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Comment Gagner Le Prix Pritzker? Un Regard Sur Les Évolutions Du Milieu

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Comment Gagner Le Prix Pritzker? Un Regard Sur Les Évolutions Du Milieu Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? Un regard sur les évolutions du milieu architectural depuis 1979 Rosalie Robert To cite this version: Rosalie Robert. Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? Un regard sur les évolutions du milieu architectural depuis 1979. Architecture, aménagement de l’espace. 2012. dumas-01833364 HAL Id: dumas-01833364 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01833364 Submitted on 9 Jul 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License NANTES DE D'AUTEUR Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? D'ARCHITECTURE Quel est le point commun entre Philip Johnson et Wang Shu ? En 1979 DROIT et en 2012, ils ont tous deux été récompensés par le plus prestigieux des prix Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? d’architecture, le Prix Pritzker. Un jury constitué des plus grands noms de AU l’architecture et de la culture a décidé que leur œuvre entière avait apporté un regard sur les évolutions du milieu architectural depuis 1979 une contribution significative à l’humanité. Pourtant, tout oppose ces deux architectes. Il ne s’agit pas seulement d’une différence d’âge, de nationalité, de style architectural. Récompensant à 33 ans d’intervalles un architecte- stratège, véritable businessman de la culture, et un architecte-artisan, proche des traditions chinoises, le Pritzker semble être le plus imprévisible SOUMIS des prix. SUPERIEURE Quel architecte célèbre, arrivé au sommet de sa carrière, ne rêve pas de gagner le prix Pritzker ? C’est l’ultime consécration. Pour les autres — l’immense majorité des architectes —, le prix est une preuve de plus du fossé qui les sépare de ce que l’on appelle «star-system». Les 37 lauréats du Pritzker seraient les architectes les plus connus de leurs générations respectives. Gagner le prix Pritzker, c’est accéder à ce petit cercle de noms célèbres internationalement Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? En répondant à cette question,DOCUMENT nous expli- querons la naissance du star-system et la mise en placeNATIONALE des mécanismes de sélec- tion d’une élite architecturale. Plus de 35 ans après sa création, nous avons le recul nécessaire pour porter, à travers ce prix, un regard critique sur l’évolution du milieu de l’architecture. Rosalie Robert Rosalie Robert - sous la direction de Marie-Paule Halgand ECOLE NANTES DE D'AUTEUR D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT AU SOUMIS SUPERIEURE DOCUMENT NATIONALE ECOLE NANTES DE D'AUTEUR D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT AU SOUMIS SUPERIEURE DOCUMENT NATIONALE ECOLE Sommaire NANTES DE Avant-propos p.1 Introduction p.3 Partie 1 : Le prix Pritzker D'AUTEUR Chapitre 1 : Un «prix Nobel de l’architecture» p.8 Chapitre 2 : Création et financement, la famille Pritzker p.10 Chapitre 3 : Les lauréats p.14 Chapitre 4 : Le jury p.20 D'ARCHITECTURE Chapitre 5 : La cérémonie p.32 DROIT Chapitre 6 : Tapis rouge p.39 AU Partie 2 : Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? Chapitre 1 : Architecture et star-system p.42 Chapitre 2 : La publication de l’architecture p.47 Chapitre 3 : Les écoles d’architecture p.64 Chapitre 4 : Concours internationaux et commandes prestigieuses p.73 SOUMIS Chapitre 5 : Expositions : promotion et autopromotion p.86 SUPERIEURE Partie 3 : l’architecture au risque du star-system Chapitre 1 : Comment gagner le prix Pritzker en 10 leçons p.98 Chapitre 2 : «Qu’importe l’oeuvre»... p.100 Chapitre 3 : Pronostics p.102 Chapitre 4 : L’architecture au risque du star-system p.106 DOCUMENT NATIONALE Annexes Un entretien avec François Chaslin p.111 Grand Tableau des lauréats Table des illustrations p.132 Médiagraphie ECOLE p.133 NANTES DE D'AUTEUR D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT AU SOUMIS SUPERIEURE DOCUMENT NATIONALE ECOLE 1 Avant-propos NANTES DE Ce travail est basé sur une comparaison objective de ce que nous appellerons les « C.V. » des lauréats. Cette comparaison est retranscrite, pour une part, dans le tableau situé en annexe. Ce tableau ne peut pas prétendre à l’exhaustivité (hélas !), puisque chaque architecte ne laisse filtrer que ce qu’il veut de son travail, c’est d’ailleurs un sujet que nous aborderons. Dans la Partie 2, les graphiques associés à chaque architecte ont seulement valeur d’illustra- D'AUTEUR tion et ne sont en aucun cas des documents d’étude à part entière. Ces graphiques permettent de visualiser rapidement auquel des mécanismes abordés chaque architecte doit sa célébrité. Les dessins représentant les architectes sont tirés du Domus n°956. Les codes « PP 96 » ou « PP 00 » qui suivent les