March 2001 ISSN 1020-3435 8 An information bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products

EDITORIAL CONTENTS

We invited Mr Cherukat Chandrasekharan, who founded Non-Wood News in 1994, to write the 3 SPECIAL FEATURES editorial for this, the first issue of the new millennium. We would like to thank Mr Chandrasekharan for accepting our invitation. ¥ Plan of action towards the sustainable development of the am very happy to have the honour and privilege of writing this editorial. rattan sector It is gratifying that Non-Wood News has proved to be a great success. The reasons are clear. ¥ Les produits forestiers non ligneux I First, it has met a seriously felt need. Second, it came with a refreshing identity – not as old wine comestibles, utilisés dans les pays in a new bottle, but as new wine in a rather large barrel. Each issue of Non-Wood News is packed africains francophones with so much useful and interesting material that it would probably be better to spread it out and produce at least two issues annually. Non-Wood News also has a major mission: to help realize the potential that the future holds for 14 NEWS AND NOTES non-wood forest products (NWFP). NWFPs had a colourful and glorious past. Subsequently, ¥ Action for Natural Medicines however, they suffered serious downfall and (Anamed) neglect. Some 5 000 years ago, the Chinese ¥ Agroforestree Database Ð call for Emperor Shen Nung wrote (what is believed to be the earliest recorded use of plants as photos medicine) that chalmugra oil, an extract from ¥ Anti-cancer diterpene taxol the fruit of Hydnocarpus spp., was an efficient ¥ Arab Organization for Agricultural treatment against leprosy. It is estimated that Development 35 000 to 70 000 plant species have at one ¥ Bamboo shelter Ð a demonstration of time or other been used, in some culture or best construction practice other, for medicinal purposes. The geopolitics of today was influenced by the past trade in ¥ Bamboo Plantations Discussion Group NWFPs – spices, cosmetics, food ¥ Benefit-sharing arrangements in the preservatives and silks. The influence of trade field of non-wood forest products in NWFPs continued up to the industrial ¥ Boreal forest directory revolution in the West, when the economy of ¥ Bushmeat utilization depletes wildlife scale slowly eased out the small-scale production of NWFPs. in eastern and southern Africa Continuous deforestation and forest ¥ Certification of NWFPs degradation drastically affected the NWFP ¥ Current trends in NTFP development NON-WOOD NEWS resources along with habitat changes and loss Ð a survey of biodiversity. The timber-orientation of the ¥ Dietary supplements from trees in is compiled by Laura Russo and Tina forestry profession, and the bias of planners in Etherington, Wood and Non-Wood Products favour of large-scale enterprises, had left urban and peri-urban areas Utilization Branch (FOPW) of the FAO NWFPs at a disadvantage. Their production, at ¥ Échanges des PFNL entre l’Afrique Forest Products Division. Editing support best, was considered incidental. subsaharienne et l’Europe for this issue was provided by Sven Walter and Thanks to publications such as Non-Wood ¥ E-conference on globalization, Paul Vantomme; design, graphics and desktop News, we are made aware of the multiple poverty and development publishing were coordinated by Tina contributions of NWFPs. The flora and fauna ¥ E-conference on intervention of Etherington. providing NWFPs are a complete resource base. Use of non-wood goods and services is technology in mountain areas Non-Wood News is open to contributions by often linked to local culture and there is ¥ E-conference on poverty alleviation readers. Contributions may be edited to fit the considerable indigenous knowledge available and sustainable development: appropriate size and focus of the bulletin. about them. It has been prophesied that a If you have any material that could be exploring the links healthy marriage of traditional and modern ¥ Encyclopedia of biodiversity included in the next issue of Non-Wood News scientific knowledge can open up unlimited for the benefit of other readers, kindly send it, possibilities for NWFPs. New possibilities can ¥ European Tropical Forest Network before 30 November 2001, to: also emerge, from developments in (ETFRN) NON-WOOD NEWS - FOPW biotechnology, carbon trade and clean ¥ Exploring the value of urban forest FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla development mechanisms; and conceptually 00100 Rome, Italy products these can significantly alter the future outlook. E-mail: [email protected] ¥ Forest Information Update (FIU) The overall trend in respect of NWFP www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/ ¥ Forests and Livelihoods: a newsletter resources, however, has been towards nwfp-e.stm depletion. Their management now faces of ForestAction The designations employed and the presentation colliding trends of fall in supply and rise in ¥ Forests, food security and sustainable of material in this publication do not imply the demand. While many of the flora and fauna livelihoods expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part yielding NWFPs are amenable to be ¥ Fundación Espave of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the domesticated and cultivated, efforts in that ¥ Global assessment of bamboo United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal status direction have also been hesitant. of any country, territory, city or area or of its Many of the failures in NWFP programmes resources authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its result from inattention to markets. Marketing ¥ Global thinking and local action frontiers or boundaries. helps to create better linkages among resource ¥ Innovative forest-related themes creation, management, processing and end ¥ International Bee Research use. Rational and transparent marketing Association (IBRA) ➧ ➧ 2

EDITORIAL CONTENTS transactions throughout the production and ¥ International Forestry Resources 37 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS market chains are crucially needed. Some and Institutions (IFRI) Research ¥ Agarwood NWFPs have fully faded out of the market in the Program ¥ Bael past, and in respect of others there has been an erosion of the international market share. ¥ XXI IUFRO World Congress ¥ Honey However, experts observe an emerging “green ¥ Kerala Forest Research Institute ¥ Jubaea chilensis (coquito de palma, consumerism” – particularly in favour of ¥ Key role for mycorrhizal fungi in palma chilena) phytopharmaceuticals and aroma chemicals. sustainable forest management ¥ Karite Medicinal and aromatic plants, thus, form an ¥ Kleinhans Fellowship in non-wood ¥ Marula Ð a food for all seasons important group that has received considerable forest products ¥ Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) attention, nationally and globally; this is backed up by the simultaneous advances in chemistry, ¥ Medicinal and Aromatic Plants bacteriology, pathology and pharmacology. Programme in Asia 41 COUNTRY COMPASS The number of plants at present forming the ¥ MekongInfo ¥ Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and sources of modern medicine probably runs to ¥ Minilivestock Ð alternative food Herzegovina, Brazil, Cameroun, thousands. sources Canada, China, Colombia, Costa With all their multifaceted properties and contributions, NWFPs should normally be able ¥ Natural Resources and Ethical Trade Rica, Finland, Gabon, Ghana, to halt the ongoing assault on forests and the Programme Guyana, India, Ireland, México, resulting deforestation and habitat degradation. ¥ Neem tree Ð patent revoked Nepal, Pacific Islands, Papua New But, the realistic assessment is that very little is ¥ Network for Natural Gums and Guinea, Perú, Philippines, Portugal, happening at ground level to manage the Resins in Africa (NGARA) Russian Federation, Senegal, South NWFP resource properly. Overexploitation and ¥ NGOs condemn biopiracy by Swiss Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, unscientific harvesting of medicinal plants and the depredations by well-organized smuggling university United States of America, Viet Nam, networks have led to the virtual decimation of ¥ NUCIS Newsletter Zimbabwe several species in the wild. It is becoming ¥ Organizations support conservation difficult to get genuine and authenticated of natural medicinal resources 61 ECONOOK materials and adulteration is rampant. ¥ Pacific Peoples’ Partnership ¥ Field courses in rain forest and The current situation of NWFPs presents several contradictions and anachronisms, and ¥ Phytomedica Ð new e-mail list marine ecology observers feel that something is amiss. ¥ Plant Conservation Alliance ¥ Hunting for tonight’s dinner Deficiencies and inadequacies seem to persist. Medicinal Plant Working Group ¥ Pro-poor tourism The need has been stressed, over and over (PCA-MPWG) ¥ The Millennium Tree Line again, to manage the remaining NWFP ¥ Research partnerships on bamboo ¥ ThinkShrimp! Ð social and ecological resources scientifically, sustainably, rationally and rattan and equitably. In spite of the apparent impacts of industrial shrimp awareness in that regard, nothing much seems ¥ Sierra Madre Alliance aquaculture along tropical coasts to have happened to translate that awareness ¥ Southeast Asian Network for ¥ Value of national forests into effective action. So far, the spurts of Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) enthusiasm have lacked coordination, ¥ Species 2000 64 INTERNATIONAL ACTION consistency and survival capacity – leaving our ¥ Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) ¥ FAO, CABI Bioscience, Center for own credibility under dark shadows. This thumbnail sketch of the situation and ¥ Traditional medicine International Forestry Research diverse problems facing the various aspects of ¥ Zamia furfuracea (CIFOR), German Agency for NWFPs will help to have a hard-nosed Technical Cooperation Ð GTZ, appreciation of the challenges we face and International Plant Genetic their social, economic, environmental and Resources Institute (IPGRI), institutional implications. While Non-Wood News has registered International Tropical Timber significant achievements during the last eight Non-Wood forest products (NWFP) consist Organization (ITTO), Secretariat of years, the task ahead – moving forward from of goods of biological origin other than the Pacific Community Ð Regional the stage of awareness creation to promotion of wood, derived from forests, other wooded Forestry Programme organized action – appears more onerous. The land and trees outside forest. Non-timber special feature in this issue, “Plan of action forest products (NTFP), another term 75 RECENT EVENTS towards the sustainable development of the frequently used to cover this vast array of rattan sector”, is a clear indication that it has animal and plant products, also includes embarked on the new mission. small wood and fuelwood. However, these 86 FORTHCOMING EVENTS Non-wood News has miles after arduous two terms are used synonymous throughout miles to go on this mission and I wish it this bulletin. Other terms, such as “minor”, 90 PUBLICATIONS OF INTEREST continued and resounding success in its “secondary” or “speciality” forest products, untiring efforts to face the daunting challenges are sometimes used to keep original names with fortitude. and/or titles. 100 WEB SITES

Cherukat Chandrasekharan 103 READERS’ RESPONSE

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 3 SPECIAL FEATURES

¥ Rattan was an important commodity PLAN OF ACTION TOWARDS in international trade. At the local THE SUSTAINABLE level, it was of critical relevance for DEVELOPMENT OF THE rural livelihood strategies as a RATTAN SECTOR primary, supplementary and/or emergency source of income. Rattan An Expert Consultation on Rattan collection complemented agriculture Development was held at FAO in terms of seasonal labour and as a headquarters in Rome, Italy from 5 to 7 source of capital for agricultural December 2000. The meeting was jointly inputs. organized by FAO and the International ¥ The rattan sector was characterized Network on Bamboo and Rattan by a variety of stakeholders with (INBAR), and cofunded by the Swedish sector worldwide, but with a particular different needs and interests, such as International Development Cooperation emphasis on Asia and Africa. Some rattan growers, raw material Agency (Sida). The invited experts attention was given to Latin America in collectors, manufacturers and traders, concluded that rattan resources view of its potential for rattan introduction. and it functioned within a complex worldwide are being depleted and that To facilitate the discussions at the and dynamic socio-economic, political there is an urgent need to ensure a meeting, studies had been commissioned and ecological context. Rattan was sustainable supply of rattan given its by FAO in advance to cover supply and gathered by unorganized or huge socio-economic importance. demand, trends and needs of rattan and its organized collectors, the latter either The 23 experts from 16 countries were sector in the major producing countries in under contract or in debt relationships selected on the basis of their specialized Asia and Africa, as well as global status with traders and farmers/cultivators. knowledge and their role in the reports on ongoing work on rattan In addition, there was a loss of management and development of rattan development and conservation. Drafts of traditional rattan management resources in their respective countries. In these studies had been made available to practices, while at the same time addition, the meeting was attended by the participants well in advance and were increasing competition for resources. representatives of the International Fund presented by their authors at the meeting. Linkages between industry, traders, for Agricultural Development (IFAD); the The full text of these papers will be collectors/cultivators and research International Tropical Timber Organization included in the proceedings of the meeting. and development efforts were weak. (ITTO); the International Plant Genetic Rattan manufacturing and trade were Resources Institute (IPGRI); the Centre for Key observations fragmented and diverse in size and International Forestry Research (CIFOR); Based on the papers presented and their markets, with a focus on export. INBAR; Sida; Kew Gardens; the German discussion, the meeting emphasized the The meeting highlighted that Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ); economic, sociocultural and ecological taxonomic knowledge on species was Tropenbos; the private sector; and importance of rattan to a large number of patchy and available information universities. people in the world and noted that rattan conflicting. Similarly, the knowledge of According to an estimate made by resources in their natural range of tropical biological aspects was also sparse, e.g. INBAR, the global local usage of rattan is forests in Asia and Africa were being pollination and gene flow. In spite of the worth US$2.5 billion and external trade of depleted through overexploitation, World Conservation Union Red List rattan is estimated to generate US$4 inadequate replenishment, poor forest review of 1998, the conservation status of billion. Worldwide 700 million people use management and loss of forest habitats. rattans was not well known and it was rattan. Most of the raw material for local There was a need to ensure a difficult to assess and monitor. In processing and for supplying the rattan sustainable supply of rattan through addition, rattan species were assumed industry is still obtained by harvesting improved and equitable management. not to be “safe” in protected areas or in unmanaged, wild rattan resources in The meeting recalled that: national parks, as harvesting in such natural tropical forests. Only a very small ¥ There were approximately 600 rattan areas was usually permitted or tolerated. share is obtained from rattan plantations. species, of which some 10 percent It was also assumed that the genetic The huge economic and social were commercial species. Many basis of rattan species was narrowing. importance of the rattan sector is thus species, including some of Some species were likely to be at risk of based on a fast dwindling stock of wild commercial importance, had very extinction. rattan resources available in the forests, restricted natural ranges. The majority The meeting underlined that there therefore compromising its future outlook. of the world’s rattan resources (by could be no sustainable supply of rattan if The focus of the meeting was on the volume and by number of species) the forests in which they grew were not sustainable development of the rattan were in one country Ð Indonesia. managed sustainably. In its natural

