libraries are not trained in Information Technology which is a
33 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
factor for non-implementation of automation. Another finding suggests that school children are the highest number of users in the public libraries of Kwara State.
Another study by Sule et al. (2003) discussed the significance of the rural public library services for the development of literacy in Nigeria. Authors revealed that most of the rural public libraries faced various problems such as financial constraints, lack of professional staff, inadequate collection, insufficient services, lack of modernization, etc. which are not allowing to fulfill the desire of the rural user communities. However, the study pointed out that a large number of people were benefited through public library services in rural area.
Larsen, Jacobs and Vlimmeren (2004) have described the significance of the human resources in the public libraries that “In every library observed, studied and researched, it is clear that strong, committed and well-trained staff with absolute commitment from library administration is core to the successful provision of library services. Library service that makes a difference in the lives of people is impossible without a committed staff”.
Article of Jones (2005) was initially published on the eve of golden jubilee anniversary of the founding of Free Library Movement in Australia. The author highlighted the developments that have taken place in Australia since the launching of the Free Library Movement. The author notes that sponsors of Library Act cloud not have been even imagined about the progress made by public libraries ever since Free Library Movement was started.
Article by Aabo (2005) focuses on the special characteristics of public libraries in order to examine the changing role in the digital age. The author also pointed out that there is an urgent need for considering the economic aspect of public libraries in the present age too.
Nashir, Quaddus and Islam (2006) in their research paper, focused on Maulanademographic Azad variables Library, of users to measure Aligarh public library Muslim values and Universitybenefits in the areas of learning, recreation, culture, social welfare and developments. Although the study reveals dissatisfaction in library resources, it shows a notable impact on learning, recreation, culture, social welfare, and development. Significantly, this study
34 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
is useful for the present doctoral work due to the role of public libraries in the above mentioned areas.
The study of Kostagiolas, Banou and Laskari (2009) discussed the current status of the strategic plans and management for the development of Greek central public libraries, especially in the field of education, training, social and economic development, reading policy, e-government and their identity. This study revealed that central public libraries need to understand their user’s requirements and expectations and should modify their policies and priorities for the promotion of reading. However, the study is related to a European country namely Greece where the public library system is quite developed in comparison to Indian scenario. However, the reviewed study is relevant in order to know the present situation of public libraries in a developed nation.
Santos (2009) in his paper deals with the economic contribution of public libraries. The study therefore, lacked the other important aspects like social and cultural benefits of a public library.
Public library is an indispensable institution in our society which reflects the development and sustainability of democracy through the achievement of equitable access to information and knowledge (Raju and Raju, 2010). Authors discussed the sustainable role of public libraries in South Africa as an equitable resource centre, recreational centre, lifelong learning centre and support for indigenous materials and adult literacy. The study highlighted that the sustainable contribution of public libraries are reduction of illiteracy, poverty and unemployment, the scourge of Africa and South Africa. Authors noted that “in the African continent and in South Africa specifically, the public library should be more than an institution propagating democracy-it has to be an institution of democracy itself providing information to all, in the format that is most relevant and in a language that is most preferred”.
The study by Nous and Roslund (2009) explored collaborative collection Maulanadevelopment in Azadthe capital districtLibrary, library council Aligarh public library, MuslimNew York. UniversityAuthors have argued that collaborative collection development is a useful tool that has traditionally been overlooked by public libraries. Rather, authors have proposed a cure for Indian Public Libraries which are facing economic problems.
35 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
The study of Olayinka (2010) discussed the historical background and standard of the public libraries in Nigeria. The author mentioned that the growth and development of public libraries in Africa started after UNESCO seminar which was held at the University College, Ibadan in 1953. The study pointed out the growth and development of public libraries in Nigeria encountering some difficulties such as poor funding, bad location, inadequate collections, unqualified staff and insecurity of library materials. The study offered various suggestions for the improvement of public library services e.g. ‘public libraries should be adequately funded by government’, there will be implementation of the modern technologies, mobile library service, appointment of adroit staff and creation of a peaceful environment. The result of this study may be useful for the present work.
A study conducted by Emojorho (2011) examined the applications of ICT and collection management in Nigerian public libraries. The findings revealed that because of inadequate ICT facilities, people are not aware to ICT training/workshops. Almost similar situation exists in Indian public libraries and therefore recommendations of Emojorho’s study can also have a bearing in the Indian scenario.
A similar study is conducted by Kinya (2011) on user perceptions regarding the public library services in Kenya. The study revealed that most of the users visited the library for reading newspapers, periodicals, and books or issuing and returning borrowed items. The study also mentioned that “due to unavailability of adequate library resources in the concerned academic institutions, students are diverted to Kenya National Library Service (KNLS)”. The maximum number of users was not satisfied due to the inadequate library collection and poor infrastructural facilities. Though Kenya is in a different continent i.e. Africa, the condition of public libraries in India and Kenya are more or less same as these two countries undergo poverty.
Saleh and Lasisi (2011) evaluated the public library services in the new state of North East Region in Nigeria. The study revealed that most of the public libraries Maulanaare unable Azad to serve theLibrary, basic services Aligarhto their user communiti Muslimes due to Universitythe inadequate library collection and poor ICT facilities. Authors suggested that the governments of Nigeria should follow the IFLA/UNESCO guidelines for developing their public library services. Notably, it is needed to establish public library network, boards, policies, which will help to develop the public libraries in this region. This study is
36 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
also useful for the present research because it highlights the major problems of the public library services and recommends some crucial steps for improving the services in Nigeria.
Another study is related to a public library in Nigeria. The scope of this study is limited to one of the states in Nigeria. This study made by Obinyan, Obinyan and Aidenojie (2011) have reported the poor conditions of public libraries. Notably, authors have held inadequate financial resources responsible for this poor condition. Besides this pathetic condition, authors have also highlighted that due to lack of expertise of library staff, services in these libraries are not up to the mark. To solve their problems, authors have not only suggested to increase funding to the public libraries but also create an awareness among the populace about the importance of public libraries.
A study by Biranvand and Moghaddam (2011) evaluated the status of inter- library loan (ILL) system and document delivery services in the public libraries Iran. The study covered a province of Iran namely Fars and revealed that the IIL services and document delivery services were not much in use. Authors, however, have cited some of the reasons such as financial problem, lack of IT expertise and poor infrastructural facilities in the modern era. Authors also suggested that library authorities should make efforts to build-up adequate infrastructural ICT facilities for better ILL and document delivery services. Findings of this study are useful for Indian public libraries.
Walia and Momeni (2011) in their paper highlighted “collection development in public libraries of Tehran”. Although, the scope of the study is limited to one city i.e. Tehran, but examined the collection development with respect to the total population as well as the viable population. The study is inspiring for the present work as it analysed the library collection in accordance with IFLA Guidelines. Authors have also recommended for a national policy for the development of public Maulanalibraries in Tehran. Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Shuva and Akter (2012) in their study highlighted the importance of sustainability of non-government rural libraries by way of attachment with the institution or religious organisation. In this way, the libraries will keep on receiving funds for their survival. Though, the present work covers only government supported
37 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
public libraries but the study of Shuva and Akter have explored the possibility of financial support from non-government agencies and organisation.
The study of Iwhiwhu and Okorodudu (2012) discussed the user's satisfaction level with information resources, facilities, and services provided by the Edo State Central Library, Nigeria. Authors have lamented the performance of libraries being hampered by lack of infrastructure, unavailability of local communication experts and other infrastructural facilities such as bad telephone lines. Notably, findings of this study may be applicable to libraries in developing countries including India.
The study of Tanackovic, Lacovic and Stanarevi (2012) examined the user’s information needs as well as satisfaction level with regard to the Croations Public Library. Authors observed that although the majority of the respondents were not members of this library, they still have the facility to use library reading room. The finding shows that by and large user community is satisfied with the library material, however, Slovak National Minority wished for more material in their native language i.e. Slovak.
A study by Musingafi and Chiwanza (2012) discussed the strategies taken by public libraries for enhancing literacy rate in Zimbabwe. The study revealed that public libraries in Zimbabwe are playing a pivotal role in improving the literacy role as well as reading habits among the children’s and adults. Authors pointed out that public libraries have adopted various strategies to promote the high literacy rate in Zimbabwe, such as storytelling sessions, family reading opportunities, provision of information and referral services, private-public sector partnerships including mobile library services. The present work will also cover the vital aspect of information literacy in the whole state of West Bengal. Thus, the study by Musingafi and Chiwanza (2012) is quite relevant.
The study by Nzivo (2012) states that users in Kenyan public libraries are still tempted to consult print documents despite high investment in electronic resources. MaulanaHowever, Azad majority ofLibrary,the respondents Aligarh have a positive Muslim opinion regarding University services in public libraries. The finding of this study matches the results of many studies particularly related to Asia and Africa.
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A study by Chandrasekar (2013) outlined the current status of public libraries in the Jaffna District in Sri Lanka. Findings showed that due to insufficient financial assistance, significant growth in library collection has not been witnessed. The author indicates that inadequate library collection, poor infrastructural facilities and lack of competencies hamper the library services. The author also recommended that public libraries should implement modern technologies and provide quick services among their users. Besides that, the establishment of library consortia will also contribute to render better services for the user community.
Article by Kargbo (2014) examined the role of public libraries in the promotion of democratic ideas in Sierra Leone. The author mentioned that public library is expected to play a vital role in democracy by enlightening people through imparting useful knowledge. This article is quite inspiring for the present work as India also needs to strengthen the library services that will help to make itself healthier.
Gilbert (2015) examined the user’s satisfaction level upon the public library services in Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria. The author revealed that majority of the users are not satisfied with the services and facilities which are provided by the library. Result highlights that the collection of the library is outdated, no proper selection policy of library materials, poor infrastructural facilities and lack of professional skill among the library staff are the major reasons for dissatisfaction of the users. Although, the finding of this study may be applicable to the libraries of developing countries like India.
A study by Aslam and Seher (2018) evaluated the quality of services and facilities provided by the Liaquat Memorial library, Karachi, Pakistan from the user’s perspective. Authors revealed that majority of the library users belonged to the student category and using the library services to fulfill their educational needs. The finding of the study shows that around ninety percent of users are satisfied with the Maulanaquality of library Azad services andLibrary, facilities which Aligarh are provided Muslim by the library. University A large number of users also suggested that the library should provide a high-speed Internet connection and change the attitude of the library staff for more co-operative and supportive. However, this study is useful as Aslam and Seher have discussed the similarity in many ways with the present study.
39 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
2.3.2 Studies by Indian Authors
A study by Satyanarayana (1996) is based on a survey aimed to know the use of public library in a district of Andhra Pradesh. The finding of the study suggests that it is necessary to reshape the library as a community-based agency in order to provide effective services.
A study by Wani (2006) has covered the public library system of one of the states in India which, in spite of not having a Public Library Act, has a strong public library system. The author analyses the public library services in detail. Although the study does not cover the satisfaction level of different categories of user, it is relevant for the present work due to its emphasis on collection development and financial aspects of the public library system.
A study by Thakur (2006) delineated the historical prospects of public libraries in the state of Bihar. This study attempted to highlight the historical background, impact of the Five-Year Plan and the present scenario of public libraries in Bihar. This study also covered the financial aid received by public libraries in Bihar. Furthermore, the author also mentioned the public libraries at different levels in Bihar. Therefore, this study is useful as West Bengal Govt. has established different levels of public libraries in the state to cater to the needs of residents living in rural and urban areas of West Bengal.
The study of Karn et al. (2006) attempted to highlight the current situation of public libraries in the state of Jharkhand. The study revealed the innumerable problems faced by the public libraries in Ranchi, Dhanbad, Dumka, and Chaibasa district. It asserted that the government of Jharkhand should take initiative in ‘appointing a high power committee to justify comprehensively’ the whole system of public libraries and recommend some positive solutions which would create a dynamic and standard public library service in Jharkhand. Moreover, the reviewed study is relevant for the present doctoral work due to the challenging issues of public Maulanalibraries Azadin the neighbouring Library, state of WestAligarh Bengal. Muslim University
Wani (2008), in his paper, outlined an overview of public library development in India tracing its historical background and extending up to the present time. It describes initiatives undertaken by private foundation and by local, state and central
40 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
Government. Author has also described the characteristics of Indian society and the relationship of Indian people with the public library. Therefore, this study is very much important for the present work, as it traces the significant development in public libraries in India pertaining to different phases of Indian history.
A study by Parvathamma and Reddy (2009) limited to a single district of Karnataka state focuses on the use of the different collection by the users. The finding of the study showed that majority of the users visit the library to read newspapers and magazines besides obtaining information regarding employment opportunities. It is noteworthy that a large number of users in West Bengal also visit public libraries not only for the preparation of competitive examination but also for obtaining information regarding career opportunities.
Deswal (2010), in her paper, examined the status of public libraries in Haryana. It is located in the northern part of India. Haryana is culturally different from West Bengal as its people are mostly Hindi speaking. However, the paper assessed the available infrastructural facilities, manpower, collection development, etc. in Haryana public library. Hence, the study of Deswal has similarity in many ways with the present study.
A study by Dhar (2010) highlighted the present status of public libraries in one of the states in India namely Jammu & Kashmir. The author has pointed out that though Jammu & Kashmir does not have Public Library Act still, a strong public library system exists in this state. However, the author suggested that library authorities should take an initiative to equip libraries with modern technologies. This study is useful for the present work as it discusses the overviews of the public library development and system in Jammu & Kashmir state.
Ramesh (2012) in his study e-reading habit of public library users in Erode Corporation, Tamil Nadu India found that ‘public libraries can be effective agencies of promoting reading habit among the literate public’. Majority of the readers spend Maulanaone hour per day Azad in reading Library,magazines, newspapers Aligarh, and fiction Muslims. Notably, most University of the users stated that electronic information is better, faster, and time-saving.
Report of an empirical work by Das (2012) presented wonderful findings related to public libraries of Assam. The author noted that none of the librarians are
41 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
having a professional undergraduate and postgraduate degree in library science. Furthermore, due to the absence of the Public Library Act, all libraries are facing acute financial problems. Notably, many public libraries in rural areas of Assam survive due to financial support from villagers. The author has, however, suggested few steps to solve the existing problems.
A study by Thanuskodi (2012) covered public libraries of a Southern state in India i.e. Tamil Nadu. The author advised that public libraries should give freedom to their users to assess the services provided by public libraries. This opinion of the author can be taken as a guiding principle for the evaluation of all India public libraries. Public libraries should play the same role as irrespective of their location in any part of India.
The study by Kaur and Walia (2015) have attempted to find out collection development and management in the public libraries in Delhi. Authors pointed out that public libraries in Delhi are governed by the Government or its agencies and they compare public libraries in Delhi with the International standard of public libraries. Authors have further pointed out that the public libraries in Delhi are not making the desired effort to rich out the public.
Study of Hazra and Sengupta (2015) is quite relevant as it covers one of the important districts of the West Bengal. In this paper, authors have mentioned that staff strength plays an important role in efficient services. Ultimately, society will be benefitted due to these services rendered in public libraries. Significantly, in the present work, a detailed analysis of staff strength and existing vacancies will be covered pertaining to all surveyed nine districts of West Bengal.
A study by Alam (2015) limited to a century year old ARS Inamdar public library in Pune examined the social and cultural value according to the user’s perspective. The author reveals that library services are most influential among users to develop their cultural and social behaviour. The study also mentions that the Maulana“library isAzad quite safe Library, and calm place” Aligarhfor reading and Muslim it plays a significant University role to build and develop the quality of life of the community. Although this study is useful for the present research work, it evaluates the user’s opinions regarding library services.
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The study by AjithaKumari and Francis (2015) investigated the public library system in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Findings of this study showed that the majority of the libraries have not used any classification and cataloguing scheme. Notably, authors suggested that public libraries should implement modern technologies, build new collection regarding agriculture and health science, appoint trained professional staff and establish ‘Public Library Network System’ under the State Library Council which helps to connect and disseminate the information of all the sectors in Kerala State. However, this study is useful for the present doctoral thesis because it discusses the public library system in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala which is almost similar to the West Bengal public library system.
Another study of Ayub (2015) discussed the present status of ICT in the rural public libraries of Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal. The author revealed that most of the rural public libraries in this district do not have available Information and Communication Technologies like computer, printer, scanner, photocopy machine, Internet connectivity, etc. Only a few public libraries have computer and Internet connection but there is no software and professional staff for maintaining the library services mechanically. The author mentioned that rural public libraries encounter a number of problems such as poor infrastructure, lack of professional staff, inadequate management support and averseness of the government.
A study by Shukla and Bajpai (2015) covered the historical development of public libraries in one of the largest states in India namely Uttar Pradesh. Significantly, the study highlights the developmental phase of the public libraries covering the Mughal Period, British Period and After Independence in this state. This study is relevant as it covered the historical background and salient features of the public libraries in Uttar Pradesh and also covered the Indian public library movement.
Mehtab and Munshi (2017) examined the available infrastructural facilities in the public libraries of Murshidabad district of West Bengal. Authors revealed that Maulanaalmost all the ruralAzadlibraries Library,have faced from Aligarhthe shortage ofMuslim library space, Universitylack of proper library building, insufficient furniture equipment and shortage of professional staff. Result also highlights that most of the rural libraries are ‘confined to only one or two rooms that are used for multiple purposes, including stacks and reading areas’. Authors suggested that library authority should take utmost priority to improve the
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overall library infrastructure of all categories of public libraries and start the recruitment process at the earliest.
2.4 Conference Articles
The study of Ramasamy and Panda (2000) highlighted the foremost problems encountered by the State Central Libraries in India for adopting modern technologies. Authors revealed that majority of the SCLs faced a number of problems such as inadequate fund, lack of professional staff, lack of proper infrastructure, national level policy on public libraries, etc. However, this study makes some valuable suggestions for proper development in terms of IT implement in SCLs like the government should provide a special fund for IT development, recruit professional staff, organize special training programmes for awareness of IT of the library staff, etc. However, this study is useful for the present research work as the authors discussed various problems faced by the SCLs and these problems may be applicable to the public libraries in West Bengal as well.
Ghosh (2003) elaborated that in India especially rural public libraries face a number of problems. The author mentioned that most of the rural public libraries do not have good infrastructure, appropriate collections, professional staff, ICT facilities, etc. The actual barriers of the development of rural public libraries in India are lack of national policies, political issues, linguistic diversity, inadequacy and problems in transfer of funds, etc. The author suggested that the government should take necessary action for the development of the rural public libraries in India because rural libraries can bring change to social status.
A study of Bandyopadhyay (2008) discussed the several activities for creating and promoting reading habits of the users which have been taken into consideration by few public libraries of South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. The author mentioned that public libraries are playing a crucial role in supporting education, recreation and developing reading habits of every person in the society. Libraries take Maulanaseveral steAzadps for promoting Library, reading habits.Aligarh They organize Muslimstorytelling University session, quiz programmes, extempore lectures, cultural programmes, art and drawing programmes, textbook distribution programme etc., for the children and career counselling, discussions, debates, educational programmes telecast/broadcast on T.V and radio etc., for the adult users, and also literacy circle, meeting, discussion etc. for old
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people. Apart from these, public libraries regularly celebrate important days such as Independence Day, Teachers Day, birth anniversaries of writers and national leaders with the involvement of the library users and non-user as well as local community.
Another study of Bandyopadhyay (2008) discussed the types of information literacy services provided by the public libraries in West Bengal. She mentioned that public libraries in West Bengal provided several types of IL services for their users and it revealed that children, women, and youth generation have been benefited greatly. The author observed that users highly appreciate information literacy services like discussion related to their job opportunities, tips of career building, health and family welfare, social awareness, etc.
A study by Radijeng (2013) examined how public libraries are supporting and attaining the Botswana government agenda. The author mentioned that public libraries have adopted some of the crucial steps for attracting people. Libraries are building more visible and attractive buildings equipped with computers and internet connection that are available for the general people and they further introduce various programs for addressing and promoting of information products and services to their users. Notably, Public libraries have started organizing several programs that cover educational, agricultural, economic and recreational aspects. Although author findings could be related to some libraries in West Bengal and hence, this study is quite relevant.
The study of Verma and Sharma (2014) was conducted on the status of public library system in Uttar Pradesh in order to investigate the library collection, manpower, and services of the Amir-Ud-Daula Public Library (Lucknow) and Allahabad Public Library (Allahabad). Authors remarked that both public libraries are facing common problems such as shortage of staff, insufficient financial budget, lack of library infrastructure, lack of proper guidelines, etc. This study is quite relevant for the present study as the authors have discussed the various problems which may be Maulanaapplicable to West Azad Bengal asLibrary, well. Aligarh Muslim University Mahapatra, Das and Majumder (2017) examined the public library system in one of the states of North-East India namely Tripura where public library system has developed, in spite of not having a Public Library Act. Authors analyse three public library services and facilities in detail. The result shows that these libraries have not
45 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
started the automation process yet due to the insufficient infrastructural facilities and lack of authority support. Although the study does not cover the satisfaction level of user communities, it is relevant for the present work due to its emphasis on collection development, financial aspects, and services patter of the public library system.
Chatterjee (2017) explained public library standards and guidelines in the developed country like UK, Australia, and the USA, and also suggested to formulate proper standards and guidelines for the Indian public libraries according to the model of Australian Public Library Guidelines.
Mahapatra, Das and Majumder (2017) revealed that district public libraries in South Tripura have not started library automation process yet because of the lack of authority support and infrastructure.
A study by Kalita and Kalita (2017) demonstrated that due to the poor library collection, infrastructure, IT-based services, and government assistance, the number library users have reducing day-to-day in rural libraries in Nalbari district of Assam.
The study by Sen (2017) examined the quality of library collection and services provided by the district library of North 24 Parganas of West Bengal according to user’s perspective. The author revealed that a large number of library users are graduate but unemployed and they use the library for preparing for competitive examinations. The finding also shows that users are not satisfied with the library collection and services. The study is useful for the present thesis as the author has emphasised on the collection development and users perception.
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46 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature
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CHAPTER: 3
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN WEST BENGAL 3.1 Introduction
The origin and development of public libraries in West Bengal started with the determinations of Britishers and various missionaries. The present chapter discusses about the origin and growth of public libraries in West Bengal. A comprehensive description about the geographical, historical, cultural and educational background of West Bengal has been highlighted. This chapter also highlights the role of social workers, missionaries and political parties in the development of public libraries in West Bengal. In addition to these, the impact of the West Bengal Public Library Act 1979 has also been described in this chapter.
3.2 West Bengal
‘Unity in diversity’ is one of the eminent attributes of incredible India. India is a diversified country with the second largest population next to China. With more than 1,210,854,977 population, India is the second most populous country in the world. Having total area of 3,287,263 km2, spread over 29 states and 7 union territories, India ranks seventh in the world on the basis of the area. The literacy rate is 74.04 % (Census of India, 2011).
The state of West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India covering 88.752 km2 area. The total population of West Bengal is more than 91, 276, 115 spreading over 19 districts (Census of India, 2011). The state has been ranked second on the ground of population density that is 1029 persons per sq. km. in India. West Bengal is religiously diverse with bilingual as well as multilingual and multicultural population. Most of them speak Bengali as their mother tongue and the rest speak MaulanaHindi, Nepali,Azad Oriya, Library, etc. As per the Aligarh Census of India Muslim2011, Hindus Universityare the major religious population (70.54%), while Muslims are the second largest population (27.01%) and only 0.07% belongs to Sikhism, 0.31% Buddhism, 0.72% Christianity, 0.07% Jainism, and 1.03% other religions in West Bengal (Census of India, 2011). Therefore, we can say that West Bengal is a multilingual and multicultural state of India. 54 Chapter 3 Development of Public Libraries in West Bengal
Table 3.1: Some Facts
S. No. Details India West Bengal
1. Area 3,287,263 sq. km. 88.725 sq. km. 2. Total Population 1,210,854,977 91, 276, 115 3. Rank in Population 2nd (World Wide) 4th (Within India) 4. Sex Ratio 940 947 5. Literacy Rate 74.04% 77.08% 6. Total Number of Districts 640 19 7. Total Number of Sub- More than 3150 66 Divisions/Tehsils 8. Total Number of Blocks 5410 341 9. Total Number of Panchayat More than 4865 333 Samities 10. Total Number of Gram More than 250,000 3,362 Panchayats 11. Total Number of Towns 7, 933 375 12. Total Number of Statutory More than 5853 123 Towns 13. Total Number of Villages More than 6 lakh 40,945 14. Total Number of Inhabited More than 5.2 lack 37,469 Villages Source: Census of India, 2011
A large number of people in West Bengal are engaged in agriculture because of the availability of fertile land, pleasant climate and better irrigation system that help to produce a variety of food crops, plantation crops, cash crops, etc. The state has been ranked first in rice production in India thereby contributes more than 20% of the total rice production of India (Miller, 2012). Notably, it is the 6th largest state in terms of Gross State Domestic Production in total production of India (Chakraborty and MaulanaPattrea, 2016). AzadBesides agriculture,Library, the stateAligarh has also developedMuslim in industrialUniversity production. West Bengal stands as the fifth largest contributor of India’s Gross State Domestic Production with a share of 6.75% (Power for all West Bengal Report, 2016). Some of the significant industries in West Bengal that deserve to be mentioned are the jute industry, paper industry, iron and steel industry, leather industry, cotton
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textile industry, silk industry, etc. The state has well-developed communication as well as transportation system which play an important role in the economic growth of this state.
3.2.1 Demographic Background of West Bengal
West Bengal is a state of the eastern part of the Indian peninsula. Kolkata is the capital of West Bengal which historically known as Calcutta, ‘The City of Joy’. However, in its physical form, it is a complete representation of the Indian sub- continent. Geographically, Indian’s most varied state is West Bengal, stretching from Himalayan Mountains in the north all the way to the sea. It is the only state of India which has the Himalayas as well as coastline. West Bengal is a state which contains a large number of water bodies. The presence of the river Ganga and its tributaries in this state has made the agricultural lands productive to a great extent (Miller, 2012).
West Bengal is a western part of historical Bengal (Banga), with a population of more than 91 million (Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2011). And the eastern part (Banga) is present in Bangladesh. The tropic of Cancer crosses over West Bengal, which is very close to Kolkata city (Chakraborty and Pattrea, 2016). West Bengal is surrounded by the three international frontiers namely on the north Bhutan and Nepal and in east Bangladesh. The green valley of Assam lies on its north-east. On the western side lies the state of Bihar. Orissa lies to the south-west. The Bay of Bengal lies on the south of West Bengal. In addition to these, Jharkhand is a state that runs as the largest boundary of West Bengal.
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Map 3.1: Indication of West Bengal State from Indian Map
3.2.1.1 Location and Area
West Bengal lies between 21˚20’ and 27˚32’ North latitude and between Maulana85˚50’ and 89˚52’ Azad East longitude. Library, The total areaAligarh of the state hasMuslim 88,752 sq. km University which is equal to 2.7% of the Nation’s total area. “Siliguri Corridor”, a narrow strip of land joins the landmass of India to its North-Eastern states in West Bengal. North of this corridor is mountainous land and south of this corridor is plain land (Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, 2011).
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Map 3.2: The State West Bengal
3.2.1.2 Administrative Divisions
West Bengal has a representation of 42 seats in Lok Sabha and 16 seats in Rajya Sabha of the Parliament. This state is divided into 19 districts with three Maulanaadministrative Azad division Library,s (Census of Aligarh India, 2011). Every Muslim district is University governed by a Deputy Commissioner and administrative division is controlled by a Divisional Commissioner.
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The Chief Minister of West Bengal is considered as the chief executive of the Government of West Bengal. Governor appoints the Chief Minister and the other Ministers. The Chief Minister is generally elected by a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Chief Minister is elected for a term of five years (Chakraborty and Pattrea, 2016).
Table 3.2: Administrative Set-up in West Bengal
S. No. Burdwan Division Jalpaiguri Division Presidency Division
1. Bankura District Cooch Behar District Howrah District
2. Burdwan District Darjeeling District Kolkata District
3. Birbhum District Jalpaiguri District Murshidabad District
4. East Midnapore Malda District Nadia District District (Purba Medinipur)
5. Hooghly District North Dinajpur North 24 Parganas District (Uttar District (Uttar 24 Dinajpur) Parganas)
6. Purulia District South Dinajpur South 24 Parganas District (Dakshin District (Dakshin 24 Dinajpur) Parganas)
7. West Midnapore - - District (Paschim Medinipur)
Source: Census of West Bengal, 2011
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Table 3.3: Some Facts of each District in West Bengal
S. Name of the Headquarter Total Area Total Sex Population Total No. of Gram No. District Covered Population Ratio Density Sq. Km. Panchayats 1. Bankura Bankura 6,882 sq. km. 3,596,292 954 529 190 2. Birbhum Suri 4,545 sq. km. 3,502,404 956 771 169 3. Burdwan Burdwan 7,024 sq. km. 7,723,663 943 1100 277 4. Coochbehar Coochbehar 3,387 sq. km. 2,822,780 942 833 128 5. Dakshin Dinajpur Balurghat 2,219 sq. km. 1,670,931 954 753 65 6. Darjeeling Darjeeling 3,149 sq. km. 1,842,034 971 585 134 7. Hoogly Hoogly 3,149 sq. km. 5,520,389 958 1753 210 8. Howrah Howrah 1,467 sq. km. 4,841,638 935 3300 157 9. Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri 6,227 sq. km. 3,869,675 954 621 148 10. Kolkata Kolkata 185 sq. km. 4,486,679 899 24252 - 11. Malda Malda 3,733 sq. km. 3,997,970 939 1071 147 12. Murshidabad Berhampore 5,324 sq. km. 7,102,430 957 1334 255 13. Nadia Krishnanagar 3,927 sq. km. 5,168,488 947 1316 187 14. North 24 Parganas Barasat 4,094 sq. km. 1,008,2852 949 2463 200 15. Paschim Medinipur Midnapore 9,345 sq. km. 5,943,300 960 636 290 16. Purba Medinipur Tamluk 4,736 sq. km. 5,094,238 936 1076 224 17. Purulia Purulia 6,259 sq. km. 2,927,965 955 468 170 18. South 24 Parganas Alipore 9,960 sq. km. 8,153,176 949 819 312 19. Uttar Dinajpur Raiganj 3,140 sq. km. 3,000849 936 956 99 West Bengal 8,875,2 sq. km. 91, 347736 947 1029 3,362 Source: Census of India, 2011
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3.2.2 Educational Background of the State
West Bengal is considered as a pioneer of the modern education system in India. The city Calcutta (Kolkata) is the place where British missionaries took an interest in starting their modern education system for the British and Indian natives. Many evidence has been found that testifies to the fact that it was Calcutta where the Britishers started Western education system for the first time in India. Many Indian social reformists and missionaries played a leading role in the establishment of modern schools and colleges in Calcutta city. Some of them are David Hare, Ram Mohan Roy, Derozio, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Pundit Sibanath Shastri, Shashi Bhusan Chatterjee, William Jones, William Carey, etc. For spreading the Arabian and Persian education in India, the Calcutta Madrasah was established in 1781, which was the first academic institution in Calcutta city (Ohdedar, 1966). Sanskrit College was set up in 1792 for cultivating Sanskrit language and The Hindu College was in 1817, which was renamed as the Presidency College in 1855 (Chakraborty and Pattrea, 2016). The Fort William College and Serampore College were established in 1800 and in 1818 respectively. Calcutta was the first city in India to have a Medical College in 1835. In 1857, with the initiative of the British Government, the University of Calcutta was set-up. The University of Calcutta is the first full-fledged multi- disciplinary university not only in Indian but also in South Asia (Ohdedar, 1966). A number of academic institutions were first established in Calcutta, for example, Homeopathic Medical College established in 1880, Bethune College (first Women’s College in India) set up in 1879, etc. Apart from these, many eminent institutions were set-up such as Oriental Seminary and Sanskrit College established in 1823, Scottish Church College in 1830, St. Xavier's College in 1835, Hooghly Mohsin College in 1836, etc. (Datta, 2012). After independence, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur established in 1951, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management was setup in 1953, Jadavpur University in 1955, Indian Institutes of Management in 1961, Rabindra Bharati University in 1962, etc. were Maulanaestablished in West Azad Bengal (Ohdedar,Library, 1966). Aligarh Muslim University A well-developed education system has been created in every district. The medium of instruction in most of the schools and colleges is Bengali. As per the West Bengal education policy, from primary level to higher secondary level of education, Bengali is the first language followed by the English language. Significantly, to
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follow the global scenario, the government has started the English language from class one at the primary level. Not only Bengali but also many other languages are used as a medium of instruction in West Bengal. The state provides primary, secondary, higher secondary and higher education facilities. West Bengal government emphasizes on primary education to a great extent. More than 67,926 primary schools have been established over 19 districts (Chakraborty and Pattrea, 2016). A number of secondary and higher secondary schools exist in this state which are affiliated to CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education), ICSE (Indian Certificate of Secondary Education), WBBSE (West Bengal Board of Secondary Education) and WBCHSE (West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education). The state has a separate autonomous Madrasah Board which controls some of the madrasahs that are recognized by the government of West Bengal (Datta, 2012). For higher education, a number of state universities offer several courses which are governed by the state government. The state has only one Central University named Visva Bharati University which is the autonomous university located in Shantiniketan, Birbhum district. A number of technical institutions and vocational training centres have also been established for increasing the quality of education. Many state universities like Netaji Open University, Raindrop Mute Vidyalaya, Burdwan University, Rabindra Bharati University, etc. offer education through distance mode for the economically backward students as well as those who have not been able to afford education through regular mode. In addition to these, so many private universities and institutions play a significant role in the massive development of education in this state. It is worthy to mention here that the state has achieved national excellence in India in terms of quality education in lower and higher level of education as well as in research.
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Table 3.4: Literacy Rate of each District in West Bengal
S. No. Name of the Total Population Literacy Rate (%) No. of State Govt. No. of Public District College/University Libraries Male Female Male Female Average 1. Bankura 1,840,504 1,755,788 81.00 60.44 70.95 21 130 2. Birbhum 1,791,017 1,711,370 77.42 64.07 70.90 17 124 3. Burdwan 3,975,356 3,748,307 83.44 70.47 77.15 26 212 4. Coochbehar 1,453,590 1,369,190 81.52 69.08 75.49 18 110 5. Dakshin Dinajpur 8,551,04 8,158,27 79.63 67.81 73.86 6 57 6. Darjeeling 9,347,96 9,072,38 85.94 73.74 79.92 23 129 7. Hoogly 2,819,100 2,701,289 87.93 76.95 82.55 8 159 8. Howrah 2,502,453 2,339,185 87.69 79.73 83.85 8 136 9. Jalpaiguri 1,980,068 1,889,607 80.61 66.65 73.79 9 110 10. Kolkata 2,362,662 2,124,017 89.08 84.98 87.14 57 98 11. Malda 2,061,593 1,936,377 67.27 57.84 62.71 12 104 12. Murshidabad 3,629,595 3,472,835 71.02 63.88 67.53 11 160 13. Nadia 2,655,056 2,513,432 79.58 71.35 75.58 28 110 14. North 24 Parganas 5,172,138 4,910,714 88.66 81.05 84.95 25 224 15. Paschim Medinipur 3,032,630 2,910,670 86.66 71.11 79.04 23 158 16. Purba Medinipur 2,631,094 2,463,144 93.14 81.81 87.66 15 122 17. Purulia 1,497,656 1,430,309 78.85 51.29 65.38 14 118 18. South 24 Parganas 4,182,758 3,970,418 84.72 72.09 78.57 7 156 19. Uttar Dinajpur 1,550,219 1,450,630 66.65 53.15 60.13 5 56 Source: Census of India, 2011
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3.3 Library Movements in West Bengal
Calcutta being capital of West Bengal is believed to be a central place for the public library initiation, movement, and development in West Bengal. Calcutta was selected for British settlement for trade by Job Charnock, an Official of East India Company in 1690 (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). Significantly, Calcutta was chosen by the Britishers for the establishment of some notable academic institutes and libraries after their victory in famous Battle of Plassey in 1757. To spread the Christianity in India, Christian missionaries set up a number of printing press in several parts of India. They put an effort to publish religious scripture in several Indian languages, in order to motivate the Indian mind to accept the Christianity. In the following paragraphs, a brief description of the history of the then is mentioned.
When Calcutta was established as the new capital of India under the Governance of the Britishers, all vital offices were shifted from Murshidabad to Calcutta by the first Governor General Warren Hastings. Calcutta remained the capital and was ruled by the British until 1912 when they selected Delhi over Calcutta as their new capital. Then India gained independence in 1947 and Calcutta became the capital of the state of West Bengal. From the British era, Calcutta was vibrant and glorious in the field of education and culture (Roychoudhury, 1988). In the undivided Bengal, there were some circulating and subscription libraries merely for the British colonials. In 1770, a circulating library was formed under the administration of Mr. John Andrews that became quite popular among the Britishers residing in Calcutta. Then, in 1787, Messers Cock, Maxwell & Company opened a big circulating library by the name of ‘Calcutta Circulating Library’ (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). However, this library soon stopped functioning and its collections were sold out to the general public (Ohdedar, 1966). During those days, usually circulating library was run by Britishers. The purpose of the library was to get profit from lending or circulation books to the people for a fee (Rassuli and Hollander, 2001). In addition to the library Maulanaservices, Azadthey used toLibrary, sell books in different Aligarh disciplines Muslim. University 3.3.1 Asiatic Society: An Usher of a New Era for Public Libraries in Bengal (1784-1817)
Britishers played a pivotal role in inculcating interest and awareness about public libraries in West Bengal. Asiatic Society was set up in Calcutta by the eminent
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lawyer William Jones in 1784 to promote Asian history including arts and science, archaeology, philosophy, etc. (Nair, 2004). Sir William Jones became the first secretary of the Asiatic Society. In the initial days, the Asiatic Society had a humble beginning with a small office. Moreover, the Society had exclusively European members. Subsequently, some Indians were also given membership of the Society. Notably, a separate library building was built in 1808 on which some rare manuscripts were housed along with books in several languages (Roychoudhury, 1988).
3.3.2 Calcutta Library Society (1818-1832)
In 1818, J. H. Siddons established ‘Calcutta Library Society’ to provide the library services to the citizens of Bengal (Kesavan, 1961). The Calcutta Library Society started functioning in the town hall, Calcutta. It was a subscription-based library service. Every member had to pay a fixed amount for using the library services. The unique charter of this library was that the functioning body was not associated with other organizations. Apart from that, every month the library used to procure new publications from England especially in the fields of science. Unfortunately, due to some unavoidable circumstances, the Calcutta Library Society ceased functioning only after fifteen years of its establishment (Ohdedar, 1966).
3.3.3 Calcutta Public Library: New Paradigm for Public Library in Bengal (1833-1902)
On August 3, 1835, the Governor General, Sir Charles Metcalfe repealed the old press law and declared the new one. As a result, freedom of expression of public opinion was recognized. To congratulate Sir Metcalfe for this work, a meeting was held on August 20, 1835, in Calcutta. In this meeting, a proposal to construct a building in the name of Metcalfe and a library within that building was accepted. After 11 days on August 31, 1835, another public meeting was organized to set up a general library in Calcutta city. The meeting was chaired by one of the Supreme Court judges, Sir John Piter Grant. In that meeting, J. H. Stocqueler mentioned the necessity Maulanaof establishing aAzad general library Library, in Calcutta (Nair,Aligarh 2004). As Muslim a result of the meeting,University Calcutta Public Library was set up in 1836.
The establishment of Calcutta Public Library is considered as a remarkable landmark in the history of public library movement in Bengal. A number of well-
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known residents of Calcutta were involved in the establishment of Calcutta Public Library. Some of the Indian patrons were Debendranath Tagore, Prince Dwarakanath Tagore, Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Peary Chand Mitra, etc. In addition to these Indian, Lord Metcalfe, T. B. Macaulay, J. C. Marshman, Sir John Peter Grant, James Princep, H. Beveridge have also played an important role in the establishment of Calcutta Public Library (Dasgupta, 1989). This library notably was shifted to Metcalfe Hall at Strand Road in Calcutta.
At the beginning of the library, famous Englishman W. H. Stacy was appointed as the first librarian (Majumdar, 2008). Famous Bengali litterateur Peary Chand Mitra decorated the chair of Assistant Librarian. Derogeo’s disciple Peary Chand Mitra was the centre of attraction for many literary enthusiasts of Calcutta and they used to assemble in the library in the evenings. After Peary Chand Mitra, his cousin brother Gopi Krishna Mitra became the librarian. Another Bengal’s great child, Bipin Chandra Pal was appointed as a librarian on 20th August 1892. He resigned from the library in 1892 due to his disagreement with the library authorities (Nair, 2004). The notable initiative of Bipin Chandra Pal was to introduce an index of books in the library which was later recorded in 1898.
3.3.4 Establishment of Imperial Library
Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India established Imperial Library India. Notably, he did it with the amalgamation of two libraries viz. Calcutta Public Library and Imperial Library. It may, however, be noted that the Imperial Library, though, was established in 1891 but had restricted clientele. Significantly, the Imperial Library was opened to the public on 30th January 1903 (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010).
3.3.5 The Journey from the Imperial Library to National Library of India (1903-1953)
The first librarian of Imperial Library was John Macfarlane, who worked in MaulanaBritish MuseumAzadas AssistantLibrary, Librarian Aligarh. After his death Muslim in 1906 on January University 22, from 1907, multilinguist Hari Nath De took over the post of librarian and remained till 1911. J. A. Chapman was appointed as a librarian in 1911 and served the library until 1930. Khan Bahadur K. M. Asadullah had taken over the charge of Imperial Library remained as a librarian until 1947 (Kesavan, 1961).
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The Indian government changed the name of the Imperial Library to the National Library after independence with the legislation of the Imperial Library act of 1948. Along with this, all the collections were transferred from the Esplanade to the present Belvedere Estate. On February 1st, 1953, the National library was inaugurated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and B. S. Kesavan was appointed as the first Librarian of the National Library (Saha, 1988). Table 3.5 provides a complete list of librarians starting from John Macfarlane to R. Ramachandran. It is useful to point out that, the post of Librarian is still lying vacant in the National Library.
Table 3.5: List of Librarians
S. No. Name Duration 1. Mr. John Macfarlane 1901-1903 2. Mr. Hari Nath De 1907-1911 3. Mr. J. A. Chapman 1911-1930 4. Mr. K.M. Asadullah 1930-1947 5. Mr. B.S. Kesavan 1948-1963 6. Mr. Y. M. Mulay 1963-1967 7. Mr. D.R. Kalia 1967-1970 8. Mr. B.S. Kesavan 1970-1971 9. Prof. T. K. Srinivasa Iyangar 1980-1980 10. Smt. Kalpana Dasgupta 1983-1995 11. Mr. T.A.V. Murthy 1986-1987 12. Dr. R. Ramachandran 2001-2014 13. Shri H.P. Gedam 2006-2012 Source: http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/history.html
During the notable journey, the Imperial Library has played a great role for the public library movement in undivided Bengal and also in other parts of India. As a result, a number of public libraries were established in undivided Bengal from the Maulanaperiod of 1901 toAzad 1940. Table Library, 3.6 display the Aligarh number of public Muslimlibraries which University have been established in the first half of the twentieth century.
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Table 3.6: Number of Public Libraries in Undivided Bengal during 1901-1940
S. No. Name of the Year Wise Public Libraries Developmental Phase in District Various District 1901-1910 1911-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1. Kolkata 20 34 86 87 2. Coochbehar - 7 - 1 3. Khulna 3 5 2 18 4. Chattagram 3 3 6 14 5. Jalpaiguri 2 2 7 4 6. Dhaka 1 - 1 4 7. Tripura 2 5 5 26 8. Darjeeling - 2 3 5 9. Dinajpur 3 5 7 31 10. Nadia 2 8 8 6 11. Noakhali - 1 1 6 12. Pabna - 6 9 16 13. Faridpur - 1 6 4 14. Bagura - - 3 10 15. Burdwan 3 9 19 36 16. Bankura 3 3 8 24 17. Bakharganj 1 2 1 43 18. Birbhum 3 3 5 27 19. Mymansingh - 3 9 19 20. Maldah - 3 5 25 21. Murshidabad 1 6 4 16 22. Medinipur - 5 7 34 23. Joshor 1 5 1 4 24. Rangpur 4 1 2 15 25. Rajshahi 3 2 2 6 26. Howrah 4 17 21 24 Maulana27. AzadHooghly Library,9 Aligarh28 Muslim25 University42 28. 24 Parganas 13 18 15 24 Total 81 184 268 571 Sources: Public Library Development in West Bengal, Written by Professor Prabir Roychaudhury, 1988.
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3.3.6 Contributions of Bengal Library Association in the growth of Public Libraries in Bengal (1925) A meeting was held in Calcutta, on December 20th, 1925 at Albert Institute Hall near Calcutta University which was chaired by J. A. Chapman, the then librarian of Imperial Library, Calcutta. A number of librarians and library lovers attended this meeting. In this meeting, with the presidentship of the famous poet Rabindranath Tagore (Nobel Prize Winner) and the secretaryship of Sushil Kumar Ghosh, the All Bengal Library Association was formed in 1925 (Roychoudhury, 1988). In this meeting, Rabindranath Tagore stated that “I always support library movement taking place in Bengal and I sincerely wish for the overall prosperity of the Public libraries in West Bengal”. The original quotation is in the Bengali language available in “Paschimbange sadharan granthagar byabasthar prasar o Bangiya Granthagar Parisad” written by Krishnapada Majumder, 2008. Rabindranath Tagore and a number of eminent personalities such as Professor Kali Das Nag, Monoranjon Ray Librarian of the Dhaka University, Dr. P. C. Briz and several others had discussed the library movement in several countries and thus defined the role of All Bengal Library Association. Notably, in the second conference of All Bengal Library Association held in 1933 in Calcutta, the name of the association has been changed as Bangiya Granthagar Parishad in Bengali and Bengal Library Association (BLA) in English (Kabir, 1988). The fundamental aim of the Bangiya Granthagar Parishad was trained the library staff, and thus a two-week training programme at Bansberia Public Library, Hooghly district in 1934 was conducted. In this short term training programme, only twelve library staff had participated. However, the programme had been quite successful. Consequently, in the association of Imperial Library, the Bangiya Granthagar Parishad organized a six months Diploma Course in Library Science at Imperial Library, Calcutta, in which twenty library staff from all over India have enrolled and successfully completed the course. Besides this, the Bangiya Granthagar MaulanaParishad also started Azad a ‘Certificate Library,Course inAligarhLibrarianship’ Muslim (Pradhan and Tripathi,University 2010). Apart from training programmes, Bangiya Granthagar Parishad had also started in 1937 the publication of ‘Bengal Library Association Bulletin’ (Ohdedar, 1966). The Bulletin was bi-lingual available in English as well as in the Bengali
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language. However, it was ceased to publish in 1952. Bangiya Granthagar Parishad had also published several books on library science and librarianship in English and Bengali. Moreover, the Association had organized various conferences and seminars since 1925 on different themes of librarianship.
