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Mare and Foal Behavior IN-DEPTH: ORPHAN FOALS—GETTING A GOOD START IN LIFE Mare and Foal Behavior Sue M. McDonnell, MA, PhD Inadequate maternal behavior of mares and mare and foal bonding problems are rare in natural social environments. Management that best accommodates natural behavior can help avoid or overcome problems in domestically managed horses. Author’s address: University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348; e-mail: [email protected]. © 2012 AAEP. 1. Introduction Normal maternal behavior includes attention to A basic understanding of normal and problem mare fetal fluids and membranes during and immediately and foal behavior under natural and domestic social after parturition and positive attention to the neo- conditions can be valuable to the veterinary practi- nate, including olfactory investigation and Flehmen tioner for (1) education of clients to manage foaling response, licking, nuzzling, avoiding walking on, to best support normal mare and foal bonding and keeping intruders from approaching or interacting, foal development, for (2) providing professional as- allowing and facilitating sucking, and standing guard sistance in instances of inadequate or aberrant ma- near or with head and neck over the foal whenever ternal behavior or mare and foal bonding problems, it is recumbent. Attention to the fetal membranes as well as for (3) advising on common questions and fluids is common, but ingestion of the afterbirth concerning normal and abnormal foal behavior dur- as is common in some species is rare.2 Under ing development, early intensive handling, and natural conditions, the strategy of horses for dealing least-stress weaning of foals. with the predator-attracting birth fluids and mem- Parental Behavior in Horses branes is to move away from the birth site as soon as Studies of mare and foal behavior under natural possible. The harem stallion can often be seen en- social and environmental conditions as observed in couraging the foal and mare to move on to a fresh various free-roaming and semiferal populations site as soon as the foal stands, even before nursing. with original references have been summarized else- The foal’s behavior appears to play a role in stim- where.1 In brief, care and protection of the neonate ulating the dam’s response and vice versa. In its and developing foal involves principally the dam and first coordinated movements immediately after her harem stallion but also includes some contribu- birth, even before standing, the foal appears to ori- tions as needed from other adults and even older ent toward the dam, reaching for her head and ap- juveniles within the natal band in the form of assist- pearing to seek nose-to-nose contact at first. Upon ing with retrieval of a lost or stranded foal or direct- standing, the foal appears to be instinctively at- ing a neonate to the dam, should it attempt to nurse tracted visually to follow horizontal edges at nose a herd mate. height, which in nature is usually only the dam’s NOTES AAEP PROCEEDINGS ր Vol. 58 ր 2012 407 Orig. Op. OPERATOR: Session PROOF: PE’s: AA’s: 4/Color Figure(s) ARTNO: 1st disk, 2nd beb spencers 12 F2,3 3384 IN-DEPTH: ORPHAN FOALS—GETTING A GOOD START IN LIFE abdomen. Along with assistance of the dam’s re- a horse overcome fear of other new objects, proce- verse parallel orientation to the foal and likely ol- dures, or situations, is recommended, with typically factory cues as the foal approaches the udder, this a good prognosis for eventual acceptance of the foal instinctive behavior brings the foal’s lips to the flank adequate for maintenance of the pair. and udder. (4) Nursing only avoidance or aggression toward Under domestic management, care of the foal is foal. Most often this is judged to be due to sensi- generally limited to the dam. Detailed descriptions tivity at the flank or udder, sometimes in associa- of mare and foal behavior under domestic conditions tion with obvious udder discomfort. Relief of udder can be found in publications of Dr. Katherine Houpt3 discomfort and positive reinforcement–based accli- and her student Dr. Sharon Crowell-Davis.4 When mation to touch of the flank and udder as well as isolated or when housed or pastured with unfamiliar supervised nursing or milking and bottle-feeding horses, some individual dams appear hypervigilant at the udder are recommended until the foal is and demonstrative in their role of protection of accepted. the neonate, perhaps due to lack of the social sup- (5) Savage attack. Just as some stallions in- port for this role within a band under natural social termittently attack people, some mares that show conditions. In pasture groups of domestically man- otherwise good maternal behavior, intermittently aged horses, the