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 4 SPECIAL FEATURES

Foremost among these were uncertain Resources property rights, the dispersed nature of ¥ intensifying ex situ and in situ production and inconsistent cane quality. conservation efforts in a more In several countries, prices and coordinated and organized manner competition had been affected by the among countries in the regions; remoteness of collecting areas and poor ¥ developing suitable methods for transportation; “illegal” harvesting; poor resource assessments, including market information; lack of organization studies on growth, yield, basic biology among collectors; large post-harvest and taxonomy of rattan species; losses due to insect and fungal infestation; ¥ improving techniques of enrichment prohibitive tax policies; export barriers; planting and management of rattan in and informal taxes that depressed raw degraded forests, and wide material prices. dissemination of the available The meeting noted that international guidelines for rattan planting. agencies such as INBAR, CIFOR, IPGRI, Products FAO and ITTO addressed rattan ¥ increasing the knowledge of the management, either directly or indirectly, properties of commercial species and habitat, rattan was not managed as yet, within their programmes. of the potential of underutilized/lesser and received low priority in national forest known species; and conservation policies. There was no Conclusions ¥ improving and disseminating dedicated rattan development institution In the light of the above, the meeting technologies for reducing post- in any country, as rattan was usually concluded that there was a wide variety of harvesting losses, biological subsumed within the forestry services, potential interventions that could assist the deterioration, improved storage and and the few existing national rattan different stakeholder groups. Raw material processing; programmes were weak and with limited producers and smallholders could be ¥ introduction of quality grading. research and development capacity. With encouraged (and be assisted) to manage Policies and institutional support a few exceptions, national forest local resources on a more sustainable and ¥ awareness-raising on the importance inventories did not include rattan, and productive basis, through the of the rattan sector to decision- information on the resource base was establishment of community forest makers at all levels; scarce. However, in large tracts of management practices, long-term ¥ institutional strengthening and degraded and logged-over forests, concessions, local land-use planning and coordination regarding rattan (re)introduction and management of the provision of resource and/or land conservation, management and rattan had the potential to complement tenure rights, in conjunction with approved processing issues, including the significantly the value of these forests. management plans. promotion of more government and The meeting was informed that major At the processing level, needs were private sector advances had been made in the particularly great at the artisanal level. cooperation/coordination to enhance understanding of growing rattan as a Potential interventions that might assist the contribution of rattan for poverty plantation crop. Although community- industry include improving alleviation and economic prosperity; based or smallholder rattan gardens could entrepreneurship and competitiveness; ¥ providing tenure security to rattan be profitable in some situations, the training of advisers; improving post- gatherers and planters by profitability of industrial-scale plantations in harvest treatment and quality control; incorporating them into community- Asia was currently uncertain, as other land market deregulation and improved market based forest management schemes; uses were more lucrative. As a result of information; establishment of design ¥ introducing incentive schemes for this, private-sector investment in industrial- centres; and trade fairs. Also, given the rattan cultivation to increase the scale rattan plantations had declined. The nature of the resource users and the economic benefits for rural meeting took note that existing rattan generally small-scale or cottage industry households and smallholder plantations had been converted into more (employing socially disadvantaged plantations in Asia, such as providing profitable crops such as oil-palm. groups), rattan products could become credit and technical assistance for The meeting was further informed that ideal commodities for promotion as rain small-scale plantation development rattan production was also affected by the forest conservation products. and favourable harvesting and low return to gatherers, resulting in weak The meeting identified the following marketing arrangements; incentives for sustainable rattan key actions to be initiated immediately for ¥ introducing market deregulation to harvesting and management. A number of enhancing a more sustainable supply of benefit rattan collectors and traders factors contributed to the low returns. rattan: (i.e. removing transport barriers;

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 5 SPECIAL FEATURES

support for improved collection and TITLE OF DOCUMENT Presented by dissemination of market information; extension in processing techniques); General introduction to rattan Ð the biological background John Dransfield ¥ providing comprehensive training and to exploitation and the history of rattan research support to local specialists in rattan- Challenges and constraints in rattan processing and Walter Liese producing countries in taxonomy, utilization management and processing, complemented with “twinning Presentation of INBAR’s programme on rattan Lou Yiping arrangements” among relevant Resilience and evolution in a managed NTFP system: Brian Belcher institutions in the regions. evidence from the rattan gardens of Kalimantan The expert consultation emphasized the potential of enhancing regional Rattan genetic resources conservation and use – IPGRI’s Hong Lay Thong cooperation through information perspective and strategy exchange; collaborative research and Presentation of ITTO Hwan-Ok Ma development; training; and material exchange to promote rattan as a vehicle Status of rattan resources and uses in West and Central Terry Sunderland for achieving social, economic and Africa environmental sustainability in rattan- Status of rattan resources and uses in South Asia C. Renuka producing countries. To this end, the expert consultation called for a concerted The status of the rattan sectors in Lao People’s Democratic Tom Evans effort of governments, the private sector, Republic, Viet Nam and Cambodia, with an emphasis on non-governmental organizations and cane supply relevant international agencies. Degraded tropical forest and its potential role for rattan Toga Silitonga The proceedings, with the full text of development: an Indonesian perspective presentations, are being prepared and will be posted on the home page of FAO’s Country report on the status of rattan resources and uses Abdul Razak NWFP Programme as soon as they are in Malaysia finalized. A short report on the meeting is Rattan resources of the Philippines Ð their extent, Florentino Tesoro available. [A future issue of Unasylva will production, utilization and issues on resource development be dedicated to this meeting.]

Thai rattan in the early 2000 I. Vongkaluang

Harvesting wild rattan: opportunities, constraints and Stephen Siebert For more information, please contact: monitoring methods Mr Paul Vantomme, Forestry Officer (NWFP), Rattan in the 21st century Ð an outlook Cherla Sastry Forest Products Division, FAO, Policy and Institutional Framework for a sustainable Mohammed Salleh Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, development of rattan 00100 Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]; Discussion paper on “Key issues for required actions” Wulf Killmann www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/ Summary notes of the paper submitted for the meeting FAO Secretariat nwfp-e.stm

LES PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX COMESTIBLES, UTILISÉS DANS LES PAYS AFRICAINS FRANCOPHONES

Les produits comestibles sont parmi les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) les plus importants en Afrique. Le texte ci- dessous résume l’utilisation de quelques PFNL végétaux comestibles dans les pays francophones de l’Afrique,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 6 SPECIAL FEATURES

notamment en Afrique du Nord, de Au Burundi, plus de 50 espèces de l’Ouest et Central. Il est tiré et adapté des champignons comestibles sont Profiles des Pays, qui sont disponible ramassées. Les champignons les plus sous forme électronique sur le site consommés sont du genre Cantharellus d’Internet de la FAO (voir (Cantharellus congolensis, C. cibarius, www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav_afric C. cyanoxanthus, C. densifolius, a.jsp?lang_id=2, choisir pays et sujet C. rufopunctatus, C. cyanescens, [PFNL]), ainsi qu’en tant que document C. splendens, C. symoensii, de travail (FAO. 2001. Les produits C. pseudocibarius, C. ruber). En 1995, forestiers non ligneux de l’Afrique: un plus de 1 000 kg de chanterelles en aperçu régional et national. Working provenance des forêts de Rumonge ont Paper FOPW/1/01. Rome). été exportés vers l’Allemagne.

Fundación Espavé

Bénin Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) détient une Cameroun Les PFNL les plus utilisés sont récoltés grande valeur alimentaire. Les principales Les plantes forestières comestibles (fruits, dans les champs et les jachères plutôt utilisations portent sur la pulpe et les grains noix, feuilles légumes, condiments, que dans les savanes et les forêts. des gousses mûres très riches en boissons) sont parmi les PFNL les plus Quarante-et-un espèces forestières (par saccharose, en protéines et en lipides. Le importants au Cameroun. Les plantes exemple, Irvingia gabonensis, Parkia fruit du néré est l’objet de transactions sur comestibles importantes consommées à biglobosa) qui fournissent des produits les marchés africains sous diverses l’état brut incluent: comestibles ont été identifiées. formes, notamment le ÇsoumbalaÈ ¥ les bourgeons de Pennisetum Les trois PFNL les plus importants (condiment de la pâte de maïs) qui est le purpureum; dans la région Bassila à l’ouest de Bénin plus couramment utilisé. En 1990 la ¥ les feuilles de Balanites aegyptiaca sont le karité (Vitellaria paradoxa), le néré production totale en volume de graines de (consommées dans les savanes du (Parkia biglobosa) et le palmier à huile néré était de 20 802 tonnes pour une Nord), Gnetum africanum (Elaeis guineensis). valeur de 5 852 millions de FCFA. (consommées dans toutes les régions Ë part ces produits, huit autres PFNL Le baobab (Adansonia digitata) est une forestières), Aframomum spp., sont d’une importance limitée: Blighia espèce offrant une multitude de possibilités Ocimum spp.; sapida, Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus d’utilisation. Les feuilles et les fruits ¥ les écorces de Scorodophleus zenkeri, indica, Borassus aethiopum, Vitex constituent une source d’alimentation Aphrardisia spp. et Garcinia spp.; doniana, Diospyros mespiliformis, importante. Les jeunes feuilles sont ¥ les rhizomes de Zingiber officinales; Perntadesma butyracea et Bombax utilisées pour la préparation d’une sauce ¥ les tubercules de Dioscorea sp. costatum. riche en protéines. Elles sont également (igname sauvage); moulues en farine. Le fruit ou Çpain de ¥ les racines des Rubiacées; Burkina Faso singe» est mangé comme casse-croûte, ¥ les fruits d’Annonidium mannii, Elaeis Les PFNL comestibles, en particulier le mais il est aussi moulu en farine. La farine guineensis, Tamarindus indica, karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) et le néré est mangée sans préparation ou versée Sclerocarya birrea, Cola acuminata, C. (Parkia biglobosa), sont d’une grande dans la bouillie pour lui donner un goût nitida, C. verticillata, Irvingia importance au Burkina Faso. Des plantes aigre. Du point de vue nutritionnel, le fruit gabonensis, Baillonella toxisperma, comme Adansonia digitata (baobab), est très riche en calcium, vitamine C et Ricinodendron heudelotii, Coula Tamarindus indica (tamarin), Bombax protéine. En 1990 la production de feuilles edulis, Tricosypha arborea, T. costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca, de baobab était de 92 445 tonnes pour une acuminata, T. ferrugine, Xylopia Detarium microcarpum, Ziziphus valeur de 8 782 millions de FCFA. aethiopica, Aframomum spp., mauritiana, Sclerocarya birrea et Elaeis Antrocaryon klaineanum, Piper guineensis sont également importantes Burundi guineensis, Uapaca heudelotii, sur le plan socio-économique. Quoique très limitées, les forêts Tetrapleura tetratera; Parmi les PFNL du Burkina Faso, le burundaises renferment des produits ¥ les graines de Monodora myristica, karité occupe une place de choix pour végétaux comme des fruits, des Bucholzia macrophylla, Garcinia kola; ses multiples avantages au niveau de champignons et des feuilles (par ¥ les champignons. l’économie locale (fabrication de beurre exemple, Gardenia ternifolia, Lannea Les produits consommés à l’état de karité et de savon) et parce qu’il schimperi) qui contribuent à l’alimentation transformé incluent: constitue un produit d’exportation depuis de la population, surtout en période de ¥ l’huile extraite des graines de plus de 25 ans sous forme d’amande et soudure, et des éleveurs pendant la Baillonella toxisperma, Vitellaria de beurre de karité. période de transhumance. paradoxa, Autranella congolensis;