3.3.7 Growth of Public Libraries in West Bengal after Independence (1947- 1977)
India gained Independence in 1947. However, notable developments with regard to public libraries had started only in the Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961). During this period, privately managed public libraries were converted into government sponsored or government libraries. But demand for library legislation in West Bengal remained unfulfilled until the Left Front government had taken over in 1977. Significantly, the Left Front government assured for library legislation and thus Public Library Development had become a political issue for the first time in India (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). According to Raychaudhury, as a result of these initiatives, 762 government controlled and government-sponsored public libraries were established until 1977 in West Bengal (Roychaudhury, 1988). Table 3.7 shows the number of public libraries which have been established since 1977.
Table 3.7: Number of Public Libraries Established During the Years of 1947- 1977
S. Name of the State District Dignified Central Town/ Rural/ Total No. District Central Library Library Library Sub- Primary Library division Unit Library Library 1. Bankura - 1 - - 1 38 40 2. Birbhum - 1 - - 1 42 44 3. Burdwan - 2 - - 4 55 61 4. Calcutta 1 - - - 1 5 7 5. Cooch Behar - 1 - - 1 39 41 6. Darjeeling - 1 - 1 3 60 65 7. Hooghly - 1 1 - 4 53 59 8. Howrah - 1 - - 1 52 54 9. Jalpaiguri - 1 - - 1 34 36 10. Maldah - 1 - - 2 27 30 11. Midnapur - 2 - - 5 67 74 12. Murshidabad - 1 - - 2 38 41 Maulana13. AzadNadia Library,- 1 Aligarh- - Muslim3 University36 40 14. Purulia - 1 - - 1 38 40 15. 24-Parganas - 3 - 2 6 82 92 16. West - 1 - - 1 35 37 Dinajpur Total 1 19 1 3 37 701 762 Source: Public Library Development in West Bengal, Written by Professor Prabir Roychaudhury, 1988.
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3.3.8 Role of Left Front/Communist Party (C.P.I.M) to Develop the Public Libraries in West Bengal (1977-2000)
The landmark development had been witnessed in the year 1979 when the Left Front government had passed the West Bengal Public Library Act. Subsequently, a notable quantitative change was noticed with regard to the number of sponsored libraries, their maintenance grants and staff salary. Bandyopadhyay mentioned that, with the advent of the Left Front government, “people at every corner became at least aware of the existence of Govt. Sponsored public library in their locality, running mostly from public exchequer. The number of Govt. sponsored libraries quickly raised from 759 to 2418” (Bandyopadhyay, 2008). Some other important development during the Left Front government regime has also described in the following paragraphs.
Under the Left Front government, initially, the acting Minister of the school education was given the responsibility of regulating the public libraries. After coming into power, Left Front government, for the first time appointed a full-time state Minister for the regulation of the public libraries and also the Directorate of Library Services was established in 1980 (Kumar, 2011). Roychaudhury mentioned, in the history of India, West Bengal is the only state that has appointed a full-time minister (Roychaudhury, 1988).
Also, the Left Front government has organized in 1980, Book Fair for the first time in the state. Since then, several Book Fairs have been held in different parts of the West Bengal. The main objectives to organize these Book Fairs have been mentioned below:
i. Provide facilities to the libraries and book lovers to browse and consult large number of titles on various subjects in one compact area for information, selection and purchase. ii. Provide facilities to publishers to exhibit their publications to the visitors – Maulanathus Azad benefiting Library,the book trade by interactionAligarh and Muslim University iii. Promote reading habit among the people (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Service, 2011-2012).
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3.4 The West Bengal Public Library Act, 1979
The All Bengal Library Association has submitted Draft Bill on library legislation to the government on 1978. Mr. Partha De who later became the first Minister for Library Services in West Bengal had taken significant interest in gelling the legislation passed (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). As a result, the Act was passed on 12th September 1979 by the Legislation Assembly of West Bengal (Dasgupta, 1989). However, salient features of the Act as mentioned by Pradhan and Tripathi (2010) are given below:
Constitution of the State Library Council with Minister-in-Charge of Library Services as Chairman of the Council; Set up of separate Directorate for Library Services with Director of Library Services as the top Officer who directs library services in the state. He is also to be the Ex-officio Member Secretary of the State Library Council; Creation of Local Library Authority (LLA) at the district level with District Magistrate as Chairman, and District Library Officers as the Ex-officio Member Secretary of the LLA; Democratization of the management of library services by representations from the Bengal Library Association, person associated with library movement, library employees, library experts, local governments (Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samity, Municipality / Corporation), Members of the Legislative Assembly, Educationalist, 'Government Officials in the State Library Council and the Local Library Authorities; Bringing different government controlled and sponsored public libraries and their employees within the purview of this Act so that an integrated public library system can be developed under the supervision and control of the Director of Library Services, District Library Officer, State Library Council and Local Library Authorities; and No provision of library cess (West Bengal Public Library Act. 1979, Chapter I, II, III, IV, V; Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010).
MaulanaWest Azad Bengal Library, Public Library ActAligarh was amended Muslim subsequently University in 1993, 1994, 1998 and 2003 (Pradhan and Tripathi, 2010). Since 2003, the Act has not been amended again. During this long gap, many changes and development have been occurred. After the advent of information technology in library administrations, public libraries face a new challenge. Librarians are unable to implement the modern
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technologies in their libraries because most of the public libraries lack in IT infrastructure and sufficient professional staff. Majority of the rural libraries encounter a financial problem which makes it difficult for the libraries to be operated effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the West Bengal Public Library Act according to the changing environment of every segment of the society.
3.4.1 Developments After Public Library Act
As mentioned elsewhere in this chapter that the West Bengal Public Library Act has been passed in 1979. Among the notable changes, the multiplication in the number of public libraries has been significant. The number of public libraries before the enactment was 762. At present, the public library system in West Bengal comprises of 12 Government Libraries, 2,463 Government Sponsored Libraries and 7 Government Aided Libraries having the State Central Library at the apex body (West Bengal Public Library Network, 2019). Besides this, 319 Community Library cum- Information Centre have also been established in Gram Panchayats having neither government nor a government-sponsored library.
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Table 3.8: A List of District-wise Government and Government-sponsored Public Libraries in West Bengal
S. No. Name of the Government District Town/Sub- Rural Libraries/ Total District Libraries Libraries Division Libraries Primary Unit Libraries 1. Bankura - 1 7 122 130 2. Birbhum - 1 9 114 124 3. Burdwan - 3 21 188 212 4. Coochbehar 1 - 7 102 110 5. Dakshin Dinajpur - 1 4 52 57 6. Darjeeling 2 1 10 116 129 7. Hoogly 1 1 22 135 159 8. Howrah - 1 12 123 136 9. Jalpaiguri - 2 9 99 110 10. Kolkata 2 - 8 88 98 11. Malda - 1 9 94 104 12. Murshidabad - 1 12 147 160 13. Nadia - 1 9 100 110 14. North 24 Parganas 3 1 38 182 224 15. Paschim Medinipur - 1 15 142 158 16. Purba Medinipur 1 1 10 110 122 17. Purulia 1 1 5 111 118 18. South 24 Parganas - 1 18 137 156 19. Uttar Dinajpur 1 - 4 51 56 Total 12 19 231 2,213 2,475 Source: Record of the State Central Library, Kolkata
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Table 3.9: A List of Community Library Information Centre (CLICs) in different Districts of West Bengal
S. Name of the No. of No. of Gram No. of Gram No. of No. of CLICs No. of CLICs No. District Panchayat Panchayats Panchayats CLICs Established Sanctioned but not Samities/ having no Govt. Sanctioned Established Block /Spon. Library 1. Bankura 22 190 78 22 22 - 2. Birbhum 19 169 53 19 14 5 3. Burdwan 31 277 122 31 28 3 4. Coochbehar 12 128 40 12 12 - 5. Dakshin Dinajpur 8 65 25 8 8 - 6. Darjeeling 12 134 44 12 8 4 7. Hoogly 18 210 63 18 18 - 8. Howrah 14 157 67 14 14 - 9. Jalpaiguri 13 148 94 13 13 - 10. Malda 15 147 64 15 13 2 11. Murshidabad 26 255 129 26 26 - 12. Nadia 17 187 103 17 16 1 13. North 24 Parganas 22 200 118 22 20 2 14. Paschim Medinipur 29 290 171 29 28 1 15. Purba Medinipur 25 224 165 25 24 1 16. Purulia 20 170 65 20 20 - 17. South 24 Parganas 29 312 183 29 28 1 18. Uttar Dinajpur 9 99 56 9 7 2 Total 341 3,362 1,640 341 319 22 Source: Annual Report 2011-2012, Dept. of Mass Education Extension & Library Services
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Calcutta being capital of West Bengal is believed to be a central place for the public library initiation, movement, and development in West Bengal. Britishers played a pivotal role in inculcating interest and awareness about public libraries in West Bengal. Asiatic Society was established in Calcutta by the eminent lawyer William Jones to promote Asian history including arts and science, archaeology, philosophy, etc. Notably, the establishment of Calcutta Public Library is considered as a remarkable landmark in the history of public library movement in Bengal. On 30th January 1903 with the initiative of Lord Curzon, the Imperial Library was opened to the public. Although the Indian government changed the name of the Imperial Library to the National Library after independence with the legislation of the Imperial Library act of 1948. However, notable developments with regard to public libraries had started only in the Second Five-Year Plan. Many privately managed public libraries were converted into government sponsored or government libraries. The landmark development had been witnessed in the year 1979, when in which the Left Front government had passed the West Bengal Public Library Act. Subsequently, a notable quantitative change was noticed with regard to the number of sponsored libraries, their maintenance grants, and staff salary.
At present, the West Bengal Public Library System is managed by the Department of Mass Education Extension and Directorate of Library Services. All the public libraries receive financial assistance from the State Government as well as Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), an organization working under the Central Government.
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References
Annual Report. (2011-2012). Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services Government of West Bengal.
Annual Report. (2006-2007). Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services Government of West Bengal.
Annual Report of Labour in West Bengal. (2013-14). Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal.
Bandyopadhyay, A. K. (2008). Our public libraries: Evaluation of the public library services in West Bengal. Burdwan: Burdwan Press.
Bandyopadhyay, R., Majumder K. P., Bose, B. & Sengupta, P. (2010). Come to your Library: BLA project for promotion of reading in West Bengal, India. World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, Gothenburg, Sweden 10-15, August 2010. Available at: http://www.ifla.org/en/ifla76. Retrieved on 8th November, 2016.
Basak, N. & Das, B. B. (1983). Public libraries in West Bengal: Pre and post legislation period. In Manga, P. B. et al., (Eds.). Fifty years of librarianship in India: Past, present and future. All India Library Conference, 29th Mysore University, 318.
Census of India. (2011). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Referance_material.html. Retrieved 8th February, 2017.
Census of India. (2011). Religion: India States and Union Territories. Available at: http://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/state/19-west-bengal.html. Retrieved on 20th September, 2017.
Chakraborty, G. & Pattrea, M. (2016). Know your state: West Bengal. India: Arihant Publications Limited. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Datta, N. (2012). Role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation in the Development of Public Libraries in West Bengal. Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Burdwan,
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Burdwan, West Bengal. Available at: Http://Hdl.Handle.Net/10603/121487. Retrieved on 22nd April, 2017.
Dasgupta, K. (1989). The National Library. In Gupta, K. D. (Ed.), National library and public library movement: 150th anniversary of the Calcutta Public Library, A National Seminar, Calcutta, 3-13.
Kabir, A. M. F. (1988). The libraries of bengal, 1700-1947: The story of Bengali renaissance. New Delhi: Promilla, 93-107.
Kesavan, B. S. (1961). India’s National Library. Calcutta: National Library.
Kumar, P. S. G. (2011). Library movement and library development in West Bengal & Sikkim. Delhi: B. R. Publishing.
Majumdar, K. (2008). Paschimbange sadharan granthagar byabasthar prasar o Bangiya Granthagar Parisad (in Bengali) [Development of public library services in West Bengal and Bengal Library Association]. Kolkata: Bengal Library Association.
Miller, S. (2012). Blue guide: India. London: Somerset Books.
Nair, P. T. (2004). Origin of the National Library of India, days of the Calcutta Public Library. Kolkata: National Library of India.
National Library of India. Available at: http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/history.html. Retrieved on 15th September, 2017.
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. (2011). Census. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Referance_material.html. Retrieved on 6th September, 2017.
Ohdedar, A. K. (1966). The growth of the library in modern India 1498-1836. Calcutta: World Press. MaulanaPower for Azad all West BengalLibrary, Report. (2016). Aligarh A joint imitative Muslim of govt. of UniversityIndia and govt. of West Bengal. Available at: https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/joint_initiative_of_govt_of_in dia_and_West_Bengol.pdf. Retrieved on 12th September, 2017.
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Pradhan, D. & Tripathi, T. (2010). Public libraries information marketing and promotion: A special reference for Darjeeling District of West Bengal. Kolkata: Levant Books.
Rassuli, K. M. & Hollander, S. C. (2001). Revolving, not revolutionary books: The history of rental libraries until 1960. Journal of Micromarketing, 21(2).
Roychoudhury, P. (1988). Public library development in West Bengal. In Saha, R. K. (Ed.), Library movement in India, Calcutta: Bengal Library Association.
RRRLF Newsletter, (2016-2017). Vol. 4 No. October-March, 7. Available at: http://rrrlf.nic.in/pdf/Newsletter_No.4_October_2016-March_2017.pdf. Retrieved on 04th November, 2017.
Saha, R. (1988). Library movement in West Bengal. In Saha, R. K. (Ed.) Library movement in India, Calcutta: Bengal Library Conference Library.
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CHAPTER: 4 PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM IN WEST BENGAL
4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, a detailed discussion about the origin and development of public libraries in West Bengal has been made. The present chapter describes the Directorate of Library Services and constitutional body of the State Library Council and Local Library Council of public libraries in West Bengal. It also gives a comprehensive description of the present public library system, its functions and staff organisation patterns.
4.2 The Directorate of Library Services
The Directorate of Library Services was established under the undivided Education Department in 1980. Afterward, the West Bengal Public Library Act was amended in 1982 and further in 1985. The Mass Education Extension Department was established in 1988 with the Adult and Social Education Directorate of the erstwhile Education Department and also with Directorate of Library Services. Other functional wings like Special Education for the Physically Handicapped and running of Social Welfare Home, were subsequently added. “The Directorate of Library Services is headed by the Director of Library Services who is assisted by a Deputy Director and an Assistant Director in the Head Office and District Library Officers in the Districts and other staff members” (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12).
4.2.1 State Library Council (SLC)
The State Library Council was constructed under the Sub-section 1 of Section 4 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. Its basic machinery was to give advice to the State government on policy matters in the management of the State MaulanaCentral LAzadibrary and programmesLibrary, for theAligarh development Muslimof the library. It Universityis also the state government’s highest-ranking agency on policies and programmes related to library development and services (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12).
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According to the Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, the Council consists of 31 members who represent diverse fields of interest such as the Members of Legislative Assembly, eminent persons having interest in the field of education, culture, social work, literacy or artistic activity and library science, representatives of Bengal Library Association, Principal Secretary/Secretary of the Mass Education Extension and Library Services Department, of Kolkata National Library, the Director of Public Instruction, the Director of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation, distinguished librarians, members of LLAs and other employees. In this composition, Hon’ble Minister-in-Charge of Library Services as a Chairman and the Director of Library Services as an Ex-officio Member Secretary of the council are included (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). The structure of the State Library Council is mentioned in the following Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: The Structure of the State Library Council
Clause Category of the Members a. Chairman, Minister-in-Charge of the Mass Education Extension & Library Services in WB; b. Member Secretary (Ex-Officio), Director of Library Services in WB; c. Ex-Officio, Director of the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation; d. Ex-Officio, Director of the National Library of India; e. Ex-Officio, Director of the Mass Education Extension Department or his nominee; f. Ex-Officio, Director of the Culture or his/her nominee; g. Ex-Officio, Director of the Public Instruction; h. Ex-Officio, Deputy Director of the Social Education or his/her nominee; i. Ex-Officio, Principal Secretary of the Mass Education Extension Department; j. Ex-Officio, One District Library Officer; k. Ex-Officio, Librarian of the State Central Library, Kolkata; l. Four Elected Members of the WB State Legislative Assembly; m. Two representatives of the Bengal Library Association; n. Five representatives of Education, Social Work, Artistic Activity or Cultural Literacy to be nominated by the State Government; o. Two representatives of the employees of the State Central Library; Maulanap. Four experts Azad in the fieldLibrary, of Library Science Aligarh & Services; Muslim University q. Two representative members of the Local Library Authority; r. Each One Librarian from the each District Libraries to be nominated by the government. Source: Annual Report 2011-12, Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services
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4.2.2 Local Library Authority (LLA)
Local Library Authority has been created under the Sub-section 2 of Section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. The District Magistrate of each district is generally appointed as the Chairman and the District Library Officer of the respective district as the Ex-officio Member Secretary of the Local Library Authority. The Local Library Authority of each district consists of 22 to 24 members which depend on the number of District Libraries of the respective district (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). The composition of the Local Library Authority is stated in the following Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Composition of Local Library Authority (Except for Darjeeling District)
Clause Category of the Members i. Chairman, The District Magistrate of the respective district or his/her nominee. Particularly, for Kolkata District, the Director of Library Services; ii. Member Secretary (Ex-Officio), The District Library Officer of the respective district; iii. The District Mass Education Extension Officer; iv. District Information Officer; v. Two representatives of the employees of different public libraries to be elected from amongst themselves in the manner prescribed; vi. Two Members to be nominated by the government from amongst the Commissioners of the Municipalities or Councillors of the Corporation within the district; vii. Two representatives of the District Branch of the Bengal Library Association (BLA) to be nominated by the Executive Committee of the respective organization; viii. One representative from elected members of the Zilla Parishad in the district nominated by the Sabhadhipati or in the case of Kolkata to be nominated by the Mayor of the Corporation from amongst the Councillors of the Corporation; ix. Two representatives from amongst the members of the Panchayat Samities in the respective district or in case of Kolkata, from amongst the persons interested in library services; x. Two representatives nominated by the government from amongst the Members of the Managing Committees of public libraries; xi. Four interested persons of Education, Social Work, Artistic Activity or Cultural Maulana AzadLiteracy to beLibrary, the nominated by Aligarh the State Government Muslim; University xii. Two MLAs of the district to be nominated by the government; xiii. Librarian of the District Libraries. Source: Annual Report 2011-12, Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services
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4.2.3 Local Library Authorities for Darjeeling District
In Darjeeling district, there are two separate administrative entities such as Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council Area and Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad Area that have been created under Sub-section 2B of Section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). The composition of these two Local Library Authorities are as mentioned in Table 4.3 and 4.4.
4.2.3.1 Local Library Authority in Darjeeling Area & Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad (SMP) (Area as mentioned under Sub-section 2B of Section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Amended on 1998)
Table 4.3: Composition of Local Library Authority in Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad
Clause Category of the Members i. Chairman, The District Magistrate of Darjeeling district or his/her nominee, not below the Sub-divisional Officer; ii. Secretary (Ex-Officio), District Library Officer of the Darjeeling district; iii. The District Mass Education Extension Officer; iv. The District Information Officer; v. Two representatives of the employees of different public libraries in the area to be elected from amongst themselves in the manner prescribed; vi. Two members to be nominated by the Government from amongst the Councillors of the Municipalities or Councillors of Municipal Corporation, within the district of Darjeeling; vii. Two representatives of the district branch of the Bengal Library Association to be nominated by the Executive Committee of the said Association; viii. One person to be nominated by the Sabhadhipati of the Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad amongst the members of the Siliguri Mahakuma Parishad; ix. Two persons to be nominated by the Government from amongst the members of the Panchayat Samities of the area; x. Two persons to be nominated by the Government from amongst the members of the managing committees of the public libraries in the area; xi. Four persons representing the interest of education, social work, cultural, literary or artistic activity, or literary or science movement, to be nominated by the MaulanaGovernment; Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University xii. Two MLAs of the district to be nominated by the government; xiii. Librarian of the District Libraries. Source: Annual Report 2011-12, Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services
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4.2.3.2 Local Library Authority, Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (As mentioned under sub-section 2B of section 8 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Amended in 1998)
Table 4.4: Composition of Local Library Authority in Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council
Clause Category of the Members i. Chairman, The Principal Secretary of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council; ii. Member Secretary (Ex-Officio), District Library Officer; iii. The District Mass Education Officer; iv. The District Information Officer; v. Two representatives of the employees of different public libraries in the area to be elected from amongst themselves in the manner prescribed; vi. Two members to be nominated by the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council from amongst the Councillors of the Municipalities within the area; vii. Two representatives of the district branch of the Bengal Library Association to be nominated by the Executive Committee of the said Association; viii. One person to be nominated by the Chairman of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council from amongst the Councillors of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council; ix. Two persons to be nominated by the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council from amongst the members of the Panchayat Samities of the area; x. Two persons to be nominated by the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council from amongst the members of the managing committees of the public libraries in the area; xi. Four persons representing the interest of education, social work, cultural, literary or artistic activity, or literary or science movement, to be nominated by the Government; xii. Two MLAs of the district to be nominated by the government; xiii. Librarian of the District Libraries. Source: Annual Report 2011-12, Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services
4.3 Managing Committee of Government Sponsored Libraries
For managing and administrating the government public libraries in the state, a set of rules and regulations has been prepared by State Library Council at the State Maulanalevel and Azad Local Li braryLibrary, Authority Aligarh at the district. MuslimTown/sub-divisional Universityand rural libraries exercising the power conferred by the Sub-section 1 of Section 23 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979 (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). Government Sponsored public libraries are controlled by the elected managing committee. These public libraries follow the West Bengal
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sponsored public library rules fixed by the government. Representatives from the Corporation/Municipality/Notified Area Authority in urban area and Panchayat Samities for rural areas including institutional members are incorporated in these committees. The Joint-Secretary of the committee is the librarian of the concerned library. Whereas the president and Secretary are elected members. In the government district libraries, President (Ex-officio) of the managing committee is the District Library Officer and here the Librarian of the concerned libraries plays the role of the Member Secretary.
4.3.1 Managing Committee for District Libraries
Table 4.5: Composition of the Managing Committee of District Libraries
Clause Category of the Members
a. President, District Library Officer of the respective District;
b. Secretary (Ex-Officio), Librarian of the library;
c. District Mass Education Extension Officer;
d. One person from Karmadhakshya, Sikshya, Sanstriti, O Krira from Zilla Parishad;
e. One person to be nominated by the Municipality or Corporation or notified area authority or the Panchayat Samity;
f. Two persons nominated by the Local Library Authority, those persons interested in literature, culture, education, etc. and one of them as Joint Secretary which decided by the LLA;
g. One life member of the library. If they are more than one such life members one of them shall be a member on a rotational basis. The selection of such member on ration shall be made by the District Library Officer on the basis of Seniority in membership and in case the seniority in membership is identical, the rotation shall be done on the basis of age of such members;
h. One member nominated by the LLA from amongst the Managing Committees of the institutional members;
Maulanai. One employee Azad from otherLibrary, disciplines; Aligarh Muslim University
j. Six general valid members nominated by the President for consultation with the Librarian regarding various issues. Source: Notification of the Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department
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4.3.2 Managing Committee for Town/Sub-divisional Libraries
Table 4.6: Composition of the Managing Committee of Town/Sub-divisional Libraries
Clause Category of the Members
a. President, One member nominated by the Local Library Authority;
b. Secretary (Ex-Officio), Librarian of the respective library;
c. Joint Secretary: One person nominated by the Local Library Authority from amongst the persons interested in literature, cultural and education;
d. One member nominated by the concerned Sub-divisional Officer or Block Development Officer;
e. One person nominated by the concerned Panchayat Samity from amongst the members of the concerned Gram Panchayat where the library is situated. Library situated in Corporation or Municipality or Notified Area Authority the nomination will be made by the Mayor or Chairman of the Municipality or Notified Area Authority, as the case may be;
f. One life member of such library. If they are more than one such life members one of them shall be a member on rotational basis. The selection of such member on ration shall be made by the District Library Officer on the basis of Seniority in membership and in case the seniority in membership is identical, the rotation shall be done on the basis of age of such members;
g. Four general member valid members nominated by the President for consultation with the Librarian regarding various issues. Source: Notification of the Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department
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4.3.3 Managing Committee for Rural/Area/Primary Unit Libraries
Table 4.7: Composition of the Managing Committee of Rural/Area/Primary Unit Libraries
Clause Category of the Members
a. President, One member nominated by the Local Library Authority;
b. Secretary, One person nominated by the Local Library Authority from amongst the persons interested in literature, cultural and education;
c. Joint Secretary (Ex-Officio), Librarian of the respective library;
d. One member nominated by the concerned Block Development Officer library situated in Corporation or Municipality or Notified Area Authority. The nomination will be made by the Mayor or Chairman of the Municipality or Notified Area Authority, as the case may be;
e. One person nominated by the concerned Panchayat Samity amongst the members of the concerned Gram Panchayat where the library is situated;
f. One life member of such library. If they are more than one such life members, one of them shall be a member on rotational basis. The selection of such member on rotation shall be made by the District Library Officer on the basis of Seniority in membership and in case the seniority in membership is identical, the rotation shall be done on the basis of age of such members;
g. Three general members amongst the valid members nominated by the Present in consultation with the Librarian on the basis of library use, reading habit and participation and involvement in different programmes of the library, amongst those representatives, one must be women. Source: Notification of the Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department
4.4 Administrative Set-up of Public Library System
West Bengal has a well-structured public library system. It, as passed by the library legislation act in 1979, ranks fifth position in India (Raja Rammohan Roy MaulanaLibrary Foundation, Azad 2019) .Library, As a result of Aligarh the enactment ofMuslimthe legislation University act, a massive quantitative growth has been witnessed in the urban as well as rural areas. It is worth pointing out here that West Bengal is the first state in India where separate Minister at independent library services has been appointed for functioning the public
87 Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
library services. Figure 4.1 describes the different categories of libraries with their numbers.
Figure 4.1: Administrative Set-Up in the West Bengal Public Library System
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Source: West Bengal Public Library Network
A. Government Libraries
In West Bengal, there are 12 government libraries which are maintained by the Directorate of Library Services. Among them, the State Central Library is at the Apex, besides six district level libraries and four town/sub-division level libraries. The apex library is located in Kolkata. Six district level libraries are located in Kolkata; Cooch Behar; North 24 Parganas; Darjeeling; and Uttar Dinajpur district. Notably, North 24 Parganas district has two libraries. Apart from these, 4 Town/Sub- division libraries are also located in Darjeeling; Noth 24 Parganas; Purba Medinipur; and Purulia district. The librarians of these libraries are also selected as a ‘Member- Secretaries of the Advisory Committee’ (West Bengal Public Library Network, 2019). Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University B. Government Sponsored District Libraries
Significantly, Jalpaiguri and Burdwan district have two and three District Level Public Libraries respectively. 14 districts of the state have one District Level Public Library as shown in Figure 4.1. It is worthy pointing out here that Kolkata,
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Cooch Behar, and Uttar Dinajpur have no sponsored District Library. According to Annual Report cited above, “each of these District Libraries have Managing Committees constituted as per provisions of the Public Library Management Rules, 1981, 1984, 1987 & 2005 amendments” (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12).
C. Town/sub-division Public Libraries
Figure 4.1 shows that there are four government town/sub-division libraries located at Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas, Purba Medinipur and Purulia. According to the West Bengal Public Library Network, there are 232 government-sponsored town/sub-division libraries which are situated in the different parts of West Bengal.
D. Government Sponsored Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries
Rural libraries are the lowest ranking among the public library system in West Bengal. All the rural libraries are administrated by the District Library Officer of each district. At present, there are 2212 rural/primary unit/area libraries in the state (West Bengal Public Library Network, 2019).
E. Government Aided Public Libraries
There are 7 government aided libraries which are being run by the non- government organizations namely Ramkrishna Sarada Mission Ashram Library, Ramkrishna Mission Student Home Library in Belghoria, Rammohan Library & Free Reading Room and Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Library in Kolkata, Ramkrishna Mission Library in South 24 Parganas, Ramkrishna Mission Janashiksha Library in Howrah and Krittibas Memorial Community Hall-cum-M Library in Nadia district. These libraries have their own managing committee with at least one government Officer, nominated as government nominee in each Managing Committee (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12).
F. Community Library Cum-Information Centre Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University As per the information provided in the Annual Report published by the Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal, there are 319 Community Library Cum-Information Centres which are running by the community-based organization. By these centres, non-recurring grant
90 Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
of Rs. 9000 is annually received from the state government for purchasing the books and furniture and recurring grant of Rs. 6400 for purchasing Newspapers/Magazines and other reading materials. Apart from these, centres also receive a recurring grant of Rs. 9600 per year for the payment of honorarium to the Community Library Organizer. A little amount may be collected by the Managing Committee as a subscription charge from the members, but not from the neo-literate and children members. Donations and gifts can be received from any organization or individual (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12).
4.5 Functions of Different Level of Public Libraries in West Bengal
A. State Central Library
State Central Library was set up at Emerald Bower at 56, B.T. Road in the year of 1956. Subsequently, in 1996, the library was shifted to its new building at 1/17, C. I. T. Scheme, VIIM, VIP Road, Ultadanga, Kolkata. Presently, it has a six- floor building decorated with modern facilities. The library is situated in a central place which is associated with the proper transport facilities. The library opens from Monday to Saturday except for 2nd & 4th Saturdays, Sundays and Govt. Holidays. It functions from 11-00 a.m. to 8-00 p.m. in working day. However, the Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services had prepared the functions of the State Central Library in 2011 under Section 5 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. The functions of the State Central Library are stated below:
i. To maintain a representative collection of books and journals, State Govt. publications and other publications acquired through purchase, exchange, gift, and under law; ii. Processing of all documents received by the library; iii. To take stock of the library periodically; iv. To provide Reading Room Service; v. To provide Lending Service to the readers; Maulanavi. To Azad provide Reference Library, and Bibliographic Aligarh Service asMuslim per requirement University of the readers, district libraries and other libraries; vii. To provide Text Book Service and Career Guidance Service to all levels of people; viii. To provide Newspaper & Periodical Service; ix. To provide Service to Children;
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x. To provide Service to Neo-literate Readers; xi. To provide Service to Visually Impaired Persons; xii. To provide Inter-Library Loan Services to District/Town/Sub- divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries and other Libraries; xiii. To provide Mobile Library services; xiv. To provide ‘Document Delivery Service’ through Xerox machine; xv. To provide information services on life and live hood to the people; xvi. To collect & organize information on the State and to make them available to people and institutions; xvii. To maintain & compile library statistics; xviii. To publish bibliography of books received through P. R. Act annually; xix. To organize different training programmes and workshops for library personnel; xx. To public library services and activities of the Directorate of Library Services in different ways; xxi. Implementation of different programmes under the matching scheme of RRRLF and State Govt.; xxii. To undertake different project works relating to library services; xxiii. To organize different extension activities; xxiv. To guide District/Town/Sub-divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries in different ways; xxv. To interact with other academic & special libraries, different State Central Libraries of India, National Library, other National Libraries of the world, other national & international information centres for collection of information, exchange of publications, providing of information to readers etc.; xxvi. To build-up and maintain computerized Wide Area Network with Govt. and Govt. Sponsored District Libraries and other Govt. and Govt. Sponsored Town / Sub- divisional / Rural / Primary Unit /Area Libraries of lower levels to achieve the gout of establishment of an Integrated Public Library Network in the State for the purpose of Bibliographical Data Exchange, Professional Interactions, Digitization of Rare Books in the holdings of its own, different Public Libraries Maulana Azadof the State, Library, integration of Aligarhservices of all types Muslim of Public Libraries University mentioned above services and also to provide Integrated Community Information Services and to lead Computerized Public Library Services in the State; xxvii. Any other activity consider fit in accordance with different with orders of the Government. Besides those activity notwithstanding anything contained in the orders, but consider fit for development of public library services of its own, of
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the district as well as of the State (Mass Education Extension and Library Services, 2011).
B. District Libraries
In every district of West Bengal, there are three tiers of the public library system. Amongst them, the District Library is the apex body of each respective district. All the district libraries are located at the main city/headquarters of the district. Functions of the District Libraries were prepared by the Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services in 2011 under Section 5 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. The functions of District Libraries are mentioned below:
i. To maintain a representative collection of books and journals, State Govt. publications and other publications acquired through purchase, exchange, gift and under law; ii. Processing of all documents received by the library; iii. To take stock of the library periodically; iv. To provide Reading Room Services; v. To provide Lending Services to the readers; vi. To provide Reference and Bibliographic Services as per requirement of the readers and other libraries; vii. To provide Text Book Services and Career Guidance to all levels of people; viii. To provide Newspaper & Periodical Services; ix. To provide Services to Children; x. To provide Service to Neo-literate Readers; xi. To provide Services to Visually Impaired Persons; xii. To provide Inter-Library Loan Services to other District/Town/Sub- divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries of the district and other libraries; xiii. To provide Mobile Library services; xiv. To provide ‘Document Delivery Service’ through Xerox machine; xv. To provide information services on life and live hood to the people; Maulanaxvi. To collectAzad & organize Library, information onAligarh the State, on local Muslim history and also University on the district, to make them available to people and institutions; xvii. To maintain & compile library statistics; xviii. To organize different training programmes and workshops for library personnel;
93 Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
xix. To organize different extension activities in close co-operation with respective Zilla Parishad. xx. To guide Town/Sub-divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area libraries of the district in different ways; xxi. To participate in the computerized Wide Area Network with Govt. and Govt. Sponsored District Libraries and other Govt. and Govt. Sponsored Town/Sub- divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries of lower levels to achieve the goal of establishment of an Integrated Public Library Network in the State for the purpose of Bibliographical Data Exchange, Professional Interactions, Digitization of Rare Books in the holdings of its own, different Public Libraries of the State and services thereof, and also to provide Integrated Community Information Services to lead Computerized Public Library Services in the State; xxviii. Any other activity consider fit in accordance with the Act and the rules made thereunder or by the Authority. Besides those activity notwithstanding anything contained anywhere, but considered fit by the Managing Committee for development of public library services of its own, of the district as well as of the state under the purview of the Act and the rules made thereunder (Mass Education Extension and Library Services, 2011).
C. Town/Sub-division Libraries
The second tier of the public library system in every district of West Bengal is town/sub-division library. It is worthy to be noted here that there is no difference between town and sub-division libraries. The status of both libraries is equal in terms of their staff pattern, financial grant, managing committee, salary structure, management rules, ICT facilities, services, etc. Only the difference is that the town libraries are situated in the municipal areas while sub-divisional libraries are located in the sub-division areas. Functions of town/sub-division libraries were prepared by the Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services in 2011 under Section 5 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. The functions are listed Maulanabelow: Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University i. To maintain a representative collection of books and journals, State Govt. publications and other publications acquired through purchase, exchange, gift and under law; ii. Processing of all documents received by the library;
94 Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
iii. To take stock of the library periodically; iv. To provide Reading Room Services; v. To provide Lending Services to the readers; vi. To provide Reference and Bibliographic Services as per requirement of the readers and other libraries; vii. To provide Text Book Services and Career Guidance to all levels of people; viii. To provide Newspaper & Periodical Services; ix. To provide Services to Children; x. To provide Service to Neo-literate Readers; xi. To provide Inter-Library Loan Services to other District/Town/Sub- divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries of the district and other libraries; xii. To provide information services on life and live hood to the people; xiii. To maintain & compile library statistics; xiv. To organize different extension activities in close co-operation with respective Panchayat Samity; xv. To guide Town/Sub-divisional/Rural/Primary Unit/Area libraries of the district in different ways; xvi. To participate in the computerized Wide Area Network in the State; xxix. Any other activity consider fit in accordance with the Act and the rules made thereunder or by the Authority. Besides those activity notwithstanding anything contained anywhere, but considered fit by the Managing Committee for development of public library services of its own, of the district as well as of the state under the purview of the Act and the rules made thereunder (Mass Education Extension and Library Services, 2011).
D. Rural/Primary Unit/Area Libraries
In West Bengal, the majority of libraries come under the category of rural/primary unit/area libraries. The fundamental objective of the government is to develop the literacy rate in the rural areas, therefore they try to establish at least one library in each rural area of this state. The status of the rural/primary unit/area Maulanalibraries is equal Azad in all respect. Library,Functions ofAligarh rural libraries Muslim were prepared University by the Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services in 2011 under Section 5 of the West Bengal Public Libraries Act, 1979. The functions are mentioned below:
i. To maintain a representative collection of books and journals, State Govt.
95 Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
publications and other publications acquired through purchase, exchange, gift and under law; ii. Processing of all documents received by the library; iii. To take stock of the library periodically; iv. To provide Reading Room Services; v. To provide Lending Services to the readers; vi. To provide Text Book Services; vii. To provide Newspaper & Periodical Services; viii. To provide Services to Children; ix. To provide Service to Neo-literate Readers; x. To provide Inter-Library Loan Services to other Govt. /Govt. Sponsored Libraries of the district and other Libraries; xi. To provide information services on life and live hood to the people; xii. To maintain & compile library statistics; xiii. To organize different extension activities in close co-operation with respective Gram Panchayat; xxx. Any other activity consider fit in accordance with the Act and the rules made thereunder or by the Authority. Besides those activity notwithstanding anything contained anywhere, but considered fit by the Managing Committee for development of public library services of its own, of the district as well as of the state under the purview of the Act and the rules made thereunder (Mass Education Extension and Library Services, 2011).
4.6 Staff Organisation Pattern of the Public Libraries of West Bengal
Staff recruitments and organization patterns of the public libraries in West Bengal are controlled by the Directorate of Library Services. Almost 5,900 employees are managing the administration system of the public libraries in the state (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). The Directorate of Library Services has organised a separate staff pattern for government public libraries and government-sponsored public libraries in the state.
Maulana4.6.1 StaffAzadOrganising Library,Pattern of theAligarh Government MuslimPublic Libraries University
Government public libraries are those which are identified to be exclusively maintained by the state government. As discussed earlier, there are 12 government public libraries in West Bengal which are administered by the Directorate of Library
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Services. In the State Central Library, there are 51 positions where the Director is the head. In Uttarpara Jaykrishna Public Library there are 18 positions, Kolkata Metropolitan Library has 20, Taki Government District Library has 11, North Bengal State Library has 11, Central Library Kalimpong has 4, Central Library Banipur has 4, Sidhu Kanu Birsa Town Library has 3, North 24 Parganas Government District Library has 10, Deshbandhu District Library has 10, District Library Uttar Dinajpur has 10 and Digha Government Library has 10 positions of administrations as shown in Table 4.8 (Directorate of Library Services West Bengal, 2019).
4.6.2 Staff Organising Pattern of the Govt. Sponsored Public Libraries
Pradhan and Tripathi (2010) defined that “Government-sponsored public libraries are those which are declared by the government as sponsored public libraries and receiving aid from the District Library Officer or any other Officer of the government towards the payment of salaries and for development of library services”. In the government-sponsored libraries, the librarian is the head of the respective library. The Directorate of Library Services has sanctioned 10 positions for every government-sponsored district library, 4 positions for each town/sub-division library and 2 positions for each rural/area/ primary unit library as shown in Table 4.9 (Directorate of Library Services West Bengal, 2019).
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 4.8: Staff Organising Pattern of the Govt. Public Libraries in West Bengal
N-24 CL CL S. No. Post SCL KML UJPL TGDL NBSL DDL SKBTL DLD DGL PGS DL Kalim. Bani. 1 Director 1 ------3. Librarian 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4. Assistant 6 4 2 1 - - - 1 1 - - Librarian 5. System Manager 1 4 2 1 - - - 1 1 - - - 6. Technical Asstt. - - 1 ------7. Library Asstt. 13 6 3 1 2 1 2 - - 1 2 - 8. Library 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 - - - 1 - Attendant 9. Projectionist 1 ------10. Accountant 1 1 ------11. U.D. Asstt. 1 1 ------12. L.D. Asstt. 1 1 ------13. Stenographer 1 ------14. Cashier 1 ------15. Cash Sarker 1 ------16. Typist 1 1 ------17. Clerk-cum- - - 1 ------typist 18. Driver 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 19. Duftary 2 - 2 1 - - - 1 1 1 - - 20. Mali 1 - 1 ------21. Peon 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 - 1 -
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh98 Muslim University Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
22. Orderly Peon 2 - 1 ------23. Durwan 2 1 - 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 24. Night 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 - - - 1 - Watchman 25. Farash 1 - 1 ------26. Sweeper 2 1 ------27. Cleaner 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 - 28. Durwan cum - - 2 ------Night Guard 29. Durwan cum - - 1 ------Sweeper 30. Mali cum Guard ------31. Book Binder ------1 - - - 1 - 32. Duftary cum ------1 Peon Total 51 20 18 11 11 6 10 4 4 3 10 10
Source: Directorate of Library Service West Bengal Staff Pattern (http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dls_mvc/home/staff_pattern) Note: Abbreviations Used
SCL: State Central Library; UJPL: Uttarpara Joykrishna Public Library; KML: Kolkata Metropolitan Library; TGDL: Taki Government District Library; NBSL: North Bengal State Library; CL Kalimpong: Central Library Kalimpong; CL Banipur: Central Library Banipur; SKBTL: Sidhu Kanu Birsa Town Library; N-24 PGS DL: North 24 Parganas Government District Library; DDL: Deshbandhu District Library; DLD: District Library Uttar Dinajpur; DGL: Digha Government Library.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh99 Muslim University Chapter 4 Public Library System in West Bengal
Table 4.9: Staff Pattern of Govt. Sponsored Public Libraries in West Bengal
S. No. Name of the District Town/Sub- Rural/Area/ Post Library divisional Library Primary Unit Library
1. Librarian 1 1 1
2. Library 2 1 - Assistant
3. Library 2 - - Attendant
4. Driver 1 - -
5. Peon/Duftary/ 1 1 - Book Binder
6. Cleaner 1 - -
7. Durwan cum 2 1 - Night Guard
8. Junior Library - - 1 Attendant
Total 10 4 2
Source: Directorate of Library Service West Bengal Staff Pattern (http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dls_mvc/home/staff_pattern)
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References
Annual Report. (2011-2012). Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services Government of West Bengal.
Directorate of Library Services West Bengal. (2019). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dls_mvc/. Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
Mass Education Extension and Library Services. (2011). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/scl/pdf/service-libraries.pdf. Retrieved on 12th October, 2017.
Notification of Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department. (2017). Available at: https://meels.gov.in/assets/pdf/service-libraries.pdf. Retrieved on 12th October, 2018.
Pradhan, D. & Tripathi, T. (2010). Public libraries information marketing and promotion: A special reference for Darjeeling District of West Bengal. Kolkata: Levant Books.
Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. (2019). Available at: http://rrrlf.nic.in/Default.aspx. Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
State Central Library. (2017). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/scl/html/index.php. Retrieved on 12th October, 2017.
West Bengal Public Library Network. (2019). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/ Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
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101 Chapter 5 Methodology
CHAPTER: 5 METHODOLOGY 5.1 Introduction
The present chapter describes in detail the various types of research methods, selection of the sampling procedure, tools for data collection, selection of the sample, size of the sample, sources of data collection, administration of questionnaires and statistical tools used for the data analysis and interpretation. In addition to these, this chapter also explain the approaches for evaluation, employed for the present doctoral thesis.
5.2 Research Methodology
Research methodology is the systematic design of procedures which helps to identify the actual problem of the research areas and try to solve it scientifically. It is a set of guidelines for the researchers by means which assists to make research design, a clear idea about the population under the study, ascertain the accurate sample by using sampling methods/techniques, data collection, and analyse the objectives of the researchers (Busha and Harter, 1980). Generally, “methodology is the philosophical framework within which the research is conducted or the foundation upon which the research is based” (Brown, 2006). It provides the framework and wider knowledge about the various steps for the researcher which enables it to reach his/her goals. Notably, Hilal and Mehtab have clearly stated that “methodology has its own implications and necessity in the scientific and systematic way of the investigation because objectively any research investigation cannot be obtained until it is carried out in a very planned and systematic manner” (Hilal and Mehtab, 2016).
5.3 Types of Research Methods
Various types of research methods have been described in the following Maulanapages: Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 5.3.1 Experimental Research Method
Experimental research is a systematic and logical method which provide the accurate and reliable answer to the questions based on the “experiment and
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observation within a controlled condition” (Pandey and Pandey, 2015). Best and Kahn (1986) have defined “experimental research is the description and analysis of what will be or what will occur, under carefully controlled condition”. The experimental research method is basically used in education as well as social researches where facts are examined.
5.3.2 Historical Research Method
Historical research means to conduct research on past events which is relevant to the present. However, historical research is the “systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to the past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects, or trends of those events which may help to explain present events and anticipated future events” (Gay, 1999).
5.3.3 Descriptive Research Method
Descriptive research method “includes those studies that proposes to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that prevail; beliefs, processed that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends that developing” (Sanchez, 1997). Moreover, it calculates the variables which exits or previously happened in the society, selected and observed in a systematic manner.
5.3.4 Observational Research Method
Observation method is a systematic way to observe the behaviour and attitude of the target population. However, the data collected through observation method may be less reliable, but it is one of the significant methods of data collection especially in the field of social sciences research. Though, this method is useful for observing and understanding the behaviour and attitude of the library users in the use of better library services (Kothari, 2004).
5.3.5 Case Study Method Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University The case study is the method which is used for critical evaluation of the particular area to obtain the detailed information of what occurred in complex circumstances (Whitney, 1961; Moore, 2006). Moreover, case study method has defined by Paul and Jxanne as “a type of qualitative research in which in-depth data
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are gathered relative to a single individual, program, or event, for the purpose of learning more about an unknown or poorly understood situation” (Paul and Jxanne, 2001).
5.3.6 Survey Research Method
Survey research method is capable of obtaining the systematic collection of data from a large sample of the population. Notably, Groves et al have defined survey method as “a systematic method for gathering information from entities for the purpose of constructing a quantitative description of the attributes of the larger population of which the entities are members” (Groves et al., 2004). Survey method is basically used in the field of social research. Usually, the researcher designs a set of questions and ask the population or observe the behaviours of the population and analyse their answers.
