Class Notes Class: XI Topic: Morphology of Flowering Plants
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Plant Systematics Economic Botany and Ethnobotany
CORE PAPER- VIII PLANT SYSTEMATICS ECONOMIC BOTANY AND ETHNOBOTANY UNIT - III Rubiaceae Systematic position Class-Dicotyledons Sub class -Gamopetalae Series –Inferae Order - Rubiales Family-Rubiaceae Distribution of Rubiaceae: It is commonly known as Madder or Coffee family. It includes 6000 species and 500 genera. In India it is represented by 551 species. The members of this family are distributed in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. Vegetative characters Habit and Habitatat. Trees -Adina cordifolia Shrubs- Gardenia (mostly), some are twinners- Paederia Climbers -Uncaria Herbs -Gallium Epiphytic eg Hymenopogon parasiticus Helophytic, or mesophytic, or xerophytic, or hydrophytic (Limnosipanea). Majority are perennials a few annuals, cultrivated as well as wild Root –branched tap root Stem- aerial,erect or weak, cylindrical or angular herbaceous Gallium or woody ,armed with spines Randia dementorum ,glabrous,pubescent hairy or smooth Stephegyne, branched, dichasial cymein Gallium. Leaf - Cauline and ramal Leaves stipulate. Stipules interpetiolar (between the petioles , or intrapetiolar; between the petiole and axis .leafy Gallium divided Borreria hair like Pentas sometimes fused to form a sheath GardeniaPetiolate, subsessile or sessile Gallium Leaves opposite Cinchona or whorled Gallium simple; Lamina entire; Cinchona opposite decussate Ixora ), reticulate Floral characters: Inflorescence- Flowers aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, or solitary (less often); in cymes, or in panicles, Cinchona or in heads (rarely, e.g. Morindeae, Gardenia). The ultimate inflorescence units compound cyme MussaendaInflorescences with involucral bracts (when capitate), or without involucral bracts; Flowers -Bracteate Gardenia ebracteate Cinchona Bracts persistant –Hymenopogan Pedicellate,subsessile Gardenia sessile RandinBracteolate or ebracteolate, complete or incomplete actinomorphic,, Rarely Zygomorphic Randeletin bisexual unisexual Coprosma , epigynous regular; mostly 4 merous, or 5 merous; cyclic; tetracyclic. -
Morphological Characters Add Support for Some Members of the Basal Grade of Asteraceae
bs_bs_banner Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 171, 568–586. With 9 figures Morphological characters add support for some members of the basal grade of Asteraceae NÁDIA ROQUE1* and VICKI A. FUNK2 1Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-110, Brazil 2US National Herbarium, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution MRC 166, Washington DC, 20013-7012, USA Received 17 November 2011; revised 3 April 2012; accepted for publication 1 October 2012 Recent molecular studies in Asteraceae have divided tribe Mutisieae (sensu Cabrera) into 13 tribes and eight subfamilies. Each of the major clades is well supported but the relationships among them are not always clear. Some of the new taxa are easily characterized by morphological data but others are not, chief among the latter being three subfamilies (Stifftioideae, Wunderlichioideae and Gochnatioideae) and the tribe Hyalideae. To under- stand evolution in the family it is critical to investigate potential morphological characters that can help to evaluate the basal lineages of the Asteraceae. The data for this study were taken from 52 species in 24 genera representing the basal groups in the family. Many characters were examined but most of the useful ones were from reproductive structures. Several apomorphies supported a few of the clades. For instance, members of subfamily Wunderlichioideae (Hyalideae and Wunderlichieae) share predominantly ten-ribbed achenes and members of Wunderlichioideae + Stifftioideae share two synapomorphies: 100–150 (200) pappus elements, arranged in (three) four or five series. These apomorphies can be viewed as an indication of a sister-group relationship between the two subfamilies as the placement of Stifftieae was not well resolved by the molecular data. -
Two New Species for Gochnatia Kunth (Asteraceae, Gochnatieae) and an Extension of the Tribal Range Into Ecuador
A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 139: 51–62 (2020) Two new species for Gochnatia from Ecuador 51 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.139.38354 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://phytokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Two new species for Gochnatia Kunth (Asteraceae, Gochnatieae) and an extension of the tribal range into Ecuador Harold Robinson1, Vicki A. Funk1, † 1 US National Herbarium, Department of Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. USA Corresponding author: Harold Robinson ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. Sukhorukov | Received 18 July 2019 | Accepted 2 December 2019 | Published 27 January 2020 Citation: Robinson H, Funk VA (2020) Two new species for Gochnatia Kunth (Asteraceae, Gochnatieae) and an extension of the tribal range into Ecuador. PhytoKeys 139: 51–62. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.139.38354 Abstract Two new species are added to the narrowly delimited genus Gochnatia. Of these, G. lojaensis sp. nov. repre- sents a northern extension of the genus and tribe into Ecuador and G. recticulifolia sp. nov. occurs in north- ern Peru. In addition to descriptions for the two new species, a key is provided for all known species in the genus Gochnatia and a pubescence character is noted that clearly separates Gochnatia from Moquiniastrum. Keywords Andes, Moquiniastrum, Compositae, South America, trichomes Introduction In the process of working on the treatment of the tribe Vernonieae (Asteraceae) for the Flora of Ecuador (Robinson and Funk 2018), an unidentified specimen that came in on loan from AAU was determined not to be Vernonieae. Although it seemed to belong to the tribe Gochnatieae J.Panero & V.A.Funk, that tribe had not been reported from Ecuador (Funk et al. -