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 7 SPECIAL FEATURES

¥ la pâte à base d’amandes des graines du café, et la vente des noix de kola a quantité d’exportation a augmenté d’une d’Irvingia gabonensis; fourni entre 5 pour cent et 37 pour cent façon significative vers le Gabon et les ¥ l’huile extraite à partir des graines des revenus monétaires des familles. États-Unis pendant les dernières années. d’Allanblackia floribunda; Les projections de vente sur les marchés Les feuilles sont exportées principalement ¥ les différentes espèces de de PFNL pour toute la zone des forêts par deux villes, Idenau et Campo. Ë champignons consommés secs. humides du sud de Cameroun Idenau, environ 600 tonnes de feuilles Une vingtaine de plantes comestibles estimaient que: pour une valeur de 1 800 millions de sont exportées en Europe ainsi qu’aux ¥ en 1995, une quantité de 509 000 kg a FCFA sont exportées annuellement au États-Unis, au Gabon, en République été vendue pour une valeur de Nigéria. La vente des feuilles légumes est centrafricaine, en Guinée équatoriale et 221 990 000 FCFA; donc une activité ayant une grande valeur au Nigéria. Le Cameroun est le seul pays ¥ en 1996, une quantité de 127 400 kg a économique qui offre des revenus de en Afrique Centrale qui exporte des PFNL été vendue pour une valeur de 450 000 FCFA par mois pour un pour le «marché vert» des «produits 94 656 000 FCFA. intermédiaire (travaillant à plein temps). organiques/biologiquesÈ. Très souvent, C. acuminata est plantée Des méthodes de récolte non adaptées et Les fruits d’Irvingia gabonensis par des paysans, surtout dans les des pertes de surfaces forestières font (mangue de brousse) sont très populaires plantations de cacao. que la ressource est sérieusement en et offrent un grand potentiel pour L’écorce de Garcinia lucida et Garcinia danger. Pour résoudre ce problème, un l’accroissement des sources de revenu kola sont des condiments importants pour programme de domestication du Genetum grâce à la commercialisation des la production des vins de palmiers. Après africanum et G. buchholzianum a été excédents de récoltes. Deux la dévaluation du franc CFA qui a causé développé et réalisé. Les résultats ont composantes d’Irvingia gabonensis sont une augmentation des prix de la bière démontré que les espèces sont faciles à utilisées: les fruits et les amandes. Le fruit, ainsi que du whisky, la consommation des domestiquer et qu’il existe un potentiel qui contient beaucoup de fibres, est alcools locaux (vins de palmier, whisky pour l’intégration de ces espèces dans les consommé frais. La partie la plus local) et, en conséquence, l’exploitation de systèmes agroforestiers. importante est l’amande, utilisée pour l’écorce a augmenté. Cette exploitation [Pour plus d’information sur le Cameroun, l’assaisonnement des soupes et qui met en danger les espèces concernées, voir sous Country Compass.] constitue une source de revenu car l’écorçage affaiblit ou tue l’arbre. La importante pour les paysans de la zone récolte des produits du Garcinia lucida a Comores de la forêt humide du Cameroun. lieu tout au long de l’année, bien qu’il soit Les plantes comestibles consommées Les fruits de Coula edulis sont cueillis plus facile d’extraire l’écorce pendant la aux Comores sont le taro, les aréquiers essentiellement pour l’autoconsommation. saison des pluies, c’est-à-dire entre août (Areca sp.), les agrumes (Citrus sp.) et les Ils sont difficilement commercialisés du fait et septembre et entre avril et juin. caféiers sauvages (Coffea sp.). Toutes de leur poids. Généralement, les gens L’écorce est enlevée sur l’ensemble de ces espèces poussent à l’état spontané cueillent juste les quantités nécessaires à l’arbre provoquant sa mort. ou subspontané. leur subsistance, ou bien les mangent L’écorce de Cola nitida peut être utilisée La production de confiture et de jus directement dans les champs en guise de pour la fermentation des vins de palme et obtenu de Psidium guajava alimente une coupe-faim. Le bois, renommé pour sa de raphia, même si les gens normalement petite industrie de transformation. longévité, est utilisé comme matériau de préfèrent l’écorce du Garcinia lucida. Les construction. Ces arbres se trouvent dans noix de Cola nitida sont utilisées pour Congo, République démocratique du la forêt vierge et, très rarement, dans les l’autoconsommation et le commerce. Les Dans le sud-ouest du pays, le manioc plantations de cacaotier. La période de arbres sont situés surtout dans les est le produit de base. La composante ramassage des fruits se situe entre août plantations de cacaotier et sont pour la lipide de l’alimentation est et septembre; les arbres ne produisent plupart cultivés. Les arbres sauvages, essentiellement donnée par l’huile des qu’après un cycle de deux ans. Les noix dont les fruits sont d’une qualité moins noix de Elaeis guineensis. sont généralement cueillies par les bonne, se trouvent également dans la enfants, mais également par quelques forêt vierge. Certains arbres dans les hommes et femmes. plantations de cacaotier ont été plantés, Les noix de kola de Cola acuminata les autres poussant naturellement, sont sont les plus précieux parmi les PFNL du protégés et bien entretenus. Cameroun. Le marché de ces noix est Les feuilles légumes de Gnetum estimé à 20 400 tonnes. En 1983, les africanum et Gnetum buchholzianum sont revenus procurés par les noix de kola des PFNL importants au Cameroun. Elles dans certains foyers du sud-ouest du sont commercialisées au niveau local, Coffea arabica Cameroun étaient plus élevés que ceux régional, national et international. La

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La nourriture obtenue grâce à la tirés de plusieurs espèces de palmiers, viande. Ces espèces pourraient être cueillette, qui accompagne les produits de sont partout mis à contribution, surtout le aisément développées et permettraient base, est saisonnière. Certains fruits et palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis) et les aux populations des forêts feuilles sauvages sont disponibles divers Raphia. marécageuses de briser leur pendant toute l’année, tandis que les Les huiles et matières oléagineuses marginalisation économique. feuilles des forêts sont principalement sont principalement fournies au Congo Les fruits les plus consommés au disponibles pendant la saison des pluies. par le palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis). Congo sont Afromomum spp., Ceux-ci commencent à devenir rares à Les autres espèces qui produisent des Landolphia sp. (malombo), Gambeya cause de la grave déforestation causée huiles sont Raphia, Allanblackia africana et Daryodes edulis (safou). Les par la conversion des forêts en terres floribunda et Baillonella toxisperma. autres fruits importants sont Coula edulis, agricoles pour nourrir la population En ce qui concerne Elaeis guineensis, Grewia coriacea, Mammea africana, croissante. Par exemple, le Gnetum la sève est le plus souvent recueillie Treculia africana, Treculia obovoidea et africanum, qui autrefois était très dans une calebasse (ou autre récipient) Tetracarpidium conophorum. commun, est devenu difficile à trouver. insérée sur un axe d’inflorescence mâle Les fruits de la plus grande potentialité Pendant la période pointe de production sectionné et dont l’entaille est «rajeunie» économique sont, grâce à leur richesse des fruits, plus de 24 pour cent de à chaque transvasement du contenu. Les en éléments nutritifs et leurs potentialités l’alimentation des Mbuti est composée par quantités récoltées sont plus faibles que de domestication, Treculia africana, les grains de Gilbertiodendron. Les autres celles obtenues par d’autres techniques, Tetracarpidium conophorum, Treculia plantes alimentaires sauvages mais cette technique a l’avantage d’être obovoidea et Coula edulis. Les fruits les importantes sont: Dioscorea spp., compatible avec la production de fruits plus rares, qui atteignent donc des prix Canarium schweinfurthii, Irvingia sp. et par le même palmier. Le vin est élevés sur les marchés, sont Heinsia Elaeis guineensis. Ces espèces, prises consommé rapidement, le degré crinita et Trichoscypha spp. ensemble, composent plus de 80 pour alcoolique augmentant progressivement Les graines de Cola spp. sont très cent de la nourriture obtenue à partir de sous l’action de micro-organismes. Bien populaires et utilisées par la population plantes sauvages. que souvent cultivée, Elaeis guineensis comme excitant et dans les pratiques pousse naturellement partout dans le fétichistes. La plus grande production du Congo, République du pays, le plus souvent au bord des cours cola a lieu dans la région de la Likouala. Près de 160 espèces, appartenant à 55 d’eau, dans les jachères ou dans les Les condiments utilisés dans le pays familles, sont utilisées pour la nourriture. villages et campements abandonnés. incluent Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Parmi les espèces de feuilles légumes, Hormis le palmier à huile, les Huagabonii sp., Scorodophloeus zenkeri, les plus cueillies, transportées, principales espèces spontanées aux Irvingia grandifolia et Ricinodendron commercialisées et consommées sont propriétés oléagineuses en forêt heudelotii. Gnetum africanum et Trilepisium marécageuse sont deux espèces du madagascariensis. Ces feuilles sont genre Raphia. Elles sont utilisées soit Côte d’Ivoire coupées en lanières transversales et pour l’extraction de l’huile ou, comme Les savanes de la moitié nord de la Côte sont utilisées dans les préparations l’arachide, sous forme de graines d’Ivoire regorgent d’espèces forestières culinaires en tant qu’ingrédient de grillées. Elles constituent la base d’une fruitières. Il s’agit de plantes arbustives, l’aliment de base (le manioc, la viande ou sauce accompagnant le manioc ou la arborées, lianescentes et sarmenteuses. le poisson). Les feuilles légumes sont Certains fruits sont consommés à l’état très nutritives et très utilisées. Ce succès frais (par exemple, Adansonia digitata, fait que les deux espèces les plus Borassus aethiopum, Detarium appréciées ont pratiquement disparu des microcarpum, Parkia biglobosa et écosystèmes proches des principales Vitellaria paradoxa); d’autres, par contre, villes congolaises. font l’objet de cuisson ou d’extraction Les sèves et les vins des «lianes à pour l’huile, comme par exemple: Parkia eauÈ (Cissus dinklagei, Tetracera biglobosa pour la réalisation du podotricha) sont bien utilisés durant la soumbala; Vitellaria paradoxa pour la chasse. Un danger de disparition des réalisation du beurre de karité; Carapa espèces par des coupes trop intenses procera pour la fabrication du savon et est observé à proximité des villes et des de l’huile pharmacopée; et Pentadesma principales voies de communication. La butyracea pour la fabrication d’un moelle de Costus ligularis est également excellent beurre alimentaire. consommée dans le même but sur D’autres encore font l’objet d’une l’ensemble du pays. Les vins, surtout transformation industrielle: Tamarindus

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indica pour le jus de tamarin; et Parkia vendues sur les marchés sont cultivées biglobosa pour la réalisation de localement Ð ces fruits se conservent mal plaquettes de graines de néré dans le et ils doivent être livrés au marché dans cadre de la prévention contre le goitre. un délai d’un ou deux jours après leur cueillette. Gabon Quant aux boissons, on trouve Ð Les fruits les plus consommés au nord- comme c’est le cas dans toute cette est du Gabon sont Irvingia gabonensis, région d’Afrique – le vin de palme. À Bata Scyphocephalium ochocoa, Panda et à Mbini, deux types de vin de palme oleosa, Gambeya lacourtiana, sont disponibles: Pseudospondias longifolia et ¥ le «vin du bas», récolté à partir de Trichoscypha acuminata. Les fruits de pousses terminales d’Elaeis guineensis Coula edulis sont partout très appréciés abattues; et par la population rurale. ¥ le Çvin du hautÈ provenant de