5.4 Sampling
Sampling is the procedure or technique which is utilized by the researcher for obtaining the target population of the area to be covered in the study. The target area includes the geographical regions such as district level, institution level, particular village, households, etc. Generally, through the sampling procedure, the researcher is able to represent the small units instead of a large population (Goode, and Hatt, 2006). Thus, every researcher should prepare a sample design which helps to judge the reliability and appropriateness of his research study.
5.4.1 Types of Sampling Techniques
There are basically two widely used sampling techniques namely Non- Probability sampling and Probability sampling. Non-probability sampling refers to that “sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample” (Kothari, 2004). The accidental sampling, the quota sampling, the purposive Maulanasampling, Azad the snowball Library, sampling, the Aligarhjudgemental sa mplingMuslim are the examples University of non- probability sampling. Probability sampling denotes that “each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the survey” (Chakrabarti, 2010). There are various types of probability sampling such as simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.
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5.4.1.1 Stratified Random Sampling
The stratified random sampling method is made by a combination of simple random sampling and purposive sampling. Through this method, the total universe is divided into some specific strata or groups that are individually more homogeneous and then randomly selected the items from each group (Meenakshi, et al., 2003; Kothari, 2004).
5.4.1.2 Lottery Sampling
Lottery sampling is the most popular and simplest method for selecting the sample items from a large number of population. In this method, all the population of the universe are specified with a particular number or symbol and blind selection is made (Best and Kahn, 1986).
5.5 Methodology Adopted for Data Collection
The investigator has applied survey method for the present doctoral thesis. According to McIntyre surveys are capable of obtaining information from a large sample of the population (McIntyre, 1999). However, as a supplement, observation method has also been applied along with interviews of the library staff. In addition to these, survey method was also applied to collect the data regarding users’ perceptions of library services and facilities.
5.6 Data Collection Tools
There are different types of data collection methods such as questionnaire, observation, interview, checklist, rating scale, etc. As mentioned above, the investigator selected questionnaire as tool for data collection for the present study.
5.6.1 Questionnaire Design
Despite of the several types of data collection instruments, the questionnaire is Maulanaone of the most Azadpopular researc Library,h tool which Aligarhhelps to gather theMuslim primary data Universitythrough normative survey research (Pickard, 2007). The benefits of this instrument are that a number of participants can complete the questionnaire at the same time and therefore questionnaire can save a lot of time of the researchers over any other instruments (Adams and Lawrence, 2015). The investigator has used the structured questionnaire
105 Chapter 5 Methodology
as the data collection tool for gathering the primary data for the present doctoral thesis. Before construction of the questionnaires, a number of studies on public library system and services have been consulted and reviewed in order to congregate unique and productive questionnaire design. For this research, the investigator prepared two sets of structured questionnaires: one questionnaire for the library staff (Appendix-A) and another set of the questionnaire was designed for the user (Appendix-B). Significantly, the user questionnaire was translated in the Bengali language to enable users to understand each concept in their native language (Appendix-C).
5.6.1.1 Construction of Questionnaire for the Librarians
To avoid the technical jargons, investigator has used simple English language. It is important to mention that before finalizing the questionnaire, researcher has discussed with many librarians. Notably, these discussions have been very useful in using the current terminology in the questionnaire. Questionnaire for library staff contains three sections viz. Section A, Section B and Section C. A brief description about these sections have been given below:
5.6.1.2 Section A: Library System and Present Status
Section A covers a total of 13 variations of aspects regarding library system and current status of the public libraries in West Bengal. These aspects are:
Librarians/Library-in-Charge Profile: Deals with the age, professional qualifications and working experience of the librarian of the respective library. Library Profile: This part covers general information about the profile of the library. For example, year of the establishment, staff strength, collection size, budget, technical process, library space, total number of members, etc. Information Technology: This part deals with the available hardware and software in the library.
5.6.1.3 Section B: Library Services and Activities
MaulanaSection AzadB deals Library, with the various Aligarhtype of service Muslims and activities Universitybeing provided in the surveyed libraries. Information with regard to working hours, rules and regulations for book lending have been collected. This part also contains questions pertaining to library services for children and women, types of extension services, reference service, inter-library loan service, etc.
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5.6.1.4 Section C: Problems of the Librarians and their Suggestions
This section of the questionnaire covers questions related to the different problems faced by the librarians like financial, lack of professional staff, space, inadequate library infrastructure, etc.
5.5.1.2 Construction of Questionnaire for the Library Users
User questionnaire was divided into four major sub-divisions having covered the following aspects.
Background Information: In this part, personal details of the user such as name, sex, age, educational qualification, profession, occupation was noted. Library Use: Under this heading, questions like years of using library services, the frequency of visits to the library, purpose of library visits, time spent in the library, types of document consulted, etc. were asked. Satisfaction Level: The respondents were asked to rate their preference about the quality of library collections, library services and satisfaction regarding library infrastructural facilities. Suggestions & Improvement: Elicits the users’ feedback about the improvement of library services.
5.5.2 Personal Observation
It is worthy to note here that the researcher has also used observation method to examine some facilities which are provided by the libraries such as availability of washroom, parking, drinking water, furniture and quality of seating arrangement, etc. The library records used by libraries such as accession registers, furniture registers, membership registers, etc. were investigated.
5.7 Size of the Sample
5.7.1 Selection of the Districts
MaulanaAccording Azad to the census Library, 2011, the stateAligarh of West Bengal Muslimis divided University into 19 districts with three administrative divisions such as Presidency Division, Burdwan Division and Jalpaiguri Division. Under the Burdwan Division, there are 7 districts, Jalpaiguri Division has 6 districts and Presidency Division has also 6 districts. Since it was not possible to cover all the district of West Bengal, a total of 9 districts having
107 Chapter 5 Methodology
144 libraries were selected for the present research. It is also worth noting here that researcher has used stratified random sampling method. Furthermore, from each division, three districts were selected using the proportional allocation method of stratified sampling.
5.6.1.1 Proportional Allocation
If N is the population size and n is the required sample size and Ni is the size of ith stratum, then the required sample size from ith stratum is given by:
i= 1, 2, ………., k.
Where k is no of strata
n = kN
k =
Hence ni = . Ni
ni = . n
th ni = Wi . n Where Wi is called weight of i stratum.
Table 5.1: Districts Covered Under this Study
S. No. Name of the Total Study Name of the Selected District Division District Covered 1. Burdwan Division 7 3 Bankura District Birbhum District Purulia District 2. Jalpaiguri 6 3 Malda District Maulana AzadDivision Library, Aligarh Muslim North Dinajpur University District South Dinajpur District 3. Presidency 6 3 Murshidabad District Division Nadia District Howrah District
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Map 5.1: Selected Nine Districts in West Bengal
5.7.2 Public Library System In West Bengal
In West Bengal, there are 12 government public libraries, 7 government aided libraries and 2,463 government-sponsored libraries having the State Central Library Maulanaat the Apex body Azad(West BengalLibrary, Public Library Aligarh Network, 2019) Muslim. Notably, threeUniversity-tier system exists as District Library, Town/Sub-division Library and Rural Library. A brief discussion about the selected sample will be made in the following paragraphs.
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A. State Central Library
The State Central Library is an apex body located in Kolkata, the capital of West Bengal.
B. District Libraries
The investigator selected 9 district libraries for the present study namely Bankura District Library, Birbhum District Library, Purulia District Library, Nadia District Library, Murshidabad District Library, Howrah District Library, Uttar Dinajpur Govt. District Library, District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur, and Malda District Library.
C. Town/Sub-division Libraries
There are 70 town/sub-division libraries in nine districts covered under the present study. Researcher, however, has selected 39 libraries from this category based on the lottery method of sampling.
D. Rural Libraries
There are more than 900 rural libraries in all surveyed districts. As it was difficult to cover all these libraries, the investigator has covered 95 rural libraries for the present study based on the lottery method of sampling.
Table 5.2: Number of Libraries and Sample Size
S. District No. of No. of Sample No. of Sample No. of Sample Sample No. Libraries District Size Town/ Size Rural Size Size Library Sub- Libraries division Libraries 1. Bankura 130 1 1 7 4 122 13 18 2. Birbhum 124 1 1 10 5 110 11 18 3. Dakshin 57 1 1 4 3 52 6 9 Dinajpur 4. Howrah 136 1 1 12 6 123 13 20 5. Malda 104 1 1 9 5 94 10 16 Maulana6. Murshidabad Azad 160Library,1 Aligarh1 9 Muslim5 150 University15 21 7. Nadia 110 1 1 10 5 99 10 16 8. Purulia 117 1 1 5 3 111 12 16 9. Uttar 54 1 1 4 3 49 5 9 Dinajpur Total 992 9 9 70 39 910 95 143
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5.7.3 User Sample
It is worthy pointing out that each library has a huge database regarding membership. Therefore, it was not possible to cover all the users having in nine surveyed districts. Therefore, for the present study, researcher has selected only four districts namely Purulia, Uttar Dinajpur, Nadia and Murshidabad district based on lottery method of sampling.
Table 5.3: Selected Districts and Libraries for User Survey
S. District No. of No. of Surveyed No. of Total No. Surveyed Town/ Sub- Surveyed Libraries District Lib. division Lib. Rural Lib. 1. Purulia 1 3 12 16 2. Uttar Dinajpur 1 3 5 9 3. Nadia 1 5 10 16 4. Murshidabad 1 5 15 21 Total 4 16 42 62
Ironically, the user database was not updated in any surveyed library. In some of the libraries, the name of user exits even after his/her death. Moreover, many members though migrated from the district but their names are still very much present in the library database.
Against this backdrop, investigator has asked the information regarding those members who are ‘active’. Library staff thus provided the details of those members who have either consulted or borrowed any material in the past one year. This information regarding user was provided by the library staff after consulting relevant documents e.g. attendance register and the issue and return data from circulation section.
At the end of the survey, 514 members from 4 district libraries, 997 members Maulanafrom 16 town/sub Azad-division Library, libraries and 1 ,174Aligarh users from Muslim 42 rural libraries University were surveyed. In total, a sample of 2,685 users were selected for analysis of the study.
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Table 5.4: Total Number of Users Survey
S. Name of the No. of No. of No. of Total No. District Participants Participants Participants Sample from District from Town/ from Rural Libraries Sub-division Libraries Libraries 1. Purulia 136 194 338 668 2. Uttar Dinajpur 112 168 182 462 3. Nadia 124 321 298 743 4. Murshidabad 142 314 356 812 Total 514 997 1,174 2,685
5.8 Distribution of Questionnaire
The present study covered 144 public libraries over nine districts in West Bengal. The researcher has personally visited all the libraries which were included in the study and distributed questionnaires among the library staff. It was observed that the attitude of the staff members of all the libraries was quite positive. They have filled-in questionnaires enthusiastically within a reasonable time. Interaction with the staff members removed doubts regarding some terms used in the questionnaires. It was found that this interaction helped staff members to understand these questions. Thus, this interaction has brought objectivity to the study. Apart from questionnaire and interaction, official records such as invoices, gazettes have also been consulted. Investigator has also taken some snapshots of receipts related to payments and accounts available in offices of the public libraries.
During the survey, the investigator carried two sets of questionnaires for user i.e. one in English and another in Bengali version of the same questionnaire. The researcher has personally approached to the users and handed over questionnaire to them. In order to get the responses from different category of users (Students, MaulanaOfficers/ AzadProfessionals Library,, Self-employed Aligarh, Businessman ,MuslimUnemployed Youth,UniversityRetired Persons, and Housewives), the investigator has distributed the questionnaire to all category of users to get their responses. It worthwhile to note that specific questions were compiled for each category of users, so as to infer the relevant responses from each category.
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5.9 Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data was collected from 144 public libraries from nine districts of West Bengal. Each of the filled questionnaires was thoroughly checked. Subsequently, coding in a self-designed sheet using SPSS (Version 16) was done. Finally, the obtained data have been tabulated, organized and consolidated, analysed, compared, interpreted in a systemic manner by using tables, figures and percentages. Further, the researcher also used ANOVA for testing the null hypotheses. Notably, by analysing the data, useful results, recommendations and conclusion were present in the thesis.
5.10 Reference Style Followed
In doing research work, it is essential to acknowledge the scholarly works e.g. books, journal articles, reports, projects, dissertations, theses, web-based resources, etc. and ideas by others authors as the creators of the work by ‘referencing and citing’. The present thesis has adopted the American Psychological Association (APA) 6th edition for reference style.
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References
Azhikoda, S. (2010). Public libraries in Malabar. New Delhi: Serials Publications.
Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. (1986). Research in education. New Delhi: Prentice–Hall of India Pvt. Limited.
Brown, R. B. (2006). Doing your dissertation in business and management: The reality of research and writing. Sage Publications.
Busha, C. H. & Harter, S. P. (1980). Research methods in librarianship techniques and interpretation. New York: Academic Press.
Chakrabarti, B. (2010). Library and information science research: Methods, technique, tenets. Kolkata: The World Press Private Limited.
Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E. & Airasian, P. W. (1999). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and application. 5th Edition, Pearson.
Goode, W. J. & Hatt, P. K. (2006). Method in social research. Delhi: Surjeet, 209.
Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E. & Tourangeau, R. (2004). Survey methodology. Hoboken, N. J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Hammond, M. & Wellington, J. (2013). Research methods: The key concepts. London: Rutledge.
Hernon, P. & McClure, C. (1990). Evaluation and library decision making. Norwood: N.J., Ablex Publishing, Corp.
Hilal, A. M. & Mehtab, Alam. A. (2016). Library automation in India: An evaluative study. New Delhi: Ane Books Pvt. Limited.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International, 8-55.
MaulanaMeenakshi Azad, R., Girja Library,, M., Cauvery, Aligarh R. & Nayak, MuslimU. K. S. (2003). UniversityResearch methodology for students of social sciences. New Delhi: S. Chand.
Moore, N. (2006). How to do research: A practical guide to designing and managing research projects. 3rd Edition. London: Facet Publishing.
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Pandey, P. & Pandey, M. M. (2015). Research methodology: Tools and techniques. Buzau: Bridge Center.
Paul, D. L. & Jxanne, E. O. (2001). Practical research: Planning and designing. 7th Edition, Merrill Prentice Hall.
Pickard, A. J. (2007). Research methods in information. London: Facet Publishing, 183-199.
Sanchez, C. A. (1997). Methods and techniques of research. 3rd Edition, Philippines: Rex Book Store.
Whitney, F. L. (1961). The elements of research. New York: Asian Publishing House.
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CHAPTER: 6 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
6.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter, discussion about the present public library system in West Bengal has been made. The present chapter divided into three sections. The first section is examines the current scenario regarding public libraries in West Bengal in terms of their available human resources, budget implications, collection, infrastructural facilities, implementation of information technology, status of library automation, membership compositions, while the second section evaluates the various activities and services being provided in surveyed libraries. This part also describes the problems faced by the librarians for managing the public libraries. The third section of this chapter discusses the user satisfaction level regarding the services offered by the public libraries. The present study on these aspects is used to evaluate the public library system and services in West Bengal according to the IFLA/UNESCO Public Library Service Guidelines, 2010.
Section: A
6.2 Present Status of Public Libraries in West Bengal 6.2.1 Profile of the Surveyed Public Libraries
It is to be noted here that before enactment of the Library Legislation Act in 1979, West Bengal had 762 public libraries in all categories which used to function either as government or government-sponsored libraries but after enactment of the Public Library Act, this number increased to 2,482. At present, in West Bengal Public Library System (WBPLS) the State Central Library is the Apex Body. Significantly, three categories of public libraries namely district library, town/sub-division library and rural library exist in each district (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library MaulanaServices ,Azad 2010-12). Library, Aligarh Muslim University Notably, investigator has covered all categories of public libraries such as State Central Library, District Libraries, Town/sub-division Libraries, and Rural Libraries. For the present doctoral thesis, investigator has surveyed total 144 public
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libraries in 9 districts, covered one State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 39 town/sub-division libraries, and 95 rural libraries as shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1: Sample Public Libraries in West Bengal
S. Sample of the Study No. of Libraries No. 1. State Central Library 1 2. District Libraries 9 3. Town/Sub-division Libraries 39 4. Rural Libraries 95 Total 144
6.2.1.1 Surveyed Libraries
Nine districts of West Bengal namely Bankura, Birbhum, Dakshin Dinajpur, Howrah, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, Purulia and Uttar Dinajpur have been selected for the present study. Table 6.2 shows the number of libraries of different categories have been covered in the present thesis.
Table 6.2: District-wise Govt. Sponsored and Government Public Libraries
S. District District Town/Sub- Rural Total Percentage of No. Library division Libraries total Lib. Libraries Surveyed 1. Bankura 1 4 13 18 12.5% 2. Birbhum 1 5 11 17 11.8% 3. Dakshin 1 3 6 10 6.9% Dinajpur 4. Howrah 1 6 13 20 13.9% 5. Malda 1 5 10 16 11.1% 6. Murshidabad 1 5 15 21 14.6% 7. Nadia 1 5 10 16 11.1% Maulana8. Purulia Azad 1Library,3 Aligarh12 Muslim16 11.1% University 9. Uttar 1 3 5 9 6.3% Dinajpur Total 9 39 95 143 100% *State Central Library of West Bengal = 1 *Total Public Libraries Surveyed in West Bengal= 143+1=144
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6.2.1.2 Year of Establishment
Table 6.3 provides information regarding the year of establishment of different categories of surveyed libraries.
Table 6.3: Year-wise Establishment of Public Libraries in West Bengal
S. Year of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Establishment Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Before 1900 - - 3 1 4 2. 1901-1930 - 2 8 7 17 3. 1931-1960 1 6 15 40 62 4. 1961-1990 - - 13 45 58 5. 1991 Onward - 1 - 2 3
6.2.1.3 Location of the Libraries
The public libraries which have been covered in the present study are located in rural as well as urban areas. The Census of India defined ‘rural area’ is a place where the total population is under 5000 and ‘urban area’ is a place where a minimum population is 5000 and density of population at least 400 per sq. km. (Census of India, 2011).
The State Central Library, majority of the district libraries and town/sub- division libraries are located in urban areas, whereas most of the rural libraries are located in rural areas. A small number of rural libraries are situated in urban areas. It is also found that the Government district library of Uttar Dijanpur and 13 town/sub- division libraries are located in the rural areas.
6.2.1.4 Staff Strength of the Surveyed Public Libraries
The staff pattern of the public library system in West Bengal has already been Maulanadiscussed Azad in the chapter Library,4. According Aligarh to the Directorate Muslim of Library University Services, the sanctioned post for the State Central Library are 51, 10 posts for each district library, 4 posts for every town/sub-division library and 2 posts for the rural library. At present, in the State Central Library, there is a Chief Librarian, 4 Assistant Librarians, 6 Library Assistants, 2 Library Attendants, 1 Library Peon, 2 Library Clerks, and 7
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other staff such as Mali, Darwan, and Book Binder, Sweeper, etc. Among 9 district libraries under the study, there are currently 9 Librarians/Library-in-Charge, 10 Library Assistants, 11 Library Attendants, 5 Library Peon/Book Binders and 10 other staff. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, there are total 39 Librarians/Library-in-Charge, 19 Library Assistants, 13 Library Peon/Book Binders and 24 other staff. In rural libraries, there are total 95 Librarians/Library-in-Charge and 36 Junior Library Attendants.
Table 6.4: Number of Library Staff Sanctioned and Existing Post in the Public Libraries
S. Total No. of Sanctioned Existing Vacant Approximate No. Staff Vacant Staff Staff Posts Percentage 1. State Central 51 23 28 55% Library 2. District 90 47 43 48% Libraries 3. Town/Sub- 156 91 65 42% division Libraries 4. Rural Libraries 190 131 59 31%
Table 6.4 shows the total number of sanctioned staff as well as the existing staff members of the different categories of public libraries under the study. The table shows that the total number of sanctioned staff members in the State Central Library is 51. However, only 23 personnel are working in different positions in the State Central Library. Break-up of the existing staff of the State Central Library is shown in Table 6.5. Regarding district libraries, out of 90 sanctioned posts in different categories, only 47 are presently working in these libraries. Table 6.4 also shows that only 91 library staff is presently serving the users of 39 town/sub-division libraries whereas the total sanctioned strength of staff in these libraries are 156. Around 131 Maulanalibrary staff are Azadworking in Library,the rural libraries Aligarh where the sanctioned Muslim posts are 190.UniversityOn being analysed the figures related to current staff and sanctioned staff, it is revealed that more than 30% of the total sanctioned posts are vacant in all types of libraries. However, the largest number of posts in terms of percentage are lying vacant in the State Central Library. Investigator has tried to find out the reasons and come to know
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that in this library, quite a few times staff has been retired since 2010 and it may be noticed that no selection committee has been held in the aftermath of 2010.
Table: 6.5: Number of Staff Members are existing in the Surveyed Public Libraries
Type of Library Name of the Post Total no. of Employees
State Central Chief Librarian 1 Library Deputy Librarian - Assistant Librarian 4 Library Assistant 6 Library Attendant 2 System Manager - Technical Assistant - Accountant - Library Peon 1 Library Clerk 2 Others 7 District Libraries Librarians/Library-in-Charge 9 Library Assistant 10 Library Attendant 11 Library Peon/Book Binder 5 Others (Darwan, etc.) 10 Town/Sub-division Librarians/Library-in-Charge 39 Libraries Library Assistant 19 Library Peon/Book Binder 13 Others (Darwan, etc.) 24 Rural Libraries Librarians/Library-in-Charge 95 Junior Library Attendant 36
6.2.1.5 Library Staff MaulanaHuman Azad resource Library, is one of the Aligarh fundamental pillarsMuslim for managing University the library services. Basically, there are two types of human resources in the public libraries namely professional library staff and non-professional library staff. Professional library staff are those who possess the Library and Information Science degrees such as Master of Library and Information Science (MLISc.), Bachelor of Library and
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Information Science (BLISc.) or Certificate Course in Library Science (CLIS) while non-professional library staff are those who don't have any professional degree as mentioned above. Library staff who possess library science degree are usually assigned professional tasks, such as cataloguing and classification in libraries. On the other hand, the non-professional staff comprises of library attendants, peons and other staff. The latter category of staff is responsible for shelving, cleaning, dusting, pasting of labels book card and pasting of different types of labels such as barcode labels, spine labels, etc. Thus, it can be assumed that in all surveyed libraries due to vacant professional as well as non-professional staff, day-to-day working of libraries have been hampered. It is, therefore suggested that the West Bengal Government should take utmost priority to start the recruitment process at the earliest.
6.2.1.6 Recruitment Process
Recruitment rules regarding govt. sponsored public libraries notified dated 17- 10-95 vide No 1183-Edn (MSE)/ SL- 83/89Pt.I by the Govt. of West Bengal are mentioned below:
The methods of and the qualifications required for recruitment to the posts indicated above shall be as specified against each.
I. Librarian of a Govt. Sponsored Library having the Status of a District Library:- A. Method of Recruitment: (a) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by promotion from among the posts of Librarian of Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of sub- divisional/town-library and Asstt. Librarian of Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of District Library and carrying the scales of pay lower than of Librarian in Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of District Library, provided that the candidate possesses three years’ experience in the feeder post and at least a certificate in Library Science from any of the following institutions:- Maulana Azad(i) Bengal Library, Library Association; Aligarh Muslim University (ii) Training Centre attached to District Library, R. K. Mission Boys; Home, Rahara; (iii) Training Centre attached to Janata College at Kalimpong and Banipur;
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(iv) Any other Training Centre by or with the assistance of the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal, and recognised by the Govt. of West Bengal for the purpose. (b) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by direct recruitment. B. Qualifications for Direct Recruitment: (a) Essential: (i) Master degree in any subject plus Bachelor degree in Library Science from any recognised university, or Mater degree in Library Science from any recognised university or its equivalent degree recognised by the Govt. of India/Govt. of West Bengal; (ii) Knowledge of Bengali or Nepali, spoken and written. (b) Desirable: (i) Experience in Library administration, good hand writing.
II. Librarian of A Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of sub- divisional/town library and Assistant Librarian of Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of District Library:- A. Method of Recruitment: (a) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by promotion from the post of (i) Librarian of Govt. Sponsored Libraries having the status of Rural/Area/ Primary unit Libraries, (ii) Library Assistant of Govt. Sponsored Sub-divisional/town Libraries carrying the scale of pay lower than that of Librarian in Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of sub-divisional/ town library, provided the candidate possesses three years’ experience in the feeder post (iii) and Madhyamik Certificate or its equivalent and Certificate in Library and Information Science from any of the following institutions:- (i) Bengal Library Association; (ii) Training Centre attached to District Library, R. K. Mission Boys; Home, Rahara; (iii) Training Centre attached to Janata College at Kalimpong Maulana Azad Library,and Banipur; Aligarh Muslim University (iv) Any other Training Centre by or with the assistance of the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal, and recognised by the Govt. of West Bengal for the purpose. (b) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by direct recruitment.
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B. Qualifications for Direct Recruitment: (a) Essential: (i) A Bachelor degree of recognised university and a Bachelor degree’s in Library Science of a recognised university; (ii) Knowledge of Bengali or Nepali, spoken and written. (b) Desirable: (i) Good hand writing. III. Librarian of A Govt. Sponsored Library having the status of Rural/Area/Primary unit Library:- A. Method of Recruitment: (a) Not more than 50% of the post shall by filled in by promotion from the other staff (Group D) of the Govt. Sponsored sub- divisional/town/rural/ primary unit/area libraries having the minimum qualifications of Madhyamik passed certificate plus certificate in Library Science from any of the following institutions:- (i) Bengal Library Association; (ii) Training Centre attached to District Library, R. K. Mission Boys; Home, Rahara; (iii) Training Centre attached to Janata College at Kalimpong and Banipur; (iv) Any other Training Centre by or with the assistance of the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal, and recognised by the Govt. of West Bengal for the purpose. (b) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by direct recruitment. C. Qualifications for Direct Recruitment: (a) Essential: (i) Passed Madhyamik Examination or its Equivalent; (ii) Certificate in Library Science from any of the following institutions indicated in case of filling up of posts by promotion; Maulana Azad (iii)Library,Knowledge of AligarhBengali or Nepali, Muslim spoken and written. University (c) Desirable: (i) Good hand writing; (ii) At least one year’s experience in a public or institutional library.
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IV. Library Assistant of A Govt. Sponsored District/Sub-divisional/Town Library:- A. Method of Recruitment: (a) 50% of the post shall by filled in by promotion from the Group D staff of Govt. Sponsored Libraries having the minimum qualifications of Madhyamik passed certificate plus certificate in Library Science from any of the following institutions:- (i) Bengal Library Association; (ii) Training Centre attached to District Library, R. K. Mission Boys; Home, Rahara; (iii) Training Centre attached to Janata College at Kalimpong and Banipur; (iv) Any other Training Centre by or with the assistance of the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal, and recognised by the Govt. of West Bengal for the purpose; (v) Any other Training Centre by or with the assistance of the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal, and recognised by the Govt. of West Bengal for the purpose. (b) 50% of the posts shall be filled in by direct recruitment. B. Qualifications for Direct Recruitment: (b) Essential: (i) Passed Madhyamik Examination or its Equivalent; (ii) Certificate in Library Science from any of the following institutions indicated in case of filling up of posts by promotion. (Recruitment Rules for Govt. Sponsored libraries, 1995)
From the above mentioned criteria for the recruitment process with regard to the librarian, it will be worth noting that a large number of candidates with required qualifications are already available in the state of West Bengal. However, it is unfortunate that no recruitment drive had been placed since 2010. It may further be Maulananoted that Azad retried library Library, professionals Aligarh are re-appointed Muslim with a consolidated University salary to run the affairs of public libraries.
It is, thus, strongly advised the state government to take initiatives regarding the recruitment process of librarians. This step will not only provide jobs to youth with a library science degree but also improve the condition of the public libraries.
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6.2.2 Librarians/Library-in-Charge Profile
Gender-specific variants of the librarians of West Bengal public libraries which were surveyed, shown below in Table 6.6.
Table 6.6: Gender-specific variants of the Librarians/Library-in-charge
S. Gender State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Male 1 7 37 80 125 2. Female - 2 2 15 19
Table 6.6 reveals that in 144 libraries, 125 librarians are male members while 19 are female. So, it clearly shows that the number of female librarians is much less than male librarians and it may owe to the following reasons:
1) If we look at the literacy rate of the last three decades, we can see that the number of educated women is far less than that of educated man (Literacy rate in 1981: Female 36.1% and Male 48%; in 1991: Female 46.6% and Male 67.8%; and in 2001: Female 59.6% and Male 77.0%). Since educated women are less in number, so getting them in less numbers is quite a normal phenomenon. 2) Since library science education is not a traditional subject, many female were not aware of this course earlier.
Although, the number of female students currently increased a lot, therefore, they are interested in courses other than traditional courses like library and information science.
6.2.2.1 Age Variation among the Librarians MaulanaThe investigator Azad has Library, tried to find outAligarh age-based differencesMuslim between University the librarians in the present study and the analysed data presented in Table 6.7.
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Table 6.7: Age Variation of the Librarians/Library-in-charge
S. Age State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. 25-30 years - - - 2 2 old 2. 31-40 years - - 1 4 5 old 3. 41-50 years - 4 11 33 48 old 4. 51-55 years 1 3 16 17 37 old 5. 56 Years - 2 21 39 89 above
After analysing the data, it reveals that only 2 librarians from rural libraries belong to the age group of 25-30 years, while total 5 librarians are in the age group under 31-40 years. In 2010, a selection committee was formed where some new librarians have been recruited while some others were promoted through the Career Advancement Scheme. It may also worthy to point out that some librarians were appointed and promoted in the earlier selection committee held in 2005. It is also known from the above table that between the age of 40 and 50, there are 48 librarians in all categories of libraries. Furthermore, a large number of librarians belong to the age group above 56 years and hence they are going to retire within four years.
Significantly, some of the librarians are also looking after the affairs of other libraries which are located in the nearby village. Due to this, these librarians are overburdened with the workload.
6.2.2.2 Education Qualifications of the Librarians
A qualified librarian can organize the library in a systematic way. And Maulanatherefore, Azad the IFLA/UNESCO Library, (2010) AligarhPublic Library MuslimService Guidelines University state that “the qualified librarians are professional staff who have undertaken a course of study in librarianship and information studies to degree or post-graduate level”. The education qualifications of the librarians of surveyed libraries under this study are presented in Table 6.8.
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Table 6.8: Education Qualifications of the Librarians/Library-in-charge
S. Education State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Qualifications Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Higher - - 3 24 27 Secondary with CLIS 2. Bachelor - 1 6 41 48 degree with CLIS 3. Bachelor - - 15 19 34 degree with BLISc. 4. Master degree 1 3 7 2 13 with BLISc. 5. Master degree - 5 8 2 15 with MLISc.
As shown in Table 6.8 that out of 144 librarians/library-in-charge, 48 librarians have obtained Bachelor’s degree along with the Certificate Course in Library Science (CLIS) while 34 librarians have completed Bachelor’s degree with Bachelor of Library and Information Science degree and 27 of them have done Higher Secondary Education along with Certificate Course in Library Science. The above table also shows that 13 librarians have obtained Master’s degree along with Bachelor of Library and Information Science degree whereas 15 librarians have completed Master’s degree along with Master of Library and Information Science degree. Also, some of the librarians have done Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking (PGDLAN) through distance mode. They have revealed during the interview that this course has helped in the library automation process. It was observed by the researcher that libraries are providing better services in which librarians are relatively more qualified. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 6.2.2.3 Professional Experience
Trained and experienced librarians have played a great role in the management of the library in a systematic way. The IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines (2010) state that only a “qualified and experienced librarian can designs, plans, organizes, implements,
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manages and evaluates library and information services and systems to meet the needs of the users of library and information services in the community”. The working experience of the librarians of all categories of surveyed libraries in West Bengal is furnished in Table 6.9.
Table 6.9: Professional Experience of the Librarians/Library-in-charge
S. Working State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Experience Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. 6-16 years - 2 8 24 34
2. 17 years or 1 7 31 71 110 above
The study demonstrates that out of 144 librarians/library-in-charge, 110 of them have professional working experience of 17 years or above while 34 librarians have working experience of between 5 to 16 years. During the survey, it has been found that the librarians who have had more than 17 years of working experience have organized more educational and cultural events in their libraries. Besides this, it is also known that their networking with the state officials is very good, which has made the release of funds more easily and timely. Those librarians who have 6 to 16 years of working experience have found that they are working actively and have been seen more prompt in providing a wide range of information services.
6.2.2.4 Training Programmes
According to the IFLA/UNESCO (2010) “Training is a vital element of the activities of a public library. There must be a planned and continuous programme of training for staff at all levels, which should include both full-time and part-time staff. The rapid developments in information technology make the need for regular training even more essential”. The result of the survey indicates that 100% librarians of the Maulanasurveyed Azad public libraries Library, in West Bengal Aligarh have actively Muslim participated University in the various training programmes. Notably, all the librarians from each category of the library have attended training programmes organized by State Central Library as well as District Library Office. These training programmes aim to develop professional skills in working librarians. They are given training in Information Technology. Apart from
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this, IT components, libraries are also updated in the use of cataloguing and classification tools. Librarians have revealed during the discussion with the surveyor that these library programmes have immensely benefitted them. They obtained working knowledge with regard to hardware and software and also to refresh their knowledge about the latest version of AACR II, DDC, Sear’s List of Subject Headings, etc.
6.2.3 Library Finance
Financial support is required for the construction of the library building, providing furniture and equipment, purchasing of reading materials, staff salary, as well as for further development in libraries. According to IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines “Adequate levels of funding are crucial to the success of a public library in fulfilling its roles. Without sufficient levels of funding over the long term, it is impossible to develop policies for service provision and make the most effective use of available resources” (IFLA/UNESCO, 2010).
6.2.3.1 Fund of the Library
According to the provision of West Bengal Public Libraries Act 1979, library cess is not mandatory for the common people in the state. The Government of West Bengal Mass Education Extension Department, notification date 10 August 2005 vide No 599-MEE/Sett. “The financial year of the library shall be the year commencing on the 1st day of April of any year and ending on the 31st day of March of the succeeding year”. Further, the notification also mentioned the major sources of library revenue:
(1) All grant (recurring grant and non- recurring grant or ad-hoc) received from the government, the central government or other bodies or agencies; (2) Subscription realized from members, if any; (3) Donation gift or contribution received by the library; (4) Amount realized from members for loss or damage of documents or realized as fine; Maulana(5) Bank Azadinterest; Library, Aligarh Muslim University (6) Amount acquired through sale of properties, movable or immovable with the previous permission of the authority; (7) All refundable security deposits received by the library, if any (Government of West Bengal Mass Education Extension Department, 2006).
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There are basically two types of grants sanctioned by the state government such as recurring grant and non- recurring grant. A fixed recurring grant is provided every year, while non-recurring grants are also provided according to their needs and plans for the new development and maintenances. Also, public libraries receive financial assistance from Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF). Notably, RRRLF is a central autonomous organization financed by the Ministry of Culture, and it is the nodal agency of the government of India to support public library services and systems and promote public library movement in the country. RRRLF function as a promotional agency, an advisory and consultancy organization, a funding body of public library development in India (RRRLF, 2018). The various sources of revenue of the public libraries for 5 years beginning from 2011-2012 up to 2015-2016 is furnished in Table 6.10, 6.11, 6.12 and 6.13.
6.2.3.1.1 Funds of the State Central Library
The State Central Library, as data shows, has received the highest recurring grant every year among all the public libraries in West Bengal. After analysing the data, it is observed that recurring grant which is provided by the state government is the major source of library funds. As shown in Table 6.10, the State Central Library has received the amount Rs. 31,60,000 in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 36,30,200 in 2012-2013, Rs. 48,12,100 in 2013-2014, Rs. 54,52,000 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 66,72,000 during 2015-16. Furthermore, the State Central Library has received Ad- hoc grants of Rs. 20,0000 during the financial year 2013-2014 for construction of library building and also 2,03,620 for purchasing new furniture.
The other source of revenues such as membership fee, donations from different sources like philanthropists, fine collected from members as well as miscellaneous amount primarily comes from re-issue of lost library cards.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.10: Year-wise total Budget of the State Central Library during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. State Government 32,60,000 36,30,200 48,12,100 54,52,000 66,72,000 2. Membership Fees 34,600 32,400 29,700 33,600 21,200 3. Donation 14,000 8,300 15,600 9,800 11,500 4. Fine 5,360 4,944 6,124 10,230 7,620 5. Miscellaneous 830 1,030 1,260 1,340 1,290 Total 33,14,790 36,76,874 48,64,784 55,06,970 67,13,610
6.2.3.1.2 Funds of District Libraries
Significantly, the major funding body for finance for district libraries is the state government. Table 6.11 shows the allocation of the budget with respect to different surveyed district libraries in West Bengal.
Besides this, the table also shows the miscellaneous amount for the correspondent year. It may, however, be mentioned that this head includes the membership fee, donations from different sources like philanthropists, fine collected from members, re-issue of lost library cards, etc.
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Table 6.11: Year-wise average Budget of District Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
S. Name of the District 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. Libraries SG MA SG MA SG MA SG MA SG MA
1. Bankura District Library 82,600 28,085 85,200 29,740 88,400 30,890 90,300 32,940 97,700 34,650
2. Birbhum District Library 84,000 30,230 84,300 34,850 84,800 28,800 95,100 30,060 96,900 33,820
3. District Library Purulia 74,400 35,620 80,900 40,380 84,500 33,260 87,800 29,470 93,600 30,640
4. Nadia District Library 86,800 38,710 89,200 39,500 92,500 42, 900 1,08,600 45,825 1,12,900 44,420
5. Murshidabad District Library 77,700 27,640 79,500 23,780 82,400 34,650 88,100 30,800 98,600 36,760
6. Howrah District Library 80,200 31,420 82,500 33,200 85,900 29,450 92,400 32,640 97,800 28,415
7. Uttar Dinajpur Govt. District 72,200 24,630 76,700 26,460 81,300 22,480 83,800 30,850 90,000 27,610 Library
8. Dakshin Dinajpur District 84,800 36,760 88,600 40,410 98,500 42,890 1,08,100 36,870 1,14,000 32,840 Library
9. Malda District Library 79,900 34,820 86,100 43,680 88,500 38,760 96,700 32,350 99,500 37,120 Note: SG: State Government and MF: Miscellaneous Amount
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120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0 SG MA SG MA SG MA SG MA SG MA 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
Bankura District Library Birbhum District Library District Library Purulia Nadia District Library Murshidabad District Library Howrah District Library Uttar Dinajpur Govt. District Library Dakshin Dinajpur District Library Malda District Library
Figure 6.1: Year-wise average Budget of District Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
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6.2.3.1.3 Funds of Town/sub-division Libraries
Another category of library is town/sub-division libraries which are consists of 39 libraries in different districts. Table 6.12 shows the average budget amount of surveyed libraries during 2011-2012 to 2015-2016.
Apart from the budget received from the state government, this table also shows the miscellaneous amount for the correspondent year. It may, however, be mentioned that this head includes the membership fee, donations from different sources like philanthropists, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), fine collected from members, re-issue of lost library cards, etc.
Table 6.12: Year-wise average Budget of Town/Sub-division Libraries during 2011- 2016 (in Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. State 48,400 52,600 61,700 62,800 65,400 Government 2. Miscellaneous 14,740 16,070 18,540 18,100 20,810 Total 63,140 68,670 80,240 81,100 86,210
6.2.3.1.4 Funds of Rural Libraries
Table 6.13 shows the average budget of 95 rural libraries in different districts of West Bengal for the last 5 years. It can be observed that the rural libraries are received the lowest grant from the state government as compared to the other three categories of public libraries. Notably, it was observed that the state government has been increased the amounts every year.
In addition to this budget, this table also shows the miscellaneous amount for the correspondent year. However, it may be mentioned that this head comprises of the membership fee, donations from different sources such as philanthropists, Members Maulanaof the Legislative Azad Assembly Library, (MLAs), Aligarh fine collected Muslimfrom members, Universityre-issue of lost library cards, etc.
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Table 6.13: Year-wise average Revenue of Rural Libraries during 2011-2016 (in, Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. State 21,700 23,900 25,800 28,200 31,300 Government 2. Miscellaneous 3,880 3,600 4,220 5,460 6,840 Total 25,580 27,500 30,020 33,660 38,140
6.2.3.2 Library Expenditure
In public libraries, expenditures are made for purchasing of the reading materials that include books, newspapers, periodicals, non-book materials, etc. The fund is also allocated for maintaining regular office contingency expenses comprising book binding, audit charge, telephone charges, electric bills, etc. It is worthy to be mentioned here that the construction of building extension, maintenance of the buildings and purchase of furniture are made mostly with the fund provided by the RRRLF as well as state government separately by sanctioning non-recurring grant. Notably, the average head-wise expenditures for the last 5 years from 2011-2012 to 2015-2016 are furnished in Table 6.14, 6.15 6.16 and 6.17.
6.2.3.2.1 Expenditures of the State Central Library
As shown in Table 6.14, the State Central Library has an expenditure amount of Rs. 14, 65,800 for purchasing books in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 15, 40,000 in 2012-2013, Rs. 21, 88,400 in 2013-2014, Rs. 22, 48,600 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 25, 50,000 during 2015-2016. Besides books, every year the State Central Library has spent a huge amount for the subscription of periodicals and newspapers. The study reveals that for the subscription of periodicals and newspapers, the library has expenditure amount of Rs. 7, 24,500 during the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 9, 20,600 in 2012-2013, Rs. 12, 20,450 in 2013-2014, Rs. 15, 62,300 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 19, 73,600 in 2015-2016.
MaulanaApart from Azad these, theLibrary, miscellaneous Aligarh expenses such asMuslim stationery, municipal University taxes, book binding, telephone charges, electric bill, meeting expenses, cultural programme expense, travelling and postage charge, etc. which are mentioned in Table 6.14.
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Table 6.14: Year-wise total Expenditure of the State Central Library during 2011- 2016 (in Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. Books 14,65,800 15,40,000 21,88,400 22,48,600 25,50,000 2. Periodicals/ 7,24,500 9,20,600 12,20,450 15,62,300 19,73,600 News papers 3. Miscellaneous 11,24,490 12,16,274 14,55,934 16,96,070 21, 90,010 Total 33,14,790 36,76,874 48,64,784 55,06,970 67,13,610
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Table 6.15: Year-wise total Expenditure of the District Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
S. Name of the District 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. Libraries BK PN MA BK PN MA BK PN MA BK PN MA BK PN MA
1. Bankura District 45,600 21,200 40,867 46,400 22,400 41,455 48,300 25,640 42,451 50,800 24,890 43,794 56,700 26,200 46,788 Library
2. Birbhum District 46,800 22,700 42,946 45,500 24,500 44,678 48,600 26,860 45,586 55,400 26,940 42,975 56,500 25,600 44,342 Library
3. District Library Purulia 45,000 22,400 39,612 49,100 26,800 43,153 50,300 23,700 42,658 51,200 24,300 41,645 55,500 25,830 43,689
4. Nadia District Library 50,500 26,800 40,964 54,100 28,500 43,258 59,600 29,320 44,321 65,500 32,620 47,632 66,800 34,950 47,896
5. Murshidabad District 42,600 19,650 38,685 44,000 20,300 39,896 46,600 23,560 40,960 49,500 27,350 41,681 45,800 30,300 45,964 Library
6. Howrah District 46,500 22,300 41,685 48,400 23,460 42,564 45,500 25,400 43,230 50,400 26,800 44,786 52,600 29,210 43,580 Library
7. Uttar Dinajpur Govt. 40,600 16,220 36,351 42,800 20,500 39,412 44,500 21,620 37,640 48,400 25,750 39,642 46,500 28,200 39,758 District Library
8. Dakshin Dinajpur 47,500 21,300 41,740 50,200 25,780 43,632 56,300 32,600 44,496 60,500 32,540 44,632 62,000 34,200 48,689 District Library
9. Malda District Library 44,300 20,850 40,694 46,800 23,450 43,349 52,400 26,760 44,453 56,500 27,440 43,879 60,200 30,400 44,644 Note: BK: Books, PN: Periodicals/Newspapers, OC: Miscellaneous Amount
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6.2.3.2.2 Expenditures of District Libraries
Table 6.15 shows the expenditure of books and regular subscription of periodicals and newspapers in different surveyed district libraries in West Bengal. Miscellaneous expenditure includes printing, photography, stationery, municipal taxes, book binding, telephone charges, electric bill, meeting expenses, expenses spent on organization of cultural programmes, travelling charges, postage charge, etc. which are mentioned in Table 6.15.
6.2.3.2.3 Expenditures of town/sub-division Libraries
As shown in Table 6.16, the average expenditure of 39 town/sub-division libraries in different districts during the financial year 2011-2016. The study reveals that the average expenditure of town/sub-division libraries for purchasing of books was Rs. 25,600 in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 26,800 in 2012-2013, Rs. 32,500 in 2013-2014, Rs. 32,400 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 33,700 during 2015-2016. The average subscription of periodicals and newspapers, libraries have spent the amount of Rs. 14,420 during the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 16,670 in 2012-2013, Rs. 18,840 in 2013-2014, Rs. 18,450 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 19,780 in 2015-2016.
The miscellaneous amount includes telephone charges, electricity bills, audit charge, photocopy and printing charges, expenses spent on organization of cultural programmes, travelling charges, postal charges, meeting expenses, etc. which are in details in Table 6.16.
Table 6.16: Year-wise average Expenditure of the Town/sub-division Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. Books 25,600 26,800 32,500 32,400 33,700
2. Periodicals/ 14,420 16,670 18,840 18,450 19,780 News papers Maulana3. MiscellaneousAzad Library,23,120 Aligarh25,200 28,900Muslim30,250 University32,730 Total 63,140 68,670 80,240 81,100 86,210
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6.2.3.2.4 Expenditures of Rural Libraries
Table 6.17 shows the average expenditure of 95 rural libraries in the different district during 2011-2016. The study demonstrates that the average expenditure of rural libraries for purchasing of books was Rs. 10,500 in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 11,800 in 2012-2013, Rs. 12,600 in 2013-2014, Rs. 13,400 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 15,450 in 2015-2016. Notably, the average subscription of periodicals and newspapers, libraries have spent the amount of Rs. 5,840 during 2011-2012, Rs. 6,260 in 2012-2013, Rs. 7,210 in 2013-2014, Rs. 7,640 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 8,600 in 2015- 2016.
The Miscellaneous expenditure such as audit charge, stationery, book binding, electric bills, meeting expenses, photocopy and printing charges, expenses spent on organization of cultural programmes, travelling charges, postal charges, etc. which are mentioned in Table 6.17.
