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AGD 1222 HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN
TOPIC 5: Arts & Craft Movements in Europe and America
By Puan Rosyida Mohd Rozlan
The Arts & Crafts Movement
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline • Mid 19th Century A.D : The term/word ‘Arts & Crafts Movement’: • Inspired by the social reform concerns of thinkers named; Walter Crane, John Ruskin and together with the ideals of reformer and designer; William Morris. • Arts & Crafts Movement is the notions (conception of or belief of) of good design were linked to their notions of good society. • Subsequently, this style was taken up by American designers and was also known as Mission Style. • They were fervently (displaying a passionate intensity) belief that beautiful things were valuable and useful precisely because they were beautiful.
• 1820’s Century A.D : Publishing & Editorial Design Begins by Pickering • Emphasizing the designs of books; “The Elements of Euclid”
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WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1834-96 : William Morris is the Leader of the English Arts and Crafts movement that called for a fitness of purpose, truth to the nature of materials and methods of production, and individual expression in both designer and worker.
• A.D 1856 : Owen Jones, The Grammar of Ornaments Besides William Morris & John Ruskin, Jones is one of the important innovator to this style that provides aesthetic ideas for the ideal craft production system borrowed from Medieval European & Islamic sources.
• A.D 1882 : Century Guild is Formed The group of artists and designers who banded (group) together; included designer/illustrator; Selwyn Image, designer/writer; Herbert P.Horne, an architect; Arthur H. Mackmurdo, and a designer; William Morris.
WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1891 : The Kelmscott Press • William Morris is the founder of Kelmscott Press when he thought on book design long before he was inspired by Emery Walker’s illustrated lecture on printing in November 1988. • He has designed first the “Golden” Roman typeface and later the “Troy” Gothic type.
• A.D 1890-1903 : The Private Press Movement i. Essex House Press - 1890 ii. Eragany Press- 1894 iii. Ashendene Press- 1895 iv. Doves Press - 1895 v. Vale Press- 1896 These private press had give permanent effect on both private and commercial book design (relation between type, image, and decorative elements) of the century.
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WHEN? - Key Moment/Timeline
• A.D 1870’s to A.D 1950’s : A Book-Design Renaissance • Germany influence on book design and typography throughout the world; inspired by a renaissance of arts-and-crafts activities. • Wonderful new typefaces, and a significant improvement in book design by powerful/important figures such as; Rudolf Koch (1876-1934), Bruce Rogers (1870-1956) & Frederic W. Goudy.
• 19th Century A.D - Early 20th Century A.D : Development of The Quality Book Design and Book Production • had became a casualty of the Industrial Revolution up to the Early Modernism Era
WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions
(Above) The Industrial Revolution on the Continent
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WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions
(Above) The Industrial Revolution in German and in the coastal areas
WHERE? - Classification according to geographical regions
(Left) The Industrial Revolution in the United States
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Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
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Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
(Left) Kids Labor during the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
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Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
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Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
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Industrial Revolution in Europe & United States
WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented
A.D 1819 - 1900 : John Ruskin
• Ruskin is one of the reformist movement that influenced British, Canadian and America architecture, decorative arts and crafts.
• He is the writer and artist that inspired the philosophy of this movement.
• Ruskin became concerned for social justice, advocating improved housing for industrial workers, a national education system, and retirement benefit for the elderly.
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WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented
A.D 1834 - 1896 : William Morris
• Morris is the multi-faceted man was at one time or another is a designer and manufacturer of furniture, stained glass, tapestries, wallpaper, an accomplished weaver; a successful poet and novelist; an active Socialist and social reformer; and in his last year, the founder of the Kelmscott Press.
• He belief that it is impossible separate aesthetic issues from social and political ones.
WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented
A.D 1845 - 1915 : Walter Crane
• Crane is also one of the reformist movement that influenced British, Canadian and America architecture, decorative arts and crafts.
• A.D 1887, Crane became a President for the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in London; and held series of exhibitions and was the first gallery show of contemporary decorative arts in London
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WHO? - The Person/People who developed or invented
A.D 1863 - 1942 : Charles R. Ashbee
• Ashbee is an architect, graphic designer, jeweler and a silversmith the founded the Guild of Handicraft in June 1888.
• After the death of Morris, he transfer Kelmscott Press to Essex House and to form the Essex House Press in 1890.
WHAT? - Introduction: Arts & Crafts Movement
• The Arts & Crafts Movement was a British, Canadian, and American movement occurring in the last year of the 19th century A.D.
• The movement inspired by the writing of John Ruskin and a romantic idealization of the craftsman taking pride in his personal handiwork, height between approximately A.D 1880 to A.D 1910.
• This movement, which challenged the tastes of the Victorian era primarily began as a search for authentic and meaningful styles for the 19th century A.D.
• As a reaction to the eclectic (comprehensive) revival of historic styles of the Victorian era and to “soulless” machine-made production aided b the Industrial Revolution, the movement tended to concentrate their productions in the hands of sensitive but well-heeled patrons.
• Arts & Crafts Movement was neither anti-industrial nor anti-modern but it’s relied on the talent and creativity of the individual craftsman and attempted to create a total environment.
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WHAT? - Purpose & Subject Matter: Arts & Crafts Movement
• Uses description of humanity and exposes anxiety concerning the presentation on unhealthy elements.
• The ideas & subject matters are taken from nature movements and figurative.
• Its strength lies in the comprehension of decorative elements, which was used to describe perfection.