La commercialisation des fruits est Fundación Espavé l’inflorescence de Raphia vinifera sur Saccharum officinarum documentée pour les espèces suivantes: pied. Aframomum sp., Antrocaryon Guinée Une autre boisson régulièrement klaineanum, Coula edulis, Dacryodes La valeur des différents fruits sauvages commercialisée est produite à partir des buetneri, Dacryodes edulis, Gambeya (e.g. les fruits de Detarium et de tiges de canne à sucre écrasées lacourtiana et Trichoscypha acuminata. Dialium) atteindrait environ 100 millions (Saccharum officinarum). Cet alcool est Les fruits d’Irvingia gabonensis, de de FG. renforcé par l’adjonction de graines et Dacryodes buetneri et de Dacryodes Les noix de Cola nitida font l’objet parfois de bois de Garcinia kola qui rend edulis sont également exportés. d’un commerce actif. La consommation la boisson très amère. La plupart des arbres fruitiers nationale varie entre 150 millions et 200 Le piment de brousse (Piper poussent spontanément (par exemple, millions de noix, ce qui correspond à 14 guineensis) est utilisé au niveau local. Aframomum sp. dans les forêts noix par tête et par semaine. Les De plus, environ 150 tonnes par an sont secondaires ou les vieilles jachères exportations vers le Mali et le Sénégal exportées au Nigéria. Autres condiments agricoles) tandis que autres sont cultivés sont évaluées à 200 millions de noix. utilisés en Guinée équatoriale sont les (par exemple, Antrocaryon klaineanum, Deux PFNL de Parkia biglobosa sont graines de Monodora myristica, Dacryodes edulis). exportés: Ricinodendron heudelotii, Afrostyrax Les fruits et les amandes d’Irvingia ¥ 500 tonnes de graines pour une valeur kamerunensis et Mucuna sloanei, gabonensis sont commercialisés et ils de 100 FG par kg; et l’écorce de Scorodophleus zenkeri ainsi sont également exportés en France et en ¥ 1 000 tonnes de pâte de néré que les feuilles de Strychnos spp. Belgique. Au Gabon, on a réalisé des (soumbala) pour une valeur de 100 FG Quelques condiments comme essais sur la domestication qui n’ont pas par kg. Abelmoschus esculentus, Solanum eu beaucoup de succès auprès de La valeur approximative annuum, Piper longum et Cucurbita paysans à cause de la longue période (consommation et exportation) varie entre pepo sont même cultivés dans des pour la première fructification. 350 millions et 400 millions de FG. systèmes agricoles de petite échelle. Les feuilles légumes de Gnetum La valeur économique du beurre de Les graines d’Irvingia gabonensis sont africanum font partie des PFNL les plus karité de Vitellaria paradoxa correspond à: le produit forestier le plus largement vendu importants du Gabon. À cause d’une ¥ 150 millions de FG pour la en Guinée équatoriale. La forte collecte et utilisation intensives, cette consommation (dont 100 millions de saisonnalité de ce produit a une incidence espèce, qui se trouve dans les forêts FG en autoconsommation); et significative sur sa vente et sur son prix: denses, est surexploitée. Les essais de ¥ 120 millions de FG pour la production. pendant la saison des pluies (juin à domestication n’ont pas encore abouti septembre), lorsque la mangue de aux résultats espérés. La filière Guinée équatoriale brousse est facile à trouver, son prix est commerciale de cette espèce est très Les fruits comestibles les plus communs de 100 FCFA pour 40 graines; pendant la porteuse. sont Dacryodes edulis (prune de brousse) saison sèche (septembre à décembre), le L’écorce de Garcinia klaineana est très et Mangifera indica (vraie mangue). Les prix est de 100 FCFA pour 20 graines utilisée dans la distillation des boissons deux espèces sont généralement plantées seulement. Selon l’endroit, les graines alcoolisées à base de vin de palme. hors de la forêt. La prune de brousse, d’Irvingia gabonensis vendues sur le L’arbre se trouve dans la forêt naturelle. lorsque c’est la saison, vient à la fois du marché de Bata (nord-ouest de la Guinée [Pour plus d’information sur le Gabon, Cameroun et des jardins locaux. équatoriale) sont importées du Cameroun, voir sous Country Compass.] Cependant, la majorité de celles qui sont tandis que les graines vendues sur le

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marché du Mbini (sud-ouest du pays) et plus, compte tenu de la forte demande Le palmier à huile (Eleasis guineensis) récoltées dans la région de Rio Muni (sud- de poudre de feuilles séchées, ce se rencontre à l’état naturel sur sols bien ouest du pays) sont plutôt destinées à produit procure aux populations rurales humides, à proximité immédiate des l’exportation vers le Gabon. un revenu important. Les feuilles cours d’eau permanents. La pulpe du fraîches d’Adansonia digitata sont fruit du palmier fournit l’huile de palme récoltées d’avril à octobre. Celles qui peut apporter un revenu substantiel destinées à la production de poudre sont aux populations. Une partie de l’huile est récoltées en octobre avant leur utilisée dans la préparation des aliments jaunissement. ou sous forme de savon. Le surplus est Le karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) est vendu à l’occasion des foires l’essence champêtre de premier choix hebdomadaires. des populations rurales de la zone Le tamarinier (Tamarindus indica) est soudanienne et soudano-guinéenne. Les un arbre aux usages les plus multiples amandes, ainsi que le beurre qui en est au Mali. La pulpe est utilisée dans la extrait, font l’objet d’un commerce préparation de boissons rafraîchissantes, international. Le beurre de karité est la de sirops ou jus et rentrent dans la principale source de matière grasse fabrication de divers produits d’origine végétale. Il est employé dans la pharmaceutiques. Les graines sont préparation des aliments, dans la utilisées dans l’industrie alimentaire, de la fabrication du savon, pour les soins laine et du jute, de la colle et en médicaux, la fabrication des produits imprimerie. cosmétiques etc. On l’utilise industriellement dans la fabrication du Maroc chocolat ou du rouge à lèvres de qualité. Près de 2 000 espèces de champignons Mali Même si la demande pour l’auto- sauvages sont connues au Maroc, mais Parmi les 41 espèces fruitières forestières consommation est forte, les transactions seulement une minorité a été analysée documentées dans la zone nord- commerciales concernant les amandes pour sa potentialité commerciale. Les guinéenne au sud du Mali, huit espèces et le beurre de karité apportent des espèces de champignons sauvages les sont à haut revenu: Adansonia digitata revenus importants aux populations plus importantes au Maroc sont (les feuilles), Vitellaria paradoxa (les rurales, mais surtout aux nombreux Tricholoma caligatum, Boletus edulis, noix), Parkia biglobosa (les graines), intermédiaires et grossistes. Cantharellus cibarius, Terfezia leonis, Eleasis guineensis (les fruits), Tamarindus Le néré (Parkia biglobosa) est l’espèce Psalliota bispora, Morchella spp. et indica, Carapa procera et Lophira champêtre la plus caractéristique de la Pleurotus ostreatus. Actuellement, lanceolata ainsi que Borassus aethiopum zone soudanienne. Il est entretenu pour seulement quatre à cinq espèces sont (divers produits). faire du fromage végétal, le «soumbala», cultivées à grande échelle. Le baobab (Adansonia digitata)se et utilisé comme condiment dans tous les Environ deux millions de personnes trouve dans la région soudanienne du villages de la région. À ce titre, les de la population rurale au Maroc sont pays où les précipitations varient de 600 graines et le soumbala sont largement impliquées dans l’aménagement à 1 400 mm. Il est un des arbres les plus commercialisés, ce qui apporte un d’Argania spinosa. Cet arbre est utiles du pays. Ses feuilles sont revenu important aux populations rurales apprécié pour sa production d’une huile quotidiennement utilisées par toutes les et aux nombreux intermédiaires comestible, qui a une grande valeur populations, tant rurales qu’urbaines. impliqués dans cette filière. Les graines nutritionnelle (ainsi que pour la Fraîches, les jeunes feuilles donnent un font l’objet d’un commerce international. production de plantes fourragères et du excellent légume; sèches et transformées La récolte se fait en avril ou mai, quand bois de chauffe). Les femmes en poudre, elles sont vendues comme les gousses sèchent. La cueillette peut marocaines consacrent 20 millions de ingrédient de nombreux mets et sauces. durer deux mois et une famille peut journées de travail par an pour La pulpe du fruit est couramment utilisée obtenir en moyenne 500 kg de graines l’extraction de l’huile (en moyenne un dans la préparation de la crème de mil. en bonne saison. C’est surtout la tâche jour et demi pour la production d’un litre Les graines jouent un rôle identique aux des femmes qui, regroupées en de l’huile). graines du néré dans la fabrication du associations d’entraide, se chargent de En 1994, 8 678 tonnes d’épices ont ÇsoumbalaÈ, mais elles ne sont utilisées cette activité en alternance avec le été exportées pour une valeur de que par certaines ethnies de la région. ramassage des noix de karité. Les fruits 6 973 421 DH. De plus, 900 tonnes de Les quantités auto-consommées de ces sont récoltés à l’aide de perches ou en graines de caroube (Ceratonia siliqua) différents produits sont importantes. De escaladant les arbres. ont été produites en 1992.

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Mauritanie Les graines du néré (Parkia biglobosa) naturelles: le Dallol Maouri, au sud du Des arbres produisant des fruits sont appelées «la viande du pauvre» à pays, avec un important peuplement de comestibles incluent Boscia senegalensis, cause de sa teneur élevée en protéines. plus de 30 000 ha dont 738 ha de forêt Balanites aegyptiaca, Adansonia digitata Le néré se rencontre surtout dans la classée. Il constitue la formation la plus et Sclerocarya birrea. Les fruits de bande sud des départements de Zinder, importante de l’Afrique de l’ouest; et un Sclerocarya birrea font l’objet d’un Maradi, Dosso et Tillabèry. Les deuxième peuplement (forêt de Dezga) commerce local. La pulpe des fruits, riche peuplements les plus importants se d’une superficie de 665 ha, au sud-est du en alcool, est fermentée et transformée rencontrent dans les zones humides ou Niger, à la frontière du Nigéria dans en bière. Du fruit on peut faire des jus et pluvieuses de la région de Gaya et le l’arrondissement de Matamèye. D’autres des confitures. long des dallols et dans la région de peuplements de moindre importance L’amande du noyau de Sclerocarya Torodi. Les paysans utilisent cette espèce existent, isolés le long du fleuve Niger, birrea contient des matières grasses et qui fait partie des biens transmis en dans le Parc W et le long de la rivière beaucoup de vitamine C. Elle donne aussi héritage. La poudre tirée de la pulpe sert Mékrou. Des plantations artificielles ont une huile comestible. à fabriquer un gâteau et des boissons été réalisées dans les années 1940-1953 Les graines de Boscia senegalensis fraîches. Les graines du néré servent à la à Niamey (Lamordé) et Doutchi. Le rônier donnent une excellente farine pour la fabrication du ÇsoumbalaÈ qui a un est la principale source de bois de service fabrication des repas. En plus, on arôme très prisé et qui fait l’objet de la au Niger. Il fournit un revenu monétaire consomme l’albumen des graines et les fabrication industrielle au Nigéria. important à des milliers de petits feuilles d’Adansonia digitata. Les feuilles et les fruits du baobab exploitants tout en leur permettant de se (Adansonia digitata) font l’objet d’un nourrir et de s’abriter. Toutes les parties Niger commerce organisé. Le baobab, comme du rônier (stipe, feuilles, pétiole, fleurs, Beaucoup d’espèces forestières, le néré, est une espèce complètement bourgeon terminal, fruits, racines) sont notamment le néré (Parkia biglobosa), le intégrée dans le système de production utilisables, mais leur utilisation varie d’une baobab (Adansonia digitata), sont très paysan et elle fait également partie des région à l’autre. Les usages clefs du riches en protéines, en sucre et en biens légués en héritage. Le baobab et le rônier sont notamment l’alimentation certains oligo-éléments tels que le fer, le néré sont connus pour leur richesse en humaine et animale et l’artisanat. manganèse et le zinc. De ce fait, les sucre et en certains oligo-éléments tels PFNL augmentent l’apport protidique du que le fer, le zinc et le manganèse. De République centrafricaine régime alimentaire de la population plus, l’écorce fournit des fibres Des tubercules, des feuilles, des fruits et rurale du Niger, qui est essentiellement d’excellente qualité. Les plus grands des écorces sont utilisés pour l’alimentation constitué de céréales, ce qui permet de peuplements de baobab sont surtout par la population centrafricaine. réduire les déséquilibres alimentaires en localisés dans la région de Torodi. Les tubercules d’ignames Dioscorea protéines et d’améliorer la santé des L’espèce végétale la plus importante au sp. constituent l’aliment de base chez les populations. En période de graves crises Niger est probablement le rônier pygmées. Dioscorea sp. (ndombi en alimentaires, la population nigérienne Borassus aethiopum. C’est en raison des banda yanguéré), identifié en forêt du sud recourt souvent à l’usage de PFNL multiples utilisations de cette espèce de la République centrafricaine, donne (feuilles, fruits, noix) de certaines qu’on parle, au Niger, de plante des grosses tubercules et peut pénétrer espèces ligneuses et herbacées comme nourricière en citant le rônier. Cette dans le sol à plus de 1,5 m. base ou complément alimentaire. Les espèce est assez bien représentée. En Les feuilles de Gnetum spp., d’Hileria espèces les plus couramment utilisées effet, elle se rencontre dans deux zones latifolia et de Dorstenia sp. sont sont Boscia senegalensis (feuilles et comestibles et souvent commercialisées fruits), Parkia biglobosa (farine obtenue au niveau national. À cause de la rareté à partir de la pulpe), Maerua crassifolia de Gnetum buchholzianum (koko), ces et Cenchrus biflorus. plantes sont en train d’être substituées La plupart des fruits sauvages sont par Gnetum africanum (kali). également récoltés pour être vendus sur Les fruits comme Gambeya africana, les marchés locaux. Au niveau des Treculia africana, Canarium marchés des différentes villes du Niger, schweinfurthii, Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, une importante filière de Irvingia excelsa, Vittelaria paradoxa commercialisation des fruits de Ziziphus (huile et fruit de karité très consommés mauritania, Hyphaene thebaica, par les habitants du nord de la Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca République centrafricaine), Parkia et des graines de Parkia biglobosa est biglobosa (les graines fermentées sont en train de se développer. consommées sous forme de boulettes