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rhododendron Rex Subsp
plants Article Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rhododendron rex Subsp. rex Inferred from Microsatellite Markers and Chloroplast DNA Sequences 1,2,3,4, 1, 1,2,3 1,2,3, Xue Zhang y, Yuan-Huan Liu y, Yue-Hua Wang and Shi-Kang Shen * 1 School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (Y.-H.L.); [email protected] (Y.-H.W.) 2 School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 3 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 4 Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, Key Laboratory for Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Northwest China of Ministry of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-871-65031412 These authors contribute equals to this work. y Received: 7 February 2020; Accepted: 5 March 2020; Published: 7 March 2020 Abstract: Genetic diversity is vital to the sustainable utilization and conservation of plant species. Rhododendron rex subsp. rex Lévl. is an endangered species endemic to the southwest of China. Although the natural populations of this species are facing continuous decline due to the high frequency of anthropogenic disturbance, the genetic information of R. rex subsp. rex is not yet elucidated. In the present study, 10 pairs of microsatellite markers (nSSRs) and three pairs of chloroplast DNA (cpDNAs) were used in the elucidation of the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of 11 R. -
Pollen Morphology and Its Taxonomic Significance in the Tribe Gochnatieae
Plant Syst Evol (2013) 299:935–948 DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0774-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Pollen morphology and its taxonomic significance in the tribe Gochnatieae (Compositae, Gochnatioideae) Marı´a C. Tellerı´a • Gisela Sancho • Vicky A. Funk • Iralys Ventosa • Nadia Roque Received: 27 December 2012 / Accepted: 18 February 2013 / Published online: 14 March 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2013 Abstract In the context of recent molecular phylogenies within the genus and support the recently re-circumscribed of the basal grades of Compositae, we investigated the section Hedraiophyllum. Within the species with echinate utility of pollen morphology within the tribe Gochnatieae. pollen surface, the distinctive spine length of Anastraphia The pollen of 64 species of Anastraphia, Cnicothamnus, supports its recent resurrection as a genus. The identity of Cyclolepis, Gochnatia, Pentaphorus, and Richterago was Pentaphorus could not be supported by pollen features as studied using light microscopy and scanning electron was for other morphological characteristics. The pollen microscopy. In addition, three extra-Gochnatieae genera features shared across Cyclolepis, Ianthopappus, Leu- (Ianthopappus, Leucomeris, and Nouelia) were examined comeris, Nouelia and Gochnatia sect. Moquiniastrum,as as they were traditionally morphologically related to well as those shared by Richterago and Anastraphia could members of the tribe Gochnatieae. Three of the species of be a result of parallel evolution. Gochnatieae were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Two pollen types, and two new subtypes, have Keywords Gochnatieae Á Gochnatioideae Á Compositae Á been recognized on the basis of the pollen shape, size, and Pollen Á LM Á SEM Á TEM exine sculpture. The pollen features of Gochnatia sect. -
Complete List of Literature Cited* Compiled by Franz Stadler
AppendixE Complete list of literature cited* Compiled by Franz Stadler Aa, A.J. van der 1859. Francq Van Berkhey (Johanes Le). Pp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 194–201 in: Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol. 6. of America 100: 4649–4654. Van Brederode, Haarlem. Adams, K.L. & Wendel, J.F. 2005. Polyploidy and genome Abdel Aal, M., Bohlmann, F., Sarg, T., El-Domiaty, M. & evolution in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8: 135– Nordenstam, B. 1988. Oplopane derivatives from Acrisione 141. denticulata. Phytochemistry 27: 2599–2602. Adanson, M. 1757. Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Bauche, Paris. Abegaz, B.M., Keige, A.W., Diaz, J.D. & Herz, W. 1994. Adanson, M. 1763. Familles des Plantes. Vincent, Paris. Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents of Vernonia spe- Adeboye, O.D., Ajayi, S.A., Baidu-Forson, J.J. & Opabode, cies from Ethiopia. Phytochemistry 37: 191–196. J.T. 2005. Seed constraint to cultivation and productivity of Abosi, A.O. & Raseroka, B.H. 2003. In vivo antimalarial ac- African indigenous leaf vegetables. African Journal of Bio tech- tivity of Vernonia amygdalina. British Journal of Biomedical Science nology 4: 1480–1484. 60: 89–91. Adylov, T.A. & Zuckerwanik, T.I. (eds.). 1993. Opredelitel Abrahamson, W.G., Blair, C.P., Eubanks, M.D. & More- rasteniy Srednei Azii, vol. 10. Conspectus fl orae Asiae Mediae, vol. head, S.A. 2003. Sequential radiation of unrelated organ- 10. Isdatelstvo Fan Respubliki Uzbekistan, Tashkent. isms: the gall fl y Eurosta solidaginis and the tumbling fl ower Afolayan, A.J. 2003. Extracts from the shoots of Arctotis arcto- beetle Mordellistena convicta. -