Table 6.17: Year-wise average Expenditure of the Rural Libraries during 2011-2016 (in Rs.)
S. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 No. 1. Books 10,500 11,800 12,600 13,400 15,450
2. Periodicals/ 5,840 6,260 7,210 7,640 8,600 News papers
3. Miscellaneous 9,239 9,440 10,210 12,620 14,090 Total 25,580 27,500 30,020 33,660 38,140
Analysis of the data regarding the sources of revenues and expenditures of the public libraries under the study makes it clear that the state government of West Bengal is the major source for granting funds for all categories of surveyed libraries. Besides this grant, some other sources of revenues such as membership fee, fine Maulanacollected from Azad members, occasionalLibrary, donation Aligarh are also received Muslim by some University of the libraries from Members of Legislative Assemblies. Unfortunately, public libraries are not given significant importance in developing nation like India. And, hence, the allocation of budget in all branches of surveyed libraries are far from satisfactory. Many librarians have complained regarding the allocated budget and they also have
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informed during the conversation that hardly any amount is left of the end of each financial year for emergency expenses, like the ad-hoc purchase of books and other reading materials.
6.2.4 Library Collection
The purpose of any library is to provide services that should be relevant to its user community. And this is not possible without adequate reading materials. According to the IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines, “Public libraries have an important role in the development and maintenance of a democratic society by giving the individual access to a wide and varied range of knowledge, ideas and opinions”. It further points out that “the primary purpose of the public library is to provide resources and services in a variety of media to meet the needs of individuals and groups for education, information and personal development including recreation and leisure” (IFLA/UNESCO, 2010).
Public libraries have been developing their collection with various forms of reading materials such as books, magazines, newspapers, newsletters, monographs, bound volumes, pamphlets, reports, maps, atlas, pictorial arts, idols, manuscripts, floppies, audio cassettes, video cassettes, CDs, DVDs, etc. Apart from these, they also preserved the local history of the particular area, their culture, specialization, language, art, literacy development, etc.
6.2.4.1 Selection and Acquisition of Books
Book selection procedures depend on the value and quality of services available in the library. Mittal (2007) as cited in Mukherji (1960) statement that “Such knowledge of books as will make it possible to select them intelligently and use them to the best advantage of the individual reader and the community is necessary to every librarian and to any worker with books who deals also with the reading public. Intelligent book selection for library use is based on definite principles and carried on Maulanawith the Azadtools planned Library, for the purposes”. Aligarh Therefore, the Muslim public library Universityshould develop its collection on the basis of their user needs and requirements.
The study reveals that 100% of public libraries under the study have a book selection committee. Every year, during the month of October to December, each library informs their users to come up with their suggestions regarding the
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procurement of new books. Subsequently, suggestions are noted down in their respective registers which are maintained by each library. Later on, in a central meeting, library committee members and representative members from Local Library Authority shortlists the books from the wish list as per the availability of funds. Significantly, preference is given to those books which are suggested by more number of users. Furthermore, popular books are also procured in these libraries in view of their respective potential readers.
6.2.4.2 Book Selection Tools
All the public libraries in West Bengal purchase books from Book Fair which is held in every district in the months of November to February. Annual Book Fairs are organized by the Directorate of Library Services every year.
The collected data highlights that 100% of public libraries prefer to use publishers’ catalogues and user suggestions for the procurement of books from the Book Fair. It was also observed that public libraries under the study purchased a small number of textbooks directly from the bookshops. Besides these, librarians have also purchased books on the recommendation of the Local Library Authority Members and present library committee. Hence, it is clear that ‘user recommendations’ is a valuable book selection tool for all categories of public libraries in West Bengal.
6.2.4.3 Sources of Library Collection
After analysing the data, this study demonstrates that the State Central Library has developed its collection through purchasing of books and subscribing to periodicals every year. In addition to this, the State Central Library also receives books each year from the RRRLF, from Delivery Book Act., receives author complimentary copies along with gifts from the notable personalities and philanthropists.
As shown in Table 6.18, all the district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, Maulanaand rural libraries Azad have developed Library, their collection Aligarh through purchasing Muslim and subscribing University to books, periodicals and other reading materials every year. It is worthy to be noted here that these three categories of public libraries do not receive any books from the Delivery Book Act.
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Table 6.18: Sources of Library Collection
S. Libraries By By By Gift As a By No. Purchase Subscription Delivery others Book Act. 1. State Central Library 2. District Libraries 3. Town/Sub- division Libraries 4. Rural Libraries
6.2.4.4 Other Sources
All the district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries receive a number of books from various sources. Some of the sources are discussed below:
6.2.4.4.1 Donations from the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)
During the interview of the librarians, it was revealed that occasionally all the libraries receive some amount as a donation form the Member of Legislative Assembly of the respective district. Significantly, this amount is utilized for purchasing textbooks to support poor students studying from standard VIII right up to graduation. Some of the beneficiary students reported that due to their poor background, they were unable to purchase books prescribed in their syllabus. However, the availability of these textbooks in respective public libraries have played a notable role in carrying out their studies.
6.2.4.4.2 Author Complimentary Copies
Table 6.19 shows that the State Central Library, all the district libraries, and Maulana32 town/sub Azad-division Library, libraries have Aligarh occasionally receive Muslim books directly University from the authors which they receive from the publishers as author complimentary copies. Most of the librarians of rural libraries have reported that they do not receive any books from the authors whereas, majority of the rural libraries have (70) reported that they
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do not receive any books from the authors. Only 28 librarians of rural libraries have mentioned that they sometimes receive books from the authors.
Significantly, these are the authors who write in the Bengali language. Some of these authors have been approached and informed that they send copies in order to promote Bengali language. This shows the affection of these authors with their mother tongue.
Table 6.19: Author Complimentary Copies Received by the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. Gift from State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Authors Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries
1. Yes 1 9 32 28 70 2. No - - 7 67 74
6.2.4.4.3 Donations from Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation
During the interview of the librarians, the researcher was observed that all the surveyed public libraries in West Bengal receive a number of books from RRRLF every year. However, each of the district libraries receives around 300 to 350 books, town/sub-division library receive 100 to 120 books and rural library receive 30 to 40 books every year from RRRLF in English as well as in the Hindi language. Therefore, we can say that RRRLF is one of the significant sources of collection development of public libraries in West Bengal.
6.2.4.5 Number of Book Collection in the Public Libraries
As shown in Table 6.20, the State Central Library along with all the district libraries have more than 22,000 books in their collection. Analysis of the data reveals that 15 town/sub-division libraries have above 22,000 books while 10 libraries have around 18,001-22,000, 8 libraries have within 12,001-18,000 and 6 libraries have Maulanaaround 8,001-12,000 Azad books Library,in the collection. Aligarh The result also Muslimdemonstrates that University out of 95 rural libraries, 65 libraries have around 4,000-8,000 books while 30 libraries have within 8,001-12,000 books in their collection. Thus, it is clear that there is a variation in the collection of books in each category of libraries. Notably, IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Public Library Service Guidelines proposed that “The minimum stock level for
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the smallest service point should not be less than 2500 books”. The findings of the study show that different level of surveyed public libraries has more than 2500 books. Hence, the results agree with the recommendation of the IFLA/UNESCO (2010).
Table 6.20: Total Number of Book Collection
S. Total No. of State District Town Rural Total No. Books Central Libraries Sub/division Library Library Library Libraries 1. 4,000-8,000 - - - 65 65 2. 8,001-12,000 - - 6 30 36 3. 12,001-18,000 - - 8 - 8 4. 18,001-22,000 - - 10 - 10 5. 22,000 above 1 9 15 - 25
6.2.4.6 Language-wise Book Collection
The fundamental objective of the public library is to satisfy the user community by providing information on their primary and mother language and then another languages. Notably, during the survey, the investigator has observed that all the public libraries under this study in West Bengal are having approximately 80% of their collection in the Bengali language. English collection ranges from 10-15%. Rest of the collection is available in Hindi. Among these languages, Hindi books are usually those which are donated by Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation.
6.2.4.7 Library Book Collection with Respect to Membership
Table 6.21 shows the ratio of the book collection with respect to active members under the selected public libraries in the different districts. Notably, the calculated ratio is based on the proposed recommendation of IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Public Library Service Guidelines as an established collection should be between 2 to 3 items per capita. The findings sketch that the State Central Library has a ratio of 125 Maulanabooks per Azad active member. Library, Nadia District Aligarh Library has Muslimthe highest ratio University with 75 books per member. The investigator has revealed that a large number of books had been collected by Nadia District Library from the Raja Krishna Chandra Roy Palace (King of Nadia District during 1710-1783). The librarian has also reported that they receive many books from the general public and authors as gifts almost every year. The
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finding also shows that the least ratio with 21 books per capita is in the District Library of Uttar Dinajpur. Subsequently, District Library of Uttar Dinajpur was established in 2004. As a result, the collection is less as compared to the other libraries because this particular library is relatively new. Further, these group of libraries have between 29-51 books per member respectively. As shown in Table 6.21 that the average collection of books with active members of all the surveyed town/sub-division libraries of Murshidabad district has the highest ratio with 20 books per member, whereas town/sub-division libraries of Uttar Dinajpur and Birbhum district have the least ratio with 13 books per capita. In the context of rural libraries, Purulia district has the highest ratio with 27 books per member, while Dakshin Dinajpur district has less ratio with 19 books per member. The average ratio of the rural libraries of eight district has 20 to 26. Notably, it is evident from Table 6.21 the result agrees with the IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.21: District-wise Average Book Collection with Respect of Active Membership of the District, Town/sub-division and Rural Libraries
S. District District Libraries Town/Sub-division Libraries Rural Libraries No. Total Lib. No. of Ratio Total Lib. Average No. Ratio Total Lib. Average No. Ratio Collection Register Collection of Active Collection of Active Members Members Members
1. Bankura 79,737 1,663 51 15,586 920 17 7,320 350 21
2. Birbhum 60,678 1,335 45 11,420 865 13 6,845 280 24
3. Dakshin 73,751 1,844 40 17,645 1,124 15 8,382 435 19 Dinajpur
4. Howrah 77,962 1,765 44 19,763 1,020 19 9,350 370 25
5. Malda 64,648 2,222 29 17,880 845 19 8,640 364 23
6. Murshidabad 53,816 1,142 43 18,874 940 20 6,740 286 23
7. Nadia 93,621 1,240 75 17,264 1,160 14 9,230 350 26
8. Purulia 49,848 1,360 36 16,762 1,115 15 8,670 320 27
9. Uttar Dinajpur 23,681 1,122 21 11,356 830 13 5,760 245 23
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6.2.4.8 Non-book Materials Collection
As far as availability of non-book materials is concerned, the data in the Table 6.22 reveals that the State Central Library has total 154 maps and atlas, 140 audio cassettes, 160 video cassettes and more than 350 CDs/DVDs in the collection. The average numbers of maps and atlas collection in all the district libraries are more than 25, 11 audio cassettes and 61 CDs/DVDs. More than 7 maps and atlas and 26 CDs/DVDs are available in the town/sub-division libraries. The study also demonstrates that the average number of maps and atlas collection in all the rural libraries are 3 and more than 8 CDs/DVDs. The rural library does not have any audio and video cassettes collection. It is worthy to note here that the main sources of CDs/DVDs collection of all the public libraries are magazines and periodicals. Because some of the subscribed magazines and periodicals are providing CDs/DVDs with them.
Table 6.22: Non-book Materials Collection
S. Types of Total Maps Audio Video CDs/DVDs No. Libraries Libraries and Cassettes Cassettes Atlas 1. State Central 1 154 140 160 350 Library 2. District 9 25 11 - 61 Libraries 3. Town/Sub- 39 7 - - 26 Division Libraries 4. Rural 95 3 - - 8 Libraries Note: Average Number of Non-books Materials in each Library (Total number of items divided by the total number of libraries)
6.2.4.9 Newspapers Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Besides book collections, newspapers are also essential information resources in public libraries. Table 6.23 shows the number of newspapers subscribed by the different categories of libraries under the study.
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Table 6.23: Number of Newspapers Subscribed by the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. No. of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Newspapers Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries
1. 1-2 - - 5 95 100
2. 3-4 - 3 30 - 33
3. Above 5 1 6 4 - 11
The collected data shows in Table 6.23 that the State Central Library has subscribed to 9 local as well as national newspapers. Out of 9 surveyed district libraries, 6 libraries have subscribed to more than 5 newspapers while 3 of them have subscribed to 3 to 4 newspapers. In the context of 39 town/sub-division libraries, 30 libraries have subscribed to 3 to 4 newspapers followed by 5 libraries have 1 to 2 newspapers and 4 libraries have subscribed to more than 5 newspapers. It was also observed that all the rural libraries under this study have subscribed to 1 to 2 newspapers. The investigation revealed that due to the limited annual budget of the rural libraries, majority of them have subscribed to only one newspaper. Although some common newspapers that have been subscribed by the libraries are ‘Anandabazar Patrika’, ‘Bartaman’, ‘Ajkal’, ‘Pratidin’, ‘The Times of India’, etc.
6.2.4.10 Periodicals/Magazines
The study demonstrates that the State Central Library has subscribed to more than 155 periodicals/magazines in several disciplines. Out of 9 district libraries, 6 libraries have subscribed to 31 to 45 periodicals/magazines while 3 libraries have subscribed to above 46 periodicals/magazines. Analysis of data in Table 6.24 shows that 25 town/sub-division libraries have subscribed to 16 to 30 periodicals/magazines whereas 14 libraries have subscribed to 31 to 45 periodicals/magazines. It also reveals that out of 95 rural libraries, 88 libraries have subscribed to 1 to 15 Maulanaperiodicals/magazines Azad Library, though only Aligarh 7 libraries have Muslim subscribed University to 16 to 30 periodicals/magazines.
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Table 6.24: Total Number of Periodicals/Magazines Subscribed by the Public Libraries
S. No. of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Periodicals Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries /Magazines Library Libraries
1. 1-15 - - - 88 97 2. 16-30 - - 25 7 23 3. 31-45 - 6 14 - 20 4. Above 45 1 3 - - 4
During the survey, it was observed that majority of libraries have subscribed both Bengali and English periodicals such as ‘Desh’, ‘Sananda’, ‘Anandamela’, ‘Unish Kuri’, ‘Anandalok’, ‘India Today’, ‘Time India’, ‘The Sports Star’, etc. Significantly, periodicals are generally consulted by the unemployed youth for preparing the West Bengal Civil Service Examination, National Eligibility Test (NET), State Eligibility Test (SET) and other competitive examinations. Significantly, subscribed periodicals essentially carry various articles and jobs notifications which are useful for them. It was also observed that a large number of unemployed youth have consulted ‘Employment News’ (Weekly periodical)” and ‘Karmakshetra’ (Bengali employment news weekly)” which are subscribed by all the libraries in West Bengal.
6.2.4.11 Language Variations of Newspapers and Periodicals/Magazines
Collected data highlights that all the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have subscribed periodicals and newspapers in two languages i.e. Bengali and English. Only a few libraries have subscribed periodicals and newspapers in the Hindi language. Although most of the newspapers and periodicals subscribed Maulanaby rural libraries Azad are in Library, the Bengali language Aligarh as Bengali Muslim is the predominant University language of West Bengal. However, on the basis of language, the average newspapers and periodicals subscribed by the libraries are furnished in Table 6.25.
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Table 6.25: Language-wise Average Newspapers and Magazines/Periodicals Subscribed by the Libraries
S. Types of Newspapers Periodicals/Magazines No. Libraries Hindi Hindi others others Bengali English Bengali English 1. State Central 6 1 1 1 81 72 2 - Library 2. District Libraries 3 1 0.22 - 44 18 0.88 - 3. Town/Sub- 2 1 - - 18 3 - - division Libraries 4. Rural Libraries 1 - - - 5 2 - - Note: Average Number of each Library (Total number of items divided by the total number of libraries) The result highlights that the State Central Library has subscribed 9 newspapers and out of them, 6 is in Bengali, 1 in English, 1 Hindi and 1 Urdu newspapers. Out of 155 periodicals/magazines, 81 Bengali, 72 English and 2 Hindi. Table 6.25 shows that all the district libraries have subscribed an average of 3 Bengali and 1 English newspaper while 44 Bengali and 18 English language periodicals. Only Purulia and Bankura District Libraries have subscribed 1 Hindi newspaper, and 2-3 Hindi periodicals. The average newspaper’s subscription of the 39 town/sub-division libraries is 2 Bengali and only 1 English newspaper while 18 Bengali and 3 English periodicals. The study also reveals that all the rural libraries have subscribed only 1 Bengali newspaper and average 5 Bengali and 2 English periodicals.
6.2.4.12 Bound Volumes
Bound journal volumes are the most important and valuable resource of the library. The study reveals that the State Central Library, all the district libraries and Maulanatown/sub Azad-division libraries Library, under this Aligarhstudy maintain boundMuslim volumes ofUniversity the important periodicals/magazines. Librarians have also reported that due to the paucity of finance, they are unable to maintain bound volumes of all the subscribed periodicals/magazines. Collected data also highlights that out of 95 rural libraries, 24 libraries maintain bound volumes of ‘Desh’ periodical only. Librarians of most of the
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rural libraries have indicated that due to the paucity of finance and shortage of staff, they are unable to maintain bound volumes.
6.2.4.13 Special Collection
Special collection are rare, valuable and truly unique materials which need to be stored in a safe place with environmental controls to preserve the items for the special needs of the community. It includes rare books, manuscripts, pamphlets, unique old items, etc.
The study demonstrates that the State Central Library, 8 district libraries and only 12 town/sub-division libraries (Kirnahar Rabindra Smriti Samity Town Library, Birbhum; Old Malda Bani Bhawan Town Library, Malda; Lalgola M.N. Academy Public Town Library, Murshidabad; Nabadwip Adarsha Pathagar, Nadia; Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia; Manbazar Town Library, Purulia; Itahar Bandhab Town Library, Uttar Dinajpur; Kandi Acharya Ramendra Sundar Mohakuma Granthagar, Murshidabad; Bolpur Sadharan Pathagar, Birbhum; Sainthia Town Library, Birbhum; Samsi Binapani Town Library, Malda and Ula Sadharan Pathagar, Nadia) have various special collection such as more than 200 to 300 years old rare books, manuscripts, pictorial arts during the British period, idols, pamphlets, etc. It was also observed that with the assistance of National Mission for Manuscripts, Government of India, manuscripts are preserved in a proper way like inner wrapping with acid-free paper and starch free red shaloo cloth. The study also reveals that not a single rural library under the study has special collections along with Govt. District Library, Uttar Dinajpur.
6.2.5 Status of Technical Process
Classification and cataloguing help to arrange the books in a systematic manner. Proper arrangement assists the user communities for the maximum utilization of the library resources. However, the current status of the technical work of the Maulanapublic libraries underAzad the study Library, is discussed in Aligarh Table 6.26 and Muslim6.27. University 6.2.5.1 Classification System
The importance of the classification system in the library as rightly said by Sayers (1949) that “Classification is the primary key to the assembling, finding and
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selecting of books”. Moreover, the result shows that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries are using the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme 19th edition to classify their books. Significantly, these libraries have arranged their books on the shelves on the basis of ‘Call Numbers’. The findings also show that out of 95 rural libraries, 48 rural libraries are using the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme 19th edition. Notably, rest of the rural libraries do not follow any as such popular or standard classification scheme for arranging books in their libraries but they do classify their books according to the name of the Author, Subject and genre.
6.2.5.2 Cataloguing System
Cataloguing of information resources in the library is a significant part of the technical section. Ramasamy (2003) remarked that “catalogue is an essential and indispensable tool for the readers to have a thorough knowledge of the subject, the names of the authors and titles of the books available in the library”. It helps the users to find out particular documents in the library within a short span of time.
Table 6.26: Cataloguing System Followed by the Public Libraries
S. Cataloguing State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Schemes Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. AACR 2 1 9 37 47 94 2. Any other - - - 6 6 3. No - - 2 42 44 Cataloguing System
Table 6.26 shows that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 37 town/sub-division libraries have catalogued their documents by using the Anglo MaulanaAmerican Azad Cataloguing Library, Rules 2. Significantly, AligarhOld Malda Muslim Bani Bhawan University Town Library, Malda and Itahar Bandhab Town Library (Uttar Dinajpur district) are not any using standard cataloguing code for their documents due to the lack of professional skills among the staff members. The result also highlights that 47 rural libraries are using AACR 2 while 6 libraries are using other methods to catalogue like Alphabetical Class Catalogue, Subject and Author Catalogue and Classified Catalogue Code, etc. 152 Chapter 6 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Interesting to note here that 42 rural libraries are not using standard cataloguing code for their documents.
However, the investigator has found that these rural libraries are operated by only one staff where most of them don’t have any professional skills for classification and cataloguing of the books. Therefore, it is clear that due to the shortage of professional library staff, especially rural libraries are being hampered in their technical works.
6.2.5.3 Access to Book Collection
There are two systems for browsing the books in the library such as open access and closed access system. In the open access system, users are allowed to browse the books without any barriers. Users can take any book from the bookshelves by their own choice for reading as well as to borrow for home. Through this system, perpetually, users can use the books in the library effectively. Regarding the open access system, the father of library science in India Dr. S.R. Ranganathan stated that “Open access blessed him who gives and him who takes. The joy of a librarian reaches its maximum in an open- access library only when the right reader and the right book choose each other in the Swayamvara set up of open access” (Ranganathan, 1988). In close access system, users are restricted to browse the books on the bookshelves. Users can access the books through card catalogue or OPAC. Table 6.27 highlights the browsing system has been followed by public libraries in West Bengal.
Table 6.27: Access to Book Collection
S. Access to State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Books Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Open Access - 7 26 74 107 2. Close Access - - 8 - 8 3. Both 1 2 5 21 29 Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University The finding shows that out of 144 public libraries under the study, 7 district libraries, 26 town/sub-division libraries, and 74 rural libraries are offering open access facility to their registered members. Notably, the State Central Library, 2 district libraries, 5 town/sub-division libraries, and 21 rural libraries are providing both open
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access as well as close access facilities. The researcher observed that these libraries are providing open access facility only for general book collection and close access for reference books, special collection, and rare book collection. Significantly, only 8 town/sub-division libraries are following close access system. Librarians of these 8 town/sub-division libraries have reported that they are unable to offer open access facility due to the shortage of staff members. Thus, it is clear that a large number of public libraries are providing open access facility to their user community.
6.2.5.4 Stock Verification
Stock verification is the process of rectifying the physical reading materials in the library. It is essential for every library because “it helps the library authorities in ascertaining the loss entailed by a certain service provided in a specific manner. If the loss of books in open access system is not more than that in the closed access, it would be a proper guide for the library authorities to introduce open access for encouraging better use of the reading material. If it is just the reverse, thorough investigations can be made” (Mittal, 2007). The time period of stock verification of the surveyed libraries in West Bengal is furnished in Table 6.28.
Table 6.28: Time Period of Stock Verification
S. Time Period State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Annually - - 5 10 15 2. Once in Two 1 4 9 15 29 Years 3. Once in Three - - 5 18 23 Years 4. More than - 2 14 25 41 three Years 5. No Stoke - 3 6 27 36 Maulana AzadVerification Library, Aligarh Muslim University
The study finds out that the State Central Library, 6 district libraries, 33 town/sub-division libraries, and 68 rural libraries conduct stock verification process. The State Central Library conducts stock verification process every two years. Out of
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6 district libraries, 4 libraries conduct stock verification in every two years while 3 libraries conduct once in more than three years. Out of 33 town/sub-division libraries, 5 libraries conduct annually, 9 libraries in every two years, 5 libraries once in three years and 14 libraries conduct once in three years. Results also show that out of 68 rural libraries, 10 libraries conduct stock verification annually followed by 15 libraries in every two years, 18 libraries once in three years and 25 libraries conduct once in more than three years. The investigator has also revealed that 3 district libraries, 6 town/sub-division libraries, and 27 rural libraries do not conduct stock verification due to the insufficient number of staff.
6.2.5.5 Discharging of Worn Books
To make the library collection alive and efficient it is necessary to withdraw the damaged and outdated books from the library collection regularly. Because users always seek up-to-date information. Qualitative and standard book collection will make the library services effective and efficient. The pioneers of library movement Dr. S. R. Ranganathan stated that the library should withdraw at least 5% worn books every year out of the total library collection (Ranganathan, 1988). The IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines (2010) state that “The library collection requires a constant inflow of new materials and outflow of old material to ensure that it remains relevant to the community and at an acceptable level of accuracy”. Moreover, librarians of the State Central Library, 7 district libraries and only 17 town/sub-division libraries have reported that almost every year they withdraw the damaged and outdated books from the collection and keep them separately in the storeroom. A few librarians of the rural libraries also informed that they keep their collection updated by discharging of the worn books yearly.
6.2.6 Library Space, Building and Furniture
Available space, well-structured building, appropriate location, suitable reading rooms, sufficient furniture equipment, and other facilities, e.g. Maulanatoilet/washroom, Azad drinking water,Library, parking, properAligarh electricity, Muslim etc., are the essentialUniversity physical resources for a well-functioned library system. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “public library requires well-situated library buildings, good reading and study facilities, as well as relevant technologies and sufficient opening hours which are convenient to the users”. Ramasamy (2003) also remarked that “the
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design of the building should be functional rather than monumental providing facilities for open access, the scope for future growth, provision of reading rooms around the stock-room and allowing natural light and air to spread the building to the extent possible. The library should be located in its building at the central part of the town/area with sufficient seating capacity to accommodate the ever-growing readership”. The available physical resources in the surveyed public libraries are furnished in the following Tables 6.29, 6.30 and 6.31.
6.2.6.1 Total Area of the Library
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “the library should have adequate space to implement the full range of services”. Further, the Guidelines also indicates that the appropriate standard space for a public library is 600 sq. ft. per 1000 capita (IFLA/UNESCO, 2010). Table 6.29 shows the total area of the surveyed public libraries.
Table 6.29: Total Area Covered by the Libraries
S. Area State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. (sq. ft.) Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. 500-1000 - - 14 83 97 sq. ft. 2. 1000-1500 - - 25 12 37 sq. ft. 3. Above 1500 1 9 - - 10 sq. ft.
As shown in Table 6.29 that the State Central Library and 9 district libraries have occupied the total area of above 1500 sq. ft. Out of 39 town/sub-division libraries, 25 libraries have covered around 1000-1500 sq. ft. area while 14 libraries have around 500-1000 sq. ft. area. The result also highlights that 83 rural libraries Maulanahave covered Azad around Library, 500-1000 sq. ft.Aligarharea whereas Muslim only 12 libraries University have around 1000-1500 sq. ft. area. Hence, it can be concluded that almost all the libraries under the study have covered around the minimum space suggested by IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines, 2010.
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6.2.6.2 Library Building
During the survey, the investigator has observed that almost all the surveyed public libraries are functioning in their separate library building. Only 3 town/sub- division libraries (Bandhab Samity Lalbag Sub-divisional Library, Murshidabad; Kandi Acharya Ramendra Sundar Mohakuma Granthagar, Murshidabad and Beldanga Prasanna Kumar Main Town Library, Murshidabad) are functioning in rented buildings. Librarians of these three town/sub-division libraries have reported that due to the unavailability of their library space, these libraries are functioning in the rented buildings. Investigator has also observed that most of the district and town/sub- division libraries have situated in the central place of the respective area which is easy to access for common people. All public libraries have pucca buildings. Notably, some of the libraries in rural areas are running in ramshackle buildings which are in need of renovating. On being asked, librarians of these libraries have stated that due to the lack of financial support, they are unable to start construction work. Most of the buildings in district libraries and town/sub-division libraries are far better in comparison to the rural libraries. It worthy to be noted here that some of the rural libraries are functioning in a single room. And thus, these rural libraries are facing great challenges and cannot give their services properly to the users. They cannot provide separate rooms to their female users, cannot create separate children section, cannot properly organize meetings, programmes and seminars.
6.2.6.3 Availability of Reading Room
The numbers of reading rooms available in surveyed public libraries have been analysed in Table 6.30.
Table 6.30: Number of Reading Room Available in the Libraries
S. No. of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Reading Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Room Library Libraries Maulana1. 1Azad Library,- - Aligarh16 Muslim70 University86 2. 2 - 4 18 19 41 3. 3 - 5 5 - 10 4. Above 4 1 - - - 1 5. Reading room - - - 6 6 not available
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The study reveals that the State Central Library has 5 reading rooms for library members as well as non-members. Besides this, the library has also offered research cubicles for researchers and separate rooms for children, women and visually challenged person. As shown in Table 6.30 that out of 9 district libraries, 5 libraries have 3 reading rooms while 4 libraries have 2 reading rooms. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 18 libraries have 2 reading rooms followed by 16 libraries have only 1 reading room and 5 libraries have 3 reading rooms. Apart from this, 7 district libraries and 32 town/sub-division libraries have well-organized separate reading room for children. The result also highlights that out of 95 rural libraries, 70 libraries have only a single reading room while 19 libraries have 2 reading rooms. It is important to be noted here that 6 rural libraries (Trimohini Progressive Union Rural Library, Kalitala Shridurga Library, Sarbodaya Sangha Rural Library, Benadaha Siraj Smriti Pathagar, Murshidabad; Vivekananda Pathagar and Maliapota Juban Jagarani Samity & Pallisri Library, Nadia) have no reading room facility due to the unavailability of library space and building. Most of the librarians of these rural libraries have reported that reading room is crammed particularly during the evening time. Sometimes people go back without consulting library material due to non- availability of reading space. Therefore, it is essential that the state government should take necessary action to solve this particular problem.
6.2.6.4 Workshop/Seminar Room
Workshop/seminar room is the most indispensable part of a library building. For organizing a regular meeting, cultural programmes, seminars, etc., a hall room with the necessary equipment is essential. However, the investigator has observed that the State Central Library and 9 district libraries have a well-maintained hall room where the seating capacity varies from more than 200 to 300. Out of 39 town/sub- division libraries, 33 libraries have a seminar room where the almost average seating capacity is 150 to 200. Significantly, 6 libraries have no seminar/hall room. The study also reveals that 77 rural libraries have no seminar room. Only 18 rural libraries have Maulanaa hall roomAzad where Library, the seating capacity Aligarh is 100 to Muslim 150. Significantly, University Table 6.29 highlights that majority of rural libraries are functioning within 500 to 1000 sq. ft. area. Due to this limited library space, they could not build separate seminar or hall room. Therefore, it is clear that the majority of rural libraries have no seminar room for organizing any kind of programmes.
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6.2.6.5 Other Physical Facilities
Other physical facilities of a library include drinking water, parking, washroom/toilet, electricity/generator, and available furniture equipment. The average number and different categories of furniture equipment available in surveyed public libraries have been discussed in the following paragraphs.
6.2.6.5.1 Drinking Water Facility
The finding shows that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries are providing purified drinking water facility to their users. In the context of rural libraries, the investigator has observed that almost all the libraries have no water purifier machine due to the lack of financial support from the library authority because these water purifier machines are quite expensive for them. But they do provide tube-well facility to the users. Hence, it can be concluded that the drinking water facility provided by the public libraries under the study is satisfactory.
6.2.6.5.2 Parking Facility
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Public Library Service Guidelines recommended that “where customers travel to the library in private vehicles there should be sufficient safe and well parking either at or close to the library with appropriately identified spaces for persons with disabilities. If bicycles are a common mode of transport, secure cycle racks should be provided outside the library”. At the time of the survey, it was observed that almost all the public libraries are providing parking facility to the users, while a few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries do not offer parking facility to the users due to the shortage of library space.
6.2.6.5.3 Washroom/Toilet Facility The Ontario Public Library Guidelines (2001) states that public library “need for non-assignable space is reduced where the library shares washrooms, mechanical areas, etc. with another tenant in one building”. The investigator observed that almost Maulana75% of surveyed Azad libraries haveLibrary, separate washroom Aligarh and toilet Muslim facility for maleUniversity and female users. The findings of the survey also show that around 20% of rural libraries are providing only washroom facility. A very few rural libraries have no washroom as well as toilet facility for the users due to the lack of infrastructure and finance.
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6.2.6.5.4 Electricity/Power Backup
The study reveals that all the public libraries under the study are providing sufficient ventilation, lighting, fan, and charging facility to the readers. The State Central Library, all the district libraries and a few numbers of town/sub-division libraries have power backup facility. Significantly, not a single rural library has power backup facility for which the users, as well as the staff of the rural libraries, face a lot of problems during power cut specially in summers.
Hence, the findings of the study revealed that the physical facilities of the State Central Library, all the district libraries and majority of the town/sub-division libraries are partially satisfactory while rural libraries are not satisfactory. Many librarians of rural libraries have reported that paucity of sufficient funds is the major reason for this scarred condition.
6.2.6.6 Furniture Strength
The essential library furniture includes chair, table, book shelve, magazine display rack, newspaper display stand, almirah, computer table, benches, stools, etc. Table 6.31 shows the average number of furniture equipment in public libraries under the study.
Table 6.31: Strength of Furniture in the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. Types of No. Libraries Book Racks Tables Tables Stands Stands Shelves Display Display Chairs & Chairs Magazine Almirahs’ New Book New Computer Newspaper 1. State Central 550 385 52 18 5 230 40 Library 2. District 238 54 3 3 1 28 5 Libraries 3. Town/Sub- 110 33 1 1 1 12 3 division Maulana AzadLibraries Library, Aligarh Muslim University 4. Rural Libraries 37 8 - - - 4 0.12 Note: Average Number of Furniture in the Surveyed Public Libraries
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Table 6.31 shows that the State Central Library has more than 650 chairs and tables, 385 bookshelves/racks (steal and wooden), 52 magazine display racks, 18 newspaper stands, 5 new book display stands, 230 almirahs (steal and wooden) and more than 40 computer tables. Besides this, around 26 benches, 38 stools, and 15 filing trays are available. The average number of chairs and tables in the district libraries are more than 238 whereas 54 bookshelves/racks (steal and wooden), 3 magazine display racks, 3 newspaper stands, 1 new book display stand, 28 almirahs (steal and wooden) and 5 computer tables are there in the district libraries. In town/sub-division libraries, the average number of chairs and tables are 110 while 33 bookshelves (steal and wooden), 1 magazine display rack, 1 newspaper stand, 1 new book display stand, 12 almirahs (steal and wooden) and 3 computer tables are there. Some of the town/sub-division libraries indicated that they have more than 5 benches and 10 stools. The average number of chairs and tables in the rural libraries are more than 37, followed by 8 bookshelves/racks (steal and wooden) and 4 almirahs (steal and wooden). A few numbers of rural libraries have 1 to 2 computer tables and 2 to 3 benches. The findings of the study sketches that the State Central Library, all the district libraries, and most of the town/sub-division libraries have satisfactory numbers of furniture equipment but the strength of furniture in the rural libraries is not satisfactory. The survey indicates that not a single rural library has available magazine display rack, newspaper stand, and new book display stand.
6.2.7 Information Technology Equipment
Advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has changed the complexion of the whole world. At present, the role of Information Technology in the libraries’ circumference is infinite. Libraries are adopting new technologies and providing quality information services to the users within a short span of time. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “Public libraries must, whenever possible, make use of the new technologies to improve their services”. The available information technologies in the surveyed public libraries are furnished in the Maulanafollowing paragraphs. Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
6.2.7.1 Availability of Computer
The number of computer in the surveyed public libraries is given in Table 6.32.
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Table 6.32: Availability of Computer in the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. No. of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Computer Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. 1-2 - - - 19 19 2. 3-4 - - 30 - 30 3. Above 5 1 9 9 - 19 4. Computer not - - - 76 76 Available
As shown in Table 6.32 that the State Central Library has around 40 computers (Desktop) while the average number of computers in all the district libraries are 5 to 10. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 30 libraries have 4 computers followed by 9 libraries have 5 computers. The state government has provided 4 computers to each of the town/sub-division libraries for driving the automation process during 2013-2014. The researcher finds out that these 9 libraries have received 1 computer from their Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA). The survey data also shows that the status of the rural libraries is poor in terms of the availability of a computer. The result highlights that 76 rural libraries have no computer. Only 19 rural libraries have 1 to 2 computers. Librarians of these libraries have indicated that Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) have donated these computers to their special request. Notably, the rural libraries have not received a single computer from the Directorate of Library Services West Bengal.
6.2.7.2 Internet Connectivity Internet is the powerful and real-time assistant for the librarians. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines mentioned the significance of Internet in the public libraries and librarians that “The dramatic development of the Internet has been Maulanalargely unstructuredAzad Library, and uncontrolled. Aligarh The vast amount Muslim of information University that can be accessed via the Internet is of variable quality and accuracy and a key role of the librarian is to guide customers to accurate information sources, which will meet their requirements”.
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The study reveals that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 39 town/sub-division libraries have Internet connectivity. Out of 95 rural libraries, only 19 libraries have computers but there is no Internet connectivity. Librarians of these rural libraries have reported that due to the authority and financial support from the state government, they are unable to provide computer and Internet facility to their users.
6.2.7.3 Availability of Printer and Scanner Apart from the computer and Internet connectivity, the basic IT equipment such as photocopy machine, printer, scanner, etc. are essential for day to day work. As per the collected data through the questionnaires from the librarians, it is clear that the State Central has 4 photocopy machines, around 12 laser printers, 3 inkjet printers, and 2 scanners. Each surveyed district libraries have 1 photocopy machine each which is mainly used for official purposes but users can use this facility after paying a nominal charge. Besides all these, district libraries have an average of 3 laser printers, 1 inkjet printer and 1 scanner. All 39 town/sub-division libraries have 1 photocopy machine and 1 laser printer. Only 7 town/sub-division libraries have 1 inkjet printer and 1 scanner. It is also ascertained that not a single rural library has a photocopy machine, printer, and scanner.
Table 6.33: Available IT Equipment in the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. Types of Libraries Photocopy Laser Inkjet Scanner No. Machine Printer Printers 1. State Central Library 4 12 3 2 2. District Libraries 1 3 1 1 3. Town/Sub-division 1 1 - - Libraries 4. Rural Libraries - - - - Note: Average Number of each Library (Total number of items divided by the total number of libraries) Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University After the discussions which have been made in the above paragraphs, it can be concluded that the status of information technology in the State Central Library and district libraries are satisfactory while all the rural libraries are far behind in the applications of Information Technology. The presence of computer applications in the town/sub-division libraries are partially satisfactory, but the condition is poor in many
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cases. The library staff members of the rural libraries have remarked that due to the lack of adequate financial support from the government, status of information technologies are quite poor in comparison to the other levels of libraries.
6.2.8 Library Automation
With the financial assistance of the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), the state government had planned for automation of the public libraries in West Bengal. As mentioned in the Annual Report 2011-2012, “for sustainable development of the scheme a Five-Year Project has received administrative concurrence of the finance department with a fund of Rs. 1.97 crore in 2008-09 and Rs. 42.47 lakh in 2011-2012” (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). In the first phase, the State Central Library along with 25 district libraries have received computers and necessary application software and hardware. In the second phase, the Directorate of Library Services has planned for the automation of 170 selected town/sub-divisional libraries in 2011-2012. In the third phase, more than 8 town/sub-division, 6 aided, and 186 rural libraries have been planned for automation and the work is in progress (Annual Report of the Directorate of Library Services, 2011-12). However, considering the essential need of library automation in the 21st century, a survey has been conducted to trace out the present status of library automation processes in the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 39 town/sub- division libraries and 95 rural libraries in West Bengal as on 2016-17.
6.2.8.1 Status of Library Automation Process
It is ascertained that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries have adopted information technologies and the automation process has already been started. The study also reveals that not a single library has completed the automation process yet. The finding also shows that out of 95 rural libraries, a few numbers of libraries have some information technologies but still the automation work has not been started yet. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 6.2.8.2 Library Management Software
The State Central Library is using Red HAT 4 (LINUX) operating system while all district libraries and town/sub-division libraries are using UBUNTU 10.04 operating system. The State Central Library and all 9 district libraries are using Libsys
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7 Library Management Software, whereas all 39 town/sub-division libraries are using Koha 3.10 Integrated Library Management Software.
6.2.8.3 Modules Use
The State Central Library is using the modules in Libsys 7 such as Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulation and OPAC. At present, all 9 district libraries are using Cataloguing, Acquisition and OPAC while 3 libraries are using Circulation and Serials Control. All 39 town/sub-division libraries are using cataloguing while 21 libraries are using Acquisition and OPAC modules. It has been found recently, that the Krishnanagar Public Library (Nadia District) has started to use the Circulation module.
Snapshot 6.1: Issuing Books at the Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia district
6.2.8.4 Problems of Library Automation Process
From the above discussion, the study comes out with a clear idea about the status of library automation process in the State Central Library and 9 district libraries are partially satisfactory. Somehow, town/sub-division libraries are in progress, but Maulanathey face a number Azad of problems. Library, The investigator Aligarh has askedMuslim various questionsUniversity regarding the problems and constraints of the automation process among the librarians. The following includes some of the notable problems.
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Most of the librarians of the town/sub-division libraries have pointed out that due to the lack of adequate funds they are unable to acquire the necessary IT equipment in their library which hamper the automation process. During the interview with the librarians, it was revealed that many library staff are not knowledgeable with the modern technologies which hindered the library automation process. The librarians of all the rural libraries have reported that lack of government support and initiative is the major cause for which they are unable to start the automation process in the rural libraries.
6.2.9 Library Membership 6.2.9.1 Types of Membership
A well-functioned library depends on the utilization of their collections by the members as well as non-members. During the survey, the investigator observed that all the surveyed public libraries are providing two types of memberships, i.e. lifetime membership and ordinary membership. Lifetime membership refers to those who have taken permanent membership while ordinary members are those who have taken membership for one to five years. The present study reveals that all the surveyed libraries are enrolled as an ordinary membership to their user communities. Besides the ordinary membership, the State Central Library, 5 district libraries, 15 town/sub- division libraries, and 14 rural libraries offer lifetime membership.
6.2.9.2 Total Number of Active Members
As shown in Table 6.34, the State Central Library and 5 district libraries have more than 1200 ‘active’ registered members. Out of 9 district libraries, 4 libraries have 801-1200 active members. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 16 libraries have 601-800 members while 13 libraries have 801-1200 members and 10 libraries have 301-600 members. The study also reveals that 47 rural libraries have around 1-300 active members followed by 24 libraries have 301-600 members, 19 Maulanalibraries Azadhave 601-800 Library, members and Aligarh5 libraries have Muslim801-1200 members. University Thus, it is clear that the active participation of members are more in the State Central Library and district libraries in comparison to the town/sub-division and rural libraries.
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Table 6.34: Total number of Active Members in the Public Libraries
S. Membership State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries
1. 1-300 - - - 47 47 2. 301-600 - - 10 24 34 3. 601-800 - - 16 19 35 4. 801-1200 - 4 13 5 23 5. Above 1200 1 5 - - 5
6.2.9.3 Membership Fee
Table 6.35 shows that almost all the public libraries which were surveyed, collect a nominal charge among the users for the membership fee. Not a single library provide free services to their user communities, therefore, this result is against with the statement which has been given by IFLA/UNESCO (2010) that “the public library shall in principle be free of charge”. However, the State Central Library and 5 district libraries collect more than Rs. 126 as membership fee from adult members. Only 3 district libraries collect membership fee from users which varies from Rs. 26 to Rs. 75 and 2 libraries collect within Rs. 76 to Rs. 125. Out of 39 town/sub-division libraries, 16 libraries collect Rs. 26 to Rs. 75 as membership fee from adult members followed by 13 libraries collect Rs. 76 to Rs. 125 and 7 libraries collect Rs. 1 to Rs. 25. Only 3 libraries collect membership fee above Rs. 126 from users. In the context of rural libraries, 77 libraries collect membership fee from adult members which varies from Rs. 1 to Rs. 25 while 18 libraries collect around Rs. 26 to Rs. 75. Apart from this, for lifetime membership, the State Central Library, 5 district libraries, 15 town/sub- division libraries, and 14 rural libraries collect membership fee which varies from Rs. 300 to Rs. 1500. Notably, the result of the study agrees with the National Policy on MaulanaLibrary and Information Azad Systems Library, recommendation Aligarh (Barua, 1992) Muslim and the report University of the Working Group on Libraries and Informatics (India Planning Commission, 1986) for the formulation of the 8th Five-Year Plan that public libraries should be charging a nominal fee for membership from the users to raise funds’.
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Table 6.35: Membership Fee for Adult Members
S. Annual State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Fee (in Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries R.S) Library Libraries 1. 1-25 - - 7 77 84 2. 26-75 - 3 16 18 37 3. 76-125 - 2 13 - 15 4. 126 Above 1 5 3 - 9
The study also reveals that not a single public library collect membership fee from children member. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines clearly mention that “Charging users for services and membership should not be used as a source of revenue for public libraries, as it makes the ability to pay a criterion in determining who can use a public library”. But the present study finds out that all the public libraries under the study do collect membership fee and they use it as a source of library revenue. Therefore, this result does not agree with the above Guidelines.
6.2.9.4 Annual Fee
The present study has demonstrated that all the surveyed public libraries collect a nominal annual subscription fee from their ordinary members as well as life members. Table 6.36 shows that the State Central Library and 6 district libraries collect more than Rs. 26 for the annual fee from members. Only 3 district libraries collect Rs. 16 to Rs. 25 as an annual fee. Around 19 town/sub-division libraries collect more than Rs. 26 as annual fee while 14 libraries collect Rs. 16 to Rs. 25 and 6 libraries collect Rs. 1 to Rs. 15 for the annual fee. The result also shows that 60 rural libraries collect Rs. 1 to Rs. 15 as an annual fee from members which followed by 21 libraries collect Rs. 16 to Rs. 25 and 14 libraries collect above Rs. 26. Significantly, not a single rural library collect any annual subscription fee from children member. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.36: Annual Subscription Fee for Adult Members
S. Annual Fee State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. (in R.S) Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries
1. 1-15 - - 6 60 67 2. 16-25 - 3 14 21 37 3. 26 Above 1 6 19 14 40
6.2.10 Library Administration
The Directorate of Library Services is the apex administrative body of the public library system in West Bengal. For systematic management and proper strategic leadership, the Directorate of Library Services represents some of its powers to the District Library Officers of each district. However, to implement the administrative policy and guidelines of the administrative authority, the library committee is essential for each of the public libraries.
The study demonstrates that the State Central Library and all the district libraries are directly controlled by the Directorate of Library Services, West Bengal. All the town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries in each district are under the control of the District Library Officer (DLO).