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 12 SPECIAL FEATURES

noires et très parfumées aux arômes de dakhar (Tamarindus indica), du sump protides, 29 pour cent de lipides et 10 camembert), sont recherchés pour leurs (Balanites aegyptiaca), du sidème pour cent de glucides). Ë ce sujet, il faut usages divers, pour leur apport dans (jujube) (Ziziphus mauritiana) et du noter que l’Institut de technologie l’alimentation et pour leur goût. Le poivre nété (Parkia biglobosa) avec une alimentaire (ITA) a pu isoler la Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica et production moyenne comprise entre moisissure et procéder à sa Aframomum sp. sont très recherchés 95 000 et 45 000 kg. multiplication au laboratoire. Un essai pour l’exportation. Il faut noter que la production du nété portant sur la fermentation des amendes Les écorces de Khaya senegalensis et et du dakhar est faite régulièrement extraites a donné de bons résultats; ce de Garcinia kola, sont utilisées comme durant ces dix dernières années. Ces qui permet d’envisager la fabrication du ferment dans le vin de palme. produits occupent une place très nététou dans d’excellentes conditions importante dans l’alimentation des d’hygiène Rwanda populations. De façon générale, la production des Les fruits et champignons sauvages sont Le dernier groupe des produits est fruits forestiers, toute espèce confondue, surtout consommés par la population constitué du: connaît une augmentation régulière pauvre et les enfants. La quantité de ¥ solom (Dalium guineense), du depuis 1991, avec une moyenne de fruits sauvages collectée n’est pas khougam (Parkia biglobosa) et du 1 800 000 kg par an connue. Par contre, la production de leung (Vitex doniana) pour une Il importe d’insister sur le fait que la fruits dans les systèmes agroforestiers a production comprise entre 2 400 et production contrôlée est celle qui fait atteint 58 759 tonnes en 1989. 32 000 kg; l’objet de commercialisation. La production de champignons a ¥ et enfin le reste dont la production est Toutefois, compte tenu des frontières augmenté pour satisfaire la demande inférieure à 9 000 kg par an, ce sont: communes avec la Guinée et la Guinée croissante de la population urbaine et le toll (Landolphia heudelotii), le nep- Bissau, il existe, dans les régions de rurale. Les champignons les plus nep (Acacia nilotica), le alom Kolda et de Ziguinchor, un trafic cultivés sont Pleurotes florida et (Diospyros mespiliformis), le ntaba important de produits forestiers, surtout Pleurotes pulminarius, avec une (Cola cordifolia) et le néo (Parinari l’huile de palme et certains fruits production de 6 tonnes en 1991 macrophylla) avec une production forestiers. Ce phénomène est accentué (production mondiale: 5 millions tonnes annuelle inférieure à 300 kg par l’existence de nombreux marchés en 1995). Il faut toutefois rappeler que le nété, le hebdomadaires qui constituent des lieux néré, le kougham et le nététou sont tous importants d’échanges pour les tirés du même arbre, le Parkia populations rurales. Les produits issus biglobosa. Le nété est le fruit du Parkia de ces marchés sont, par la suite, biglobosa. C’est une gousse longue de achetés par les commerçants qui 25 à 30 cm sur 1,5 à 2 cm de largeur. La s’acquittent de la redevance forestière pulpe de couleur jaune fournit une farine pour les acheminer vers les centres de très riche en glucide (80 pour cent commercialisation. De ce fait, ces environ), le néré. Cette farine était produits sont comptabilisés comme recommandée à la fin du dix-neuvième exploités au Sénégal. À ce niveau une siècle comme base de farine lactée pour enquête pourrait être menée pour mieux l’alimentation des enfants. Dans les cerner la quantité réellement exploitée Sénégal zones de production, les ruraux l’utilisent au Sénégal. Dans les fruits forestiers, qui sont parmi dans les bouillies de mil et de riz. C’est Malgré cette situation, l’on enregistre les PFNL les plus importants au l’aliment de soudure par excellence. À l’existence de quantités importantes de Sénégal, on peut distinguer quatre nos jours, les paysans prennent, tôt le produits importés, conformément à la groupes de produits selon l’importance matin, une bouillie de néré avant d’aller réglementation. Ces produits sont de la quantité exploitée en moyenne par aux champs. Ce repas simple leur déversés sur le marché intérieur et an, il s’agit: permet de résister à la faim jusqu’à leur contribuent, de ce fait, à la satisfaction ¥ du buy, communément appelé «pain retour dans l’après-midi. Mélangé à du des besoins des populations. (Source: de singeÈ (Adansonia digitata), du miel, on lui prête des vertus préventives Étude sur la collecte et l’analyse des ditakh (Detarium senegalensis), du contre le paludisme. données statistiques sur les produits maad (Saba senegalensis) et du L’amande extraite des graines du forestiers non-ligneux au Sénégal, nététou (Parkia biglobosa) qui ont nété, le khougam, fournit après janvier 2001, par T. Fall. Projet une production moyenne supérieure fermentation un condiment appelé GCP/INT/679/EC.) à 210 000 kg; «soumbala» ou nététou de grande [Pour plus d’information sur le Sénégal, ¥ du dank (Detarium microcarpum), du valeur nutritionnelle (35 pour cent de voir sous Country Compass.]

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 13 SPECIAL FEATURES

Tchad grandes quantités (10 000 tonnes par Les principaux arbres fruitiers connus an), tandis que seules de petites sont le savonnier (Balanites aegyptiaca), quantités de pin pignon sont le jujubier (Ziziphus mauritiana et commercialisées à cause de leur Ziziphus spina christi), le tamarin disponibilité limitée. La production des (Tamarindus indica), l’ébénier d’Afrique graines du pin pignon s’accroîtra dans (Diospiros mespilliformis), le palmier les années à venir à cause de l’entrée doum (Hyphaene thebaica), Faiderherbia en production des peuplements créés albida (fruit sauvage), le karité (Vitellaria artificiellement au lendemain de paradoxa), le néré (Parkia biglobosa), le l’indépendance. dattier (Phoenix dactiliphera), Salvadora Environ 13 500 ha des nappes persica et Boscia senegalensis. La naturelles du caprier Capparis spinosa cueillette des fruits au Tchad est une sont exploitées pour la cueillette des activité pratiquée au niveau national et of Sciences Academy National câpres. Une partie des câpres est par toutes les couches sociales et collecte vendue augmente depuis 10 ou exportée par les industriels en conserve surtout rurales. 20 ans, avec les besoins monétaires, au alimentaire. Les noix/amandes du karité (Vitellaria détriment de l’autoconsommation. Les champignons sauvages paradoxa) font partie des oléagineux les En tant que condiment, les espèces comestibles sont cueillis dans les forêts plus utilisés au Tchad. Elles sont suivantes sont utilisées au Tchad: humides du nord-ouest. Dans une bonne utilisées principalement pour la Grewia mollis, Grewia tenax, Bombax année, jusqu’à 20 tonnes peuvent être fabrication du beurre, mais le sont aussi costatum, Balanites aegyptiaca et collectées. dans la médecine traditionnelle et Spirlunia platensis. moderne, la cosmétique et la savonnerie. Vitellaria paradoxa est Togo répandue dans le sud de la zone Le karité (Vitellaria paradoxa) possède soudanienne avec des densités de multiples avantages mais le plus variables. Les peuplements les plus important est son intérêt économique, du denses sont observés, en particulier fait de l’extraction du «beurre de karité», dans les préfectures de Tandjilé, du utilisé aussi bien dans l’alimentation Logone oriental, du Logone occidental, humaine qu’en cosmétique (rouge à et du Moyen-chari où des estimations lèvres). Les qualités médiocres servent ont donné 50 millions à 60 millions pour la fabrication du savon ou des d’arbres de karité, mais seulement bougies. On l’utilise également pour quatre à cinq pour cent sont exploités. fabriquer du chocolat. La pulpe du fruit Dans les deux tiers de la zone est consommée par le bétail. Dans les soudanienne, on a évalué à 4,6 millions conditions idéales, le rendement par les Vitellaria paradoxa avec une arbre est de 15 kg par an. production potentiale de 500 000 tonnes La pulpe du néré (Parkia biglobosa) de noix de karité par an. contient jusqu’à 60 pour cent de sucre. Le ramassage et la transformation Les graines sont transformées en une (extraction manuelle de l’huile, boule noirâtre utilisée comme ingrédient fabrication de savon ou de pommades) dans les sauces. Le baobab (Adansonia des noix de karité sont des activités digitata) présente de multiples usages principales pour les femmes. Les alimentaires, avec les feuilles, la pulpe revenus obtenus par ces activités ne des fruits et les graines. En plus, le sont pas négligeables, bien que sa baobab a des utilisations variées dans la commercialisation soit limitée pharmacopée. essentiellement au marché intérieur. Pour une collecte de l’ordre de 120 kg Tunisie de noix par foyer, on peut estimer des Les graines comestibles du pin d’Alep revenus monétaires de la vente entre (Pinus halepensis) et de pin pignon 5 000 et 20 000 FCFA, soit l’équivalent (Pinus pinea) sont récoltées dans les de 25 à 100 kg de mil achetés au forêts tunisiennes. Surtout les graines du moment des soudures. La part de pin d’Alep sont commercialisées en