noms des lauréats sont des abréviations pour D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT « prix Pritzker 1996 » ou « prix Pritzker 2000 ». AU SOUMIS SUPERIEURE DOCUMENT NATIONALE ECOLE NANTES DE 2 D'AUTEUR D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT AU SOUMIS SUPERIEURE DOCUMENT NATIONALE ECOLE 3 Introduction NANTES DE « Honorer un architecte vivant, dont l’oeuvre construite démontre talent, innovation, engagement, et qui a apporté une contribution significative à l’humanité et à l’environnement construit par son architecture.»1 D'AUTEUR Quel est le point commun entre Philip Johnson et Wang Shu ? En 1979 et en 2012, ils ont tous deux été récompensés par le plus prestigieux des prix d’architecture, le Prix Pritzker. Un jury constitué des plus grands noms de l’architecture et de la culture a décidé que leur œuvre entière avait apporté une contribution significative à l’humanité. Pourtant, tout oppose ces deux D'ARCHITECTUREDROIT architectes. Il ne s’agit pas seulement d’une différence d’âge, de nationalité, de style architectural. Récompensant à 33 ans d’intervalles un architecte- stratège, véritable businessman de la culture, AU et un architecte-artisan, proche des traditions chinoises, le Pritzker semble être le plus imprévi- sible des prix. Créé en 1979, le prix Pritzker a pour ambition de récompenser chaque année un architecte pour l’ensemble de sa carrière. En tant que prix international, parmi les mieux dotés, ne représen- tant ni une nation, ni une vision spécifique de l’architecture, le prix Pritzker occupe une place de SOUMIS choix. Si chacun des architectes récompensés porte une vision du métier qui lui est SUPERIEUREpropre, suit une tendance de l’architecture particulière, la liste complète des lauréats du Pritzker exprime la volonté du prix : refléter le monde de l’architecture depuis 1979, dans toute sa complexité. Pour cette raison, la valeur du prix est incontestée par les architectes du monde entier. Il retient chaque année l’attention de toute la profession. Même le grand public n’y est pas indifférent. En un peu plus de 30 ans, le prix Pritzker est devenu la partie la plus visible du monde de l’architecture. Jurés triés sur le volet, cérémonies dans les endroits les plus prestigieux du monde, et lauréats au sommet de leur gloire, tout est conçu pour attirer les regards de tous, amateursDOCUMENT et experts réunis. NATIONALE Quel architecte célèbre, arrivé au sommet de sa carrière, ne rêve pas de gagner le prix Pritz- ker ? C’est l’ultime consécration. Pour les autres — l’immense majorité des architectes —, le prix 1. «To honor a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment throughECOLE the art of architecture.» Pritzker prize website 4 Introduction est une preuve de plus du fossé qui les sépare de ce que l’on appelle star-system. Les 37 lauréats du Pritzker seraient les architectes les plus connus de leurs générations respectives. Gagner le prix Pritzker, c’est accéder à ce petit cercle de stars, de têtes d’affiche. Les architectes lauréats sont à la tête des agences les plus connues, les plus demandées du monde. Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? Cette question est donc forcément liée à une réflexion sur le star-system en architecture et plus globalement, dans l’histoire de la culture. NANTES 1979, année de naissance du prix Pritzker, est la date à laquelle l’architecture bascule dans le DE star-system. C’est cette année-là que la Biennale d’architecture de Venise est créée à partir de la Biennale d’art. C’est aussi à ce moment que naissent les prestigieuses revues monographiques El Croquis, dont la première publication paraitra en 1982. C’est en 1979 également que se tient au MoMA l’exposition « Transformations in Modern Architecture ». La pensée postmoderne est alors admise, la mondialisation s’amplifie, le monde tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui est en train de naître. Le prix Pritzker et les 37 noms qu’il a récompensés depuis 1979 semblent être un symbole de cette transformation. Aujourd’hui, on dit que la Biennale de Venise « tourne en rond », que la publication d’architecture est à un moment clé. Plus de 30 ans après la mise en D'AUTEUR place des systèmes contemporains, nous avons le recul nécessaire à la critique. À l’heure du bilan, le moment semble idéal pour porter sur l’architecture un regard rétrospectif, au travers du prix Pritzker. D'ARCHITECTURE Comment gagner le prix Pritzker ? C’est à travers cette question provocatrice que nous abor- DROIT derons le domaine de l’architecture de 1979 à nos jours, afin d’en dresser un portrait critique. Très simplement, en analysant les cursus et personnalités des lauréats du prix, il nous sera pos- AU sible de comprendre certains mécanismes de l’architecture, et de déterminer la manière d’accé- der au star-system.
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