6.2.10.1 Library Committee
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “Public libraries should be governed by a properly established body made up largely of representatives of the local community including those elected either to the local council or to the library board”. The fundamental role of the library committee is to direct the library and manages the library funds in a systematic manner. Library committee ensures the overall development and effectiveness of the library. The collected data shows that Maulanathe State Central AzadLibrary hasLibrary, ‘Advisory Committee’ Aligarh while allMuslim the surveyed University district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries have ‘Library Committee’. The library staff members of the surveyed public libraries have stated that with the presence of District Library Officer, almost every year through the general member’s election, the library committee is formed.
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6.2.10.2 Committee Meeting
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines recommended that “the library committee should meet on a regular basis and publish agenda, minutes, annual reports and financial statements”. The data obtained from the survey shows that the ‘Advisory Committee’ of the State Central Library meets bi-monthly. Library committees of 6 district libraries meet bi-monthly while of 3 libraries meet once in six months. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 19 library committees meet once in six months followed by 17 library committees meet bi-monthly and 3 library committees meet once in a month. Library committees of 59 rural libraries (62.1%) meet bi-monthly while 27 library committees meet every six months and 9 library committees meet once in a month.
Table 6.37: Duration of Library Committee Meeting
S. Time State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Once in a - - 3 9 12 Month 2. Bi-monthly 1 6 17 59 83 3. Six Months - 3 19 27 49
6.2.10.3 Library Records
It is a great responsibility of the library is to maintain all the records and statistical works throughout their existence. The analysed data shows that all the public libraries under the study maintain ‘accession register’, ‘membership register’, ‘periodical/magazine register’, ‘newspaper register’, ‘book issue register’, ‘cash book’, ‘staff attendance register’, ‘meeting register’, ‘members attendance register’ Maulanaand ‘user Azad demand Library, register’. Around Aligarh 127 libraries Muslim keep ‘furniture University register’, 115 libraries maintain ‘RRRLF book register’, 112 libraries maintain ‘binding register’, 88 libraries maintain ‘visitors register’, 82 libraries maintain ‘donation register’ and ‘programme register’, 35 libraries maintain ‘letter issue register’, and 48 libraries maintain ‘rare book register’ and ‘bound volumes register’.
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Subsequently, during the investigation, it was observed that the membership register are not updated in most of the surveyed libraries. In some of the libraries, the name of user exits even after his/her death. Moreover, many members though migrated from the district but their names are still very much present in the library database.
6.2.10.4 Library News and Feedback 6.2.10.4.1 Library News
Public libraries have often organized different types of cultural events, meetings, important day celebrations, exhibitions, and festivals, etc. and it is very important to invite all the library members on this occasion. The study reveals that the State Central Library is spreading important newses by advertising on the notice board and website while all the district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries are spreading newses through a personal letter, advertise on the notice board, mic announcement, etc.
6.2.10.4.2 Feedback/Suggestion Box
For the development of the library services and activities, users’ opinion played a pivotal role to recognize the actual needs, behaviour, problems and valuable suggestions. Porat (2017) states that “user feedback in libraries involves a systematic process of obtaining users’ opinions about services, collections, and space in order to improve experience and therefore, satisfaction”. The investigator has observed during the survey that the State Central Library, 6 district libraries, 25 town/sub-division libraries, and only 23 rural libraries have a suggestion box. Librarians of these libraries have reported that they received a number of suggestions and demands from users through feedback box. The findings also show that a large number of libraries under the study have not provided feedback box. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a suggestion box to the users to identify their actual needs and problems. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Section: B
6.3 Library Services and Activities
It is a kind of responsibility for all public libraries to satisfy their user communities by providing a wide range of services and myriad activities. IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Public Library Service Guidelines clearly mentioned that “The public library must provide services based on an analysis of the library and information needs of the local community. In planning services, clear priorities must be established and a strategy to be developed for service provision in the medium for long term. The services of the library should not be subject to any form of ideological, political, religious or commercial pressure”. This section evaluated the various services and activities being provided by public libraries under the study.
6.3.1 Access to Library Services
Proper utilization of the library services is a big challenge in the present scenario. The key factors for successful utilization of the library services given by the IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines (2010) that “Physical accessibility is one of the major keys to the successful delivery of public library services. Services of high quality are of no value to those who are unable to access them. Access to these services should be structured in a way that it maximizes convenience to users”. Accessibility of the library services includes library opening hours, number of working days, and number of holidays, etc.
6.3.1.1 Library Working Hours
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “In order to provide the best possible access to the library service, the library must be open at times of maximum convenience to those who live, work and study in the community”. However, during the library visits, it was observed that the opening and closing time of public libraries are different, but the working hours are same. The working time of public libraries Maulanaunder the Azad study is furnished Library, in Table 6.38.Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.38: Working Hours of the Surveyed Public Libraries
S. Working State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Time Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. 11 A.M. to 6 1 2 3 53 59 P.M. 2. 12 P.M. to 7 - 6 20 25 51 P.M. 3. 1 P.M. to 8 - 1 16 17 34 P.M.
The analysis of data in Table 6.38 highlights that the State Central Library opens at 11 A.M. and closes at 6 P.M. Opening time of 6 district libraries is 12 A.M. and closing time is 7 P.M. while 2 libraries open at 11 A.M. and closes at 6 P.M. Only 11 district libraries open at 1 P.M. and close at 8 P.M. The opening time of 20 town/sub-division libraries is 12 A.M. and their closing time is 7 P.M. whereas 16 libraries open at 1 P.M. and close at 8 P.M. Only 3 town/sub-division libraries are open at 10 A.M. and the closing time is 5 P.M. It was also observed that 53 rural libraries open at 11 A.M. while close at 6 P.M., followed by 25 libraries which open at 12 P.M. and their closing time is 7 P.M. Only 17 rural libraries open at 1 P.M. and close at 8 P.M. Librarians of the surveyed public libraries have reported that the opening and closing hours of the library varies from time to time on the decision of the library committee.
6.3.1.2 Working Days in a Week
It has been observed that all the public libraries in West Bengal are kept open 6 days in a week, except the state and national holidays. Apart from this, all the public libraries are kept close during the Saturday of the first and last week of every month.
Maulana6.3.2 Lending AzadServices Library, Aligarh Muslim University Lending of books to the registered members is one of the indispensable parts of the public library services. It is a regular process for public libraries to issue and get those books returned by their members. The data about the number of books are allowed to lend per member, duration of the loan period, the renewal facility, line for
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overdue charges, and method for collecting to recover the overdue books are discussed in the following paragraphs.
6.3.2.1 Lending Hours
The librarians of the surveyed public libraries have reported that the opening hours of the lending section of books is just after 30 minutes of the library opening time, and closes before 30 minutes of the closing time of the library.
6.3.2.2 Number of Books Lent per Member
The data obtained in the survey highlights that the State Central Library lend 2 books at a time to their registered member, while 8 district libraries lend 1 book per member. Only Nadia District Library lend 2 books per member. Around 32 town/sub- division libraries lend 1 book for each member while 7 libraries lend 2 books per member at a time. It also reveals that 56 rural libraries lend 1 book per member whereas 39 libraries lend 2 books at a time for each member. Hence, it is clear that most of the public libraries under the study lend only one book to their member. Librarians of the surveyed public libraries have also indicated that the number of books lend per registered members have been decided by the library committee and librarian.
Table 6.39: Number of Books Lent per Registered Member at a Time
S. No. of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Books given Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries to Home Library Libraries 1. One Book - 8 32 56 96 2. Two Books 1 1 7 39 48
6.3.2.3 Duration of Book Loan MaulanaThe Azad study reveals Library, that the State Aligarh Central Library Muslim and 9 district University libraries lend books for two weeks to a registered member. As shown in Table 6.40 that 35 town/sub-division libraries lend books for two weeks while 4 libraries lend books for only one week. It was also observed that 71 rural libraries lend books for two weeks whereas 24 libraries lend only one week to the member as shown in Table 6.40.
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Therefore, it can be concluded that majority of public libraries lend books for two weeks to their registered member.
Table 6.40: Duration of book Loan
S. Time State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Period for Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Book Lend Library Libraries 1. One Week - - 4 24 28 2. Two Weeks 1 9 35 71 116
6.3.2.4 Renewal Facility
The result also shows that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 39 town/sub-division libraries, and 68 rural libraries are providing renewal facility to their users to extend the loan of books. Notably, this facility is available only one time for one member on the same book.
6.3.2.5 Fine for Overdue Books
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “Collecting fine for overdue books is sometimes necessary to ensure that items are kept in circulation and not retained for a long time by one user. The fine should not be set at a level that would deter anyone from using the library”. The study demonstrates that 3 district libraries, 17 town/sub-division libraries, and 72 rural libraries do not collect any charges from the members for the overdue books. However, the State Central Library collects a fine of Rs. 1.00 per day per book while 6 district libraries and 22 town/sub-division libraries collect a fine of 50 paise per day per book. 23 rural libraries collect a fine of 10 paise per day per book from their members. Thus, it can be concluded that most of the libraries do not collect fines for overdue books.
6.3.2.6 Method of Recovering the Overdue Books
MaulanaMany librarians Azad have Library, reported that Aligarh they send reminders Muslim to their membersUniversity through telephone to get back the overdue books. Sometimes, the library attendant collects the books directly from the member’s residence. In that case, most of the libraries use the separate register in the circulation section in which they have record
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all the necessary information about the members’ as well as the details of the books so that they can easily monitor their activity.
6.3.2.7 Average Books Issued per Day
The analysis of the data in Table 6.41 highlights the information regarding the average number of books issued per day in the surveyed public libraries.
Table 6.41: Average Books Issued per Day
S. No of State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Books Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Issued Library Libraries 1. 1-25 - - 6 35 41 2. 26-50 - - 29 56 85 3. 51-100 1 7 4 4 16 4. Above 101 - 2 - - 2
The result shows that the State Central Library and 7 district libraries issue around 51 to 100 books every day. Only 2 district libraries issue more than 100 books per day. Around 29 town/sub-division libraries issue 26 to 50 books every day while 6 libraries issue 1 to 25 books per day and 4 libraries issue 51 to 100 books every day. It was also observed that 56 rural libraries issue 26 to 50 books every day followed by 35 libraries issue 1 to 25 books per day and only 4 libraries issue 51 to 100 books every day. Notably, this investigation reflects that the use of the State Central Library and district libraries is moderate, but town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries is comparatively low.
6.3.3 Reference Service
Among all the services provided by the public libraries, reference service is one of the most indispensable services. Reference service is assisted to the user Maulanacommunities Azad by providing Library, the right Aligarh information atMuslim the right time University with several disciplines. The pioneer of library science in India Dr. S.R. Ranganathan defined the reference service as “The process of establishing right contact between the right reader and the right books at the right time and in the right personal way. It is a personal service to each reader in helping him to find the documents answering his
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interest at the moment, pin-pointedly, exhaustively and expeditiously” (Ranganathan, 1988).
During the survey, it was observed that almost all the surveyed public libraries have created a separate reference section. A few numbers of rural libraries do not have any separate reference section. Librarians of these rural libraries have reported that due to the inadequate infrastructure they are unable to create a separate reference section, but they have merged their reference collection with other separate bookshelves. The investigator also observed that the reference collection is not up-to- date in most of the town/sub-division and rural libraries.
Table 6.42: Reference Service Access Mode
S. Reference State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Services Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Open Access 1 6 26 71 104 2. Closed - - 9 11 20 Accessed 3. Both - 3 4 14 21
As shown in Table 6.42, the State Central Library, 6 district libraries, 26 town/sub-division, and 71 rural libraries allow an open access facility to their user in the reference section. A few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries do not allow members to enter in reference stock. It was also noticed that 3 district libraries, 4 town/sub-division, and 14 rural libraries are providing both open access as well as a closed access facility. Thus, it can be concluded that majority of the libraries allowed an open access facility to their user.
6.3.4 Children Services MaulanaPublic librariesAzad have Library, played an important Aligarh role in fostering Muslim reading University interest among the children. Generally, in every public library, there is a separate children section where different types of books, magazines, toys, etc. are available. This is basically to encourage their reading habits and to make them aware of the library services and facilities. Besides that, public libraries offer various types of cultural
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programmes to highlight the hidden talents of the children. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “Special responsibility of the children’s library is to meet the needs of children. If children can be inspired at an early age by the excitement of knowledge and by works of the imagination, they are likely to benefit from these vital elements of personal development throughout their lives, both enriching themselves and enhancing their contribution to society”. Thus, we can say that public libraries play a very important role in society making children a responsible citizen in the future.
The survey reveals that all the public libraries under the study offered children services. It also observed that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 36 town/sub-division libraries, and 78 rural libraries have created a separate children’s section. A few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries do not have a separate children’s section’ due to the lack of infrastructural facility but significantly librarians of these libraries have also reported that they do keep their children collections with other separate bookshelves.
Table 6.43: Per day Visitors in the Children Section
S. Children State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Users Per Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries day Library Libraries 1. 1-20 - - 9 69 78 2. 21-30 - - 13 17 30 3. Above 31 1 9 15 9 34
As shown in Table 6.43 that more than 31 children are utilizing the children section every day in the State Central Library and 7 district libraries. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 15 libraries have above 31 child visitors while 13 libraries have 21 to 30 child visitors every day and 9 libraries have daily 1 to 20 child visitors Maulanadaily. It Azad was also observedLibrary, that an Aligarh average of 1 toMuslim 20 children areUniversity utilizing the children section every day in 69 rural libraries while 17 libraries have 21 to 30 child visitors and 9 libraries have above 31 child visitors every day. Therefore, it is clear that the utilization of public libraries among the children is very low. During the visit, it was observed that public libraries are unable to create an effective children service
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and no serious steps have been taken by the public libraries to create awareness among the children and motivate them effectively.
6.3.4.1 Programme/Competitions for Children
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “The library must provide outreach, special events for children, such as storytelling and activities related to the library's services and resources. And children should be encouraged to use the library from an early age as this will make them more likely to remain users in future years”. The findings show that in order to explore the hidden talents of the children, the State Central Library, 100% district libraries, 100% town/sub-division libraries and 90% rural libraries regularly organize various competitions and cultural programmes. Librarians of these libraries have reported that students from each segment participated in programmes like poetry, drama, songs, mono acting, painting competition, etc. To encourage these children, some gift as best singer award, best poetry award, best painting award are also given. Certificates are also distributed among students. The investigator also observed that the State Central Library, 4 district libraries, and 8 town/sub-division libraries have organize various academic and motivational films shows.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
Snapshot 6.2: Painting Competition Organized for Children by the Nadia District Library on Annual Book Fair, 2019
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6.3.5 Women Services
The finding of the study shows that the State Central Library, all 9 district libraries and only 5 town/sub-division libraries are providing special services to women. During the survey, the investigator observed that the State Central Library, Nadia District Library, District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur, Purulia District Library and Govt. District Library, Uttar Dinajpur have created a separate reading room for women and have arranged some special books as well as magazine collections in distinct bookshelves. Significantly, most of the librarians have reported that the number of women users are very less as compared to men users. It is important to note here that not a single rural library is offering any kind of special services to the women due to the lack of proper authority support, shortage of library staff and appropriate infrastructural facility.
6.3.5.1 Programmes for Women
The State Central Library regularly conduct different programmes for women e.g. Saakshar Bharat, Shramik Vidyapeeth programme, several types of vocational training programme, computer training programme, etc. Librarians of the district libraries have also indicated that they frequently organize several programmes for women such as literacy programme, speeches on various useful topics for women, seminar on social issues, celebrate International Women’s Day, awareness programmes on several diseases, etc. The result also shows that Bolpur Sadharan Pathagar, Birbhum, Lalgola M.N. Academy Public Town Library, Murshidabad, Nabadwip Adarsha Pathagar and Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia occasionally conduct some special programmes for women to motivate them. Rural libraries could not organize any kind of special programmes for women due to the lack of proper infrastructural facility, financial and authority support but these libraries do organize cultural programmes which help to increase cognition in the society in general.
6.3.6 Extension Services Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Extension services are of the important services especially in the public library. Dr. S.R. Ranganathan elaborated the significance of extension services in his book ‘Library Manual, that “The object of extension service may be said to be to turn the library into a social centre with the encouragement of reading as its ultimate
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object. Its aim is to create an ultimate desire for good reading and to bring the reader and the book together” (Ranganathan, 1988). Further, Venkatesware clearly explained the fundamental objective of extension services that “The objective of an extension services is to convert a library into cultural and intellectual centre which provides an insight into the stream of knowledge. The library can be an effective facilitator of self-learning through its extension service activities” (Venkatesware, 1974).
Significantly, the interesting findings have come out from this study that all categories of the public libraries under the study have provided different types of extension services which are given below:
Cultural Programmes Mobile Library Service Adult Education Organizes Seminar/ Discussions User Education Programmes Celebration of Important Days
6.3.6.1 Cultural Programmes
The most important role of a public library is to organise various cultural programs to help and support the cultural identity of the local communities. As per IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines, “Public library can be achieved by working in partnership with appropriate local and regional organisations, by providing space for cultural activity, organizing cultural programmes and by ensuring that cultural interests are represented in the library's materials”.
The study demonstrates that the State Central Library, 100% district libraries, 100% town/sub-division libraries and around 90% rural libraries are organizing various cultural programmes every year on the occasions of Saraswati Puja, Independence Day, Rabindra Jayanti, International Mother Language Day, etc. MaulanaDuring the programme, Azad librariesLibrary, also conduct Aligarh several events Muslim show like University music concerts, drama, documentary, story reading, poetry, mimicry, children dance, etc. Moreover, these cultural and recreational activities provide opportunities to the people of society to develop their mental, physical and social status. It was also found that Trimohini Progressive Union Rural Library, Kalitala Shridurga Library, Benadaha Siraj Smriti Pathagar, Murshidabad, Vivekananda Pathagar and Maliapota Juban 181 Chapter 6 Data Analysis and Interpretation
Jagarani Samity & Pallisri Library, Nadia district do not organize cultural programmes due to the lack of proper infrastructural facility and shortage of library staff. However, some snapshots of cultural programmes organized by different level of public libraries are given below:
Snapshot 6.3: Cultural Event Organized by the District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur on International Mother Language Day
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
Snapshot 6.4: Cultural Programme Organized by the Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia District
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Snapshot 6.5: Cultural Programme Organized by the Nadia District Library on Rabindra Jayanti
6.3.6.2 Mobile Library Service
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “The overall objective of a mobile library service is to promote equity of service provision by enhancing the opportunity of access to library services. A mobile library provides the most flexible of library service, not being restricted to any particular population centre and able to respond to the needs of fluctuating populations”. The mobile library service focuses physically disabled people who are unable to visit the library on their own. It also plays an important role in the development of reading habits among the women and children by providing library services in their home. Notably, the result highlights that only the State Central Library, Nadia District Library, District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur, District Library of Uttar Dinajpur and Birbhum District Library are providing mobile library service to the local community. Librarians of these libraries have reported that a large number of women and children users use the mobile library service. In an average, more than 30 books are being issued from these libraries in Maulanaworking days. TheAzad study also Library, explored that Aligarhdue to the lack Muslimof financial support University and insufficient library staff, all the town/sub-division and rural libraries are failing to provide mobile library service. Most of the librarians of rural libraries have pointed out that mobile library service is very much essential in the rural areas where the library services are not available.
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Table 6.44: Extension Services Provided by the Libraries
S. Extension Services State District Town/Sub- Rural No. Central Libraries division Libraries Library Libraries 1. Cultural Programmes 1 9 39 76 2. Mobile Library Service 1 4 - - 3. Seminars/Discussions 1 9 27 24 4. User Education 1 8 19 - Programmes 5. Celebration of 1 9 39 95 Important Days 6. Career Counselling 1 9 27 - Programmes
6.3.6.3 Organizing Seminars/ Discussions
The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 27 town/sub-division libraries, and 24 rural libraries are enthusiastically organizing various seminar on several issues. The prime objective for organizing seminars/discussions is to make aware of the people about several issues such as ‘Freedom Movement in Nadia District & Role of the Teachers’, ‘Contribution of Iswarchandra Vidyasagar’, ‘Role of Public Libraries in Developing Society’, ‘tips for interviews’, preparation for Civil Service examinations, guidelines for cracking government job, etc. The library staff of the surveyed libraries have reported that a large number of people participate in these seminars/discussions with great enthusiasm.
6.3.6.4 User Education Programmes
The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “The public library should help its customers develop skills that will enable them to make the most effective use Maulanaof the library’sAzad resources Library, and services. Aligarh Library staffMuslim must act University as information navigators to help customers of all ages to make the most effective use of information and communications technology, and programs of customer education should be developed”. The study reveals that the State Central Library, 8 district libraries, and 19 town/sub-division libraries conduct various programmes to increase consciousness among the user communities for effective use of the library resources and services.
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Librarians of these libraries have reported that sometime they invite experts in the field of library and information science and conduct classes for the users regarding information searching techniques from the library as well as from the Internet. It also came to known that young users who are preparing for competitive examinations are highly benefited by these programmes.
6.3.6.5 Celebration of Important Days
As shown in Table 6.44 that all the public libraries under the study celebrate various important days such as Independence Day, Republic Day, and such days of regional, national and International importance like Dwijendralal Roy’s Birth Day, Kazi Nazrul and Rabindranath Jayanti, Birthday of Swami Vivekananda, Teachers’ Day, International Women’s Day, International Mother Language Day, World Photography Day, etc. During these occasions, library authority invites some eminent persons like teachers from different schools, colleges, universities, and District Library Officer (DLO), political leaders, etc. to explain the significance of that day in front of the audience. Most of the librarians reported that a large number of school students, house-wives with their children’s, participate in these programmes. Some snapshots are given below:
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Snapshot 6.6: Celebration of International Mother Language Day by the Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar, Nadia District
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Snapshot 6.7: Celebration of International Women’s Day by the Abdul Halim Smriti Rural Granthagar, Birbhum District
Snapshot 6.8: Celebration of Teachers’ Day by the Basanta Smriti Pathagar, Nadia District Maulana6.3.6.6 CareerAzad Counselling Library, Programmes Aligarh Muslim University The State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 27 town/sub-division libraries are organizing career counselling programmes. The experts from the different subjects were invited to deliver talks for the motivation of students. In these useful talks, students receive information about many competitive examinations and
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guidelines for preparations. Librarians also participate in these programmes and encourage students to use library resources. Notably, librarians of these libraries have stated that many students each year qualify medical and engineering entrance tests, UGC-NET and SET examinations, School Service Commission examination, etc.
6.3.7 Recreational Equipment
The data obtained in the survey reveals that the State Central Library, 5 district libraries, 15 town/sub-division libraries, and 17 rural libraries have televisions which are basically used for watching the news, sports, and discovery channels. Table 6.45 also shows that only a few surveyed libraries have radios which are mainly used for listening to news, drama, etc. The investigator observed that very small numbers of libraries have tape recorders and CD players. In addition to these, a few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries have carom board, chess, cricket bats and balls, etc.
Table 6.45: Recreational Equipment Available in Public Libraries
S. Equipment State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Television 1 5 15 17 38 2. Radio 1 2 4 8 15 3. Any other 1 2 - 7
6.3.8 Other Services and Facilities 6.3.8.1 Referral Service
In referral service, librarian refers the users to other libraries or information centres to get the particular information which is not available in that library. Prytherch (1995) defined “Referral service directing the researcher for information Maulanaand data to appropriate Azad sources Library, such as libraries, Aligarh agencies, documentation Muslim centres University and individuals”. Notably, to provide referral service, the library should have necessary supporting documents such as bibliographic details of other libraries, union catalogues, directories, handbooks of similar institutions, standards reference tools,
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service details of other information centre and such other supporting documents (Ramasamy, 2003 and Azhikodan, 2010).
As shown in Table 6.46 that the State Central Library, 9 surveyed district libraries, 27 town/sub-division libraries, and 49 rural libraries are providing referral service to their users. The investigator has personally observed that these libraries have kept necessary information and contact number of the nearby libraries. Librarians of these libraries have also reported that referral service is utilized by the readers frequently.
6.3.8.2 Current Awareness Service
Kemp pointed out that “Current awareness service as a system for reviewing the newly available documents, selecting items relevant to the needs of an individual or group, and recording them so that notification may be send to those individual or groups to whose needs they are related” (Kemp, 1979). Current awareness means the recent development of knowledge or information. Current awareness service refers to inform the readers regarding the new arrival of books, journals, magazines, and other resources by displaying in on the library or providing a detailed list to the users. Analysis of the data shows that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 36 town/sub-division libraries, and 77 rural libraries are providing current awareness service. It was also observed that most of the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have displayed the new arrivals. Librarians of the rural libraries have reported that due to the unavailability of book display rack, they are unable to display the new arrivals, but they provide the details to their readers.
6.3.8.3 Bibliographic Service
Bibliographic service denotes a list of documents provided by the library. Prytherch defined the bibliographic services as “the facilities, procedures and devices which are employed to produce a bibliography consisting of a continuing series of publications or bibliographic information as requested” (Prytherch, 1995). As shown Maulanain Table Azad 6.46 that theLibrary, State Central Aligarh Library, 8 district Muslim libraries and University 11 town/sub- division libraries are providing bibliographic services. Librarian of the State Central Library has pointed out that regularly a large number of members, as well as non- members, are using the bibliographic service. Notably, most the town/sub-division
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libraries and rural libraries have reported that due to the lack of library staff they are unable to provide bibliographic service.
6.3.8.4 Inter-Library Loan Service (ILL)
As defined by the Pennsylvania Inter-Library Loan Procedures Manual (2011) “Inter library loan is the process by which a library requests material from, or supplies material to, another library”. The present study finds out that the State Central Library and 6 district libraries are providing inter-library loan service. Among 39 town/sub- division libraries, only Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar, Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia, Lalgola M. N. Academy Public Town Library, Murshidabad and Bishnupur Sub-division Library, Uttar Dinajpur are providing inter-library loan service.
Table 6.46: Other Services and Facilities Provided by the Public Libraries
S. Other Servicers State District Town/Sub- Rural No. Central Libraries division Libraries Library Libraries 1. Referral Service 1 9 27 49 2. Current Awareness 1 9 36 77 Service 3. Bibliographic 1 8 11 - Service 4. Inter Library Loan 1 6 4 - Service 5. Community 1 7 33 58 Information Service 6. Photocopy Facility 1 8 39 - 7. Services to Visually 1 6 - - Impaired Person
6.3.8.5 Community Information Services MaulanaPublic libraries Azad are alsoLibrary, playing the role Aligarh of a community Muslim information centreUniversity in our society. It helps local people by providing various types of information such as basic education programme, employment news, local and political news, information regarding livelihood, health information, transport information, consumer information, travel plan, blood donation and health camp and planning for horticulture etc., and solve their day-to-day problems (Majumder, 2016). 189 Chapter 6 Data Analysis and Interpretation
The study reveals that the State Central Library is providing community information services to the users through offline as well as online mode. Through WBPLNET (West Bengal Public Library Network), the State Central Library provides community information services to the people of West Bengal. A number of emergency service links and basic necessary information are available on the website. Table 6.46 shows that 7 district libraries, 33 town/sub-division libraries and 58 rural libraries are providing community information services to the local community which include train and bus names and their time tables, information about doctors and hospitals, agricultural information, displaying job-related advertisements from several newspapers on the notice board, provide summer and winter vacation travel plan, cultural information, etc. Most of the librarians of these libraries have pointed out that many users use these services positively.
6.3.8.6 Photocopy Facility
The analysis of data demonstrates that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 39 town/sub-division libraries are giving photocopy facility. Notably, not a single rural library provides photocopy facility to their users due to the unavailability of the photocopy machine. The IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Guidelines state that “public library should charges sometimes levied for personalized services, for example photocopying or use of a printer”. During the survey, the investigator has also observed that library authority provide photocopy facility to the users with a nominal charge of Rs. 1 per page.
6.3.8.7 Services to Visually Impaired Persons
During the survey, the investigator has noticed that the State Central Library has well developed a separate section for visually impaired persons. This section is maintained by the help of voluntary organization ‘Society for Visually Handicapped’. In this section, a number of braille books and talking books are available which are made by the Library itself. Separate reading rooms also made by the library. MaulanaRegularly, Azad around 150Library, visually impaired Aligarh people are Muslim using this section. University It was also noticed that Nadia District Library, District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur, Birbhum District Library, Bankura District Library, and Purulia District Library have also created a separate section for visually impaired persons, where braille books and talking books are available.
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6.3.9 Problems of the Public Libraries
Problems are the part of every institution irrespective of its area, kind and size. For maintaining the total function of public libraries, several problems are being faced by the librarians/library-in-charge which hamper not only the library services but also their future growth and development. The present study has broadly grouped several problems that are being faced by the public libraries under the study discussed in the following paragraphs.
The investigator gathered the opinions about multifarious problems faced by the librarians/library-in-charge in all the surveyed libraries in West Bengal. The following problems are:
Lack of Administrative Support Lack of Space Problem Lack of Financial Problem Shortage of Professional Staff Shortage of Non-professional Staff Lack of Proper Infrastructure Inadequate Library Collection
6.3.9.1 Lack of Administrative Support
As shown in Table 6.47, the librarian of the State Central Library has remarked that the problem of ‘lack of administrative support’ as ‘a little problem’. Only 1 district librarian has pointed out ‘lack of administrative support’ as ‘extreme problem’ while 3 district librarians have mentioned that it is a ‘considerable problem’, 2 district librarians have considered as ‘a little problem’ and 3 librarians have reported that there is ‘no problem’. Therefore, it is clear that most of the librarians of the district libraries have faced administrative problems for managing the library system and services. In the context of town/sub-division libraries, 14 librarians have stated Maulana‘lack of administrative Azad support’ Library, as ‘a little problem’Aligarh followed Muslim by 12 librarians University have remarked that ‘no problem’, 11 of them stated ‘considerable problem’ and only 2 librarians have mentioned ‘extreme problem’. It was also observed that 53 librarians of rural libraries have considered as ‘a little problem’ while 25 librarians have stated ‘considerable problem’, 14 libraries have stated ‘no problem’ and only 3 librarians
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have reported that it is an ‘extreme problem’. Thus, the overall finding comes out from this investigation that the librarians of all categories of public libraries are faced ‘lack of administrative support’.
Table 6.47: Lack of Administrative Support
S. Administrative State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Support Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Extreme - 1 2 3 6 Problem 2. Considerable - 3 11 25 39 Problem 3. A Little Problem 1 3 12 53 69
4. No Problem - 2 14 14 30
6.3.9.2 Space Problem
The analysis of the surveyed data in Table 6.48 shows that the ‘lack of space problems’ is the ‘considerable problem’ stated by the librarian of the State Central Library. out of 9 district libraries, 4 librarians reported ‘lack of space problems’ as ‘extreme problem’, while 3 librarians have remarked that it is a ‘considerable problem’, only 1 librarian has pointed that it is ‘a little problem’ and 1 of them says ‘no problem’. Librarians of 13 town/sub-division libraries have reported that ‘lack of space problems’ is the ‘considerable problem’ followed by 12 librarians have remarked that there is ‘no problem’, 7 librarians have stated that it is ‘a little problem’, and 7 librarians have reported that ‘space problem’ is an ‘extreme problem’ in their libraries. In case of rural libraries, 49 librarians have remarked ‘space problem’ as a ‘considerable problem’ followed by 19 librarians have reported that it is ‘a little problem’ and 11 librarians have informed that space is the ‘extreme problem’ Maulanain their librarAzadies. Notably, Library, 16 librarians Aligarh have indicated Muslim that there is no University space problem in their libraries. Thus, it is clear that almost all the surveyed public libraries have faced ‘space problem’ which are obstacles to the proper functioning and managing of the libraries.
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Table 6.48: Lack of Space Problem
S. Space State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Problem Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Extreme - 4 7 11 22 Problem 2. Considerable 1 3 13 49 66 Problem 3. A Little - 1 7 19 27 Problem 4. No Problem - 1 12 16 29
6.3.9.3 Financial Problem
Finance has always been a critical issue in the libraries. The total library system depends on how much fund has been allocated/sanctioned by the government in every academic year. However, as shown in Table 6.49, the librarian of the State Central Library has reported that there is a ‘no problem’ regarding the financial allocation from the state government every year. Librarians of the 4 district libraries have remarked that the ‘financial problem’ is considered as ‘no problem’ followed by 2 librarians have stated that it is ‘a little problem’, 2 librarians have reported that finance is a ‘considerable problem’, and only one librarian has mentioned that finance is an ‘extreme problem’. Most of the librarians of town/sub-division libraries 14 have reported that finance is ‘a little problem’, while 12 librarians have committed that it is a ‘considerable problem’ and 5 librarians have stated that financial allocation as an ‘extreme problem’ for functioning the libraries. Only 8 librarians have mentioned that finance is a ‘no problem’. In the context of the rural libraries, 42 librarians have remarked that financial problem is considered as a ‘considerable problem’ followed by 18 librarians have stated that finance is an ‘extreme problem’, and 14 librarians Maulanahave mentioned Azadthat it is ‘a Library, little problem’. AligarhLibrarians of the Muslim 21 rural libraries University have remarked that finance is ‘no problem’. Notably, the overall findings sketch that a large number of libraries under the study are facing financial problem. Especially, rural libraries in West Bengal are facing too much financial problem for managing the library in an appropriate direction.
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Table 6.49: Lack of Financial Problem
S. Financial State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Problem Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Extreme - 1 5 18 24 Problem 2. Considerable - 2 12 42 56 Problem 3. A Little - 2 14 14 30 Problem 4. No Problem 1 4 8 21 34
6.3.9.4 Shortage of Professional Staff
Library staff who possess at least library science degree are usually assigned professional jobs, such as training and experience regarding cataloguing and classification in libraries. As per the assessments of the problem ‘shortage of professional staff’, librarian of the State Central Library has stated that it is an ‘extreme problem’. Out of 9 district libraries, majority of the librarians 7 have reported that the problem ‘shortage of professional staff’ is considered as an ‘extreme problem’. The investigator personally observed that most of the district libraries have only 2 to 3 professional staff where sectioned posts is 5. In case of town/sub-division libraries, most of the librarians 26 have remarked that ‘shortage of professional staff’ is considered as an ‘extreme problem’ followed by 8 librarians have stated ‘considerable problem’, 2 librarians have pointed out ‘a little problem’ and a few numbers of librarians 3 have remarked that it is a ‘no problem’. Librarians of the 58 rural libraries have reported that professional staff is the ‘extreme problem’, though 21 librarians have mentioned that ‘considerable problem’. Only 13 librarians of the rural libraries have stated ‘no problem’ at all. Hence, it is clear from the present Maulanaresearch Azad that almost Library, all categories of Aligarh surveyed public Muslim libraries in West University Bengal are facing the problem of shortage of professional staff which hampers the effective and efficient services to the users.
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Table 6.50: Lack of Professional Skilled Staff
S. Professional State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Staff Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Extreme 1 7 26 58 91 Problem 2. Considerable - 1 8 21 31 Problem
3. A Little - - 2 3 5 Problem 4. No Problem - 1 3 13 17
6.3.9.5 Shortage of Non-Professional Staff
Non-professional staff are also essential to maintain the library system and services. The non-professional staff comprises of library attendant, peon, darwan and other staff. The other category of staff is responsible for cleaning, dusting, pasting of levels, book cards, and shelving, etc. However, Table 6.51 shows that the librarian of the State Central Library has mentioned that the problem ‘shortage of non- professional staff’ is considered as an ‘extreme problem’. The investigator observed that more than 15 non-professional posts are vacant in the State Central Library which creates difficulty in managing the library work. Most of the librarians of the district libraries 6 have reported that the problem ‘shortage of non-professional staff’ is ‘extreme problem’, where 3 librarians have mentioned ‘considerable problem’. It also observed that 34 librarians of town/sub-division libraries have remarked that ‘shortage of non-professional staff’ is the ‘extreme problem’, whereas 4 librarians have mentioned that it is a ‘considerable problem’, and 1 librarian has mentioned it as ‘no problem’. In the context of rural libraries, majority of the librarians 67 have reported that it is an ‘extreme problem’ followed by 4 librarians have stated that ‘considerable Maulanaproblem’, 4 librarians Azad have Library, pointed out ‘a Aligarh little problem’ Muslim and 20 librarians University have remarked ‘no problem’. Significantly, the study makes a clear picture that almost 108 libraries out of 144 libraries in West Bengal have remarked that the problem ‘shortage of non-professional staff'’ in the library is an extreme problem. Therefore, it is necessary to recruit non-professional staff in public libraries as soon as possible.
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Table 6.51: Shortage of Non-professional Staff
S. Non- State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Professional Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Staff Library Libraries 1. Extreme 1 6 34 67 108 Problem
2. Considerable - 3 4 4 11 Problem 3. A Little - - - 4 4 Problem 4. No Problem - 1 1 20 21
6.3.9.6 Infrastructure Problem
Table 6.52 reveals that the ‘infrastructure problem’ is considered as ‘a little problem’ which stated by the librarian of the State Central Library. Librarians of the 3 district libraries have reported that ‘infrastructure problem’ is ‘extreme problem’ followed by 3 librarians have remarked that it is ‘a little problem’, and 3 libraries mentioned that there is ‘no problem’ in terms of infrastructure of the library. Majority of librarians of the 16 town/sub-division libraries have mentioned that ‘infrastructure problem’ is considered as ‘considerable problem’, whereas 10 librarians have stated that it is an ‘extreme problem’ and 6 librarians have remarked that ‘a little problem’. Only 7 librarians have said that there is no problem in the context of the infrastructure of the libraries. In case of rural libraries, most of the librarians (30) have indicated that ‘infrastructure problem’ is the ‘extreme problem’, followed by 26 librarians have pointed out that it is a ‘considerable problem’, and 21 librarians have mentioned that ‘a little problem’. Some of the librarians of the rural libraries have stated that there is no infrastructure problem in their library. During the survey, the investigator observed that most of the library buildings in rural libraries are confined to only one or two Maulanarooms that Azad are used forLibrary, multiple purposes, Aligarh including stacksMuslim and reading University areas. Hence, they are unable to provide reading room facility to their users. A number of rural libraries do not have proper drinking water as well as toilet facilities. It was also seen that the quality and the type of furniture in most of the libraries are not conducive to users’ needs. The study indicates that urgent attention is necessary by the government
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of West Bengal for improvement of public libraries in the state particularly those located in rural areas.
Table 6.52: Lack of Proper Infrastructure
S. Proper State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Infrastructure Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Library Libraries 1. Extreme - 3 10 30 34 Problem 2. Considerable - 3 16 26 45 Problem 3. A Little 1 - 6 21 25 Problem 4. No Problem - 3 7 18 40
6.3.9.7 Inadequate Library Collection
As shown in Table 6.53, the librarian of the State Central Library has stated that the problem ‘inadequate library collection’ is considered as ‘a little problem’. Most of the librarians of the district libraries 5 have mentioned that ‘inadequate library collection’ is ‘no problem’, while 2 librarians have mentioned that ‘extreme problem’, and 2 librarians pointed out that it is a ‘considerable problem’. Librarians of the 17 town/sub-division libraries have reported that the problem ‘inadequate library collection’ is considered as ‘considerable problem’, though 10 librarians stated that ‘a little problem’, 6 librarians said that ‘extreme problem’, and 6 librarians mentioned that it is a ‘no problem’. In the case of rural libraries, librarians of 41 libraries have remarked that it is a ‘considerable problem’, where 27 librarians have stated it as an ‘extreme problem’, and 19 librarians have mentioned that it is ‘a little problem’. Only 8 librarians have mentioned that there is ‘no problem’. Therefore, it is clear from this Maulanastudy that almost Azad 80 percent Library, surveyed librariesAligarh are facing Muslim inadequate University library collection.
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Table 6.53: Inadequate Library Collection
S. Inadequate State District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Library Central Libraries division Libraries Libraries Collection Library Libraries 1. Extreme - 2 6 27 35 Problem 2. Considerable - 2 17 41 60 Problem 3. A Little 1 - 10 19 30 Problem 4. No Problem - 5 6 8 19
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Section: C
6.4 Evaluation of Users’ Perception
Users are the heart of the library. The fundamental objective of the library is to provide the necessary information to the users. However, to improve the performance of the library resources and service patterns, user evaluation is the most essential tool of the researchers. For the present study, the investigator has collected user perceptions through a structured questionnaire in the four districts of West Bengal namely, Nadia, Murshidabad, Uttar Dinajpur and Purulia. The opinions collected from registered members in the district libraries (Total sample 514), town/sub-division libraries (Total sample 997) and rural libraries (Total sample 1,174). The evaluation of users’ perception is divided into four major sections such as (A) demographic characteristics of the library members, (B) evaluation of library use (C) evaluation of user opinions regarding library resources, services and infrastructural facilities (D) and to know the user’s expectations from the public libraries and their valuable suggestions for the future development of the existing public library system and services in West Bengal.
6.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
The investigator has selected the active members of libraries belonging to the various socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Measuring the demographic characteristics of the participants, five variables were applied. These were gender, age, educational qualification, occupational status and economic status of the library members.
6.4.1.1 Age and Gender
Age and gender-wise distribution of the library members are furnished in Table 6.54.
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Table 6.54: Gender and Age-wise Distribution of the Participants
S. Category Item District Town/Sub Rural Total No. Libraries -division Libraries Libraries 1. Gender Male 351 722 938 2011 (68.3%) (72.4%) (79.9%) (74.9%) 2. Female 163 275 236 674 (31.7%) (27.6%) (20.1%) (25.1%) 3. Below 15 87 176 164 427 Years (16.9%) (17.6%) (13.9%) (15.9%) 4. 15-20 93 133 317 543 (18.2%) (13.4%) (27%) (20.2%) 5. 21-25 125 318 276 719 (24.3%) (31.9%) (23.6%) (26.8%) 6. 26-30 101 123 148 372 Age (19.6%) (12.3%) (12.7%) (13.9%) 7. 31-40 37 105 78 220 (7.2%) (10.6%) (6.6%) (8.2%) 8. 41-50 28 59 81 168 (5.4%) (5.9%) (6.8%) (6.2%) 9. Above 50 43 83 110 236 Years old (8.4%) (8.3%) (9.4%) (8.8%) Total 514 997 1,174 2,685 (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
The data in Table 6.54 indicates that the predominant participants are the male members followed by the female in all the level of public libraries. The findings also revealed that female members are slightly more in numbers in district libraries than that of rural libraries. The reason behind this poor participation of females in the rural libraries may be was the ignorance of the women in rural areas about the importance Maulanaof public Azad library services. Library, Aligarh Muslim University As shown in Table 6.54 that the predominant age group among the participants from 21 to 25 years old representing 125 (24.3%) members from district libraries and 318 (31.9%) participants from town/sub-division libraries. The least number of participants belong to the age group under 41 to 50 years representing only
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28 (5.4%) from district libraries and 59 (5.9%) members from town/sub-division libraries. In the context of rural libraries, the finding shows that majority of the participants i.e. 317 (27%) belong to the age group under 15 to 20 years while the least in number representing only 78 (6.6%) of them from 31 to 40 years. Therefore, it is obvious that the majority of users of public libraries are from young generation although the slight number of them are in middle-aged.
6.4.1.2 Education Qualifications of the Users
The educational qualification of the participants is divided into six groups and they are 5th class to 10th class, 11th class to 12th class, graduated, post graduated, professional courses and other qualified persons. The educational level of the users is furnished in Table 6.55.
Table 6.55: Educational Level of the Participants
S. Education District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Qualifications Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. 5th class to 10th class 94 204 197 495 (18.2%) (20.4%) (16.8%) (18.4%) 2. 11th class to 12th 62 129 333 524 class (12%) (12.9%) (28.5%) (19.6%) 3. B.A/B.Sc. 189 360 305 854 (36.8%) (36.3%) (25.9%) (31.8%) 4. M.A/M.Sc. 98 182 278 558 (19%) (18.2%) (23.7%) (20.8%) 5. Professional courses 52 74 29 155 (10.2%) (7.4%) (2.4%) (5.8%) 6. Any other 19 48 32 99 (3.8%) (4.8%) (2.7%) (3.6%)
MaulanaTable 6.55 Azad shows that Library, the largest number Aligarh of participants Muslim 198 (36.8%) areUniversity from district libraries and 360 (36.3%) of them from town/sub-division libraries are graduates in different disciplines. Majority of the participants i.e. 333 (28.5%) from rural libraries have school education while 305 (25.9%) of them have graduation degree. The least number of participants in all the libraries comprise other education qualifications such as a diploma in the various streams, vocational qualifications, etc.
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In addition to that, many respondents from district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries have various degrees such as M.A/M.Sc., professional qualifications like Bachelor of Business Administration, Master of Business Administration along with Diploma in Engineering, Medicine, etc. During the survey, it was observed that a large number of school students are using the rural libraries only for issuing their course syllabus books.
6.4.1.3 Occupational Status
The occupational status of the participants is categorised into seven groups such as students, officers, self-employed, businessman, unemployed youth, retired persons and house-wife. Table 6.56 represents the occupational status of the respondents.
Table 6.56: Occupational Status of the Library Users
S. Occupation of the District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Participant Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Students 139 321 525 985 (27%) (32.2%) (44.8%) (36.7%) 2. Officers / 27 32 15 74 Professionals (5.2%) (3.2%) (1.2%) (2.7%) 3. Self-employed 42 73 119 234 (8.2%) (7.3%) (10.1%) (8.7%) 4. Businessman 29 62 123 214 (5.6%) (6.2%) (10.5%) (7.9%) 5. Unemployed Youth 215 418 278 911 (41.9%) (42%) (23.8%) (34%) 6. Retired Persons 34 42 62 138 (6.7%) (4.2%) (5.2%) (5.2%) 7. Housewives 28 49 52 129 (5.4%) (4.9%) (4.4%) (4.8%)
MaulanaTable Azad 6.56 indicatesLibrary, that a large Aligarh number of participantsMuslim i.e. 215University (41.9%) are from district libraries and 218 (42%) of them from town/sub-division libraries belong to the ‘unemployed youth’ category followed by ‘student’ category. During the visit, it was observed that a huge number of unemployed youth use the Career Guidance Section for getting government jobs. The result also shows that 525 (44.8%) of the
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participants from the rural libraries belong to the ‘student’ category and next major group i.e. 278 (23.8%) are unemployed youth who have been preparing for various competitive examinations. Most of the student members use the library for academic purpose. It was also observed that businessman, officers, housewives and retired persons have very small representation among the total participants in all the level of the public library. Businessman, officers, and housewives use the library for developing their knowledge, personalities and for leisure reading. Retired persons primarily use the library for spending their leisure time. Therefore, it is observed that unemployed youth and students are the major users among all the participants.