Classification of Compositae
Chapter 11 Classification of Compositae Vicki A. Funk, Alfonso Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy and Harold Robinson INTRODUCTION the general perception of this family as "weedy" is not correct. Certainly there are members that benefit from The Compositae (Asteraceae) family is nested high in disturbance, such as a few species of dandelions and this- the Angiosperm phylogeny in Asterideae/Asterales. The tles, and a few global pests (e.g., Chromolaena odorata (L.) family contains the largest number of described, accepted, R.M. King & H. Rob.), but most species have a restricted species of any plant family, ca. 24,000, with estimates of distribution and just about every 'at risk' habitat in the the total number reaching 30,000. There are 1600—1700 world contains members of this family that are an impor- genera distributed around the globe except for Antarctica. tant part of the flora. Assuming that there are 250,000—350,000 species of From the beginning, those who studied this family flowering plants, then one out of every eight to twelve thought that presence of both ray and disk florets (Fig. species is in Compositae (about 10%). That the family is 11.1A) represented the basic head pattern. In his classic monophyletic has never been in question. Every early illustration, Cassini (1816; Chapters 1, 6 and 41) placed worker in plant classification recognized Compositae as a Heliantheae at the center, Vernonieae and Eupatorieae at group at some level (i.e., Tournefort 1700; Berkhey 1760; one end, and Mutisieae and Cichorieae (Lactuceae) at the Vaillant 1719—1723) and in every type of analysis the other. -
3. Plant Taxonomy: Biological Concept of Species. General Characters
3. Plant Taxonomy: Biological concept of species. General Characters, with Floral formula and floral diagram citing Examples and Economic importance of following: (classification as per B&H) Dicotyledonae : Polypetlae: Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae. Gamopetalae : Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apetalae: Euphorbiaceae, and Monocotyledonae : Liliacaeae. Biological concept of species. A biological species is a group of individuals that can breed together. However, they cannot breed with other groups. In other words, the group is reproductively isolated from other groups. "The words 'reproductively isolated' are the key words of the biological species definition". Many systems of classification of angiosperms have been proposed by many taxonomists from time to time. It can be divided into three broad categories: i. Artificial Systems based on superficial features. ii. Natural systems based on form relationships. iii. Phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary and genetic relationships. Natural Systems: In these systems the organisms are classified on the basis of their natural affinities (i.e. the basic similarities in the morphology) rather than on a single character for determining the affinities. Bentham and Hooker’s Classification:The most important and the last of the natural systems of classification of seed plants was proposed by two British taxonomists George Bentham (1800-1884), a self trained botanist, and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), the first director of the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (England). They recorded precise description of most of the plants known at that time. Their monumental work which took about quarter of a century for completion was described in three volumes of Genera Plantarum, published in Latin during July 1862 and April 1883. -
Genetic Divergence and Phylogeographic
Zhao and Gong BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:134 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0374-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Genetic divergence and phylogeographic history of two closely related species (Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis) across the 'Tanaka Line' in Southwest China Yu-Juan Zhao and Xun Gong* Abstract Background: Leucomeris decora and Nouelia insignis (Asteraceae) are narrowly and allopatrically distributed species, separated by the important biogeographic boundary Tanaka Line in Southwest China. Previous morphological, cytogenetic and molecular studies suggested that L. decora is sister to N. insignis. However, it is less clear how the two species diverged, whether in full isolation or occurring gene flow across the Tanaka Line. Here, we performed a molecular study at the population level to characterize genetic differentiation and decipher phylogeographic history in two closely related species based on variation examined in plastid and nuclear DNAs using a coalescent-based approach. Results: These morphologically distinct species share plastid DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes. In contrast, Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) uncovered two distinct clusters corresponding to L. decora and N. insignis. Based on the IMa analysis, no strong indication of migration was detected based on both cpDNA and nDNA sequences. The molecular data pointed to a major west-east split in nuclear DNA between the two species corresponding with the Tanaka Line. The coalescent time estimate for all cpDNA haplotypes dated to the Mid-Late Pleistocene. The estimated demographic parameters showed that the population size of L. decora was similar to that of N. insignis and both experienced limited demographic fluctuations recently. Conclusions: The study revealed comprehensive species divergence and phylogeographic histories of N. -