behavior of other mares is typically attack their foal. Attacks can involve biting, kick- either ambivalent or positive toward a dam and ing, thrashing by the crest of the neck, and stomping neonate. Gelding herd mates may show protective in a sustained manner similar to that of a horse behavior of the dam and/or foal, as under natural killing a small mammal. If the foal survives, the social conditions a harem stallion would guard and mare typically returns to good maternal behavior protect his band. Most geldings, like stallions, are and then repeats at some later date. In confirmed especially protective and tolerant of foals. cases of savage attack, immediate separation is rec- Mare and foal bonding problems have been de- ommended. It can be expected that the mare may tailed in Grogan and McDonnell.5 Briefly, there repeat with subsequent foals. are at least six distinct types of problem. (6) Foal stealing. A near-term pregnant mare (1) Good maternal protectiveness misunderstood may steal a neonate from a weaker mare. When as aggression toward foal. Probably because of the thief mare foals, she typically abandons the sto- the domestic practices of isolation and confinement len foal in favor of her own. Foal stealing is rarely for foaling, some dams appear especially stressed observed in horses, except under crowded conditions concerning foal protection and care. When confined and synchronization of foaling, for example, induced in small or “trapping” spaces with poor footing and parturition in feed-lot conditions. obstacles, foals can easily be injured by a mare try- ing to position herself between her foal and a threat. Orphan Foals For example, if her hay is fed at the rear of a stall, a Use of a foster mare is generally considered the dam with strong instantaneous reaction to threats best method for meeting the nutritional and behav- may inadvertently trample or bump a foal into an ioral needs of an orphaned foal. Foster mares can object in the process of responding to a threat at the include local mares that have recently (within front of the stall. Adequate space and facilities 24 hours) lost a foal or occasionally one that will with minimal provocation of protective behavior is accept a second foal, open mares hormonally pre- recommended until protectiveness usually naturally pared to lactate and to accept foals,6 and pro- wanes over the period of 3 days to 2 weeks. fessional “nurse” mares managed by farms with (2) Ambivalence. Primiparous mares, as well systems of hand-rearing the foals of the nurse as weak or painful mares, may have delayed interest mares. If a horse or pony mare is not available, and response to the foal. The onset of intensely pro- nanny goats typically accept nursing of a foal tective behavior is typically not immediate and may (Fig. 1), and typically provide better for the nutri- F1 be first seen as late as 18 to 36 hours after parturi- tional and behavioral needs better than hand- tion. Under natural conditions, other adults, in- feeding. Most foals can be trained to drink from a cluding the harem stallion, appear to assist such bucket or tub (Fig. 2). Training can be accom- F2 dams with protection of the foal and with keeping plished by drawing the foal’s muzzle into shallow the foal with the dam. Support of the foal in stay- pail of milk, with a finger or nipple in the foal’s ing near the dam and supervised nursing is recom- mouth. In healthy foals, withholding feedings for mended, with typically a good prognosis for onset of several hours before bucket feeding attempts may adequate to excellent maternal behavior and bond- increase appetite and acceptance. Groups of foals ing with the foal within 2 to 5 days. have also been successfully fed using an automatic (3) Fear of the foal. Some mares, almost always calf-feeding machine, which provides a constant primiparous, react to their neonate with fear behav- supply of fresh milk replacer through a nipple ior as some horses may react to species such as mounted on the wall.7 To avoid behavior problems swine or camelids, with which they have not been in hand-reared foals, which can be generally de- exposed. Positive reinforcement–based systematic scribed as overly bonded to people to the extent of acclimation, similar to what is effective in helping sexual response to humans, it is recommended to 408 2012 ր Vol. 58 ր AAEP PROCEEDINGS Orig. Op. OPERATOR: Session PROOF: PE’s: AA’s: 4/Color Figure(s) ARTNO: 1st disk, 2nd beb spencers 12 F2,3 3384 IN-DEPTH: ORPHAN FOALS—GETTING A GOOD START IN LIFE Fig. 1. Key elements of normal early maternal behavior (from McDonnell,1 Inadequate Maternal Behavior and Bonding). provide as much social interaction with horses (or feeding is far superior to hand-held bottle-feeding.
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