6.4.1.4 Economic Status
The investigator had tried to identify the economic status of library users which reflect in relation to the utilization of library services and facilities. The findings are presented in Table 6.57.
Table 6.57: Economic Status of the Library Users
S. Economic Status District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Low income 33 138 249 420 (6.4%) (13.8%) (21.3%) (15.6%) 2. Middle income 105 226 108 439 (20.4%) (22.7%) (9.1%) (16.3%) 3. High income 64 92 94 250 (12.5%) (9.2%) (8%) (9.3%) 4. No income 312 541 723 1576 (60.7%) (54.3%) (61.6%) (58.7%)
From the Table 6.57, it can be observed that above fifty percent participants have mentioned that they have no income which represents 312 (60.7%) members Maulanafrom district libraries, Azad 541 (54.3%)Library, of them fromAligarh town/sub-division Muslim libraries Universityand 723 (58.7%) of them from rural libraries. In the previous Table 6.56 revealed that the core members of the libraries belong to the unemployed youth and student group which is reflected in the present findings. The study also demonstrates that participants who have low to moderate income sources are enthusiastic to utilize the public library
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services while the respondent rate is low among the financially sound people in all the level of libraries.
6.4.2 Library Use
In order to make the evaluation of library use among the participants, the study deals with the following determinants of users such as duration of library use, frequency, time spent in library, purposes of library visits, types of using library materials, language preference, method of retrieval books from the library, and reasons for the use of public libraries.
6.4.2.1 Duration of Library Use
To know how many years the participants use the public library, the members were asked to remark the duration of library use with six intervals such as six months, 1 year, 1-2 years, 2-3 years, 3-5 years and 5 years above. The analysis data is represented in Table 6.58.
Table 6.58: Duration of Public Library Use by the Participants
S. Duration District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Since six months 26 78 54 158 (5%) (7.8%) (4.6%) (5.8%) 2. Since 1 year 33 62 72 167 (6.4%) (6.2%) (6.1%) (6.2%) 3. 1-2 years 57 114 106 277 (11%) (11.4%) (9%) (10.4%) 4. 2-3 years 89 125 224 438 (17.4%) (12.6%) (19.1%) (16.3%) 5. 3-5 years 144 291 297 732 (28%) (29.2%) (25.3%) (27.3%) 6. 5 years above 165 327 421 913 (32.2%) (32.8%) (35.9%) (34%) Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
As shown in Table 6.58, majority of the participants 165 (32.2%) are from district libraries, 327 (32.8%) from town/sub-division libraries and 421 (35.9%) from rural libraries have been using public libraries for more than 5 years. The next maximum percentage of participants have been using the library for almost 3 to 5 five
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years which represent 144 (28%) members from district libraries, 291 (29.2%) of them from town/sub-division libraries and 297 (19.3%) participants from rural libraries. The least number of respondents have been using the public library since last six months representing 26 (5%) of them from district libraries, 78 (7.8%) participants from town/sub-division libraries and 54 (4.6%) respondents from rural libraries. Hence, it can be concluded that a large number of library members in all categories libraries are positively using public libraries for many years.
6.4.2.2 Frequency of Library Visits
The participants were asked to remark the frequency of library visits with five intervals. The analysed data is furnished in Table 6.59.
Table 6.59: Frequency of Public Library Visits among the Users
S. Frequency of Visits District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Almost every day 246 502 238 986 (47.9%) (50.3%) (20.3%) (36.7%) 2. Once in a week 118 215 613 946 (22.9%) (21.7%) (52.2%) (35.3%) 3. Once in month 89 148 236 473 (17.4%) (14.8%) (20.1%) (17.6%) 4. As be need 35 74 55 164 (6.8%) (7.4%) (4.7%) (6.1%) 5. Rarely 26 58 32 116 (5%) (5.8%) (2.7%) (4.4%)
The study demonstrates that the majority of the participants i.e. 246 (47.9%) from district libraries and 502 (50.3%) of them from town/sub-division libraries visit the library almost every day. Notably, this finding relates to the previous result (Table 6.56) that a large number of unemployed youth and students use the library for Maulanapreparing comparative Azad examinations Library, from Aligarh both district Muslim and town/sub -Universitydivision libraries. During the survey, investigator had observed that a huge number of unemployed youth use the library regularly. The findings also reveal that most of the participants i.e. 613 (52.2%) from rural libraries visit the library once in a week, followed by the 238 (20.3%) that use almost every day. A very small number of
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participants use the library rarely. Thus, it can be concluded that participants who are preparing various competitive examinations and some of the students use the library daily.
6.4.2.3 Reasons Behind Users’ Disinterest to Visit the Library Regularly
The investigator tried to find out the actual reasons for not using the library constantly among the participants who visit the library once in a month or so. The participants were asked to specify the reasons from a list of six reasons. The analysed data is represented in Table 6.60.
Table 6.60: Reasons for not visiting the Public Library Regularly
S. Reasons District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. The library is not in 65 38 143 246 close proximity to (12.6%) (3.8%) (12.1%) (9.1%) my residence 2. Working hours not 24 17 84 125 suitable (4.7%) (1.7%) (7.1%) (4.6%) 3. The environment of 13 56 277 346 the library is not (2.5%) (5.6%) (23.5%) (12.8%) suitable 4. Library collection is - 105 394 499 not adequate (10.5%) (33.5%) (18.5%) 5. Adequate seating 43 149 498 690 facilities not (8.3%) (14.9%) (42.4%) (25.6%) provided 6. Any other reasons 87 92 145 324 (16.9%) (9.2%) (12.3%) (12%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
The analysed data in Table 6.60 shows that 87 (16.9%) participants from district libraries have remarked that other reasons such as shortage of time, Maulanainconvenient Azad library Library,services, etc. are Aligarh responsible for Muslimtheir irregular visits. University The study has also revealed that 65 (12.6%) of them have reported that library is not in close proximity to their residence, 42 (8.3%) participants have specified inadequate seating facilities and only 13 (2.5%) of them have remarked that environment of the library is not suitable. In this survey, a large number of participants i.e. 149 (14.9%) from
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town/sub-division libraries and 498 (42.4%) from rural libraries have remarked that due to the inadequate seating arrangement, they do not visit the library regularly. The next maximum percentage of respondents from town/sub-division libraries 105 (10.5%) and rural libraries 394 (33.5%) have reported that library collection is not adequate. Apart from these reasons, participants have also indicated that the library environment is not suitable particularly in the rural libraries.
6.4.2.4 Time Spent in the Library by the Users
Duration of library usage is one of the key factors which signify the reading behaviour among the users. The participants were asked to indicate the time spent in the library on average every visit with four intervals. The analysed data is presented in Table 6.61.
Table 6.61: Time Spent in the Public Library by the Users
S. Time Spent District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Less than one hour 67 183 374 624 (13%) (18.4%) (31.8%) (23.2%) 2. One to two hours 143 236 411 790 (27.8%) (23.6%) (35%) (29.4%) 3. Two to three hours 106 216 166 488 (20.6%) (21.7%) (14.2%) (18.1%) 4. More than three 198 362 223 783 hours (38.6%) (36.3%) (19%) (29.1%)
As shown in Table 6.61, a majority of participants representing 198 (38.6%) of them from district libraries and 362 (36.3%) participants from town/sub-division libraries spent more than three hours in the library to utilize the library services and facilities. The findings show that 143 (27.8%) participants from district libraries and 236 (23.6%) of them from town/sub-division libraries spent one to two hours in the Maulanalibrary. Most of Azad these participants Library, belong toAligarh the student category Muslim who prepare University for school examination followed by the old aged people who spent their leisure time in the library. The least number of participants i.e. 67 (13%) from district libraries and 183 (18.4%) of them from town/sub-division libraries spent less than one hour in the library for issuing and returning the books. The findings also show that a large
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number of participants i.e. 411 (35%) from rural libraries spent one to two hours in the library followed by 374 (31.8%) of them spent less than one hour, 223 (19%) of them spent more than three hours and only 166 (14.2%) participants spent two to three hours. Most of the users in the rural libraries are from the student category and they use the library for issuing subjective books and reading newspapers sometimes. Only a few numbers of participants spent their time in the library for preparing competitive examinations.
6.4.2.5 Purposes of Library Visits
The purpose of library visits varies from users to users. The investigator had tried to find out the major purposes for which participants visit the library. Respondents were asked to remark their preferences of a list of specified purpose mentioned in the questionnaire. The response of the participants is analysed in Table 6.62.
Table 6.62: Purposes of Visiting the Public Library by the Users
S. Purposes District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Newspapers & 232 274 487 993 magazines reading (45.1%) (27.4%) (41.4%) (36.9%) 2. To borrow and return 283 469 794 1546 books/lending (55%) (47%) (67.6%) (57.5%) 3. Exam preparation 132 214 173 519 (25.7%) (21.4%) (14.7%) (19.3%) 4. Preparing for 242 408 239 889 competitive exams (47%) (40.9%) (20.3%) (33.1%) 5. Seeking knowledge 131 176 203 510 (25.4%) (17.6%) (17.2%) (18.9%) 6. To spend leisure 25 38 52 115 time (4.8%) (3.8%) (4.4%) (4.2%) 7. To attend library 234 345 268 847 programmes (45.5%) (34.6%) (22.8%) (31.5%) Maulana8. AzadAny other Library,purpose 147 Aligarh213 Muslim178 University538 (28.5%) (21.3%) (15.1%) (20%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
After analysing the data, it reveals that a majority of the participants i.e. 283 (55%) from district libraries visit the library for borrowing and returning the books
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followed by 240 (47%) of them visit for preparation of competitive examinations, 234 (45.5%) participants visit to attend library programmes organized by the libraries and 232 (45.1%) of them come to read newspapers and magazines. As shown in Table 6.62, a large number of participants representing 469 (47%) of them from town/sub- division libraries and 794 (67.6%) of them from rural libraries visit the library for borrowing and returning the books. The study demonstrates that the next maximum percentage of users come to the library for their preparation of competitive examinations and reading newspapers and magazines. In addition to this, participants also indicate that they come to the library for different purposes such as attending various library programmes which are regularly organized by the libraries. It is found that old aged people spent their leisure time especially the evening hours, some middle-aged people and housewives come to read novels, dramas, poetries, short stories, and biographies for developing their knowledge. Students visit for borrowing subjective books and for preparation of their school examination while few of them come to the library for discussion on various issues, problems, etc. Hence, it can be concluded that most of the participants come to the library for borrowing books, reading newspapers and preparing for various competitive examinations.
6.4.2.6 Reading of Newspapers
The participants were asked to indicate the newspapers which they prefer to read in the library. The analysed data is furnished in Table 6.63.
Table 6.63: Reading of Newspapers by the Users S. Name of the District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Newspapers Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Anandabazar Patrika 134 - - 134 (26%) (4.9%) 2. Bartaman 98 135 364 594 (19%) (13.5%) (31%) (22.1%) 3. Pratidin 47 176 358 581 (9.1%) (17.6%) (30.4%) (21.6%) 4. Ajkal 141 132 387 660 Maulana Azad Library,(27.4%) Aligarh(13.2%) Muslim(32.9%) (24.5%) University 5. The Times of India 138 74 - 212 (26.8%) (7.4%) (7.8%) 6. Employment 282 475 364 1121 Newspaper (54.8%) (47.6%) (31%) (41.7%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
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It is observed from the Table 6.63 that a large number of participants 282 (54.6%) are from district libraries and 475 (47.6%) participants from town/sub- division libraries prefer to read ‘employment newspaper’ in the library. The result highlights that the next major group i.e. 141 (27.4%) of them from district libraries prefer to read ‘Ajkal’ Bengali daily newspaper while 176 (17.6%) participants from town/sub-division libraries read ‘Pratidin’ Bengali newspaper. The least number of participants read ‘Pratidin’ Bengali newspaper from district libraries and ‘The Times of India’ English newspaper from town/sub-division libraries. The result also shows that 387 (32.9%) participants from rural libraries read ‘Ajkal’ Bengali daily newspaper followed by 364 (31%) of them read ‘employment newspaper’, 364 (31%) of them ‘Bartaman’ Bengali newspaper and 358 (30.4%) participants prefer to read ‘Pratidin’. During the visits, it was observed that only district libraries have subscribed to ‘Anandabazar Patrika’. A single town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries have not subscribed to ‘Anandabazar Patrika’ because of the high price. The study also reveals that not a single rural libraries have subscribed to the English newspaper.
6.4.2.7 Books Consulted by the Users
The investigator had tried to find out what are the books usually consulted by the users in public libraries. Respondents were asked to remark their preferences of a list of specified books. The user preferences are analysed in Table 6.64.
Table 6.64: Types of Books Consulted by the Users
S. Types of Books District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Novel 247 368 393 1008 (48%) (36.9%) (33.4%) (37.5%) 2. Poetry 142 244 236 622 (27.6%) (24.4%) (20.1%) (23.1%) 3. Historical books 221 298 187 706 Maulana Azad Library,(42.9%) Aligarh(29.8%) Muslim(15.9%) University(26.2%) 4. Religious books 104 187 372 663 (20.2%) (18.7%) (31.6%) (24.6%) 5. Drama 86 163 179 428 (16.7%) (16.3%) (15.2%) (15.9%) 6. Science books 148 206 269 623 (28.7%) (20.6%) (22.9%) (23.2%)
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7. Literature/Language 241 328 467 1036 (46.8%) (32.8%) (39.7%) (38.5%) 8. Health science 156 264 145 565 (30.3%) (26.4%) (12.3%) (21%) 9. Subjective Books 126 322 432 880 (24.5%) (32.2%) (36.8%) (32.7%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
As shown in Table 6.64 that majority of the participants i.e. 247 (48%) from district libraries and 368 (36.9%) of them from town/sub-division libraries prefer to read Bengali novel. The least number of participants from district libraries as well as town/sub-division libraries prefer to read drama. Most of the participants i.e. 467 (39.7%) from rural libraries prefer to read literature books followed by subjective books, novel, religious books, science books, poetry, historical and health science books. The finding of the study shows that various types of users use public libraries such as self-employed, businessman, retired persons, housewives, students, unemployed youth, etc. The study reveals that almost all the student participants prefer to read their subjective books, literature books and sometimes science books as well. The study also demonstrates that retired persons, housewives, and businessman wish to read novel, poetry, drama and historical books for developing their knowledge.
6.4.2.8 Use of Reference Materials by the Users
Reference service is the most important and real-time service provided by the public libraries among their users. To determine the use of reference service, the participants were asked to indicate their preferences of a list of reference sources i.e. encyclopaedias, yearbooks, directories, handbooks, and dictionaries. The responses of the participants are analysed in Table 6.65.
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Table 6.65: Reference Sources Usually Consulted by the Users
S. Reference Sources District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Encyclopaedias 62 98 103 263 (12%) (9.8%) (8.7%) (9.7%) 2. Yearbooks 178 234 286 698 (34.6%) (23.4%) (24.3%) (25.9%) 3. Directories 46 85 93 224 (8.9%) (8.5%) (7.9%) (8.3%) 4. Handbooks 39 78 82 199 (7.5%) (7.8%) (6.9%) (7.4%) 5. Dictionaries 17 142 263 422 (3.3%) (14.2%) (22.4%) (15.7%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
Table 6.65 shows that 178 (34.6%) participants from district libraries, 234 (23.4%) from town/sub-division libraries and 286 (24.3%) participants from rural libraries prefer to consult yearbooks. A very small number of participants from district libraries prefer to consult dictionaries while 85 (8.5%) of them from town/sub- division libraries consult directories and 82 (6.9%) of them from rural libraries use handbooks. During the visits, it was observed that almost all the public libraries have created Career Guidance Section where a huge number of reference materials are available. Mostly unemployed youth and students use Career Guidance Section for their career development. Sometimes, retired persons use reference materials such as directories, handbooks and Bengali “Benimadhab Shil Full Panjika” and “Sri Modom Gupt Full Panjika”. It is interesting to note here that it is a kind of tradition among the Hindu people in West Bengal that for fixing the date of Hindu marriage or any auspicious occupations they prefer to use Panjika. More than eighty percent surveyed public libraries have subscribed to the “Benimadhab Shil Full Panjika”. Librarians of these libraries have reported that many users are using Panjika frequently and occasionally they issue to their homes for a few days.
Maulana6.4.2.9 Users’AzadLanguage Library, Preference Aligarh Muslim University
Participants were asked to specify their interest in language to read the information materials available in the library. The analysed data is furnished in Table 6.66.
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Table 6.66: Language Preference among the Users
S. Language District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Bengali 286 534 845 1665 (55.6%) (53.5%) (71.9%) (62%) 2. English 68 164 109 341 (13.2%) (16.4%) (9.3%) (12.8%) 3. Both (English and 156 277 215 648 Bengali) (30.4%) (27.7%) (18.4%) (24.2%) 4. Any other 4 22 5 28 (0.8%) (2.2%) (0.4%) (1%)
The study demonstrates that the majority of participants from district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries have consulted reading materials in the Bengali language as this is the mother tongue of the people of West Bengal. The result highlights that many participants prefer to consult reading materials of both Bengali as well as the English language. The study also reveals that very few numbers of participants prefer to read and borrow books in English, Hindi and Urdu language. Purulia district is located neighbouring Jharkhand State where nearly five percent of the population prefer the Hindi language. During the survey, only a few users prefer to read Hindi books and newspapers as their mother tongue is the Hindi language.
6.4.2.10 Method of Retrieval of Books from the Library
To identify the information searching behaviour from the library, the participants were asked to remark their preference with four intervals such as ‘consult library catalogue’, ‘with the help of library staff’ ‘with the help of the friends’ and ‘any other method’. The analysed data is presented in Table 6.67.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.67: Method of Retrieval of Books from the Library
S. Method District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Consult library 88 101 - 189 catalogue (17.1%) (10.1%) (7%) 2. With the help of 427 787 952 2166 library staff (83%) (79.9%) (81%) (80.6%) 3. With the help of the 145 198 226 569 friends (28.2%) (19.8%) (19.2%) (21.2%) 4. Any other 241 382 345 968 (46.8%) (38.3%) (29.3%) (36%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
As shown in Table 6.67, the majority of participants from all categories of public libraries retrieved books and other reading materials with the assistance of library staff. The study earlier revealed that a large number of surveyed public libraries have provided open access facility to the users. This result reflects that the second major groups of participants retrieved books from the library by their own. A few numbers of respondents retrieved books from the library with the help of their friends. Interesting findings come out from this study i.e. not a single participant uses library catalogue for searching books in the rural libraries. This result also demonstrates that most of the surveyed rural libraries have not used any standard cataloguing and classification scheme for arranging books due to the shortage of library staff. Therefore, it can be concluded that most of the participants find out the information resources from the library with the assistance of library staff.
6.4.2.11 Reasons for Using the Public Library
The investigator had tried to find out the reasons for using public libraries. Participants were asked to indicate their preferences of a list of six specified reasons. MaulanaThe analysed Azad data is Library,furnished in Table Aligarh 6.68. Muslim University
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Table 6.68: Reasons for using the Public Library by Users
S. Reasons District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Abundance of 262 368 537 1167 material freely (50.9%) (36.9%) (45.7%) (43.4%) available 2. Nearest from home 102 217 224 543 (19.8%) (21.7%) (19%) (20.2%) 3. Best range of books 388 512 197 1097 (75.4%) (51.3%) (16.7%) (40.8%) 4. Feel more 345 353 149 847 comfortable (67.1%) (35.4%) (12.6%) (31.5%) 5. Suitable atmosphere 217 239 198 654 (42.2%) (23.9%) (16.6%) (24.3%) 6. Good infrastructure 318 206 178 702 (61.8%) (20.6%) (15.1%) (26.1%) Note: Total percentage is more than 100 because of multiple choices
The study reveals that most of the participants from district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have reported that they use public library because of the availability of best range of books, good infrastructural facilities and suitable library environment. During the survey, it was observed that the reading rooms of all the surveyed district libraries are well maintained. Some of the town/sub-division libraries have organized their services systematically and they created a better environment for readers but most of them have failed because of a shortage of staff, finance and authority support. The study also demonstrates that out of 1,174 participants from rural libraries, the response rate is slightly less in this question because of the high expectation of users from rural libraries.
6.4.3 Evaluation of Users’ Perception Regarding Library Services and Activities
To identify the satisfaction level among the user communities, participants Maulanawere asked to Azad remark their Library, perceptions ofAligarh three major groupsMuslim such a sUniversity library collection, library services and facilities and overall library infrastructural facilities. The evaluation of each question is gauged by using a statement of on a Five-point Likert Scale of 1= Very Good, 2= Good, 3= Average, 4= Poor and 5= Very Poor. The total number of statements under three dimensions vary from 4 questions for library
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collection, 10 questions for library services and facilities and 11 questions for infrastructural facilities. The evaluation of users’ perception have been categorised into three sub-divisions i.e. user perceptions of district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries.
6.4.3.1 Users’ Perception of District Libraries 6.4.3.1.1 Users’ Opinion about Library Collection
The present study has earlier revealed that all the district libraries have a rich collection with various forms. Every year, each library has purchased a number of books from the Annual Book Fair which is held in every district in the months of November to February. Besides this, all the district libraries have receive many books from the Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) and a donation from some philanthropists. However, Table 6.69 shows a large number of respondents i.e. 278 (54%) have rated that district libraries have a very good book collection. Around 142 (27.6%) participants have opined that library collection is good, while a few numbers of respondents have stated average.
The result shows, 313 (60.9%) respondents have indicated that a daily number of newspapers subscription is very good in the district libraries while 159 (30.9%) of them have argued that it is good. Only a few numbers of participants have remarked that a daily number of newspapers subscription is average. According to 241 (46.9%) participants, the availability of subscribed/free periodicals and magazines collection is very good. Although, 146 (28.5%) respondents have rated that periodicals and magazines collection is average while a few numbers of users i.e. 48 (9.3%) have remarked poor. Hence, it can be concluded that according to the users’ perceptions, book collection, everyday newspapers subscription and subscribed periodicals and magazines are very good in the surveyed district libraries.
The study also reveals a majority of participants i.e. 134 (26%) have stated that report collection in the district libraries is very good. 117 (22.8%) respondents Maulanahave stated Azad that the reportLibrary, collection isAligarh good followed Muslim by 76 (14.8%) Universityof them argued average. Around 83 (16.1%) participants have stated that report collection is poor while 104 (20.3%) of them have indicated very poor as shown in Table 6.69.
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Table 6.69: Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Collection in District Libraries
S. Library Collection Very Good Average Poor Very No. Good Poor 1. Book Collection 278 142 78 16 - (54%) (27.6%) (15.2%) (3.2%) 2. Newspaper Collection 313 159 24 18 - (60.9%) (30.9%) (4.7%) (3.5%) 3. Periodical/Magazines 241 79 146 48 - (46.9%) (15.3%) (28.5%) (9.3%) 4. Report Collection 134 117 76 83 104 (26%) (22.8%) (14.8%) (16.1%) (20.3%)
During the survey, it was observed that many library users have no idea about the availability of report collection in the district libraries. One of the reasons behind no response may be the unawareness about report collection in the library as the number of users belong to the children as well as student category and may not be having use of such reports.
6.4.3.1.2 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Services and Facilities
To determine the user’s satisfaction level in terms of the quality of library services and facilities, participants were asked to indicate their preference with five intervals from “highly satisfied” to “highly dissatisfied”. However, Table 6.70 describes the satisfaction level of the users with the library services and facilities which are provided by the district libraries.
The finding shows that majority of the respondents i.e. 264 (51.4%) are highly satisfied with book lending service which followed by 115 (22.3%) of them are satisfied and 70 (13.6%) users are partially satisfied. Notably, it is also observed that 65 (12.6%) respondents are not satisfied with book lending service because they are eligible to lend only one book for home. The study already revealed that almost all the Maulanadistrict libraries Azad have lent onlyLibrary, one book at Aligarh a time to their Muslim member. Although, University the result shows that above fifty percent users are highly satisfied with book lending service but during the survey, many users reported that the district libraries have to lend more than one books for each member at a time.
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The study demonstrates that a large number of respondents i.e. 214 (41.7%) are satisfied with the reference service while 138 (26.8%) users are highly satisfied. The study also found that 96 (18.7%) respondents are not satisfied with the reference service because they are not allowed to access some reference collection in the district libraries. Some of the participants also pointed out that reference collection is not up- to-date. The study reveals that the users’ perception regarding reading room service in the libraries are highly satisfied (57.8%), while 176 (34.2%) of them are satisfied and a few numbers of users are partially satisfied. Only 18 (3.5%) participants remarked that they are not satisfied with reading room service.
Table 6.70 shows that a majority of participants i.e. 182 (35.4%) are satisfied with the bibliographic service which is provided by the district libraries while 121 (23.5%) of them are highly satisfied and 60 (11.6%) users are partially satisfied. Around 106 (20.6%) users stated that they are highly dissatisfied with bibliographic service. Some of the participants have reported that they are unable to find out the full list of subjective books or other information in the district libraries. The finding depicts that 181 (35.3%) respondents are not satisfied with inter-library loan service provided by the district libraries where 124 (24.1%) users are highly dissatisfied. Many users have reported that district libraries do not provide inter-library loan service. However, a few of them remarked that they are satisfied with inter-library loan service because out of four surveyed district libraries only two libraries have offered inter-library loan service.
The finding shows that a large number of users i.e. 182 (35.4%) are highly dissatisfied with referral service. During the time of the survey, many users were asked about referral service. However, 148 (28.8%) respondents are partially satisfied and 83 (16.1%) of them are satisfied with referral service provided by the library staff. The result demonstrates that 148 (42.4%) respondents are partially satisfied with the Current Awareness Service while few of them are satisfied. Around 102 (19.9%) Maulanausers are Azad not satisfied Library, whereas 56 (10.9%) Aligarh participants Muslim indicated highly University dissatisfied.
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Table 6.70: Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities in the District Libraries
S. Services and Highly Satisfied Partially Not Highly No. Facilities Satisfied satisfied satisfied Dissatisfied 1. Book Lending 264 115 70 65 - Service (51.4%) (22.3%) (13.6%) (12.6%) 2. Reference 138 214 66 96 - Service (26.8%) (41.7%) (12.8%) (18.7%) 3. Reading Room 297 176 23 18 - Service (57.8%) (34.2%) (4.5%) (3.5%) 4. Bibliographic 121 182 60 45 106 Service (23.5%) (35.4%) (11.6%) (8.7%) (20.6%) 5. Inter-Library 78 63 68 181 124 Loan Service (15.2%) (12.2%) (13.2%) (35.3%) (24.1%) 6. Current 86 52 218 102 56 Awareness (16.7%) (10.1%) (42.4%) (19.9%) (10.9%) Service (CAS) 7. Referral Service 34 83 148 67 182 (6.6%) (16.1%) (28.8%) (13%) (35.4%) 8. Reprographic 176 207 78 53 - Service (34.2%) (40.3%) (15.1%) (10.4%) 9. Extension 294 127 93 - - Service (57.2%) (24.8%) (18%)
During the survey, the investigator observed that almost all the district libraries have made photocopying and printing facilities available among their users with a nominal charge. The result shows that 207 (40.3%) respondents are satisfied with reprographic service while 176 (34.2%) of them remarked that they are highly satisfied and 78 (15.1%) users are partially satisfied. Though, 53 (10.4%) participants are not satisfied with the reprographic service provided by the libraries. The study also reveals that 294 (57.2%) respondents are highly satisfied with the extension Maulanaservices offered Azadby the district Library, libraries while Aligarh 127 (24.8%) ofMuslim them are satisfied University and 93 (18%) participants are partially satisfied.
However, it was observed during the library visit that many users do not aware of various services and facilities provided by the district libraries. Therefore, the library authority should be concerned about unawareness of library services among
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their users and try to promote their services by organizing various user awareness programmes so that users can utilize the maximum benefits from the library.
6.4.3.1.3 Users’ Opinion about Library Infrastructure
It is very difficult for the libraries to survive if the emphasis is not given on the overall infrastructural aspects of the libraries such as library building, location, seating arrangement, cleanliness, washroom, parking and drinking water facilities. To ascertain the users’ opinions regarding the overall infrastructural facilities provided by the district libraries, the participants were asked to indicate their preference with 11 statements.
The data in Table 6.71 demonstrates a majority of participant i.e. 185 (36%) have mentioned that rules and regulations of the libraries is good whereas 129 (25%) participants have stated very good and 102 (19.8%) of them stated average. A few numbers of respondents i.e. 98 (19.2%) are disappointed with the rules and regulations of the libraries. Some of the users reported that a limited number of books issued to per user, specified duration of book loan, etc. are the major reasons for their dissatisfaction. According to 368 (71.6%) participants, the existing location of libraries is very good followed by 120 (23.4%) of them stated good and a few numbers of respondents have remarked average. During the survey, the investigator was observed that all the district libraries are existing in the central location of the respective districts.
Table 6.71 depicts 194 (37.8%) respondents are satisfied with the cleanliness of the libraries while 129 (25%) of them have indicated it as very good and 102 (19.8%) users have rated average. Opinion about 98 (19.2%) participants is poor. According to Azhikodan (2010) “The best utilisation of reading materials by the members is possible only when the books and other reading materials in the libraries are classified and catalogued in a scientific manner”. However, the present study has revealed that a majority of 236 (46%) users have reported, the arrangement of books Maulanaon the library Azad shelves Library, is good whereas Aligarh 121 (23.5%) respondentsMuslim have University remarked very good and 109 (21.2%) of them have indicated average. The investigator observed during the survey that all the district libraries have organised their books according to the standard classification and cataloguing scheme.
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Table 6.71: Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Infrastructure in the District Libraries
S. Library Very Good Average Poor Very No. Infrastructure Good Poor 1. Rules and Regulations 129 185 102 98 - (25%) (36%) (19.8%) (19.2%) 2. Location of the Library 368 120 26 - - (71.6%) (23.4%) (5%) 3. Cleanliness 98 194 175 47 - (19%) (37.8%) (34%) (9.2%) 4. Arrangement of Books 121 236 109 48 - on the Shelves (23.5%) (46%) (21.2%) (9.3%) 5. Library Working Hours 314 84 35 81 - (61%) (16.3%) (6.8%) (15.9%) 6. Library Environment 258 135 62 59 - (50.2%) (26.3%) (12%) (11.5%) 7. Seating Arrangement 240 137 96 41 - (46.7%) (26.6%) (18.6%) (7.9%) 8. Washroom Facility 163 211 94 46 - (31.7%) (41%) (18.3%) (8.9%) 9. Parking Facility 387 76 51 - - (75.3%) (14.7%) (10%) 10. Drinking Water Facility 354 127 33 - - (68.8%) (24.7%) (6.4%) 11. Behaviour of Staff 248 163 64 39 - (48.2%) (31.7%) (12.6%) (7.5%)
The finding of the study shows a large number of respondents i.e. 314 (61%) have indicated that working hours of the libraries is very good while 84 (16.3%) users have mentioned good and a few of them have stated it average. The result also shows that 81 (15.9%) participants are not satisfied with the library working hours. MaulanaEspecially, the governmentAzad employedLibrary, persons Aligarh and students have Muslim reported that Universitythey are unable to utilize the library services because the office/school timing and library working hours is almost the same. Around 258 (50.2%) participants have rated that the library environment is very good followed by 135 (26.3%) of them opined it as
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good and only 62 (12%) participants stated average. However, a large number of users have strongly believed that a library is a pleasant place to visit.
The majority of the participants i.e. 240 (46.7%) have rated that seating arrangement which is provided by the district libraries is excellent while 137 (26.6%) of them have opined good and 96 (18.6%) users’ stated average. Though the only couple of users have rated poor. Proper washroom, drinking water and parking facilities of the public libraries have a great impact on the satisfaction of the user communities. Table 6.71 shows 211 (41%) participant have rated that the washroom facility is good. More than 163 (31.7%) users have stated that washroom facility is very good in the district libraries while few of them rated average. It was also observed that a few of them have reported that washroom facility is not good. According to a large number of respondents, the parking and drinking water facilities are very good while a small number of participants rated good. Notably, there is not a single user who expressed dissatisfaction with these two facilities. During the survey, the investigator has observed that almost all the district libraries are providing cold drinking water facility with RO water purifier and well-managed parking facility among their users.
The working library staff in the libraries are the heart and soul of a library because the progress or worsening of a library depends upon their suitable services and an enthusiastic attitude towards the users. However, the users were asked to indicate their preference for the behaviour of the library staff. The study depicts a majority of respondents i.e. 248 (48.2%) have rated that the behaviour of the library staff members in the district libraries is very good whereas 163 (31.7%) of them remarked good. Only a few numbers of users have reported that the attitude of the library staff is poor. Hence, from the above analysis, it can be concluded that majority of respondents are satisfied with various infrastructural facilities which are available in the district libraries and the users have a positive opinion regarding the behaviour of the library staff members. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 6.4.3.2 Perception of the Users’ of Town/Sub-division Libraries
6.4.3.2.1 Users’ Opinion about Library Collection
According to Azhikodan (2010) “The satisfaction of the members with respect to the services rendered by the public libraries always depends on the availability of
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adequate quantity of reading materials of various categories and languages”. To determine the users’ opinions regarding the availability of reading materials in the surveyed town/sub-division libraries, participants were asked to indicate their preference with five intervals from “very good” to “very poor”. As shown in Table 6.72, majority of respondents i.e. 426 (42.7%) have rated that book collection in the town/sub-division libraries is very good while 315 (31.6%) of them stated good and 145 (14.5%) users rated average. A small number of respondents 111 (11.2%) remarked that book collection is poor. The study demonstrates that a large number of participants i.e. 326 (36.4%) have stated that a daily number of newspapers subscription is good whereas 227 (22.7%) respondents have rated very good and 191 (19.2%) of them have stated it as average. It is also observed that 217 (21.7%) respondents are not satisfied with a daily number of newspapers subscription by the libraries. These users have reported that libraries are subscribed very less number of daily newspapers and the quality of newspapers is poor.
Table 6.72: Users’ Opinions about the Quality of Collection in the Town/Sub-division Libraries
S. Library Collection Very Good Average Poor Very No. Good Poor 1. Book Collection 426 315 145 111 - (42.7%) (31.6%) (14.5%) (11.2%) 2. Newspaper Collection 227 362 191 217 - (22.7%) (36.4%) (19.2%) (21.7%) 3. Periodical/Magazines 242 486 187 82 - (24.3%) (48.7%) (18.8%) (8.2%) 4. Reports Collection 197 280 174 109 237 (19.8%) (28%) (17.5%) (10.9%) (23.8%)
The study reveals that 486 (48.7%) respondents have rated the availability of subscribed/free periodicals and magazines collection is good followed by 242 (24.3%) Maulanausers have stated Azad very good Library,and 187 (18.8%) Aligarhof them opined average.Muslim A few numbersUniversity of participants have remarked that periodicals and magazines collection is poor in the town/sub-division libraries. According to 280 (28%) respondents, the availability of report collection in the libraries is good while 197 (19.8%) of them rated very good and few users stated average. The study also demonstrates that 237 (23.8%)
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participants remarked the report collection in the town/sub-division libraries is very poor.
Notably, from the above analysis, it can be concluded that the availability of reading materials in the libraries are satisfactory but there are requirements for further improvements. According to the users’ perceptions, libraries have to subscribe to a number of newspapers and also procure subjective books for schools students.
6.4.3.2.2 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Services and Facilities
In order to find out the perception regarding the services and facilities provided by the town/sub-division libraries, users were asked to remark their preference with five intervals such as “highly satisfied” to “highly dissatisfied”. As shown in Table 6.73, a large number of respondents i.e. 532 (53.3%) are highly satisfied with the book lending service provided by the town/sub-division libraries followed by 235 (23.8%) of them are satisfied and 177 (17.6%) users are partially satisfied. A small number of participants are not satisfied with the book lending service.
The study reveals that 342 (34.3%) respondents are satisfied with the reference service offered by the town/sub-division libraries whereas 208 (20.9%) of them are partially satisfied and 147 (14.7%) users are highly satisfied. It is also observed that 196 (19.6%) participants have reported that they are not satisfied with the reference collection while 104 (10.5%) of them indicated very dissatisfied with this statement. Therefore, it is obvious that a large number of users are satisfied with the reference collection which is available in the libraries. During the survey, many respondents have reported that the number of reference books is less and also most of the books are outdated in the town/sub-division libraries. A majority of respondents i.e. 478 (47.9%) have reported that they are satisfied with the reading room service followed by 228 (22.9%) of them are partially satisfied and only 134 (13.6%) users have remarked that they are highly satisfied. A small number of participants are not Maulanasatisfied Azadwith reading Library, room service. Notably,Aligarh many library Muslim users have University stated that the environment of the reading room is not hygienic enough.
The study demonstrates that 589 (59%) respondents are not satisfied with the bibliographic service while 201 (20.2%) users indicated very dissatisfied about this statement. The findings also show that only twenty percent of respondents are
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partially satisfied. Many users have reported that libraries do not provide a complete bibliographic list of reading materials. Table 6.73 depicts that a majority of respondents i.e. 428 (42.9%) are satisfied with the Current Awareness Service while 196 (19.7%) users are highly satisfied and 102 (10.2%) of them are partially satisfied. The results also show that 133 (13.3%) participants are not satisfied and 138 (13.8%) users remarked very dissatisfied with this service.
Table 6.73: Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities in the Town/sub-division Libraries
S. Services and Highly Satisfied Partially Not Highly No. Facilities Satisfied satisfied satisfied Dissatisfied 1. Book Lending 532 235 177 53 - Service (53.3%) (23.8%) (17.6%) (5.3%) 2. Reference 147 342 208 196 104 Service (14.7%) (34.3%) (20.9%) (19.6%) (10.5%) 3. Reading Room 134 478 228 157 - Service (13.6%) (47.9%) (22.9%) (15.6%) 4. Bibliographic - 84 123 589 201 Service (8.4%) (12.4%) (59%) (20.2%) 5. Inter Library - - - - - Loan Service 6. Current 196 428 102 133 138 Awareness (19.7%) (42.9%) (10.2%) (13.3%) (13.8%) Service (CAS) 7. Referral Service 162 278 138 94 325 (16.2%) (27.9%) (13.8%) (9.5%) (32.6%) 8. Reprographic 136 117 460 284 - Service (13.6%) (11.7%) (46%) (28.7%) 9. Extension 231 418 244 104 - Services (23.1%) (41.9%) (24.5%) (10.5%) Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University A shown in Table 6.73 that 325 (32.6%) users are very dissatisfied with the referral service provided by the libraries while 278 (27.9%) respondents are satisfied and 162 (16.2%) of them are highly satisfied. According to 460 (46%) users, the reprographic service provided by the libraries is average while 284 (28.7%) of them
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are not satisfied and 136 (13.6%) respondents are highly satisfied. The study found that a majority of 418 (41.9%) respondents are satisfied with the various extension services provided by the town/sub-division libraries whereas 244 (24.5%) users are partially satisfied and 231 (23.1%) of them are highly satisfied. A small number of participants have reported that they are not satisfied with the extension services which are provided by the libraries.
Although from the above analysis, it can be concluded that a majority of the users are only satisfied with the various services and facilities provided by the town/sub-division libraries. Notably, it is demonstrated that a large number of respondents have no idea about various services offered by the libraries. Many respondents have reported that the quality of library services are poor. Thus, library authority has to concern about unawareness of library services among their user communities and try to make their services familiar by organizing various user awareness programmes and improve the quality of services and facilities.
6.4.3.2.3 Users’ Opinion about Library Infrastructure
To ascertain the user’s satisfaction level with the library infrastructural facilities available in the town/sub-division libraries, respondents were asked to indicate their choice with five intervals i.e. “very good” to “very poor”. After analysing the data, it observed that a majority of respondents i.e. 456 (45.8%) have rated the rules and regulations of the libraries is good while 274 (27.4%) of them have mentioned very good and 138 (14%) participants have stated average. It is also observed that 129 (12.9%) users are not happy with the rules and regulations formulated by the libraries. Many users have reported that a limited number of books lent to per user, restriction to access all bookshelves, etc. are the major reasons for their dissatisfaction. The finding shows 452 (45.4%) respondents have rated that the location of the libraries is good followed by 283 (28.3%) of them have reported very good and 204 (20.5%) users stated average. Therefore, according to users’ Maulanaperceptions, Azad the location Library, of the libra Aligarhries is good. Table Muslim 6.74 depicts University 368 (36.9%) respondents are satisfied with the cleanliness of the libraries while 332 (33.4%) of them stated average and 206 (20.6%) users have rated very good. According to 439 (44%) respondents, the arrangement of books on the shelves is good whereas 298 (29.9%) of them rated that average and only 166 (16.6%) participants remarked very
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good. The result also shows that a few numbers of participants are not satisfied with the arrangement of books on the shelves.
The study demonstrates a large number of respondents i.e. 506 (50.8%) have rated that the working hours of the libraries is good while 242 (24.2%) users have stated very good and 182 (18.3%) of them reported average. Thus, it is clear that users are satisfied with the working hours of the town/sub-division libraries.
Table 6.74: Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Infrastructure in the Town/sub- division Libraries
S. Library Very Good Average Poor Very No. Infrastructure Good Poor 1. Rules and Regulations 274 456 138 129 - (27.4%) (45.8%) (14%) (12.9%) 2. Location of the Library 283 452 204 58 - (28.3%) (45.4%) (20.5%) (5.8%) 3. Cleanliness 206 368 332 91 - (20.6%) (36.9%) (33.4%) (9.1%) 4. Arrangement of Books 166 439 298 94 - on the Shelves (16.6%) (44%) (29.9%) (9.5%) 5. Library Working Hours 242 506 182 67 - (24.2%) (50.8%) (18.3%) (6.7%) 6. Library Environment 164 468 283 82 - (16.4%) (46.9%) (28.4%) (8.3%) 7. Seating Arrangement 195 389 236 177 - (19.6%) (39%) (23.7%) (17.7%) 8. Washroom Facility 125 465 234 173 (12.6%) (46.6%) (23.4%) (17.4%) 9. Parking Facility 131 268 352 246 - (13.1%) (26.8%) (35.3%) (24.6%) 10. Drinking Water 155 518 324 - Maulana AzadFacility Library,(15.5%) Aligarh(52%) (32.5%) Muslim University 11. Behaviour of Staff 567 232 198 - - (56.8%) (23.3%) (19.9%)
As shown in Table 6.74, 468 (46.9%) respondents have indicated that the library environment of the town/sub-division libraries is good followed by 283
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(28.4%) of them have rated average and 164 (16.4%) users have specified very good. Although according to the users’ opinion, the library environment is satisfactory. The result of the study shows a majority of respondents i.e. 389 (39%) have reported that the seating arrangement of the libraries is good whereas 236 (23.7%) of them stated average and 195 (19.6%) users have indicated very good. Notably, 177 (17.7%) participants are not satisfied with the seating arrangement available in the libraries. Many users also reported that the quality and the type of furniture in the libraries are not conducive.
The finding shows, 465 (46.6%) participants have rated that the washroom facility provided by the town/sub-division libraries is good while 234 (23.4%) of them stated average and 125 (12.6%) respondents have remarked very good. It is also revealed that 173 (17.4%) respondents are not satisfied with the washroom facility. During the survey, many respondents have reported that the washrooms are not properly cleaned and hygienic. A majority of respondents i.e. 352 (35.3%) have reported that the parking facility provided by the libraries is average followed by 268 (26.8%) of them have mentioned good and 131 (13.1%) participants rated very good. Around 246 (24.6%) respondents have pointed out that the parking facility is not good. During the survey, the investigator has observed that some of the town/sub- division libraries have provided well-maintained parking facility, where most of them do not provide parking facility due to the shortage of library space and building. Many members are very troubled when they do not get the space to park their vehicles.
According to 518 (52%) respondents, the drinking water facility offered by the town/sub-division libraries is good while 324 (32.5%) users have rated average. Only 155 (15.5%) participants have stated that the drinking water facility is very good. Thus, it is clear that users are satisfied with the available drinking water facility provided by the libraries. As shown in Table 6.74, a large number of respondents i.e. 567 (56.8%) have pointed out that the behaviour of the library staff is very good while Maulana232 (23.3%) Azad of them Library, stated good and 198Aligarh (19.9%) users Muslim reported average. University
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6.4.3.3 Opinion of the Users’ of Rural Libraries 6.4.3.3.1 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Collection
Rural libraries are at the ground level of the public library system in West Bengal. However, the present study has investigated the user’s perceptions regarding the quality of library collection in rural libraries under four dimension statements. As shown in Table 6.75, 453 (38.6%) respondents have rated that the book collection in the rural libraries is average while 276 (23.5%) of them have remarked good and 214 (18.2%) users have stated very good. The findings also highlight that 231 (19.7%) participants have reported the book collection is poor. Therefore, the overall result portrayed in this study that according to the users’ perceptions, the book collection in the rural libraries is average. The study demonstrates that 427 (36.4%) respondents are not satisfied with a daily newspapers subscription while 358 (30.5%) users have indicated average and 263 (22.4%) of them stated good. A small number of participants have pointed out that the daily available newspapers subscription is very good. Significantly, during the survey, many of the participants have reported that rural libraries are subscribed only one newspaper which is the barrier for getting themselves updated. Thus, it is clear that users are not satisfied with daily newspaper subscribed by the rural libraries.
Table 6.75: Users’ Perceptions regarding the Quality of Collection in the Rural Libraries
S. Library Collection Very Good Average Poor Very No. Good Poor 1. Book Collection 214 276 453 231 - (18.2%) (23.5%) (38.6%) (19.7%) 2. Newspaper Collection 126 263 358 427 - (10.7%) (22.4%) (30.5%) (36.4%) 3. Periodical/Magazines 138 413 464 159 - (11.7%) (35.3%) (39.5%) (13.5%) 4. Reports Collection 74 106 114 278 602 Maulana Azad Library,(6.3%) Aligarh(9%) (9.8%) Muslim(23.6%) (51.3%) University
Table 6.75 depicts 464 (39.5%) respondents have rated that the availability of periodicals and magazines collection is average while 413 (35.3%) of the stated good and 138 (11.7%) users mentioned very good. A small number of participants have
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indicated that the availability of periodicals and magazines in rural libraries is poor. It is interesting to note here that, 602 (51.3%) of respondents have indicated that the availability of report collection in the rural libraries is very poor. Although a few numbers of users have rated that report collection in rural libraries is average while most of them stated that poor. The survey revealed that almost all rural libraries have a few numbers of report collection. Librarians of the rural libraries have stated that the use report is comparatively less. However, from the above analysis, it can be concluded that the availability of reading materials in the rural libraries can’t meet the demand of the users.