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 14 NEWS AND NOTES

Anamed seminars: receive submissions in slide, photo or ¥ promote the protection and digital formats. “Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP) cultivation of healing plants and the Photographic credits will be included consist of goods of biological origin skilled preparation of, and treatment for all images which are incorporated in other than wood, derived from with, natural medicines; the database, and two free copies of the forests, other wooded land and trees ¥ support people in becoming more CD-ROM database Version 2.0 will be outside forests.” active in the care of the environment; sent to all photographers whose images ¥ support people in becoming more are included. (Source: Forest Information ÇLes produits forestiers non ligneux self-reliant with regard to their health Update [FIU], 19 February 2001.) sont des biens d’origine biologique and material needs, and at the same autres que le bois, dérivés des forêts, time opposes any commercial For more information, please contact: des autres terres boisées, et des initiative that continues their Ahmed Salim, ICRAF, Box 30677, arbres hors forêts.» dependency on the North; and Nairobi, Kenya. ¥ promote local and international E-mail: [email protected]; ÇProductos forestales no madereros cooperation in pursuing these www.icraf.cgiar.org/treessd/databases. son los bienes de origen biológico principles. htm distintos de la madera derivados de Natural medicine in the tropics is one los bosques, de otras tierras of Anamed’s recent publications. This boscosas y de los árboles fuera de practical handbook describes the ANTI-CANCER DITERPENE los bosques.È preparation and use of natural medicines TAXOL (FAO’s working definition) and is available in English, French and German. A poster “Healing Plants in the Taxol, a tubulin-binding diterpene Tropics” has also been prepared with originally isolated from Taxus brevifolia, photographs of the more than 60 has been discovered in the African fern medicinal plants that are described in the pine, Podocarpus gracilior. This is the book, indicating the disorders and first report of the occurrence of this ACTION FOR NATURAL diseases for which they are useful. compound in plants outside the MEDICINES (ANAMED) Taxaceae family. (Source: Forests Action for Natural Medicines (Anamed) is For more information, please contact: Chemical Review, May-June 2000.) committed to supporting people in the Anamed, Schafweide 77, tropics in being as self-sufficient as 71364 Winnenden, Germany. possible in meeting their own health Fax: +49 7195 65367. ARAB ORGANIZATION needs, and in developing the greatest FOR AGRICULTURAL possible degree of economic self- DEVELOPMENT reliance. Priority is given to working in AGROFORESTREE DATABASE – ways that are in complete harmony with CALL FOR PHOTOS The Arab Organization for Agricultural the environment. Development (AOAD) is a regional Following the launch in 1998 of the intergovernmental technical organization Agroforestree Database (a tree species working under the umbrella of the reference and selection guide), the League of Arab States with a mandate to International Center for Research in enhance agricultural development in the Agroforestry (ICRAF), with funding from Arab region. Its workplan, policies and the United Kingdom Department for budget are determined and approved by International Development (DFID), has its General Assembly which is composed been working to increase the species of Ministers of Agriculture in the 21 Arab coverage and information content. Member States. Version 1.0 of the AF Dbase is Founded in 1972, AOAD’s objectives available on CD-ROM or directly off the are to strengthen relations and develop Internet. In version 2.0, which will be cooperation in different agricultural

Malaysian Timber Timber Bulletin Malaysian released in April/May 2001, the number activities to achieve food self-sufficiency of tropical trees included has increased and surplus in a framework of regional from 321 to 502 tree species. However, agricultural and economic integration. ICRAF still requires photographic images In recent years, AOAD adopted a new Polygala paniculata for a number of taxa and would like to strategy to cope with regional,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 15 NEWS AND NOTES

international and political changes and For more information, please contact: their economic and environmental impact Mr Lionel Jayanetti, TRADA on Arab agriculture. This necessitates Bamboo in construction Ð an International, Stocking Lane, further emphasis on areas of food introduction Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe production, environmental conservation, by D.L. Jayanetti and P.R. Follett. HP14 4ND, UK. preservation of natural resources, human E-mail: [email protected]; resource development and This new publication aims to offer a fax: +44 1494 565487. implementation of country and regional general introduction to bamboo as a [Please see Non-Wood News No. 5 for projects. (Source: AOAD Quarterly construction material. It is a joint more information.] Newsletter.) publication of TRADA Technology and the International Network for Bamboo For more information, please contact: and Rattan (INBAR) and has been BAMBOO PLANTATIONS Arab Organization for Agricultural prepared as part of a project funded DISCUSSION GROUP Development (AOAD), PO Box 474, by the United Kingdom Department Khartoum-Al Amarat, the Sudan. for International Development (DFID). This e-mail group is a forum for Fax: +249 11 472176; Copies are available free of charge exchanging information, ideas and e-mail: [email protected]; from TRADA. opinions about the use of bamboo in www.aoad.org/main.htm plantations. While bamboo has been exploited from natural stands from time immemorial, only BAMBOO SHELTER – A recently have we seen the DEMONSTRATION OF BEST ¥ investigations and treatment trials to overexploitation of bamboo forests to CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE establish effectiveness of different provide raw material for bamboo preservative treatment techniques; industries. The growth of industries TRADA Technology is currently carrying ¥ identification of appropriate utilizing bamboo requires the sustainable out a project, funded by the United construction practices; cultivation and management of bamboo Kingdom Department for International ¥ design and construction of resources. Bamboo is increasingly being Development (DFID) as part of their demonstration buildings; cultivated in the same way as other Knowledge and Research Programme ¥ participation in preparation of draft agricultural crops; i.e. in large-scale, (KAR). The aim of the project is to bamboo building code; professionally managed plantations. demonstrate and promote the utilization of ¥ arrangement of training programmes The topics of interest to the group, bamboo, a low-cost, sustainable resource, for counterpart personnel; which has over 250 members, include: in the provision of adequate, affordable, ¥ production of a manual, poster and ¥ global inventory of bamboo safe and secure shelter for the poorest video illustrating the activities of the plantations; communities in developing countries. project; ¥ regulatory issues related to bamboo; The question of harvesting existing ¥ organization of an in-country seminar ¥ national policies and strategies on stands of bamboo sustainably will be to disseminate the projects findings. bamboo agroforestry; addressed as an integral part of the The work is being carried out in ¥ environmental impact of bamboo project. In addition, the possibility of a partnership with the Indian Plywood plantations; parallel project on sustainable growing Industries Research and Training ¥ planting material used for bamboo and harvesting, to include home-garden Institute (IPIRTI) and Kerala Forestry plantations; bamboo, will also be considered. Research Institute (KFRI). ¥ genetic enhancement of bamboo for The regional focus is South Asia, with plantations; work currently under way in southern ¥ the socio-economics of bamboo India. The project duration is three years, plantations; and it is hoped to extend the work to ¥ the role of women in bamboo northern areas of India, and also to Sri plantations; Lanka and Bangladesh. ¥ the utilization of bamboo from The main project activities are: plantations; ¥ assessment of bamboo availability; ¥ the technologies implemented in ¥ socio-economic study; developing and managing bamboo ¥ design and testing of bamboo plantations; elements, joints and structural ¥ opportunities for plantation assemblies; development;

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 16 NEWS AND NOTES

governmental and international organizations. BUSHMEAT UTILIZATION This is followed by an analysis of five DEPLETES WILDLIFE IN case studies that illustrate a benefit- EASTERN AND SOUTHERN sharing arrangement: AFRICA ¥ three cover medicinal plants: ¥ the example of Prunus africana in the Many wildlife populations in eastern and Mount Cameroon region, Cameroon; southern Africa are facing a lean future. ¥ sharing with the Kani ethnic group The illegal killing of wild animals for (India): the example of Trichopus meat, the so-called use and trade of zeylanicus; “bushmeat”, is believed to be one of the ¥ sharing with the Se Dang ethnic greatest direct causes of the decline of ¥ assessment of existing plantations; group (Viet Nam): the example of wildlife numbers outside protected areas. ¥ information on bamboo plantation Panax vietnamensis: a new ginseng?; In order to gather more substantial projects; ¥ one with bioprospecting information on the situation, Trade ¥ harvesting methods and yield of (Bioprospecting in Suriname); and Records and Analysis of Flora and bamboo plantations; ¥ one with ecotourism (Ecotourism with Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) ¥ economic and business analysis of Conservation International). conducted a review on trade and bamboo plantations; The same methodology (or utilization of wild meat in seven eastern ¥ industries dependent on bamboo as a framework) of analysis was applied to and southern African countries raw material; these five studies. (Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, ¥ data linking bamboo to other wood The third part of the study is dedicated Mozambique, United Republic of and non-wood forestry crops. to a global assessment of the case Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe). The The group is thus an open platform for studies, e.g. to understand the lessons study, Food for thought: the utilisation disseminating information related to to be learned. To do that, the study and trade of wild meat in eastern and bamboo plantations and is open to all compared the social, political, ecological, southern Africa, by Rob Barnett, individuals: farmers, environmentalists, economical and technological aspects TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa, was agronomists, entrepreneurs, within the framework applied above. released in July 2000. industrialists, or anyone with a special (Source: Benefit-sharing arrangements This study documents the utilization of interest in bamboo cultivation. (BSA) in the field of non-wood forests wild meat in the region, its economic To join, send a blank message to: products Ð an overview, by Alexandre value to rural communities and the bamboo-plantations- Stipanovich, FAO Volunteer, July 2000.) impact of its harvest on protected areas [email protected] or e-mail the and individual species valued in the group moderator Dr Victor Brias: For more information, please contact trade. [email protected]; FAO’s NWFP Programme at the address A total of 23 surveys were conducted http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bamboo- given on the first page. from 1997 to 1998, of which 16 were plantations focused on the illegal use of wildlife. A diversity of rural and urban areas was targeted and approximately 6 000 BOREAL FOREST DIRECTORY BENEFIT-SHARING respondents contributed to the collection ARRANGEMENTS IN THE of baseline data. FIELD OF NON-WOOD A concise directory is available covering FOREST PRODUCTS 120 Taiga Rescue Network participant Versatile source of food and protein organizations and their activities. The A wide variety of species Ð from insects, FAO’s Non-Wood Forest Products directory provides up-to-date contact rodents and birds, to duikers, elephants Programme recently prepared an details and information on fields of work, and impalas Ð are utilized regularly overview of benefit-sharing arrangements areas of interest and specialities. throughout the areas studied. Bushmeat (BSA) in the field of non-wood forest also affects a wide range of products. For more information and to purchase a communities, from traditional In the first part of the study, the copy, please contact: hunter/gatherer societies, to agropastoral concept of BSA is defined by describing Taiga Rescue Network, Box 116, 962 23 and pastoral communities, as well as its background (the Convention on Jokkmokk, Sweden. urban centres in the region. Biological Diversity) and the main E-mail: [email protected] Among the majority of the people, international actors (companies, non- bushmeat is recognized as a valued