• It is a combination of all designs, such as architecture, decorative art objects, fashions and graphics - primary function is utilitarian and had an important role to play in improving the lives of everyday working people.
• It focus on simple, elegant aesthetic, featuring clean lines and well-balanced proportions, harmonious design without indulging in an excess of ornament but alive and energetic. It is applied on buildings, products, books, and illustrations.
WHAT? - Purpose & Subject Matter : Arts & Crafts Movement
• This movement sought compromise between the efficiency of the machine and the skill of the craftsman thought it a useful endeavor to seek the means through which true craftsman could master a machine to do his bidding.
• In opposition to what many believed to be the reality during the Industrial Age, that humans had become slaves to the industrial machine.
• It was a reformist movement and there were many reformist and socialist figure that influenced British, Canadian, and American architecture, decorative arts, cabinet making, crafts, “cottage” garden design, and graphic design (types & book design). Amongst the emergence graphic designers are:
• William Morris - Kelmscott Press, ‘Golden’ Roman & Troy Gothic Type • Charles Robert Ashbee - The Esex House Press • Walter Crane - Illustrations & Book Designs • William Pickering - The Elements of Euclid, 1847 • Arthur H. Mackmurdo - Designer/Illustrator • Selwyn Image and many more…
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: William Pickering (1796-1854)
William Pickering
• Book cover design, 1844 with intricacy of Gothic architecture
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: William Pickering (1796-1854)
William Pickering
• The Elements of Euclid, 1847. A system of color coding brought clarity to the teaching of geometry
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: William Pickering (1796-1854)
William Pickering
• (Left) is the title page for Wren’s City Churches, 1883.
• Mackmurdo’s plant forms are stylized into flame like, undulating (smooth wavelike motion) rhythms that compress the negative space between them.
• This establishes a positive and negative interplay between black in and white paper.
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: William Pickering (1796-1854)
William Pickering
• (Right) Title page for The Book of Common Prayer by William Pickering.
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WHAT? - Book Cover Design & Sketch for a Book-Plate: Arthur H. Mackmurdo (1851-1942)
Arthur H. Mackmurdo
One of the designer/illustrator of The Century Guild with studies of Renaissance design
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: Selwyn Image (1849-1930)
Selwyn Image
• A woodcut work that has potential of shape and pattern as visual means to express thought and feeling is realized in this graphic elegy (a piece of music in a mournful style) for illustrator/ engraver.
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design: Selwyn Image (1849-1930)
Selwyn Image
• (Right) Title page to The Century Guild Hobby Horse, 1884.
• Packing it with detail, image designed a “page within a page” that reflects the medieval preoccupation of the Arts & Crafts movement.
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Illustrations: Walter Crane (1845-1915)
Walter Crane
• Book cover design, The Baby’s Bouquet that demonstrate the divergent viewpoints of the period.
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Illustrations: Walter Crane (1845-1915)
Walter Crane
• Illustration that shows the Medieval passions of the Arts & Crafts movement, reflected in the graphic designs of Crane.
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Illustrations: Walter Crane (1845-1915)
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: Walter Crane (1845-1915)
(Left) Walter Crane Gothic Typefaces
WHAT? - Published Periodical & Poster: Walter Crane (1845-1915)
(Left & above) Walter Crane’s Published periodical & Poster
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
(Left & Above) Golden Typefaces design by Morris
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
(Left) Kelmscott Press Trademark by William Morris
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
(Left & Above) Typefaces design & Initials by Morris
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: William Morris (1845-1915)
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WHAT? Nature Movements as Subject Matter William Morris (1845-1915)
WHAT? - Packaging Design & Typefaces : Under the Influence of William Morris (1845-1915)
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WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: Charles R. Ashbee (1845-1915)
(Left) Charles R. Ashbee, page from the Essex Psalter, A.D 1902.
Full page woodblock initials, calligraphic type, handmade paper, and hand-press printing combine to recreate the quality of the incunabula.
WHAT? - The Quality Book Design & Typefaces: T.J. Cobden -Sanderson (1840-1922) - The Dove Press
(Left) T.J Cobden-Sanderson and Emery Walker, page from the Doves Press Bible, A.D 1903.
This book’s purity of design and flawless perfection of craft have seldom been equaled.
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WHY? - The Need/ The Purpose
• Idealistic philosophy and pietism (with good or religious intentions) both challenged the scientific view of the individual, emphasizing that intuition and faith are human qualities as essential as reason.
• These new movements merged with the humane concerns of rational philosophy to produce a new humanitarianism, which accented both reason and sentimentality but also continued the eighteenth-century concern for human freedom.
• Arts & Crafts Movements, together with the rationalism of the Enlightenment, the reaction against reason before 1800 also challenged absolutism's domination of the human body, mind, and spirit.
WHY? - The Need/ The Purpose
• In the Post-Industrial Revolution, most of the industrialized world from the mid-1960's to the early 1990's has shown deteriorating in social conditions, as measured by (among other things) rising crime, divorce and illegitimate births and declining fertility, personal trust and confidence in social institutions.
• The Industrial Revolution separated humans from their own creativity and individualism; the worker was a cog in the wheel of progress, living in an environment of shoddy machine-made goods, based more on ostentation than function.
• With the proponents (promoter) of Arts & Crafts, it sought to reestablish the ties between beautiful work and the worker, returning to an honesty in design not to be found in mass-produced items. In both Britain and America the movement relied on the talent and creativity of the individual craftsman and attempted to create a total environment
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