6.4.3.3.2 Users’ Opinion regarding Library Services and Facilities
To ascertain the satisfaction level among the users’ regarding the quality of library services and facilities which are offered by the rural libraries, the respondents were asked to express their preference from the five response categories i.e. “highly satisfied” to “highly dissatisfied”. The analysis of the data in Table 6.76 demonstrates that 524 (44.6%) respondents are satisfied with the book lending service while 372 (31.6%) of them are highly satisfied and 146 (12.5%) users are partially satisfied. A small number of respondents have reported that they are not satisfied with the book lending service. The study reveals that 439 (37.5%) participants are partially satisfied with reference service whereas 254 (21.6%) of them are satisfied. More than ten percent of users have indicated that they are highly satisfied with reference service which is offered by the rural libraries. Interesting to note here that more than twenty percent of respondents have indicated highly dissatisfied with reference service. Many users have reported that the reference collection in the rural libraries are very less and also not up-to-date.
From Table 6.76, it is observed that 476 (40.5%) respondents are partially satisfied with reading room service while 388 (33%) of them are not satisfied. Only 230 (19.6%) participants have reported that they are satisfied with reading room Maulanaservice. DuringAzad the survey,Library, the investigator Aligarh observed Muslimthat most of the University rural libraries have only one reading room while some of them have no reading room facility due to the shortage of space and library building. Many users have reported that sometimes they go back without consulting library materials due to non-availability of reading space. Besides these, a large number of library users have reported that the
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environment of the reading room is not hygienic enough. The present study has already revealed that not a single rural library has offered bibliographic service, inter- library loan service and reprographic service. Therefore, respondents have left these three statements blank.
Table 6.76: Users’ Opinions regarding the Quality of Services and Facilities in the Rural Libraries
S. Services and Highly Satisfied Partially Not Highly No. Facilities Satisfied satisfied satisfied Dissatisfied 1. Book Lending 372 524 146 132 - Service (31.6%) (44.6%) (12.5%) (11.3%) 2. Reference 123 254 439 107 251 Service (10.4%) (21.6%) (37.5%) (9.1%) (21.5%) 3. Reading Room 80 230 476 388 - Service (6.8%) (19.6%) (40.5%) (33%) 4. Bibliographic - - - - - Service 5. Inter Library - - - - - Loan Service 6. Current 121 145 231 248 429 Awareness (10.3%) (12.4%) (19.6%) (21.1%) (36.6%) Service (CAS) 7. Referral Service 125 254 106 214 475 (10.6%) (21.6%) (9%) (18.2%) (40.4%) 8. Reprographic - - - - - Service 9. Extension 138 342 467 227 - Services (11.7%) (29.2%) (39.8%) (19.4%)
The study demonstrates that 429 (36.6%) respondents are highly dissatisfied with the Current Awareness Service offered by the rural libraries while 248 (21.1%) of them are not satisfied. The result also shows that 231 (19.6%) respondents are partially satisfied followed by 145 (12.4%) of them are satisfied and 125 (10.6%) Maulanausers are highly Azad satisfied. Library, Table 6.76 depicts Aligarh 475 (40.4%) Muslim participants are University highly dissatisfied with referral service provided by the rural libraries while 254 (21.6%) users have reported that they are satisfied. The finding of the study shows that a majority 467 (39.8%) of the respondents are partially satisfied with extension services while 342 (29.2%) of them are satisfied and 138 (11.7%) participants are highly
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satisfied. The result also portrays that around twenty percent of users are not satisfied with the extension services provided by the rural libraries.
However, from the above analysis, it can be concluded that users are partially satisfied with some of the services and facilities which are provided by the rural libraries like reading room service, reference service, and extension services. Notably, it has also been found during the survey that many respondents have no idea about various services offered by the libraries. According to the overall assessment, the quality of the library services are poor and also users are not satisfied. Therefore, library authority has to concern about unawareness of library services among their user communities and try to promote their services by organizing various user awareness programmes. Besides these, libraries have to start various new services and facilities and improve the quality so that users can use the rural libraries effectively and efficiently.
6.4.3.3.3 Users’ Perception Regarding Library Infrastructure
The finding of the study shows a majority of respondents i.e. 494 (42%) have rated that the rules and regulations of the rural libraries is good while 354 (30.1%) users have remarked average and 207 (17.6%) of them have stated very good. Only a few numbers of participants are not satisfied with the rules and regulations of the rural libraries. According to 388 (33%) participants, existing location of the rural libraries is average followed by 317 (27%) respondents have rated that good and 224 (19%) of them have mentioned very good. More than twenty percent of users have reported that the existing location of the rural libraries is poor. During the survey, the investigator observed that there are many rural libraries which are located in a remote area where the accessibility is very poor. The study reveals a majority of the respondents i.e. 568 (48.4%) have reported that the cleanliness of the libraries is average while 234 19.9%) of them have stated that good. It is also observed that above twenty percent of users are not satisfied with the cleanliness of the libraries. There are many users who have Maulanareported Azadthat the reading Library, room of the ruralAligarh libraries is notMuslim clean enough. University The systematic arrangement of the books in the library helps the users to use the libraries in the most possible manner. However, Azhikodan (2010) stated that “the optimum utilization of books in the libraries is effective only when the books are arranged scientifically”. Table 6.77 shows, 473 (40.2%) participants have rated that
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the arrangement of books on the shelves is average while 256 (21.8%) of them stated good and 117 (9.9%) users have remarked very good. Around thirty percent of users are not satisfied with the arrangement of books on the shelves in the rural libraries. The study earlier demonstrated that there are many rural libraries that have arranged their books on the shelves without using any standard classification scheme. As shown in Table 6.77, a majority of respondents i.e. 355 (30.2%) have rated that the working hours of the libraries is average while 327 (27.8%) users have remarked good and 208 (17.7%) of them have stated very good. The result also shows that 284 (24.2%) users are not satisfied with library working hours. A number of users have reported that they are unable to utilize the library services due to the office/school timing and library working hours is almost the same.
According to the present investigation, 395 (33.6%) respondents have reported that the library environment of the rural libraries is average followed by 322 (27.4%) of them stated good and 216 (18.4%) users remarked very good. It is also observed that above twenty percent of participants are not satisfied with the library environment in the rural libraries. A large number of participants i.e. 612 (52.2%) have reported that the seating arrangement of the rural libraries is very poor. Users have also reported that the number of chairs, tables, stools and benches are very less in the rural libraries. The result also shows that 325 (27.6%) users have indicated the seating arrangement is average while few of them stated good.
Table 6.77 depicts 587 (50%) of the users have remarked that the washroom facility which is provided by the rural libraries is average while 202 (17.2%) respondents have rated very good and few of them stated good. Notably, over twenty percent of users are not satisfied with the washroom facility available in rural libraries. A large number of users have pointed out that the washroom of the libraries is not clean and hygienic enough. Some of the rural libraries do not have a separate washroom for female members. A large number of respondents i.e. 617 (52.6%) have indicated that the parking facility provided by the rural libraries is poor while 232 Maulana(19.7%) of them Azad stated average Library, and 206 (17.5%) Aligarh respondents Muslim remarked good. University During the survey, the investigator observed that many rural libraries are not provide parking facility to their user communities due to the unavailability of sufficient space and infrastructure.
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The finding of the study shows, 537 (45.7%) respondents have remarked that the drinking water facility offered by the rural libraries is average followed by 309 (26.3%) users have rated good and 264 (22.5%) of them pointed out very good. The result also shows that 325 (27.6%) participants are not satisfied with the available drinking water facility in rural libraries. Although the rural libraries don’t have water purifier facility, they have a tube-well facility.
Table 6.77: Users’ Perceptions regarding the quality of Infrastructure in the Rural Libraries
S. No. Library Very Good Average Poor Very Infrastructure Good Poor 1. Rules and 207 494 354 119 - Regulations (17.6%) (42%) (30.1%) (10.1%) 2. Location of the 224 317 388 245 - Library (19%) (27%) (33%) (21%) 3. Cleanliness 120 234 568 252 - (10.2%) (19.9%) (48.4%) (21.5%) 4. Arrangement of 117 256 473 328 - Books on the (9.9%) (21.8%) (40.2%) (27.9%) Shelves 5. Library Working 208 327 355 284 - Hours (17.7%) (27.8%) (30.2%) (24.2%) 6. Library 216 322 395 241 - Environment (27.4%) (33.6%) (20.6%) (18.4%) 7. Seating 113 124 325 612 - Arrangement (9.6%) (10.6%) (27.6%) (52.2%) 8. Washroom Facility 202 151 587 234 - (17.2%) (12.8%) (50%) (21%) 9. Parking Facility 119 206 232 617 - (10.2%) (17.5%) (19.7%) (52.6%) 10. Drinking Water 264 309 537 325 - Facility (22.5%) (26.3%) (45.7%) (27.6%) 11. Behaviour of Staff 589 265 172 148 - Maulana Azad Library,(51.6%) Aligarh(22.6%) Muslim(14.6%) (11.2%) University
The study also reveals that a large number of respondents i.e. 589 (51.6%) are highly satisfied with the behaviour of the library staff members while 265 (22.6%) of
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them rated good and 172 (14.6%) users stated average. So, according to users’, the behaviour of the staff of rural libraries is very good. Hence, from the above analysis, it is clear that most of the users are not satisfied with the infrastructural facilities which are provided by the rural libraries.
6.4.4 Users’ Suggestions for Further Improvements
Users’ suggestions are the key elements for the development and improvements of the existing library system and services. The users were asked a number of questions regarding their core expectation from the public library and suggestions for improving the present public library system and services. The users’ expectation and suggestions are furnished in Table 6.78 and 6.79.
6.4.4.1 Users’ Expectations
The researcher had tried to find out the expectations of the library members from the surveyed public libraries in West Bengal. The study demonstrates that a large number of participants i.e. 1932 (71.9%) have remarked that public libraries should be organized various cultural programmes such as music concerts, dance, drama, documentary, story reading, poetry, mimicry, etc. which help to shape and support the cultural identity of the local communities. As many as 1612 (60%) respondents have expect from the public libraries that it must be celebrating various important day’s like International Women's Day, International Mother Language Day, World Photography Day, Independence Day, Dwijendralal Roy’s Birth Day, Nazrul and Rabindra Jayanti, Birthday of Swami Vivekananda, etc. Nearly 1305 (48.6%) users pointed out that public libraries should organize several competitive events for children members, i.e. quiz competition, sit and draw, extempore speech competition, etc., and 1033 (38.4%) of them remarked that public libraries should organize adult education programmes. Apart from these, many users also indicated that public libraries have to organize women welfare programmes, book exhibition, various competitions among adult members and awareness programme for different diseases. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
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Table 6.78: Users’ Expectation from the Public Libraries
S. Expectation District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. Organize adult education 241 324 468 1033 programmes (46.8%) (32.4%) (39.8%) (38.4%) 2. Book exhibition 280 258 325 863 (54.4%) (25.8%) (27.6%) (32.1%) 3. Cultural programme 434 624 874 1932 (84.4%) (62.5%) (74.4%) (71.9%) 4. Various competition 287 347 362 996 (55.8%) (34.8%) (30.8%) (37%) 5. Organizing competition 372 465 468 1305 to inculcate reading (72.3%) (46.6%) (39.8%) (48.6%) habit among children 6. Awareness about 214 223 164 601 different diseases (41.6%) (22.3%) (13.9%) (22.3%) 7. To organize women 186 177 322 685 welfare programmes (36.1%) (17.7%) (27.4%) (25.5%) 8. Celebration of important 397 564 651 1612 days (77.3%) (56.5%) (55.4%) (60%)
6.4.4.2 Users’ Suggestions for Improvement
The study demonstrates that the majority of participants i.e. 368 (71.5%) from district libraries suggested that libraries have to start the automation process. Although the automation process is in its nascent stage the users are not aware of its inception. The next majority of the respondents i.e. 278 (54%) indicated that the libraries must provide SMS service to alert the new arrivals books and periodicals, information related to the programmes which are going to be held in the library, etc. MaulanaAs many Azad as 269 (52.3%) Library, users suggested Aligarh that the libraries Muslim should provideUniversity separate discussion room and 237 (46.1%) of them stated that libraries have to increase the number of books in various areas. Many participants have also suggested that the libraries have to develop their library infrastructural facilities like library building, sufficient space for readers, the number of chairs and tables, light, fan, and the
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increase of ventilation. Besides all these, a large number of respondents mentioned that district libraries have to provide sufficient computers and Internet connection for users.
Table 6.79: Users’ Opinions Regarding the Improvement of the Library Services
S. Suggestions District Town/Sub- Rural Total No. Libraries division Libraries Users Libraries 1. To increase the number 237 562 893 1692 of books in various areas (46.1%) (56.3%) (76%) (63%) 2. To increase the number 186 461 784 1431 of newspapers/magazines (36.1%) (46.2%) (66.7%) (53.2%) 3. To develop the library 232 473 1086 1791 infrastructure (45.1%) (47.4%) (92.5%) (66.7%) 4. To start the automation 368 539 1045 1952 process (71.5%) (54%) (89%) (72.7%) 5. To provide separate 269 387 871 1527 discussion room (52.3%) (38.8%) (74.1%) (56.8%) 6. To provide SMS service 278 476 642 1396 (54%) (47.7%) (54.6%) (51.9%)
The study reveals that users’ suggestions of the town/sub-division libraries are somehow different from the district libraries. The majority of participants i.e. 562 (56.3%) indicated that town/sub-division libraries have to increase the number of books in the various fields. Users reported that many times they are unable to access the information due to the shortage of same copy of a particular book. Nearly 539 (54%) of them suggested that libraries should provide computerised service followed by 476 (47.7%) of them mentioned that libraries must provide SMS service and 473 (47.4%) of participants have reported that libraries have developed their infrastructural facilities. Many users also suggested that town/sub-division libraries Maulanahave to increas eAzad the number Library, of newspapers/magazines, Aligarh provide Muslim separate discussion University room, etc.
The finding also shows that 1086 (92.5%) participants suggested that rural libraries have to develop the library infrastructure with an especial focus on the
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renovation of the library building. Almost all the respondents have stated that they are unable to utilize the library services due to the shortage of seating arrangement in the reading rooms and insufficient space. A large number of 1045 (89%) respondents opined that the libraries should start the automation process. The study revealed that rural libraries have not started the automation process yet. Therefore, library authority should start the automation process in rural libraries to satisfy their user communities. More than 893 (76%) users mentioned that rural libraries have to increase the number of books and newspapers. Apart from these, many users also indicated that the libraries must provide separate discussion room for young adult and women users, create separate recreational room for children, provide mobile library services in the remote area, etc.
Besides all these, users’ of town/sub-division and rural libraries have also suggested some valuable suggestions for the aforementioned libraries that they have to increase the number of books, improve overall infrastructural facilities, provide computer and Internet facility, scientific organisation of books, computerised services, organize more cultural programmes, regularly organize adult education programmes, career council, awareness among the women for various issues, etc. to improve the effective and efficient services of the public libraries in West Bengal.
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References
Annual Report. (2011-2012). Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services Government of West Bengal. Azhikodan, S. (2010). Public libraries in Malabar. New Delhi: Serials Publications. Barua, B. P. (1992). National Policy on Library and Information Systems and Services for India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. Government of West Bengal Mass Education Extension Department. (2006). West Bengal: The Kolkata Gazette, Extra Ordinary, 229. IFLA/UNESCO. (2010). Public library manifesto, 1994, Rev. Version. (Koontz and Gubbin Eds.). The Hague: IFLA.
India Planning Commission. (1986). Report of the Sub-Group on ‘Public Library System’ of the Working Group on Libraries and Informatics, Convened by D. R. Kalia. CLIS Observer 13(1-2), 27-34. Kemp, D. A. (1979). Current awareness services. London: Clive Bingley. Majumder, K. (2016). Community information services through public libraries and information centres: An experience in West Bengal, India. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 5, 797-804. Mittal, R. L. (2007). Library administration: Theory and practice. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications. Mukherji, A. K. (1960). Book selection and systematic bibliography. Calcutta: World Press. Pennsylvania Interlibrary Loan Procedures Manual. (2011). Pennsylvania Department of Education Office of Commonwealth Libraries, Harrisburg. Available at: https://www.statelibrary.pa.gov/Documents/For%20Libraries/Library%20Laws %20and%20Regulations/Interlibrary%20Loan%20Guidelines/Interlibrary%20Lo an%20Procedures.pdf. Retrieved on 3rd April, 2018. MaulanaPorat, L. (2016). Azad User feedback Library, as a mana Aligarhgement tool inMuslim academic libraries: UniversityA review. Performance Measurement and Metrics, 17(3), 214-223.
Prytherch, R. (Ed.) (1995). Harrold’s Librarians’ Glossary and Reference Book. 6th ed. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Co. Ltd.
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Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation. (2018). Available at: http://rrrlf.nic.in/ Retrieved on 16th January, 2018.
Ramasamy, R. (2003). Status of State Central Library in India: An analytical study. In Panda, K. C. (Ed.), Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1988). Library manual: For authorities, librarians and library workers. Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science, 414. Recruitment Rules for Govt. Sponsored Libraries. (1995). Poschimbongo sadharon granthagar ayin porichalina babostha nirdeshaboli o karmiprosonga shaosiyika. Government of West Bengal: Mass Education Extension Deptt., Bikash Bhaban, Salt Lake, Culcutta-91.
Sayers, B. W. C. (1949). J. D. Brown’s Manual of Library Economy. London: Grafton, 226. Venkatesware, R. L. (1974). Opening of school and college libraries to public. In Vashisth, C. P. et al., (Eds.) New Horizons in Library and Information Science. Madras: T. R. Publications. Note: All Snapshots are taken from Facebook ID of the Respective Public Libraries. Abdul Halim Smriti Rural Granthagar, Birbhum District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1788669364793667&set=pcb.17886 70014793602&type=3&theater. Retrieved on 16th January, 2019. Basanta Smriti Pathagar, Nadia District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=515319481854157&set=a.14579740 5473035&type=3&eid=ARAq- TwEEhTfQKxbcGyVjndDar4YnLl16hwIPlAXY2UplOwIBGcQyXcqQoVsyx4 SnupQLN_yMpL9fYTL. Retrieved on 16th January, 2019. District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/dlbdd/. Retrieved on 16th January, 2019. MaulanaKrishnanagar Azad Public Library, Library, Aligarh Nadia Muslim District. Available University at: https://www.facebook.com/Krishnanagar-Public-Library-কৃ নগর-পাবিলক-
th লাইে রী-714880501964022/. Retrieved on 16 January, 2019.
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Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar, Nadia District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=nabadwip%20sadharan%20granthagar . Retrieved on 16th January, 2019. Nadia District Library. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/Nadia-district- library-454147474724735/. Retrieved on 16th January, 2019.
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241 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
CHAPTER: 7 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
7.1 Introduction
This chapter provides the summary of the findings on the present status of public libraries in West Bengal in terms of availability of staff, collection, budget, infrastructural facilities, implementation of information technology, status of library automation, membership compositions and administration set up along with the users’ satisfaction level. The problems and suggestions recommended by the librarians as well as library users for the improvement of the library system and service have also been discussed in this chapter. Apart from these, the tenability of hypotheses and areas for future research has also been discussed.
7.2 Major Findings
The data collected through a survey method using two sets of well-structured questionnaires distributed among the librarians/library-in-charge as well as users of the public libraries under the study. The study revealed various findings on the basis of analysis of the collected data. The major findings are summarised into several groups, headings, and sub-headings as mentioned:
7.2.1 Notable Changes after the Enactment of the Public Library Act, 1979
The West Bengal Public Library Act has been sanctioned in 1979. Among the notable changes, the growth in the number of public libraries has been significant. The number of public libraries before the enactment was 762 and now, as per the data, the public library system in West Bengal comprises of the 12 Government Libraries, 2,463 Government Sponsored Libraries and 7 Government Aided Libraries having the State Central Library as the apex body. In addition to these, 319 Community Library cum-Information Centres have been also established in Gram Panchayats having Maulananeither governmentAzad norLibrary,a government -Aligarhsponsored library Muslim. University
7.2.2 Human Resources
1. The sanctioned posts for the State Central Library are 51, 10 posts for each district library, 4 posts for every town/sub-division library and 2 posts for the
242 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
rural library. However, only 23 personnel are working in different positions in the State Central Library. Regarding district libraries, out of 90 sanctioned posts in different categories, only 47 are presently working in these libraries. Only 91 library staff are presently serving the users of 39 town/sub-division libraries whereas the total sanctioned strength of staff in these libraries are 156. Around 131 library staff are working in the rural libraries where the sanctioned posts are 190.
2. Almost all surveyed public libraries are facing a shortage of professional as well as non-professional staff. In the absence of the professional staff, most of the libraries are facing problems with technical work such as classification and cataloguing along with the automation process. Investigator has tried to find out the reasons and come to know that no recruitment drive had been organised since 2010. Significantly, this problem is not only being faced by the surveyed public libraries in West Bengal but also can be found in all categories of public libraries across India (Ramasamy, 2003; Ghosh, 2003; Wani, 2006; Karn et al., 2006; Azhikodan, 2010; Deswal, 2010, AjithaKumar and Francis, 2015; Mehtab and Munshi, 2017). It is ascertained that due to the lack of government support on the regular recruitment process, public libraries are suffering from the lack of committed staff.
3. Out of the survey of 144 public libraries, 125 librarians are male while 19 are female. Around 48 librarians have obtained Bachelor’s degree along with the Certificate Course in Library Science (CLIS) followed by 34 librarians completed Bachelor’s degree with Bachelor of Library and Information Science degree. 27 of them have done Higher Secondary Education along with Certificate Course in Library Science, 13 librarians have obtained Master’s degree along with Bachelor of Library and Information Science degree and 15 librarians have completed Master’s degree along with Master of Library and Information Science degree. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 4. Out of 144 librarians/library-in-charge, 110 of them have professional working experience of 17 years or above while 34 librarians have working experience of between 5 to 16 years.
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5. All the librarians of the surveyed public libraries in West Bengal have actively participated in the various training programmes. Notably, all of them have attended training programmes organized by the State Central Library as well as District Library Officer. Librarians have revealed during the discussion with the surveyor that these library programmes have immensely advanced them. Thus, the present result agrees with the recommendation of IFLA/UNESCO (2010) that “In addition to in-service training staff should be given opportunities to attend conferences and workshops, relevant to their ability to carry out their work”.
7.2.3 Finance
1. There are two types of grants sanctioned by the state government such as recurring grant and non-recurring grant. Besides this, public libraries also receive financial assistance from Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF).
2. The state government is the major funding body of public libraries of all categories. The other sources of revenue are membership fee, donations from different sources like philanthropists, fine collected from members as well as miscellaneous amount primarily comes from re-issue of lost library cards.
3. It can be observed that the rural libraries have been receiving the lowest grant from the state government as compared to the other three categories of public libraries. Though it was also observed that the state government has been increasing the amounts every year.
4. The State Central Library has expenditure amount of Rs. 14, 65,800 for purchasing books in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 15, 40,000 in 2012-2013, Rs. 21, 88,400 in 2013-2014, Rs. 22, 48,600 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 25, 50,000 during 2015-2016. The study reveals that for subscription of periodicals and newspapers, the library has expenditure amount of Rs. 7, 24,500 during the Maulanafinancial Azad year 2011Library,-2012, Rs. 9, Aligarh 20,600 in 2012 Muslim-2013, Rs. 12, 20,450University in 2013- 2014, Rs. 15, 62,300 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 19, 73,600 in 2015-2016 (Table 6.14).
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5. The average expenditure of town/sub-division libraries for purchasing of books was Rs. 25,600 in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 26,800 in 2012-2013, Rs. 32,500 in 2013-2014, Rs. 32,400 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 33,700 during 2015- 2016. The average subscription of periodicals and newspapers, libraries have spent the amount of Rs. 14,420 during the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 16,670 in 2012-2013, Rs. 18,840 in 2013-2014, Rs. 18,450 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 19,780 in 2015-2016 (Table 6.16).
6. The average expenditure of rural libraries for purchasing of books Rs. 10,500 in the financial year 2011-2012, Rs. 11,800 in 2012-2013, Rs. 12,600 in 2013- 2014, Rs. 13,400 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 15,450 in 2015-2016. Notably, the average subscription of periodicals and newspapers, libraries have spent the amount of Rs. 5,840 during 2011-2012, Rs. 6,260 in 2012-2013, Rs. 7,210 in 2013-2014, Rs. 7,640 in 2014-2015 and Rs. 8,600 in 2015-2016 (Table 6.17).
7. The Miscellaneous expenditure are audit charge, stationery, bookbinding, electric bills, meeting expenses, photocopy and printing charges, expenses spent on organization of cultural programmes, traveling charges, postal charges, etc.
7.2.4 Library Collection
1. All the public libraries have a book selection committee and they prefer to use publishers’ catalogues and user suggestions for the procurement of books from the Book Fair which is held in every district in the months of November to February.
2. All the public libraries under the study have been developing their collection through purchasing and subscribing to books, periodicals and other reading materials every year. Besides all this, public libraries in West Bengal receive a number of books from Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) every year. Notably, the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 32 town/sub- division libraries occasionally receive books directly from the authors which Maulanathey receive Azad from the publishersLibrary, as author Aligarh complimentary Muslim copies. University
3. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 15 town/sub-division libraries have more than 22, 000 book collection. The majority of rural libraries have around 4,000 to 8,000 books in their collection. Approximately 80% of the book
245 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
collection in all the surveyed public libraries under the study is in the Bengali language while English collection ranges between 10-15% and the rest of the collection is available in Hindi.
4. The State Central Library has a ratio of 125 books per active member. The district libraries have average 29-51 books per member while town/sub-division libraries have average 15-20 books and rural libraries have average 20-25 books per member. Thus, it is clear that the result agrees with the IFLA/UNESCO (2010) Public Library Guidelines that “an established book collection should be between 1.5 and 2.5 books per-capita”.
5. The State Central Library has total 154 maps and atlas, 140 audio cassettes, 160 video cassettes and more than 350 CDs/DVDs. The average numbers of maps and atlas collection in all district libraries have more than 25 while 11 audio cassettes and 61 CDs/DVDs. More than 7 maps and atlas and 26 CDs/DVDs are available in the town/sub-division libraries. The average number of maps and atlas collection in all rural libraries are 3 and more than 8 CDs/DVDs. The rural libraries do not have any audio and video cassettes in their collection.
6. The State Central Library has subscribed 9 local as well as national newspapers while the majority of district libraries have subscribed average 5 newspapers. Most of the town/sub-division libraries have subscribed 3 to 4 daily newspapers while rest of them have subscribed 1 to 2 newspapers. It was also observed that all the rural libraries under this study have subscribed to only 1 newspaper for each.
7. More than 155 periodicals/magazines are subscribed by the State Central Library while 6 district libraries have subscribed to 31 to 45 periodicals/magazines and 3 libraries have subscribed to above 46 periodicals/magazines. Most of the town/sub-division libraries have subscribed 16 to 30 periodicals/magazines. In the context of rural libraries, the majority of them subscribed 1 to 15 Maulanaperiodicals/magazines. Azad Library,Subsequently, Aligarh the subscribed Muslim newspapers Universityand magazines are in the Bengali language while few newspapers and magazines are in other languages.
8. The study revealed that the State Central Library, all the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries under this study maintain bound volumes of the
246 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
important periodicals/magazines. Librarians of most of the rural libraries have indicated that due to the paucity of finance and shortage of staff, they are unable to maintain bound volumes.
9. The State Central Library, 8 district libraries, and only 12 town/sub-division libraries have various special collection such as more than 200 to 300 years old rare books, manuscripts, pictorial arts during the British period, idols, pamphlets, etc. It was also observed that with the assistance of National Mission for Manuscripts, Government of India, manuscripts are preserved in a proper way like inner wrapping with acid-free paper and starch free red shaloo cloth.
7.2.5 Technical Process
1. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 39 town/sub-division libraries, and 48 rural libraries are using the Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme 19th edition to classify their books. Notably, 47 rural libraries do not follow any as such popular or standard classification scheme for arranging books in their libraries but they do classify their books according to the name of the Author, Subject and genre.
2. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and 37 town/sub-division libraries have catalogued their documents by using the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules 2. Around 42 rural libraries do not follow any standard cataloguing code (Table 6.26). The investigator has found that these rural libraries are operated by only one staff where most of them don’t have any professional skills for classification and cataloguing of the books. Therefore, it is clear that due to the shortage of professional library staff, especially rural libraries are being hampered in their technical works.
7.2.6 Physical Resources
1. Almost all the surveyed public libraries are functioning in their separate Maulanalibrary building.Azad Significantly,Library, Only Aligarh 3 town/sub Muslim-division libraries University are functioning in rented buildings due to the unavailability of library space and building. It worthy to be noted here that some of the rural libraries are functioning in a single room. And thus, these rural libraries are facing great challenges and cannot give their services properly to the users. They cannot
247 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
create separate section to their female and children users, and cannot properly organize meetings, programmes and seminars.
2. Most of the rural libraries have a single reading room while the State Central Library and majority of the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have average of two reading rooms. It is also revealed that the State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 33 town/sub-division libraries, and only 18 rural libraries have seminar room.
3. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries are providing purified drinking water facility while rural libraries have no water purifier machine, but they do provide tube-well facility.
4. All public libraries under this study are providing parking facility, while a few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries do not offer parking facility due to the lack of library space.
5. Almost 75% of surveyed libraries have separate washroom and toilet facility for male and female users. The result also highlights that 20% of rural libraries are providing only washroom facility. A very few rural libraries have no washroom as well as toilet facility.
6. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and most of the town/sub- division libraries have satisfactory numbers of furniture equipment but the strength of furniture in the rural libraries are not satisfactory.
7.2.7 Information Technologies
1. The State Central Library, all the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have computer and necessary IT equipment like photocopy machine, printer, scanner, etc. while the majority of rural libraries do not have computer and necessary IT equipment. The result also correlates with Dhar (2010), Das (2012) and Ayub (2015) that most of the rural libraries in Jammu & Kashmir, MaulanaAssam Azad and JalpaiguriLibrary, district, AligarhWest Bengal Muslim do not have available University IT like computer, Internet, printer, photocopy machine, etc.
2. All the public libraries under the study have Internet connectivity except rural libraries.
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7.2.8 Automation Process
1. The automation process has started in the State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries. The study also reveals that not a single library has completed the automation process yet. The study demonstrated that many library staff are not trained to use modern technologies which hindered the library automation process.
2. The State Central Library is using Red HAT 4 (LINUX) operating system while all district libraries and town/sub-division libraries are using UBUNTU 10.04 operating system. All 9 district libraries along with the State Central Library using Libsys 7 Library Management Software, whereas all 39 town/sub-division libraries are using Koha 3.10 Integrated Library Management Software.
7.2.9 Library Members
1. Besides, the ordinary membership provided by all surveyed libraries, the State Central Library, 5 district libraries, 15 town/sub-division libraries, and 14 rural libraries provide lifetime memberships as well.
2. The active members are more in the State Central Library and district libraries in comparison to the town/sub-division and rural libraries (Table 6.34).
3. Not a single library provide free services to their user communities, therefore, this result is against with the statement which has been given by IFLA/UNESCO (2010) that “the public library shall in principle be free of charge”.
4. All the surveyed public libraries collect a nominal annual subscription fee from their ordinary members as well as life members. However, not a single public library collects membership fee and annual subscription fee from children member. Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 7.2.10 Library Administration
1. The Directorate of Library Services is the apex administrative body of the public library system in West Bengal. However, the State Central Library and all the district libraries are directly controlled by the Directorate of Library
249 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
Services, West Bengal. All the town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries in each district are under the control of the District Library Officer (DLO).
2. For managing the library in a systematic manner, the State Central Library has ‘Advisory Committee’ while all the surveyed district libraries, town/sub- division libraries, and rural libraries have ‘Library Committee’. It also revealed that the majority of surveyed public libraries meet bi-monthly.
3. The membership registers of most of the surveyed public libraries are inaccurate and incomplete.
7.2.11 Services and Facilities
1. Most of the public libraries under the study lend only one book to their member for two weeks at a time. However, almost all the libraries are providing renewal facility to their users.
2. Almost all the surveyed public libraries have created a separate reference section. A few numbers of rural libraries do not have any separate reference section. Librarians of these rural libraries have reported that due to the inadequate infrastructure they are unable to create a separate reference section, but they have merged their reference collection with other separate bookshelves.
3. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, 36 town/sub-division libraries, and 78 rural libraries have created a separate children’s section. A few numbers of town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries do not have a separate children’s section’ due to the lack of infrastructural facility. Notably, in order to explore the hidden talents of the children, almost all the libraries organise various competitions and cultural programmes.
4. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries, and only 5 town/sub-division libraries are providing special service to women. These libraries have created a Maulanaseparate Azad reading Library, room for women Aligarh and have arrangedMuslim some special University books as well as magazines in distinct bookshelves.
5. Almost all the public libraries under the study organize various cultural programmes every year on the occasions of Saraswati Puja, Independence
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Day, Rabindra Jayanti, International Mother Language Day, International Women’s Day, etc.
6. The State Central Library, 8 district libraries, and 19 town/sub-division libraries conduct various career counselling programmes to increase consciousness among the user communities for effective use of the library resources and services. The experts from the different subjects were invited to deliver a talk for the motivation of students. It also came to known that young users who are preparing for competitive examinations are highly benefited by these programmes.
7. The majority of surveyed public libraries are providing referral service. The investigator has personally observed that these libraries have kept handbooks, bibliographic information of the same district and other necessary contact information.
8. The State Central Library, 8 district libraries, and 11 town/sub-division libraries are providing bibliographic service. Notably, most the town/sub- division libraries and rural libraries have reported that due to the lack of library staff they are unable to provide bibliographic service.
9. The majority of surveyed public libraries are providing community information service to the local community which includes train and bus names and their time tables, information about doctors and hospitals, agricultural information, displaying job-related advertisements from several newspapers on the notice board, provide summer and winter vacation travel plan, cultural information, etc.
10. The State Central Library, 9 district libraries and 39 town/sub-division libraries are giving photocopy facility to the users with a nominal charge of Rs. 1 per page. Maulana11. The study Azad revealed Library, that almost all Aligarh the rural libraries Muslim are facing Universityseveral problems such as shortage of space problem, lack of financial support from the government, shortage of staff, poor infrastructure and inadequate book collection.
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7.2.12 Users’ Perception
1. The majority of users from all categories of libraries are unemployed youth followed by students, businessman, housewives and retired persons. The study also revealed that the largest number of participants are graduates in different disciplines followed by M.A/M.Sc. and school students.
2. A large number of participants from all categories of libraries are positively using public libraries for more than 5 years.
3. A majority of participants from district libraries and town/sub-division libraries are using the library almost every day. The finding relates to the previous result that a large number of unemployed youth and students use the library for preparation of comparative examinations. Therefore, they visit the library regularly. There is a significant difference which was observed in the frequency of library visit by the users of rural libraries. Most of the users from rural libraries visit the library once in a week. Many participants from rural libraries have remarked that they do not visit the library regularly due to the lack of seating arrangement, inadequate library collection, unsuitable reading environment, etc.
4. A large number of participants from district libraries, town/sub-division libraries, and rural libraries visit the library for borrowing and returning the books. It has also revealed that the next maximum percentage of users come to the library for preparing competitive examinations and reading newspapers and magazines (Table 6.62). The present findings correlated with the results of Kinya (2011) that the majority of users from public libraries of Kenya visits the library for borrowing and returning of books followed by reading newspapers and periodicals.
5. An interesting finding of the present study is that unemployed youth and students from all categories of libraries prefer to read ‘employment newspaper’ Maulanain Azadthe library .Library,The results substantiate Aligarhthe study Muslim conducted by UniversityPravathamma and Reddy (2009) that a large number of users visit the public library to read newspapers and magazines besides obtaining information regarding employment opportunities. However, general users prefer to read ‘Ajkal’ and ‘Bartaman’ Bengali daily newspapers.
252 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
6. A large number of respondents from all categories of libraries prefer to read competitive examination books, yearbooks along with subjective books. Notably, retired persons, housewives, and businessman wish to read novel, poetry, drama and historical books in the public library for developing their knowledge (Table 6.64). The results also highlight that participants from all categories of libraries consulted reading materials in the Bengali language as this is the mother tongue of the people of West Bengal.
7. The findings show that majority of participants’ from all categories of public libraries retrieved books and other reading materials from the library with the assistance of library staff.
8. Participants from district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have reported that they use public libraries because of the availability of the best range of books, good infrastructural facilities, and suitable library environment.
9. Book collection, everyday newspapers subscription, report collection and the collection of subscribed periodicals and magazines are very good in the surveyed district libraries.
10. The majority of participants are highly satisfied with book lending service, reading room service and extension services. Many users are satisfied with reference service, bibliographic service, and reprographic service.
11. The location of the district library, library working hours, seating arrangements, library environment, parking and drinking water facilities are very good. However, the behaviour of the library staff members is quite positive and they are helpful too.
12. The availability of reading materials in the town/sub-division libraries are satisfactory but further improvements needed. Libraries have to subscribe to more number of newspapers and also procure subjective books for schools Maulanastudents. Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 13. Majority of the users are only satisfied with the different services and facilities provided by the town/sub-division libraries. Notably, it was observed that a large number of respondents have no idea about various services offered by the libraries. Many respondents have reported that the quality of library services
253 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
and facilities are poor. Although the behaviour of the library staff members is very good.
14. The majority of users have rated that the book collection and periodical/magazines in the rural libraries are average while newspaper and report collection are poor.
15. Users are partially satisfied with some of the services and facilities which are provided by rural libraries like reading room service, reference service, and extension services. Notably, it has also been found that many respondents have no idea about various services offered by the libraries. The overall assessment highlights that the quality of library services are poor and also users are not satisfied.
16. There are many users who have reported that the reading room and washroom of the rural libraries are not clean and hygienic enough. Significantly, around 30% of users are not satisfied with the arrangement of books on the bookshelves in rural libraries.
17. Many rural libraries do not provide parking facilities to their user communities due to the unavailability of sufficient space and infrastructure. The results also relate to the findings of Kinya (2011) and Okorodudu (2012) that a maximum number of users were not satisfied due to the poor infrastructural facilities.
18. A large number of participants have suggested that public libraries should organize various cultural programmes, women welfare programmes, various competitions for children and user awareness programmes.
19. Almost 90% of users from all categories of libraries have suggested that libraries should start computerized services as early as possible.
20. Users of town/sub-division and rural libraries have also suggested some valuable suggestions such as libraries have to increase the number of books, Maulanaimprove Azad overall Library, infrastructural Aligarh facilities, provid Muslime computer University and Internet facilities, scientific organisation of books, career council programme, etc. to improve the effective and efficient services of the public libraries in West Bengal.
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7.3 Tenability of Hypotheses
Hypothesis-1:
Public library system has undergone through notable changes in the aftermath of the West Bengal Public Library Act, 1979.
The landmark development had been witnessed in the year 1979 when the Left Front government had passed the West Bengal Public Library Act. The Left Front government adopted a comprehensive programme to extend the public library system in West Bengal. In order to do so, a discussion cycle was held at the state level in 1979. In that discussion cycle, the guidelines and conditions for transforming the private libraries in government-sponsored libraries and a set of guidelines for setting up the new government-sponsored libraries were accepted. According to this scheme, 1000 rural libraries and 63 town/sub-division libraries in 1980, 500 rural libraries in 1981, 20 town/sub-division libraries in 1982 and 100 rural libraries were established in 1986. In addition to these, 114 government-sponsored rural libraries were upgraded to the to town/sub-division libraries. As a result, government-sponsored 762 libraries (In 1977) were increased in number to 2,468 in the year 2000 (Majumdar, 2008). At present, there are 2,482 government/government sponsored/ government aided public libraries in West Bengal.
The researcher has tried to find out the reason behind the notable changes in the development of public libraries within 20 years. It has been revealed that for the development of literacy rate, the Left Front government had established a number of public libraries in different parts of West Bengal. It is worthy to be pointed out here that the government of West Bengal through public libraries had started to literate the commons who were not in the light of education earlier. The hypothesis is thus proved.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
255 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
Hypothesis-2:
H0- There is no significant difference in terms of library collection among the district, town/sub-division and rural libraries.
Table 7.1: Showing Difference among the District, Town/Sub-division and Rural Libraries in terms of Library Collection
ANOVA
Sum of df Mean Square F Sig. Squares Between Groups 348.879 2 174.439 285.964 .000** Within Groups 85.401 140 .610 Total 434.280 142 ** Significant at 0.01 level.
From table 7.1 it is obvious that the value of the F statistic is 285.964, which is highly significant (0.01 level). Here, in the present interpretation null hypothesis is rejected as the Sig. value is lower than the P=0.05. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the library collection among the district, town/sub-division, and rural libraries. The researcher further applied Scheffe’s Post Hoc test to know the exact difference between two particular groups and to avoid the type-I error. Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test Table 7.2: Multiple Comparisons (I) Type (J) Type Mean Difference Std. Error Sig. (I-J)
TL -2.765* .149 .000 RL DL -4.842* .272 .000 RL 2.765* .149 .000 TL DL -2.077* .289 .000 RL 4.842* .272 .000 MaulanaDL Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University TL 2.077* .289 .000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
The above table value (P= .000*) which is statistically significant at 0.05 level shows that significant difference exists between rural and town/sub-division libraries
256 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
in terms of library collection. It also shows that significant difference between the rural and district libraries followed by town/sub-division and district libraries in terms of collection. The hypothesis is hence rejected.
Hypothesis-3:
H0- There is no significant difference in terms of availability of IT infrastructure in the district, town/sub-division and rural libraries.
Table 7.3: Showing Difference among the District, Town/sub-division and Rural libraries in terms of Availability of IT.
ANOVA
Sum of df Mean F Sig. Squares Square Between Groups 145.785 2 72.892 312.566 .000 ** Within Groups 32.649 140 .233 Total 178.434 142 ** Significant at 0.01 level.
From table 7.2 it is obvious that the value of the F statistic is 312.566, which is highly significant (0.01 level). Here, in the present interpretation null hypothesis is rejected as the Sig. value is lower than the P=0.05. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in the availability of IT among the district, town/sub-division, and rural libraries. The investigator further applied Scheffe’s Post Hoc test to know the exact difference between two particular groups and to avoid the type-I error. Scheffe’s Post Hoc Test Table 7.4: Multiple Comparisons (I) Type (J) Type Mean Difference Std. Error Sig. (I-J)
TL -1.948* .092 .000 RL DL -2.768* .168 .000 Maulana RLAzad Library,1.948* Aligarh.092 Muslim.000 University Tl DL -.821* .179 .000 RL 2.768* .168 .000 DL TL .821* .179 .000 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
257 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
The above table value (P=.000*) which is statistically significant at 0.05 level shows that a significant difference exists between rural and town/sub-division libraries in terms of availability of IT. It also shows that significant difference between the rural and district libraries followed by town/sub-division and district libraries in terms of availability of IT. The hypothesis is therefore rejected.
Hypothesis-4:
District libraries are equipped well in terms of library infrastructure in comparison to town/sub-division, and rural libraries.
The study revealed that all surveyed district libraries have occupied the total area of more than 1500 sq. ft. while 25 town/sub-division libraries have covered around 1000-1500 sq. ft. area and 14 libraries have around 500-1000 sq. ft. area. Table 6.29 also shows that 83 rural libraries have covered around 500-1000 sq. ft. area whereas only 12 libraries have around 1000-1500 sq. ft. area.
Most of the library buildings in district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have far better in comparison to rural libraries. Table 6.30 highlights that 5 district libraries have 3 reading rooms while 4 libraries have 2 reading rooms. Most of the town/sub-division libraries have 2 reading rooms while majority of rural libraries have only one reading room. The interesting findings come out from this study that some of the rural libraries are functioning in a single room. Besides these, district libraries are providing well managed drinking water facility, parking facility, washroom/toilet, electricity/generator, and available furniture equipment’s in comparison to the town/sub-division and rural libraries. Hence, this hypothesis is proved.
Hypothesis-5:
Most of the libraries under study are lacking sufficient staff.
Undoubtedly, professional library staff are the fundamental pillars for Maulanamanaging Azad the library Library, services in a systematic Aligarh way. However, Muslimprofessional University library staff are those who possess the Library and Information Science degrees such as Master of Library and Information Science (MLISc.), Bachelor of Library and Information Science (BLISc.) or Certificate Course in Library Science (CLIS). Table 6.5 clearly shows that almost all categories of surveyed libraries have been facing a shortage of
258 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
professional staff. It is worthy to be pointed out here that some of the librarians are also looking after the affairs of other libraries which are located in the nearby village. Significantly, at this time, retired library professionals are re-appointed with a consolidated salary to run the affairs of many public libraries. It is, thus, strongly advised the state government to take initiatives regarding the recruitment process of professional staff at all level of public libraries in West Bengal. The hypothesis is therefore proved.
Hypothesis-6:
There is no significant difference between district, town/sub-division and rural libraries and level of satisfaction of their users.
The study revealed that the majority of participants from district libraries are highly satisfied with library collection, different services and facilities provided by the libraries. On the other hand, majority of the users are only satisfied with the library collection, different services and facilities which are being provided by the town/sub- division libraries. Many respondents have reported that the quality of library services and facilities are poor. The results also highlight that most of the users have argued that the book collection and periodical/magazines in the rural libraries are average while newspaper and report collection is poor. Users are partially satisfied with some of the services and facilities provided by rural libraries. The overall assessment highlights that the quality of library services are poor and also users are not satisfied. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference exists between district libraries, town/sub-division libraries and rural libraries regarding the level of satisfaction of their users. Thus, this hypothesis is rejected.
7.4 Problems and Suggestions for Improvement
After critically evaluating the existing public library system and services of West Bengal, the investigator has identified some of the critical problems which are faced by the librarians of all surveyed libraries. Now, it is necessary to contemplate Maulanathe solutions for Azad the current Library, difficulties so that Aligarh the public libraries Muslim will be able University to get back into the first place. The following suggestions have been drafted for the proper functioning and enhancement of the public library system and services in the state.
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7.4.1 Standards and Guidelines
Standards and guidelines are essential for a public library to function smoothly and provide effective services to the users. There are several areas in public libraries where proper standards and guidelines are required such as funding, library collection, space, infrastructure, staff, information technology, library committee, and service related areas. However, Chatterjee (2017) stated that in India, there are no proper standards and guidelines for public libraries. Further, he suggested that Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), Government of India should formulate standards and guidelines for the Indian public libraries in accordance with the model of Australian Public Library Guidelines. Notably, the present study also suggests that Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) may be formulated public library standards for each state in collaboration with Indian Library Association (ILA).