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 17 NEWS AND NOTES

resource and consumed regularly on a landholders and that secure land tenure The manual is organized into six daily, weekly or monthly basis. In many needs to be formalized in legislation. sections. The first is an introduction to areas bushmeat also represents the only This would prompt an interest among certification systems, which traces the viable source of meat protein, with landowners and holders to invest in the evolution of timber certification and draws domestic meat being prohibitively sustainable management of the wildlife out relevant lessons for NTFP expensive and largely unavailable. resource for meat production. certification. Section two introduces the Furthermore, in six of the seven Once benefits increase to landholders, guideline development process, and countries surveyed, bushmeat was found wildlife can play an important sustainable includes the final draft generic guidelines, to be much cheaper than domestic meat. role in community development and, by indicators and verifiers by plant class, as The study found that the poorer the doing so, ensure its continued survival. well as an example of species-specific household, the greater its reliance on Without it, wildlife will continue to be guidelines developed for maple syrup. bushmeat. During times of economic seen as a freely exploitable, uncared-for Section three relates experiences from hardship, droughts and famine, bushmeat resource that benefits only those who field-testing the guidelines in Mexico is relied upon to an even greater extent. use it first. (chicle), Bolivia (Brazil nut) and Brazil Without a dynamic and proactive (palm heart), including some of the Legal game meat production response to the bushmeat issue in the lessons learned. All the countries surveyed legally region, it is likely that the countries of Section four expands the focus of the produced game meat through ranching, this study will lose not only a valued manual to incorporate a range of farming, cropping/culling, licensed natural resource, but also a vital temperate as well as tropical NTFP hunting or problem animal control community development option. species profiles from around the world. initiatives. Such schemes collectively The study emphasizes the necessity The species profiles examine unique yield about 8 500 tonnes of meat for a more equitable distribution of donor ecological, social, cultural, and marketing annually, with an estimated local value of funding for this critical conservation and elements Ð and in so doing, portray the nearly US$7.7 million. social issue, with greater collaboration enormous diversity in NTFPs Ð as well as Game meat production in Zimbabwe among the conservation and community the potential, or incompatibility, of (2 925 tonnes per year) represents a development government departments, certification to act as a tool for promotion substantial and growing industry. It is non-governmental organizations and of environmental and social objectives in economically more favourable compared professionals. (Contributed by: Maija each case. The species represent not with other land uses such as farming Sirola, Communications Officer, only geographical diversity, but different and livestock ranching in semi-arid TRAFFIC International.) classes (resins, roots, bark, herbs, fibres), areas. However, the study found that the markets (subsistence, local, regional, other countries surveyed have a For more information, please contact: international), uses (e.g. medicinal, negligible game ranching, farming and TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa Ð Kenya, edible, craft, fibre), and sources (primary cropping sector owing to unfavourable c/o Ngong Racecourse, Ngong Road, forest, secondary forest, fallow). wildlife ownership and land tenure laws. PO Box 68200, Nairobi, Kenya. Section five examines the “core In these countries, wildlife is Tel./Fax: +254 2 577943; elements” of NTFP certification, with government-owned with only limited and, e-mail: [email protected]; subsections covering ecological, social, in many cases, short-term user rights www.traffic.org marketing, and technical issues. An given to landholders. When a continuing [Please see Non-Wood News No. 5 for additional section in the “Social uncertainty about the retention of wildlife more information.] Elements” chapter highlights the user rights persists, landholders remain importance of NTFPs to subsistence reluctant to invest in costly start-up livelihoods in both the North and the infrastructure. CERTIFICATION OF NWFPS South. Game meat also results as a by- The manual concludes with a review of product from licensed hunting. All the A forthcoming manual on NTFP central lessons learned, summarizing countries surveyed have legislation certification some of the greatest opportunities and allowing low-cost licensed hunting by This manual is a product of Rainforest challenges afforded by NTFP certification. citizens. However, due to the subsidised Alliance’s NTFP Marketing and (Source: from the Introduction to: P. cost of licences, licensed citizen hunting Management Project, which was Shanley, S. Laird, A. Pierce & A. Guillen, can be open to misuse. supported by the United States Agency for eds. The management and marketing of International Development (USAID). The non-timber forest products: certification Rights for landholders purpose of the project was to explore the as a tool to promote sustainability. RBG This study recommends that wildlife feasibility of NTFP certification, with a Kew/WWF/UNESCO People and Plants ownership be more widely transferred to principal geographic focus on Latin America. Series No. 5. [in press])

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 18 NEWS AND NOTES

For more information on this a questionnaire to ProFound (e-mail: publication, please contact: [email protected]). Trish Shanley, PO Box 6596 JKPWB, CIFOR’s FPP programme considers Jakarta 10065. Indonesia. international donors and NGOs as key E-mail: [email protected] clients for its research outputs, and expects that the results of the survey will Certificación de PFNM contribute to an improved matching of La Oficina regional de la FAO para the programme’s outputs to the América Latina y el Caribe (RLAC) está information requirements of those realizando en América Latina un estudio clients. At the same time, it is envisaged prospectivo de experiencias de manejo that the output of the survey will provide sostenible y certificación de Productos international donors and key players a Forestales No Madereros (PFNM). worldwide overview of NTFP-related A través de una revisión bibliográfica y development activities, thus enabling de la información disponible en Internet, more effective and efficient investment se hará una recopilación de la of time and money. información sobre el estado de los The principal output of the survey will actuales procesos en materia de manejo non-governmental organizations (NGOs) be a CIFOR special publication (co- sostenible de PFNM y su certificación, and local groups concerning the authored by ProFound), comprising: en bosques naturales, bosques development and conservation potential ¥ status and (investment) trends of plantados o fuera de los bosques. De of NTFPs. NTFP projects; manera paralela, a través de la red Consequently, these two organizations ¥ analysis of the underlying internacional del Consejo de Manejo teamed up in 2000 to carry out a survey on assumptions of these projects; Forestal (FSC) y de otros organismos o the current status and trends concerning ¥ assessment of lessons learned, and instancias de certificación, se hará una NTFPs in the development and research changing perceptions and recopilación de procesos avalados y agendas of key donors and NGOs. expectations regarding NTFP-based certificados, o que se encuentran en CIFOR’s programme Forest Products development activities and policies; proceso de evaluación. and People (FPP) undertakes ¥ identification of overlap of activities Se espera obtener resultados collaborative research to assess the role and neglected aspects/issues; generales en el ámbito de las and potential of NTFPs as tools for ¥ assessment of information experiencias actuales de manejo development and for conservation requirements. sostenible y certificación en América (see www.cifor.org/research/ (Contributed by: Eric van Poederooijen, Latina, y de los proyectos específicos productsandpeople/). ProFound.) que se encuentren en proceso de ProFound’s programme on NTFPs evaluación por medio de la certificación. focuses on strategy development and For more information, please contact: capacity building in community-based Mr Eric van Poederooijen, ProFound, Para más información, dirigirse a: NTFP development, e.g. through the HoogHiemstraplein 128, Utrecht 3514 Torsten Frisk, Oficial Forestal Superior, establishment of local networks in Asia, AZ, the Netherlands. Oficina Regional de la FAO para Africa and Latin America (see, for Fax: +31 30 272 0878; América Latina y el Caribe, instance, www.NTFP.org). e-mail: [email protected] Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile. During the first phase of the survey, a [Please see under International Action Fax: +56 2 3372101/2/3; questionnaire was distributed to all for more information on CIFOR.] correo electrónico: organizations that, according to CIFOR’s [email protected] and ProFound’s knowledge, support or carry out NTFP-related activities. DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS Based on the response to this FROM TREES IN URBAN CURRENT TRENDS IN NTFP questionnaire, in-depth interviews with a AND PERI-URBAN AREAS DEVELOPMENT – A SURVEY number of key players will be carried out in the first half of 2001. Organizations This note is based on research funded During the implementation of various that have not yet received a by DFID UK Ð Researchable constraints NTFP activities in recent years, both questionnaire, and are of the opinion to the use of forest and tree resources CIFOR and ProFound have come across that they can offer valuable experiences by poor urban and peri-urban a demand for up-to-date strategic to be incorporated in the survey, are households in developing countries (ZF information among international donors, kindly requested to submit a request for 0136) April-July 2000.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 19 NEWS AND NOTES

In response to a request from the medicine offers no further hope (Contributed by: Steve Wiggins and Forestry Research Programme (FRP) of (AIDS). Traditional medicines offer Georgina Holt, University of Reading.) the Renewable Natural Resources not just material comfort, but are often Knowledge Strategy, research was seen as psychologically comforting. For more information, please contact: conducted with the purpose: “To Indeed, distinguishing between the Ms Georgina Holt, Research Fellow, understand the role that forest products psychic and physical dimensions of Department of Agricultural and Food play in their livelihoods, both as “traditional”, “alternative” and Economics, University of Reading, PO providers of goods and services, and as homeopathic medicines is often Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK. the focus of occupations in order to difficult. Fax: +44(0)118 975 6467; define future policy and research ¥ Niche markets exist for high-value e-mail: [email protected] priorities to benefit the poor in urban and relishes Ð for example honey, [Please see under Recent Events for peri-urban areas.” mopane worms, bushmeat Ð thus more information on this workshop.] Case studies of forest and tree offering opportunities for employment product use and occupations in six cities in the marketing chain. That said, within FRP target countries (Mexico City, most of the work done in the Mexico; Feira de Santana, Brazil; marketing chain is carried out near Kumasi, Ghana; Harare, Zimbabwe; the point of origin in the rural (and Kathmandu, Nepal; and Calcutta, India) peri-urban) areas (smoking, distilling, were carried out. refining, extracting, etc.). Moreover, The fieldwork consisted of: forest and tree foodstuffs tend to be ¥ discussions with key informants harvested seasonally, so that jobs are (health workers, teachers, NGOs); not permanent. ¥ panel discussion groups, with six to ¥ There may be some scope for ten people in each; and processing fruits Ð for example, ice ¥ questionnaire for 30 households creams and lollies flavoured with ÉCHANGES DES PFNL ENTRE relating to household data and fruits (e.g. mangaba in Brazil), or L’AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNE information for six to ten products and sweet-making. ET L’EUROPE three to five occupations identified. ¥ In peri-urban areas, most such foods A workshop lasting one and a half are gathering by household Parmi les nombreux changements days was held to discuss the results of members, rather than income induits par la mondialisation et the case studies with a group of people earners. l’internationalisation des échanges, il y a interested in and knowledgeable about ¥ In medicine retailing, much of the la croissance de la demande des forest and tree products or urban poverty value added arises in the knowledge produits «porteurs d’identité» par les and development and also to identify of the healer/physician dispensing Européens. Cette demande ouvre des researchable constraints. herbal and plant remedies, rather opportunités intéressantes pour les Looking at the findings by the main than in the actual collection and produits des paysans du Sud. C’est le categories of use of forest and tree marketing of the products. cas des produits forestiers non ligneux products and employment in their supply, After the workshop consultation, the (PFNL) de l’Afrique subsaharienne the following points were noted for following researchable issues were importés depuis plusieurs années par foodstuffs: identified: certains pays européens. Une étude ¥ Despite the variety of forest and tree ¥ The role of “wild” fruits in the nutrition ménée par la FAO avec le support du foods being consumed Ð mushrooms, of children and adolescents Ð the Programme régional pour bushmeat, fruits, alcohol, etc. Ð most nutritional value of fruits has been l’environnement en Afrique centrale are relishes, not staples, and are researched but less work has been (CARPE) aborde l’évaluation de ces consumed in modest amounts. done on the use and consumption of échanges et plusieurs aspects liés à ce ¥ “Wild” fruits from urban trees in “wild” fruits. commerce en Europe. Parmi les PFNL gardens and public land can be ¥ Little is known about the role of trees importés, on distingue les PFNL important to the quality of nutrition in food security, such as coconut, principaux et les PFNL secondaires. Les through the provision of vitamins, mango, jackfruit, etc. in the diets of premiers sont les plus nombreux et les especially for children and the urban poor. plus importés: 21 le sont par la France, adolescents. ¥ The potential for income generation, 10 par la Belgique, 15 par le Royaume- ¥ Plants, barks and herbs as medicines such as the preservation and Uni, 11 par le Portugal et six par can be both a first recourse when ill, processing of “wild” fruits into sweets, l’Espagne. Les quantités importées ont as well as the last resort when formal ice creams and lollies to add value. été évaluées à 31 776 tonnes dont