Compositae Metatrees: the Next Generation
Chapter 44 Compositae metatrees: the next generation Vicki A. Funk, Arne A. Anderberg, Bruce G. Baldwin, Randall J. Bayer, J. Mauricio Bonifacino, Use Breitwieser, Luc Brouillet, Rodrigo Carhajal, Raymund Chan, Antonio X.P. Coutinho, Daniel J. Crawford, Jorge V. Crisci, Michael O. Dillon, Susana E. Freire, Merce Galhany-Casals, Nuria Garcia-Jacas, Birgit Gemeinholzer, Michael Gruenstaeudl, Hans V. Hansen, Sven Himmelreich, Joachim W. Kadereit, Mari Kallersjo, Vesna Karaman-Castro, Per Ola Karis, Liliana Katinas, Sterling C. Keeley, Norhert Kilian, Rebecca T. Kimball, Timothy K. Lowrey, Johannes Lundberg, Robert J. McKenzie, Mesjin Tadesse, Mark E. Mort, Bertil Nordenstam, Christoph Oberprieler, Santiago Ortiz, Pieter B. Pelser, Christopher P. Randle, Harold Robinson, Nddia Roque, Gisela Sancho, John C. Semple, Miguel Serrano, Tod F. Stuessy, Alfonso Susanna, Matthew Unwin, Lowell Urbatsch, Estrella Urtubey, Joan Valles, Robert Vogt, Steve Wagstaff, Josephine Ward and Linda E. Watson INTRODUCTION volumes listed the tribes mostly in the order of Bentham 1873a rather than beginning with Heliantheae, which Constructing a large combined tree of Compositae, a Bentham thought was most primitive (Bentham 1873b). 'metatree' (also called 'meta-supertree' by Funk and The papers in the 1977 volumes did accept some changes Specht 2007 and 'megatree' by R. Ree, pers. comm.) such as the recognition of Liabeae and the conclusion allows one to examine the overall phylogenetic and bio- that Helenieae were not a 'good' group, both more or geographic patterns of the family. The first modern at- less accepted by Cronquist in 1977. However, most pro- tempts to understand the family were by the authors in posed changes such as the new tribe Coreopsideae, etc. -
Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Uses Edited By: Birla Kshetrimayum
I eBooks Medicinal Plants and Its Therapeutic Uses Edited by: Birla Kshetrimayum ISBN: 978-1-63278-074-4 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/978-1-63278-074-4-075 Published Date: January, 2017 Printed Version: November, 2016 Published by OMICS Group eBooks 731 Gull Ave, Foster City, CA 94404, USA. Copyright © 2016 OMICS Group All book chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, users who aim to disseminate and distribute copies of this book as a whole must not seek monetary compensation for such service (excluded OMICS Group representatives and agreed collaborations). After this work has been published by OMICS Group, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice: Statements and opinions expressed in the book are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. A free online edition of this book is available at www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders @ www.esciencecentral.org/ebooks I eBooks Preface Medicinal plants are an important part of our natural resources as they serve as an important therapeutic agents as well as valuable raw materials for manufacturing of various traditional and modern medicines. -
Moquiniastrum (Gochnatieae, Asteraceae): Disentangling the Paraphyletic Gochnatia
TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Phytotaxa 147 (1): 26–34 (2013) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ Article PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.147.1.3 Moquiniastrum (Gochnatieae, Asteraceae): disentangling the paraphyletic Gochnatia GISELA SANCHO 1, VICKI. A. FUNK 2 & NÁDIA ROQUE3 1 División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina E-mail: [email protected] 2US National Herbarium, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution-NMNH, MRC 166, Washington DC, 20560, USA E-mail: [email protected] 3Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The new genus Moquiniastrum, the result of recent phylogenetic analyses, is described. Although these analyses are based on cpDNA and nDNA, they also involve documentation of the distinctive morphological characters supporting this new genus. The recognition of Moquiniastrum is necessary to accurately reflect the relationships of the taxa found in the tribe Gochnatieae. Moquiniastrum includes twenty-one species that are usually gynodioecious and found mainly in Brazil but with some species elsewhere in South America. A description of Moquiniastrum, together with the corresponding new combinations, new lectotypifications of three names and one new neotypification is here provided. Key words: classification, Compositae, nomenclature, taxonomy Introduction Moquiniastrum (Asteraceae/Compositae) was originally described by Cabrera (1971: 73) as a section of Gochnatia Kunth (1818: 15) which is placed in the tribe Gochnatieae (Panero & Funk 2002, Funk et al.