7.4.2 Library Staff
1. At present, almost all public libraries are facing a shortage of professional as well as non-professional staff. It is, thus, suggested to the state government to start an urgent recruitment process and fill up the vacant positions.
2. Most of the library staff reported that they do not get promotion on time. Therefore, it is recommended to the state government to drive the recruitment process along with the promotion of qualified and experienced staff members.
3. Library staff should be improved their professional skill and bring up-to-date knowledge by attending various seminars, training programmes, workshops, etc.
4. Library staff should interact with their users and motivate them for using the library regularly. It is also suggested that librarians and library committees should organize ‘users’ awareness programmes’ for guiding their users to use the library resources and services effectively and efficiently.
7.4.3 Financial Support MaulanaAfter Azad evaluating Library, the financial data,Aligarh it is clear that Muslimthe allocation Universityof budget in all level of surveyed libraries is far from satisfactory. Librarians of rural as well as town/sub-division libraries have reported that the budget allocation is quite meager, and at the end of the financial year, libraries are left with only a small amount of money that can hardly be spent for other purposes. Therefore, it is suggested to the
260 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
state government of West Bengal that if they could increase the annual budget in this time of high inflation, the libraries can purchase on-demand reading materials and also re-modify their services and facilities.
7.4.4 Library Collection
1. The investigator has observed that the reference collection are not up-to-date in most of the town/sub-division and rural libraries. Therefore, it is essential to update their reference collection on various subjects to satisfy the need of the users.
2. All the rural libraries under the study have subscribed only one newspaper. It is recommended that each rural library should be subscribing at least two newspapers one in Bengali and another in the English language.
3. It was observed that the magazines which are subscribed by the public libraries are mostly for entertainment purposes. All public libraries should be subscribed to some scholarly periodicals covering different subject areas on the current issue to meet the educational need of the students as well as unemployment youth those who preparing for competitive examinations.
4. According to user points of view, most of the rural libraries have an inadequate collection in comparison to the district and town/sub-division libraries. Hence, rural libraries should develop their collection according to their users’ need.
5. During the survey, it has been observed that the libraries are mostly used by the students and unemployed youth. If the library provides the necessary textbooks and helpful reference books to them, it would be very beneficial for both the students and the library especially in a situation where it is not possible for the students to purchase all their necessary book for the increasing value and price of textbooks as well as references books.
7.4.5 Infrastructural Facilities Maulana1. The study Azad revealed that Library, almost all the Aligarh district and town/sub Muslim-division librariesUniversity have situated in central place with good infrastructure. Notably, some of the libraries in rural areas are running in ramshackle buildings which are in urgent need of repair. Thus, it is suggested to the Directorate of Library Services West Bengal to take necessary action to start the repairing work in these rural libraries.
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2. Many rural libraries have been functioning in single rooms only. The government, as well as RRRLF, should provide sufficient fund to extend the library building.
3. Many rural libraries do not provide parking and toilet facilities to their users. It is highly suggested that these rural libraries should provide parking and toilet facility.
7.4.6 Effective Services and Facilities
7.4.6.1 Free Public Library Service
It has been seen that almost all public libraries have collect a nominal annual membership fee from their adult members. It is suggested that public library should provide free service to all citizen of our society. Notably, Pradhan and Tripathi (2010) remarked that “information should be available free of costs unless printing and copying costs are involved. Not the cash value, exchange of belief is more important in public library service”.
7.4.6.2 Computerized Library Service
It is necessary to modernize all categories of public libraries in accordance with the current time, trend and demand. Majority of the librarians have indicated that due to the insufficient number of computers and other ICT tools, they are unable to provide computerized services to their users. Thus, the government should provide enough number of computers and other necessary tools and techniques for organizing the library system and services in accordance with modern technologies.
7.4.6.3 Mobile Library Service
The study revealed that only 5 libraries are providing mobile library service. Based on the findings, the researcher has advised to the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries that they may start to provide mobile library service especially to the disabled people who are unable to visit the library.
Maulana7.4.6.4 Services Azad for older,Library, Retired and Aligarh Physically Challenged Muslim People University
Many of the old aged, retired and physically challenged people feel lonely and neglected in our current social system. They can survive the lazy and lament day by reading. Books can be their favourite companion. If they are engaged in reading, they
262 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
will not feel neglected. It could be emphasized by public libraries. For this purpose helps can be taken from the local clubs and social organizations.
7.4.6.5 Services to Distance Education Students
Distance education in our country is expanding rapidly in order to provide the opportunity of education to many people who are deprived of opportunities for higher education due to lack of formal education. In such a situation, if the books and newspapers are kept according to the needs of users in the public library, then this programme will be popular to such readers are in the future, it will be possible to create a new readers group.
7.4.7 Separate Section for Children, adolescent and Women
During the survey, it was observed that many town/sub-division and rural libraries do not have a separate section for children and women. Therefore, it is suggested that these libraries should create a separate section for children and women. In addition to this, for children, arrangements for reading stories and children novels can be organized. For teenagers, attractive illustrations, map and chart display system for geography and history, etc. should be arranged. Women often do not feel comfortable with others. Thus a separate reading room should be arranged for them.
7.4.8 Public Relations, Programmes and Publicity
1. All the librarians have reported that by the influence of social and electronic media, the reading habit is decreasing day by day. As a result, social and cultural degradation is being noticed and it has a direct impact on the use of books and libraries. Consumerism is gradually consolidating society. Most of the librarians have suggested that public libraries should re-organize their service patterns based on current trends and technologies. There is a need to organize ‘users awareness programmes’ and also use social media for marketing and promoting their library resources and services. Maulana2. The library Azadmay be responsible Library, for making Aligarh people aware Muslimof the real value Universityof the library. Many people of the society are still not aware of the proceedings of the library. They do not know what services they can get from the library. The library has to organize a literacy conference, various types of seminars, etc. These kinds of programmes will increase the publicity of the library. In order to
263 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
increase the number of members, the library should reach out to the common people.
7.4.9 Role of the State Government
1. The state government should realize the significance of public libraries and provide adequate funds and other necessary support for the modernization of all categories of libraries in the state.
2. West Bengal Public Library Act was amended subsequently in 1993, 1994, 1998 and 2003. Since 2003, the Act has not been amended again. During this long gap, so many changes and development have occurred. Therefore, the state government should be revised the West Bengal Public Library Act according to the changing environment of every segment of the society.
3. In order to increase the interest of reading books in the public, the book fair was organized in every district, but the quality of the books in the book fair is very low and therefore, it creates a bad and negative idea about the library among the general public. To develop the library services, it is necessary to review the current book buying policy, special attention should be given to the information needs of the readers. Attention must be given to the common people so that they can participate actively in the book fairs. Only the interest in reading books increases, and they will come to the library by themselves.
4. The last annual report published by the Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal in 2011-2012. Therefore, the state government should publish an annual report on time.
7.4.10 Evaluation
1. There is no punctuality in the process of the audit of the libraries. It is also not exactly inspected whether the management associations are reconstructed within a specific time frame or not or whether libraries spend money in specific sectors Maulanaor not.AzadTherefore, Library, it is advised Aligarh to the District LibraryMuslim Officers University to evaluate the progress report on time.
2. User survey is one of the important instrument to identify the performance of the library. Thus, library authority should evaluate user perception and improve the entire quality of library resources and services.
264 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
3. According to Azhikondan “the programs and services of the public libraries should be evaluated by the library authorities on a regular basis to ascertain whether they are:
Achieving the objectives and declared goals of the library,
Able to meet changing needs,
In need of improvement, and
Adequately resourced” (Azhikondan, 2010).
7.5 Suggestions from the Librarians
The investigator has requested the librarians/library-in-charge of all surveyed public libraries to share their valuable suggestions based on their personal experiences for further improvement and development of their respective libraries. After analyzing the key suggestions received from the librarians, it was revealed that 74% librarians have suggested that the government of West Bengal should appoint professional as well non-professional staff and also increase the annual recurring grant. Librarians of district libraries and town/sub-division libraries have recommended that libraries should conduct regularly career counseling programme, awareness programmes, and also offer open access facility for effective use of the library materials.
All the librarians of rural libraries have suggested that the government should provide the computer and Internet facility and sufficient funds for the extension and construction of the library building and furniture. Librarians have also recommended that library must organize users awareness programmes, provide free library service, start new services like inter-library loan service, photocopy service, parking facility, proper washroom facility for both male and female, etc.
7.6 Recommendations for Further Research
In an era of ‘Information explosion’ which has been witnessing a rapid increase in the amount of information and knowledge, it is not possible to cover all Maulanathe aspects of anyAzad topic in Library, depth with equal Aligarh emphasis. Notwithstanding Muslim thisUniversity fact, efforts have been made to touch all important points regarding the selected topic.
On the basis of the understanding develop during the present study, the researcher may point some areas for further research:
265 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
1. As mentioned to the thesis, the researcher has covered only nine districts for the present doctoral work. Researcher may select remaining districts for the future research.
2. There are still some Indian states like Jharkhand, Bihar, Tripura, etc. for which have not been yet covered. These states may be opted for indepth study.
3. Application of ICT in public libraries in different Indian states may be chosen for further research.
7.7 Conclusion
Public libraries are playing a significant role in improving the entire system of a country including education, communication, social affairs, etc. and it became the source of enlightenment to the mind of people. It is an open platform for the common people of the society where they can acquire knowledge from various sources of information along with participation in several socio-cultural activities. Due to such great contribution, public libraries are considered as the ‘responsible institutions’ where people can get social and cultural benefits in their entire life.
The historical survey sketched that the Britishers played a pivotal role in inculcating interest and awareness about public libraries in West Bengal. Notably, the establishment of Calcutta Public Library is considered as a remarkable landmark in the history of public library movement in Bengal. The study understand that the milestone development had been witnessed in the year 1979 when the Left Front Government had passed the West Bengal Public Library Act. Subsequently, a notable quantitative change was noticed with regard to the number of government-sponsored libraries. At present, the West Bengal Public Library System is managed by the Department of Mass Education Extension and Directorate of Library Services.
The study revealed that the State Central Library and district libraries are in a healthy condition in terms of book collection, finance, physical facilities and IT Maulanaequipment Azadwhile the Library,town/sub-division Aligarh and rural libraries Muslim are under University-resourced. All categories of libraries under the study are unable to cater the effective and efficient services to their user communities due to the shortage of professional as well as non- professional staff. Particularly, many rural libraries are hampered in their technical works like classification, cataloguing, stock verification, etc. Some of the rural
266 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
libraries are functioning in a single room as well as ramshackle buildings. The reading room, seating arrangements, and other necessary physical facilities are not satisfactory in most of the rural libraries. The availability of IT equipment is satisfactory in the State Central Library, district libraries, and town/sub-division libraries. But many librarians have reported that library staff are not knowledgeable with modern technologies which directly impact on the automation process. It also revealed that IT equipment is totally absent in most of the rural libraries. Librarians of the rural libraries have reported that they are unable to provide computerised services among their users due to the absence of computer and Internet. Notably, librarians of the rural libraries have also stated that budget allocation is quite meagre, and at the end of a financial year, libraries are left with only a small amount of money that can hardly be spent for the development of services and start a new one.
The findings also highlight that unemployed youth and students are mostly using the public libraries. Users from the district libraries and town/sub-division libraries are satisfied with services and facilities which are provided by the libraries. Although the overall quality of library services provided by the rural libraries are poor and also users are not satisfied. The present study also revealed that many users from different level of public libraries are not aware of various services and facilities offered by the libraries. Thus, it is advised to the government of West Bengal that they should give their eminence priorities for the enchantment of the public library system in the state based on the present findings and suggestions.
Therefore, it is hoped that the results of the study would be a subject of great help to the librarians, policy-makers and the Directorate of Library Service West Bengal, to improve and develop their library services and facilities.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
267 Chapter 7 Findings, Suggestions and Conclusion
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Tanackovic, S. F., Lacovic, D. & Stanarevi, S. (2012). Public libraries and linguistics diversity: A small scale study on the Slovak Ethnic Minority in Eastern Croatia. Libri, 62, 52-66.
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Walia, P. K. & Momeni, E. (2011). Collection development in public libraries of Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Tehran. Collection Building, 30(4), 160–66.
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Conference Articles
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Mahapatra, R. K., Das, S. & Majumder, B. (2017). Status of public library system of south Tripura: A study. In Chatterjee et al., (Eds.) IASLIC 31st all India Conference on Public Libraries in India in 21st Century (pp.12), IASLIC.
Mahapatra, R. K., Das, S. & Majumder, B. (2017). Status of public library system of south Tripura: A study. In Chatterjee et al., (Eds.) IASLIC 31st all India Conference on Public Libraries in India in 21st Century (pp.12), IASLIC.
Nagaraj, M. N. (1997). Milestone in the path of library services of India. Paper presented during the National conference on ‘Scenario of public libraries in 21st Century’ held at on May 22-24, Calcutta, (p.1-33). Cited by Ramasamy, R. (2003). (Unpublished).
Radijeng, K. (2013). The Role of public libraries in the attainment of Botswana’s vision 2016 World Library and Information Congress: 79th IFLA General Conference and Council, Singapore, August, 2013. Available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. Retrieved on 10th November, 2016.
Ranganathan, S. R. (1972). Opening address to all India Seminar on Public Library System. In Ranganathan, S. R. & Neelameghaan. (Eds.), Public Library System. Bangalore: SREFL.
Roychoudhury, P. (1988). Public library development in West Bengal. In R. K. Saha. (Ed.), Library movement in India, Calcutta: Bengal Library Association, 136.
Saha, R. (1988). Library movement in West Bengal. In Saha, R. (Ed.), Library movement in India, Calcutta: Bengal Library Conference Library, 153-159.
Sen, P. (2017). Collection development and services of government district library, Barasat, West Bengal: A survey. In Chatterjee et al., (Eds.) IASLIC 31st all India MaulanaConference Azadon Public LibrariesLibrary, in India Aligarhin 21st Century (p.12),Muslim IASLIC. University Venkatesware, R. L. (1974). Opening of school and college libraries to public. In Vashisth, C. P. et al., New Horizons in Library and Information Science. Madras: T. R. Publications.
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Verma, P. & Sharma, S. (2014). Status of public library system in Uttar Pradesh: A comparative study. In Nigam et al. (Eds.) National Seminar on issues and challenges for development of public libraries in India (pp. 29-31), Agra: Y. K. Publications.
Reports
Annual Report. (2011-2012). Department of Mass Education Extension and Library Services Government of West Bengal.
Annual Report of Labour in West Bengal. (2013-14). Department of Labour, Government of West Bengal.
Bhattacharjee, R. (2002). Public library services in India: Systems and deficiencies, Country Report: India. Available at: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s8/annual/cr02- in.htm. Retrieved on 19th March, 2016.
India. Ministry of Education and Youth Services. (1959). Report of the Advisory Committee for Libraries. New Delhi: Ministry of Education, 32.
India Planning Commission. (1986). Report of the Sub-Group on ‘Public Library System’ of the Working Group on Libraries and Informatics, Convened by D. R. Kalia. CLIS Observer 13(1-2), 27-34.
Power for all West Bengal Report. (2016). A joint imitative of govt. of India and govt. of West Bengal. Available at: https://powermin.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/joint_initiative_of_govt_of_in dia_and_West_Bengol.pdf. Retrieved on 12th September, 2017.
Encyclopaedia
Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. (2018). Public Library History. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/library/The-Middle-Ages-and-the- Renaissance. Retrieved on 18th October, 2016.
Feather, John. & Sturges, R. P. (2003). International Encyclopaedia of Information Maulanaand AzadLibrary Science Library,. London: Roultledge. Aligarh Muslim University
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2010). Encyclopaedia Britannica, (15th Ed.). Inc. (22), Chicago.
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Wedgeworth, R. (1993). World Encyclopaedia of Library and Information Services. Michigan: American Library Association.
Young, H. (Ed.). (1983). The ALA Glossary of Library & Information Science. Chicago: ALA.
Websites
Abdul Halim Smriti Granthagar, Birbhum District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1788669364793667&set=pcb.178867001 th 4793602&type=3&theater. Retrieved on January 16 , 2019.
Barbara, K. K. (2001). Survivor: The History of the Library. History Magazine, 10/11. Available at: http://www.history-magazine.com/libraries.html. Retrieved on 19th March, 2018.
Basanta Smriti Pathagar, Nadia District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=515319481854157&set=a.14579740 5473035&type=3&eid=ARAq- TwEEhTfQKxbcGyVjndDar4YnLl16hwIPlAXY2UplOwIBGcQyXcqQoVsyx4 SnupQLN_yMpL9fYTL. Retrieved on January 16th, 2019.
Census of India. (2011). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Referance_material.html. Retrieved 8th February, 2017.
Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html. Retrieved on 6th September, 2017.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport Libraries, Information and Archives Division. (n.d). Comprehensive, Efficient and Modern Public Libraries – Standards and Assessment. Available at: https://lemosandcrane.co.uk/resources/DCMS%20%20Public%20library%20serv Maulanaice%20standards%20(2).pdf Azad Library,. Retrieved onAligarh 18th March, 2016. Muslim University Directorate of Library Services West Bengal. (2019). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/dls_mvc/ Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
District Library of Dakshin Dinajpur. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/dlbdd/. Retrieved on January 16th, 2019.
283 Bibliography
Krishnanagar Public Library, Nadia District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/Krishnanagar-Public-Library-কৃ নগর-পাবিলক-
th লাইে রী-714880501964022/. Retrieved on January 16 , 2019.
Mass Education Extension and Library Services. (2011). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/scl/pdf/service-libraries.pdf. Retrieved on 12th October, 2017.
Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar, Nadia District. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=nabadwip%20sadharan%20granthagar . Retrieved on January 16th, 2019.
Nadia District Library. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/Nadia-district- library-454147474724735/. Retrieved on January 16th, 2019.
National Library of India. Available at: http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/history.html. Retrieved on 15th September, 2017.
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. (2011). Census. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/Ad_Campaign/Referance_material.html. Retrieved on 6th September, 2017.
Pennsylvania Interlibrary Loan Procedures Manual. (2011). Pennsylvania Department of Education Office of Commonwealth Libraries, Harrisburg. Available at: https://www.statelibrary.pa.gov/Documents/For%20Libraries/Library%20Laws %20and%20Regulations/Interlibrary%20Loan%20Guidelines/Interlibrary%20Lo an%20Procedures.pdf. Retrieved on 3rd April, 2018.
Public Library Association. (2018). PLA mission and goals. A Division of the American Library Association. Available at: http://www.ala.org/pla/about/mission/mission-goals. Retrieved on 3rd September, 2018.
MaulanaRaja RammohanAzad Library, Roy Library Aligarh Foundation. Muslim (2019). AvailableUniversity at: http://rrrlf.nic.in/Default.aspx. Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
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State Central Library. (2017). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/scl/html/index.php. Retrieved on 12th October, 2017.
West Bengal Public Library Network. (2019). Available at: http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/ Retrieved on 28th February, 2019.
Miscellaneous
American Library Association. (1983). The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science. In Young, H. et al., (Eds.). Chicago: American Library Association.
American Library Association. (1996). Public Library Division. Co-ordinating Committee on Revision of Public Library Standards. Public library service: A guide to evaluation with minimum standards. Chicago: ALA, 4.
Datta, N. (2012). Role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation in the Development of Public Libraries in West Bengal. Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal. Available at: Http://Hdl.Handle.Net/10603/121487. Retrieved on 22th April, 2017.
Finnish Library Act. (1998). In Public library service: IFLA/UNESCO guidelines for development, Munchen, K. G. Saur, 2001, 105.
Government of West Bengal Mass Education Extension Department. (2006). West Bengal: The Kolkata Gazette, Extra Ordinary, p.229.
IFLA/UNESCO. (1998). Public library manifesto, 1994, Rev. Version. The Hague: IFLA. Available at: http: //www.unesco.org. Para 1. Retrieved on 13th March, 2016.
IFLA/UNESCO. (2010). Public library manifesto, 1994, Rev. Version. (Koontz and Gubbin Eds.). The Hague: IFLA.
MaulanaIndia, (2014). Azad Reference Library, Annual. Ministry Aligarh of Information Muslim and Broadcasting University Government of India.
285 Bibliography
Indian Library Association. (2004). Sixty-third Annual report. Quoted by Jashu Patel and Krishan Kumar. In Libraries and Librarianship in India. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Notification of Mass Education Extension & Library Services Department, 2017. Available at: https://meels.gov.in/assets/pdf/service-libraries.pdf. Retrieved on 13th March, 2018.
Public Libraries Research Group. (1971). Public library aims and objectives. Library Association Record, 73(12).
Recruitment Rules for Govt. Sponsored libraries. (1995). Poschimbongo Sadharon Granthagar Ayin Porichalina Babostha Nirdeshaboli o Karmiprosonga Shaosiyika. Government of West Bengal: Mass Education Extension Deptt., Bikash Bhaban, Salt Lake, Culcutta-91.
RRRLF Newsletter. (2016-2017). Vol. 4 No. October-March, 7. Available at: http://rrrlf.nic.in/pdf/Newsletter_No.4_October_2016-March_2017.pdf. Retrieved on 04th November, 2017.
Samanta, R. (2012). Public library services in different continents of the World: An evaluative study, suggesting a suitable model for West Bengal. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Jadavpur University, Department of Library and Information Science: Kolkata.
West Bengal Public Library Act, 1979. (1980). Assent of the President was first published in the Calcutta Gazette, Extraordinary, of the 7th January.
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
286 Appendix-A
Department of Library and Information Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 (Questionnaire Distributed to Librarians/Library-in-Charge)
Respected Sir/ Ma’am I am pursuing a research programme in Library & Information Science on the approved topic “Public Library System in West Bengal: An Evaluative Study” for my Ph.D. thesis. The purpose is to assess the public library system and services in West Bengal, to evaluate, identify their problems, and try to suggest measures essential for their improvement in tune with the changing trends in the present information society.
Your kind co-operation in filling up this questionnaire would be highly appreciated. The information duly filled by you would be kept confidential and will be used only for the research purpose.
Shamim Aktar Munshi Research Scholar Enrolment Number: GD-2903 Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
287 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARIANS/LIBRARY-IN-CHARGE
SECTION- A
LIBRARY PROFILE
A. Name of the library: ______
B. Status of the library:
District library Sub-divisional library
Town library Rural/ Primary unit/ Area library
C. Address of the library:______
D. Phone number (With STD code) & Email:______
E. Year of establishment: ______
F. Location of the library: Rural Urban
LIBRARIAN/ LIBRARY-IN-CHARGE PROFILE
1. Name of the Librarian/Library-in-Charge:______
2. Sex: Male Female
3. Age:______
4. Educational qualifications:______
5. Working experiences:______
LIBRARY STAFF 6. Please point out the total staff strength and their qualifications in your library:
S.N. Designation Educational qualifications No. of Pay scale staff 1. Library Assistant
2. Library Attendant
Maulana3. Junior AzadLibrary Library, Aligarh Muslim University Attendant 4. Library Peon/Book Binder 5. Cleaner
288 7. Please answer the following questions:
S.N. Questions Answer
1. Total number of sanctioned staff
2. Total number of existing staff
8. Does your staff get opportunities for professional development? Yes No
*If yes, how?
S.N. Programmes Yes No
1. By training programmes
2. By attending various conferences
3. By attending various workshop
4. Through in-house lectures
LIBRARY COLLECTION
9. Please indicate the total book collection of your library______
10. Please indicate the total collection of non-book materials in the following categories in your library:
S.N. Non-book materials Collection size
1. Maps/Atlas
2. Audio cassettes
3. Video cassettes
4. CDs/DVDs
5. Microfilms
6. Microfiches Maulana 7.AzadOthers Library, Aligarh Muslim University
11. How do you build your library collections? (Multiple choices are permitted). By Purchase By Subscription
By Gift As a Delivery Book Act
289 12. Please mention the language, in which the major collection is available in your
library:______
13. Do you have any special collection (rare collection) in your library?
Yes No
*If yes, please write the kinds of collections:
* * 14. Please mention how many newspaper are being subscribed by your library?
______
15. Please mention how many periodical are being subscribed by your library?
______
16. Language wise newspapers/ periodical subscriptions:
Newspaper/ Periodicals Total collections Newspapers Periodicals
Bengali
English
Hindi
Urdu
Others
LIBRARY FINANCE
17. How much grants received by the library from 2011 to 2016?
S.N. Sources 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016
1. Raja Rammoham Roy Library Foundation 2. State Government Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University 3. Others
290 18. Please give the details of library revenue from 2011 to 2016:
S.N. Sources of 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Revenue 1. Membership charges 2. Donation from different organization 3. Donation from public 4. Fine of loss books
5. Others
19. What is the expenditure of your library from 2011 to 2016?
S.N. Sources of 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Expenditure 1. Books
2. Periodicals
3. Office
4. Furniture
5. Library automation 6. Others
LIBRARY SPACE, BUILDING AND FURNITURE
20. Is the library building on:
Separate & own building Shared & own building
Rented & separate building Rented & shared building
21. The total area of the library (Sq. ft.):______
22. The total reading room area in your library:______
Maulana23. Is Azadthere any workshop/seminar/meeting Library, Aligarh room in yourMuslim library? YesUniversityNo
291 24. Please give the details of the furniture in your library:
S.N. Furniture Total number
1. Chairs & tables
2. Bookshelves
3. Magazine display racks
4. Newspaper stands
5. New book display stands
6. Almirah
7. Computer tables
LIBRARY TECHNICAL PROCESSING
25. Which classification scheme is followed in your library?
______
26. Which cataloguing code is followed in your library?
______
27. How the arrangement of books is being done in your library?
Call Number Wise Accession Number Wise
Subject Wise
Any other method______
28. Dose the library go for stock verification? Yes No
*If yes, after how much time you verify your stock?
Six months One year Two years
Three years More than three years
Maulana AzadINFORMATION Library, TECHNOLOGY Aligarh Muslim University
29. How many computers are available in your library?
______
30. Is there Internet connection available in your library? Yes No
292 31. How many printers are available in your library?
Laser printers Inkjet printers
32. Is there any scanner available in your library? Yes No
LIBRARY AUTOMATION
33. Does the library is automated? Yes No
*If no, what is the reasons for that?
S.N. Reasons Yes No
1. Lack of funds
2. Lack of IT literacy among the library staff 3. No support from the authority
*If yes, the library is: Fully automated Partially automated
*If yes, which library management software is being used?
______
34. If partially automated, which of the following modules have been automated?
Acquisition Cataloging Circulation
Serials Control Article Indexing
LIBRARY MEMBERSHIP
35. What types of membership provided in your library?
Life membership Ordinary membership
Ordinary membership (1-2 years) Any other______
36. Total members in your library: Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University S.N. Categories No. of members
1. Children members
2. Male members
3. Female members
293 37. Kindly mention the membership fee in your library:
S.N. Categories Fee (in R.S)
1. Children members
2. Adult members
38. Is there any annual fee charged by the library? Yes No
*If yes, how much charges will take for the members?
S.N. Categories Annual fee (in R.S)
1. Children members
2. Adult members
LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION
39. Which administrative body control in your library?
Directorate of Library Services of West Bengal District Magistrate
State Central Library of West Bengal Panchayats
40. Is there any library committee? Yes No
41. How often the library committee meets?
Once a Month Bi-monthly
Six months Annually
LIBRARY RECORDS
42. What type of registers maintain in your library?
S.N. Record books Yes No
1. Accession Register Maulana2. AzadMembership Library, Register Aligarh Muslim University 3. Periodical Register
4. Newspaper Register
5. Furniture Register
294 6. Member attendance Register
7. Meeting Register
8. Staff attendance Register
9. Visitors Register
10. Any other
LIBRARY NEWS AND FEEDBACK
43. Does the library have any feedback counter? Yes No
44. Does the library provide any internal and external news to the users?
Yes No
*If yes, how to provide?
S.N. News Yes No
1. Through letter
2. Through notice board
3. Through telephone
4. Through SMS
SECTION-B
LIBRARY ACTIVITIES & SERVICES Access to the Library Services
45. Please answer this following questions: S.N. Questions Answer
1. What is the working time of your library?
2. How many holidays in the year?
Maulana3. Total Azad working Library, days in a week Aligarh Muslim University
4. What are the lending hours?
295 Lending Service
46. Lending services details: (Please mention week, month, etc.).
S.N. Questions Answer
1. How many books are allowed to borrow for library member? 2. The time period for books loan?
3. Is there a renewal facility provided by the library?
4. Are there any fine /overdue charges taken by the library? If yes how much?
Reference Service
47. Is there any separate reference section in your library? Yes No
48. What types of services are provided by the library in Reference Section?
Open Access Closed Access Both
Children Services
49. Does the library offer children service? Yes No
50. On an average how many children visit your library per day? ______
51. Is there any program/competition organized by the library to motivate the children?
S.N. Programmes/competitions Yes No
1. Painting competitions
2. Cultural programme
3. Sports
4. Reading club Maulana Azad5. Discovery Library, show Aligarh Muslim University 6. Film shows
296 52. Which language is mostly preferred by the children?
Bengali English Others ______
(If other please mention).
Women Services
53. Is there any special service for women in your library? Yes No
54. Does the library provide any special programmes for women?
S.N. Name of the programmes Yes No 1. Speeches on different topics useful for women 2. Training for self-employment 3. Any other
Extension Services
55. Does your library provide extension services? Yes No
*If yes, please indicate the services:
S.N. Name of the extension services Yes No 1. Cultural programme 2. Mobile library service 3. Adult education 4. Seminar/ discussion 5. User education programme 6. Celebration of important day’s e.g. Independence day, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore Birthday, etc.
56. Are there any entertainment equipment’s facilities available in the library? (Multiple choices are permitted).
Television Radio Maulana AzadMusic system Library,Tape recorders Aligarh Muslim University 57. Does your library have indoor game facilities? (Multiple choices are permitted).
Carom Chess
Ludo Any other______
297 Other Services
58. Is there following services provided in your library?
S.N. Services Yes No 1. Referral Service 2. Current Awareness Service 4. Bibliographic Service 5. Inter-Library Loan Service 6. Photocopy Facility 7. Community Information Service 8. Service to the illiterates and neo-literate
SECTION-C PROBLEMS OF THE LIBRARY
59. Which of the following problems, does your library face as a barrier in the development? Kindly tick () the statement in the following problems/constraints, which in your opinion is the most appropriate.
S.N. Problems Extreme Considerable A little No problem problem problem problem
1. Lack of administrative support
2. Lack of space problem
3. Lack of financial problem
4. Shortage of professional staff
5. Shortage of non-professional staff
6. Lack of proper infrastructure
7. Inadequate library collection
60. Please give your suggestions based on your experience and understanding to Maulanaimprove theAzad services inLibrary, your library? Aligarh Muslim University ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Date Signature with seal
“Thanks for the great help and kind co-operation”
298 Appendix-B Department of Library and Information Science Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh-202002 (Questionnaire Distributed to User)
Respected Sir/ Ma’am I am pursuing a research programme in Library & Information Science on the approved topic “Public Library System in West Bengal: An Evaluative Study” for my Ph.D. thesis. The purpose is to assess the public library system and services in West Bengal, to evaluate, identify their problems, and try to suggest measures essential for their improvement in tune with the changing trends in the present information society.
Your kind co-operation in filling up this questionnaire would be highly appreciated. The information duly filled by you would be kept confidential and will be used only for the research purpose.
Shamim Aktar Munshi Research Scholar
PERSONAL DATA A. Name ______
B. Gender:
Male Female C. Age group:
Below 15 15-20 21-25 26-30
Maulana31 -Azad40 Library,41-50 AligarhAbove Muslim 50 University D. Please mention your category among the following:
Students Officers / Professionals Self-employed Retired
Business Unemployed Youth House-wife
299 E. Please mention your qualification:
5th class to 10th class 11th class to 12th class B.A/B.Sc.
M.A/M.Sc. Professional courses
Others______
F. What is your economic status?
Low income Middle income
High income No income
MEASUREMENT OF LIBRARY USE 1. How long are you visiting the public library?
Since six months Since 1 year Between 1-2 years
Between 2-3 years Between 3-5 years 5 years above
2. How frequently do you visit the public library?
Almost every day Once in a week Once in a month
As be need Rarely
3. If you haven’t used the library regularly, please tick the actual reasons.
(Multiple choices are permitted).
The library is not in close proximity to my residence
Working hours not suitable
The environment of the library in not suitable
Library collection is not adequate
Adequate seating facilities not provided Maulana Any otherAzadreasons______Library, Aligarh Muslim University 4. How much time do you spend in the library?
Less than one hour One to two hours
Two to three hours More than three hours
300 5. What purposes do you visit the public library? (Multiple choices are permitted).
Newspapers & magazines reading To borrow and return books/ lending
Exam preparation Preparing for competitive exams
Seeking knowledge To spend leisure time
To attend library programmes Any other purposes______
6. Please mention the name of the newspapers you read in the public library:
(Multiple choices are permitted).
Anandabazar Patrika Bartaman Pratidin Ajkal
The Times of India The Hindu Employment News
Others______
7. Which types of books you consult usually? (Multiple choices are permitted).
Novel Poetry Historical books Religious books
Drama Science books Literature/Language Health science
8. Please mention the reference sources you consult usually? (Multiple choices
are permitted).
Encyclopaedias Year books Directories
Handbooks Dictionaries Others______
9. Please mention your most preferred language while using the library
collection:
Bengali English Urdu
Hindi Others ______(If others, Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University please mention the language)
10. How do you retrieve the bibliographical information about the book?
Consult library catalogue With the help of library staff
With the help of the friends Any other______
301 11. What are the particular reasons for using a public library? (Multiple
choices are permitted).
Abundance of material freely available Nearest from home
Best range of books Feel more comfortable
Suitable atmosphere Good infrastructure
MEASUREMENT OF SATISFACTION LEVEL
12. How would you rate the library collection? S. Services Very Good Average Poor Very No. Good Poor
1. Book collection
2. Newspaper collection
3. Periodical/Magazines
4. Report collection
13. How would you rate the library services mention below? S. Services Highly Satisfied Partially Not Highly No. Satisfied satisfied satisfied Dissatisfied 1. Book lending service
2. Reference service
3. Reading room service
4. Bibliographic service
5. Interlibrary loan service
6. Current Awareness Service (CAS) 7. Referral service
8. Reprographic service Maulana9. Extension servicesAzad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
302 14. Please rate your satisfaction level regarding the following aspects. S. Library infrastructure Very Good Average Poor Very No. good Poor
1. Rules and regulation
2. Location of the library
3. Cleanliness
4. Arrangement of books on the shelves 5. Behaviour of staff
6. Library working hours
7. Library environment
8. Seating arrangement
SUGGESTIONS & IMPROVEMENT
15. What type of socio-cultural activities do you expect from the public library?
Organize adult education programmes
Book exhibition
Cultural programme
Various competitions
Organizing competition to inculcate reading habit among children
Awareness about different diseases
To organize women welfare programmes
Celebration of important days 16. What is your opinion about the improvement of the library services? (Multiple choices are permitted).
To increase the number of books in various areas
To increase the number of newspapers/magazines
To develop the library infrastructure
Maulana AzadTo start theLibrary, automation process Aligarh Muslim University
To provide separate discussion room
To provide SMS service Signature & Date
“Thank You for Your Great Co-operation”
303 Appendix-C Questionnaire for Library Users (English to Bengali)
Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
304 Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
305 Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
306 Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University
307 Appendix-D List of Total Surveyed Public Libraries in West Bengal
S. No. Surveyed Name of the Library Address Year of PL in WB Established 1. SCL= 1 State Central Library, West Bengal Ultadanga, Kolkata 1956 2. Bankura District Library Bankura 1955 3. Birbhum District Library Srui, Birbhum 1955 4. District Library of Daksin Dinajpur Balurghat, Daksin Dinajpur 1914 5. Howrah District Library M.G. Road, Howrah 1952 6. Malda District Library Malda Town 1957 7. Murshidabad District Library Berhampore, Murshidabad 1955 8. Nadia District Library Ghurni, Krishnanagar 1919 District District Libraries=9 9. Purulia District Library Bhabataran Road, Purulia 1950 10. District Library of Uttar Dinajpur Karnojora, Uttar Dinajpur 2004 11. Chhatna Chandidas Granthagar Chhatna, Bankura 1967 12. Sonamukhi Town Library Sonamukhi, Bankura 1980 13. Taldangra Town Library Taldangra, Bankura 1959 14. Karidhya Town Library Karidhya, Birbhum 1953 15. Kirnahar Rabindra Smriti Samity Kirnahar, Birbhum 1941 Town Library 16. Bolpur Sadharan Pathagar Bolpur, Birbhum 1916 17. Sainthia Town Library Sainthia, Birbhum 1962 18. Dubrajpur Town Library Dubrajpur, Birbhum 1939 19. Gangarampur Milanee Town Library Gangarampur, D. Dinajpur 1957 20. Yukta Sangha Town Library Anandabagan, D. Dinajpur 1968 21. Bally Sadhran Granthagar Bally, Howrah 1885
22. Libraries=39 Purbasha Granthagar Dewan Gaji Road, Howrah 1956 23. Mohiary Public Library Andul Mouri, Howrah 1886 division 24. - Santragachi Public Library Santragachi, Howrah 1916 25. Friends Club Library Jagacha, Howrah 1901 26. Gazole Sadharan Gyanagar Gazole, Malda 1947 Town/Sub 27. Old Malda Bani Bhawan Town Old Malda, Malda 1960 Library 28. Samsi Binapani Town Library Samsi, Malda 1953 Maulana29. AzadManikchak TownLibrary,Library AligarhManikchak, Muslim Malda University1972 30. Malatipur Sarat Chandra Bani Mandir Malatipur, Malda 1948 Upgraded Town Library 31. Beldanga Prasanna Kumar Main Town Beldanga, Murshidabad 1920 Library 32. Ramendra Sundar Smriti Pathagar Kandi, Murshidabad 1937
308 Shahar Granthagar 33. Lalgola M.N. Academy Public Town Lalgola, Murshidabad 1913 Library 34. Ula Sadharan Pathagar Birnagar, Nadia 1922 35. Nabadwip Adarsha Pathagar Nabadwip, Nadia 1952 36. Nabadwip Sadharan Granthagar Nabadwip, Nadia 1907 37. Krishnanagar Public Library Krishnanagar, Nadia 1856 38. Binapani Pathagar, Gobindapur Gobindapur, Purulia 1954 39. Manbazar Town Library Manbazar, Purulia 1978 40. Itahar Bandhab Town Library Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur 1953 41. Sushil Chandra Town Library Kaliyaganj, Uttar Dinajpur 1938 42. Bishnupur Sub-divisional Library Bishnupur, Bankura 1976 43. Jitendralal Sub-divisional Library Jitendralal, Birbhum 1976 44. Anandam Sub-divisional Library Uluberia, Howrah 1957 45. Bandhab Samity Lalbag Sub- Lalbag, Murshidabad 1919 divisional Library 46. Kandi Acharyay Ramendra Sundar Kandi, Murshidabad 1963 Mohakuma Granthagar 47. Tehatta Nabarun Pathagar Tehatta, Nadia 1968 48. Raghunathpur Sub-divisional Library Raghunathpur, Purulia 1975 49. Raiganj Sub-divisional Library Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur 1977 50. Jhanti Pahari Rural Library Jhantipahari, Bankura 1957 51. Kharbona Adibashi Gramin Kharbona, Bankura 1987 Granthagar 52. Rajgram Milani Sangha Library Rajgram, Bankura 1963 53. Pourabarta Library Pathakpara, Bankura 1980 54. Barajora Bandhab Samiti Library Barajora, Bankura 1958 55. Bibarda Jagriti Sangha Pathagar Bibarda, Bankura 1975 56. Radhanagar Agradut Club Pathagar Radhanagar, Bankura 1975 57. Punisole Ajimia Gramin Granthagar Punisole, Bankura 1979 58. Kakra Dara Milani Sangha Library Kakra Dara, Bankura 1960 59. Raipur Rural Library Raipur, Bankura 1941 Libraries =95 60. Tilaboni Udayan Club Pathagar Tilaboni, Bankura 1981
61. Rural Tiluri Rural Library Tiluri, Bankura 1959 62. Saltora Rural Library Saltora, Bankura 1951 Maulana63. AzadTrimohini Library,Progressive Aligarh Union Rural Trimohini,Muslim Murshidabad University1969 Library 64. Sarbodaya Sangha Rural Library Jhobona, Murshidabad 1967 65. Netajee Pathagar Patikabari, Murshidabad 1948 66. Kalitala Shridurga Library Kalitala, Murshidabad 1951 67. Sargachhi Ramkrishna Mission Library Sargachhi, Murshidabad 1897
309 68. Kazisaha Nazrul Library Kazisaha , Murshidabad 1967 69. Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandi Berhampore, Murshidabad 1998 Shahar Granthagar 70. Bankim Chandra library Berhampore, Murshidabad 1905 71. Raghunath Club Govt. Sponsored. Raghunath, Murshidabad 1971 Rural Library 72. Raghunathpur Deshbandhu Pathagar Amtala, Murshidabad 1961 73. Benadaha Siraj Smriti Pathagar Benadaha, Murshidabad 1978 74. Jitpur Public Library Jitpur, Murshidabad 1978 75. Pashla B.K.M. Library Pashla, Murshidabad 1960 76. Saraswati Library Jangipur, Murshidabad 1910 77. Mangal Jan Rural Library Mangal Jan, Murshidabad 1976 78. Netaji Pally Pathagar Gulandar, Uttar Dinajpur 1947 79. Gouranga Smriti Pally Pathagar Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur 1955 80. Vivekananda Granthagar Sudarshanpur, U. Dinajpur 1982 81. Bhandar Pally Pathagar Baghan, Uttar Dinajpur 1980 82. Bahin Bandemataram Rural Library Bahin, Uttar Dinajpur 1979 83. Faridpur Atoir Palli Pathagar Bidaypur, D. Dinajpur 1950 84. Nayabazar Palli Pathagar Nayabazar, D. Dinajpur 1952 85. Vivekananda Milan Palli Pathagar Baragram, D. Dinajpur 1976 86. Namtore Jatirgram Sadharan Pathagar Namtore, Dakshin Dinajpur 1979 87. Harirampur Udayan Palli Pathagar Harirampur, D. Dinajpur 1958 88. Jakhirpur Palli Pathagar Jakhirpur, D. Dinajpur 1982 89. Gobindapur Public Library Gobindapur, Purulia 1957 90. Vivekananda Pathagar Ketika, Purulia 1947 91. Najrul Smriti Sahitya Pathagar Karcha, Purulia 1978 92. Adhar Smriti Bani Mandir Hutmura, Purulia 1946 93. Barabhum Public Library Barabazar, Purulia 1958 94. Amal Smriti Pathagar Dumurdi, Purulia 1968 95. Janata Library Sindri, Purulia 1960 96. Debiprashad Memorial Library Balarampur, Purulia 1968 97. Netaji Subhas Library Nowadih, Purulia 1982 98. Universal Club & General Library Radhagobindapur, Purulia 1956 99. Burda Tarun Sanga Library Burda, Purulia 1945 100. Prodyot Smriti Pathagar Palashipara, Nadia 1943 Maulana101. AzadPalsunda Sadharan Library, Granthagar AligarhPalsunda, Muslim Nadia University1971 102. Bankim Smriti Gramin Pathagar Kanainagar, Nadia 1973 103. Biplabi Kabi Sukanta Pathagar Nazirpur, Nadia 1978 104. Sukanta Smriti Gana Pathagar Betai, Nadia 1979 105. Radhanagar Jagarani Sadharan Pathagar Radhanagar, Nadia 1954 106. Maliapota Juban Jagarani Samity & Maliapota, Nadia 1961
310 Pallisri Library. 107. Natidanga Tarun Samity Pathagar Natidanga, Nadia 1959 108. Karimpur Public Library Karimpur, Nadia 1967 109. Dnarermath Public Library Dnarermath, Nadia 1970 110. Sahid Subodh Sukhit Pathagar 1971 111. Matoil Nabarun Sangha Rural Library Matoil, Malda 1964 112. Basanti Gramin Pathagar Basanti, Malda 1979 113. Kumar Shibapada Memorial Institute Chanchal, Malda 1937 114. Baidyanathpur Sanskriti Pathagar Baidyanathpur, Malda 1978 115. Raigram Library Raigram, Malda 1953 116. Sukanta Pathagar Fulbaria, Malda 1979 117. Bachamari Kabi Bharati Bhawan Bachamari, Malda 1947 Sadharan Pathagar 118. Anneswa Granthagar Anneswa, Malda 1990 119. Norhatta Club & Library Norhatta, Malda 1954 120. Illambazar Rural Library Illambazar, Birbhum 1958 121. Samssuzzoha Zakia Public Library Suri, Birbhum 1938 122. Sidhu Kanu Smriti Pathagar Suri, Birbhum 1983 123. Rupaspur Sailajananda Smriti Pathagar Rupaspur, Birbhum 1982 124. Lokpur Agrani Rural Library Lokpur, Birbhum 1958 125. Najrul Sukanta Pathagar, Chinpai Chinpai, Birbhum 1980 126. Balijuri Rural Library Balijuri, Birbhum 1957 127. Hetampur Ramranjan Sadharan Pathagar Hetampur, Birbhum 1947 128. Udaynagar Gramin Granthagar Udaynagar, Birbhum 1981 129. Bhabanipur Rural Library Bhabanipur, Birbhum 1981 130. Abdul Halim Smriti Granthagar Sardanga, Birbhum 1995 131. Howrah Seva Sangha Narasingha Road, Howrah 1942 132. Sanskriti Rural Library Chakpota, Howrah 1959 133. Rabindra Pathagar Parbakshi Parbakshi, Howrah 1951 134. Joypur Arya Samity Joypur, Howrah 1896 135. Manasri Sadharan Pathagar North Manasri, Howrah 1967 136. Sridurga Sadharan Pathagar Kharia Maynapur, Howrah 1955 137. Sukanta Smriti Pathagar Bahira, Howrah 1963 138. Maju Public Library Maju, Howrah 1902 139. South Jhapordah Public Library South Jhapordah, Howrah 1928 Maulana140. AzadDafarpur Library, Ramkrishna Library Aligarh MuslimDafarpur, Howrah University1918 141. Jaynagar Deshbandhu Pathagar Joynagar, Howrah 1945 142. Bainan Public Library Bainan, Howrah 1919 143. Rabindra Pathagar, Bangalpur Bangalpur, Howrah 1943 144. Ladhurka Palli Pathagar Ladhurka, Purulia 1956
311