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 20 NEWS AND NOTES

22 920 tonnes sont importées par le Fax: +44(0)20 7278 0345; Royaume-Uni, 8 565 tonnes par la E-CONFERENCE ON e-mail: [email protected]; France, 166 tonnes par la Belgique, 114 GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY www.panos.org.uk; tonnes par le Portugal et 11 tonnes par AND DEVELOPMENT http://vx.worldbank.org/ l’Espagne. Ces quantités ont généré un The Panos Institute London and the cgi-bin/lyris.pl?enter=globalization&text chiffre d’affaires de 96 424 251 $EU dont World Bank cosponsored a month-long _mode=0 75 446 800 $EU par le marché du public electronic conference on Royaume-Uni, 19 221 667 $EU par le “Globalization, development and poverty” marché français, 835 667 $EU par le in May 2000. This e-conference, the first E-CONFERENCE ON marché portugais, 72 148 $EU par le in a proposed series on this topic, INTERVENTION OF marché belge et 147 969 $EU par le brought together activists, scholars, TECHNOLOGY IN marché espagnol. Ces chiffres d’affaires development specialists, staff of the MOUNTAIN AREAS pourraient progresser sous deux World Bank and other international conditions: l’ouverture du marché actuel institutions, the media and non- The e-conference on “Intervention of aux Européens et l’organisation sine qua governmental organizations (NGOs). technology in mountain areas: strategies non de la production en Afrique. Celle-ci Its goal was to chart the dimensions of for developing fresh approaches and doit permettre une adéquation entre the broad public debate on the impact of mainstreaming of local innovations in the l’offre et la demande, actuellement globalization on the world’s poor, so as Asia Pacific Region (ITMA)” was déficitaire. Cet objectif ne peut être to permit a longer, more focused and organized by the Asia Pacific Mountain atteint qu’au travers la conjonction entre more productive public discussion of Network (APMN)/International Centre for la modernité (utilisation du «marketing») these issues. Integrated Mountain Development et la tradition (maintien du modèle The themes covered during the four (ICIMOD) and took place from actuel). weeks of the discussion were: 5 February to 6 March 2001. Aussi, cette étude propose un label ¥ Globalization, development and This e-conference: a) brought together CENDEXPPA, sur lequel sera bâtie la poverty: what do we know? knowledge and experiences from politique de communication des PFNL en ¥ Poverty, basic needs and mountain areas, particularly in the Asia Europe. De plus, elle doit garantir development. Pacific region; b) served as a forum for l’origine paysanne des PFNL exportés, la ¥ Modes of development. international discussion by diverse traçabilité, la protection de ¥ Whose development? Globalization, stakeholders on the key issues related to l’environnement et celle des intérêts des empowerment and the poor. technology interventions in the diverse paysans. Il sera délivré aux entreprises The Panos Institute is an independent but fragile mountain ecosystems; and c) assurant depuis plusieurs années le lien NGO working to stimulate open debate discussed strategies as to how modern entre les marchés régionaux ou on development issues, and particularly technologies and local innovations could nationaux et les unités de production to facilitate access to such debates by be used to improve livelihoods. villageoises. Accompagnées et people in developing countries. Panos Each weekly discussion had a broad soutenues par les organismes London has set up three autonomous theme: internationaux, elles devront maîtriser regional centres: Southern Africa ¥ Large-scale interventions, regional, d’abord les règles du commerce (Lusaka), South Asia (Kathmandu) and national and corporate interests international. Après, elles devront Eastern Africa (Kampala). These in turn versus local mountain communities centraliser les produits des paysans, are setting up satellite offices. and downstream municipalities. comme à l’accoutumée, et les exporter ¥ Who takes responsibility? Who vers l’Europe, soit sous forme For more information, please contact: benefits? d’ingrédients, soit sous forme de Panos London, 9 White Lion Street, ¥ Technology for peace and produits finis. Ainsi, elles créeront des London N1 9PD, UK. development. emplois dans les villes, contribueront au ¥ Integrating traditional local knowledge développement de l’économie rurale et à and new technologies and la participation des paysans au empowering mountain communities. processus de la mondialisation sans sacrifier leurs acquis culturels. For more information, please contact: (Source: Tabuna, H. 2000. Évaluation Sangeeta Pandey, Documentation des échanges des produits forestiers Officer/Web Person, International non-ligneux entre l’Afrique Centre for Integrated Mountain subsaharienne et l’Europe. FAO, Bureau Development (ICIMOD), Jawalakhel, régional pour l’Afrique. Accra. 91 pages.) Kathmandu, Nepal.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 21 NEWS AND NOTES

E-mail: [email protected]; www.icimod.org.np; For more information, please contact: www.icimod.org.sg; or Ms Christiane Then; Institute for World www.mtnforum.org/apmn/e- Forestry, Federal Research Centre for conference.htm Forestry and Forest Products, Leuschnerstr. 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany. E-CONFERENCE ON POVERTY Fax: +49 40 73962 480; ALLEVIATION AND e-mail: [email protected] SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: EXPLORING THE LINKS EXPLORING THE VALUE OF An e-conference on “Poverty alleviation URBAN FOREST PRODUCTS and sustainable development” was organized by the International Institute for A new study based in Baltimore, Sustainable Development in January Maryland, United States has reported

National Academy of Sciences Academy National 2001. The outcome of the e-conference that many urban residents collect, use was presented to senior Canadian policy- and even sell urban non-timber forest makers at a workshop in Ottawa on of biodiversity, systems for classifying products (NTFP) such as fruits, nuts, 23 January 2001. and defining biodiversity, ecological mushrooms, medicinal plants, vines, The following themes were covered patterns and theories of biodiversity, and seedlings and decorative greens and during the conference: an assessment of contemporary patterns cones. These products provide important ¥ Five decades of underachievement. and trends in biodiversity. economic, nutritional, recreational, ¥ The way forward: a sustainable The project was led by Professor educational and cultural benefits to development framework. Simon Levin, who is Moffett Professor of residents, and represent an often Biology at the University of Princeton overlooked value of the urban forest. For more information, please contact: and Director of the Princeton Foresters and researchers have long International Institute for Sustainable Environmental Institute. documented a number of benefits Development, 161 Portage Avenue East, (This encyclopedia complements the provided by urban trees and forests, 6th Floor, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada United Nations Environment Programme from pollution control to wildlife habitat R3B 0Y4. publication, Global biodiversity to beauty. But, until recently, scant Fax: +1(204)958 7710; assessment, by V.H. Heywood et al., attention had been paid to the role and e-mail: [email protected]; 1995, Cambridge University Press, but is value of products from the urban forest. www.iisd.ca/linkages/; more extensive.) In an effort to overcome this gap in www.iisd.org/pe/pov_sd/e_conference. knowledge, Community Resources, a htm To order a copy or for more information, regional non-profit organization in the please contact: United States, undertook a detailed Academic Press Inc., Order Fulfillment study during 1998 and 1999, with ENCYCLOPEDIA Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, support from the National Urban and OF BIODIVERSITY Orlando, Florida 32887, USA. Community Forestry Advisory Council. Fax: +1 800 874 6418; In this study, Community Resources In October 2000, Academic Press e-mail: [email protected]; staff conducted more than 100 published a monumental five-volume www.academicpress.com/ecology/ interviews, field observations and reference work, Encyclopedia of market visits to uncover the uses, biodiversity, with 4 700 pages including benefits and values Ð both monetary more than 300 articles each with EUROPEAN TROPICAL and personal Ð of urban NTFPs. bibliography and a glossary of 3 000 FOREST NETWORK (ETFRN) The project aims to help entries. environmental professionals, urban land Encyclopedia of biodiversity brings In January 2001, the European Tropical managers and policy-makers gain a together, for the first time, a study of the Forest Network produced a special issue better understanding of the potential dimensions of diversity with examination of ETFRN Newsletter devoted to non- importance of urban forest products. of the services biodiversity provides, timber forest products. The Institute for This will lead to better policies and and measures to protect it. Major World Forestry was in charge of the management strategies that promote themes of the work include the evolution guest editing. sustainable urban forest use.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 22 NEWS AND NOTES

The key findings were: conservation of biodiversity. The ¥ More than 103 products are currently newsletter provides an interactive forum collected by individuals and for policy-makers, foresters, social organizations in Baltimore City, scientists, forestry projects, non- including: edible products (43 governmental organizations, university percent), medicinal products (8 teachers, researchers, forestry percent), horticultural or nursery entrepreneurs, and other actors in the products (31 percent) and craft and forestry sector to synthesize, document decorative products (18 percent). and disseminate innovative ideas, ¥ Collectors include public agencies, perspectives and lessons gained through non-profit organizations and a wide research and various forms of diversity of individuals. experience. The targeted readers are ¥ Products are collected from street those who work in forestry, biodiversity trees, park trees, house gardens, and rural development. vacant lots, roadsides and forests. The main aspects on which the ¥ Direct net value was calculated for 60 newsletter aims to focus include the products. FOREST INFORMATION policies and practices of community ¥ The value of products ranges from UPDATE (FIU) forestry, biodiversity conservation, about US$0.70/kg for pokeweed agroforestry, private forestry and (Phytolacca americana) to more than Forest Information Update is a free watershed management. Issues related $22/kg for some seeds and woodland weekly e-mail newsletter sent to people to technical, social, economic, political, mushrooms. interested in the inventorying and ecological and biological dimensions of ¥ Net annual per tree values range from monitoring of natural resources. FIU is forest resource use, conservation and $4/year for an average mulberry tree produced by Forest Information Services management are addressed depending to more than $103 per year for mature and is supported by organizations, on the importance and leverage of the Chinese chestnut, apricot and peach agencies and individuals working in the topic in current affairs. Articles may be trees. natural resources field. submitted in English or Nepali and ¥ Urban forest product collection also FIU is currently sent to about 4 000 e- should be around 1 500 words in length. provides important educational, mail addresses worldwide. Many of ForestAction aims to sustain the nutritional, cultural and recreational these recipients forward FIU to their own production of the newsletter through benefits, which were not included in mailing lists. subscription by expanding the readership the dollar values above. Back issues of FIU may be found at: base. ¥ Key issues surrounding urban NTFP www.foresters.org/fiu/index.htm Established in July 2000, Forest collection include the lack of collector Resource Studies and Action Team, empowerment, potential conflicts For more information, please contact: Nepal (ForestAction) is a core team of between collectors and property H. Gyde Lund, Forest Information forestry professionals and activists owners, health and toxicity issues, Services, 8221 Thornwood Court, associated with Bikalpa, a registered and sustainable harvest and Manassas, VA 20110-4627, USA. network/membership-based organization ecological impact issues. Fax: +1 703 257 1419; working in livelihood issues. e-mail: [email protected]; ForestAction’s dream is improved forests http://home.att.net/~gklund and rural livelihoods, which is possible through the democratization of forest- related decision-making processes at FORESTS AND LIVELIHOODS: both the micro and macro levels. This A NEWSLETTER OF newsletter is one of the key areas of FORESTACTION ForestAction’s interventions.

For more information, please contact: Forests and Livelihoods is a journal for For more information, please contact: Mr Paul Jahnige, Community the forestry sector in Nepal to be Krishna Pd. Paudel, Course Resources, 4900 Wetheredsville Road, published in English and distributed Coordinator, ForestAction, Bikalp, Baltimore, MD 21207, USA. widely in Nepal as well as in other Nepal. Fax: +1 410 448 0874; countries. Its goal is to promote E-mail: [email protected] or e-mail: [email protected]; pluralistic approaches in the [email protected]; www.communityresources.org/ntfp.htm management of forest resources and the http://iufro.boku.ac.at/iufro/spdc/ideas.htm

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 23 NEWS AND NOTES

alternativas para el manejo, apropiación Debate regional: orientada al análisis FORESTS, FOOD SECURITY territorial y aprovechamiento sostenible y reflexión permanente de los procesos AND SUSTAINABLE de los recursos naturales, a través de la sociales, económicos, ambientales y LIVELIHOODS capacitación, asesoría, investigación y culturales de la región. validación de experiencias. Desarrollo institucional: orientada al A recent Unasylva (Vol. 51 No. 202) apoyo de los procesos de fortalecimiento theme was “Forests, Food Security and organizativo y de gestión de las Sustainable Livelihoods”. diferentes organizaciones de las Among the articles included were: comunidades del Pacífico colombiano. ¥ K. Warner Ð Forestry and sustainable La Fundación Espavé, en livelihoods. colaboración con la Fundación Swissaid, ¥ E.H. Sène – Forests and food ha publicado Principales plagas que security in Africa: the place of forestry afectan las plantas aromáticas, in FAO’s Special programme for Food medicinales y de condimento en el Security. Chocó. Nuevas publicaciones, que son ¥ F. Egal, A. Ngom and P.D. Ndione Ð uno de los resultados del Programa Integration of food security and Bosque Húmedo, están orientadas a la nutrition in forestry planning: the role búsqueda de alternativas en materia de of participatory approaches. Espavé es el nombre dado en lengua seguridad alimentaria a partir de la ¥ L. Lipper Ð Forest degradation and embera al Anacardium excelsum recuperación de tradiciones productivas food security. (Caracolí), un árbol de la familia sostenibles en el Pacifico colombiano, ¥ D. Gonzáles Posso – Coca, Anacardiacea, originario de América, y así como al fortalecimiento del debate deforestation and food security in the que se caracteriza por su gran tamaño. sobre los programas y proyectos que, Colombian Amazon region. Las comunidades indígenas y para el desarrollo de esa región del ¥ Y.B. Malla Ð Impact of community afrocolombianas del Pacífico lo emplean Pacifico, se proponen desde distintas forestry policy on rural livelihoods and principalmente para la construcción de vertientes. food security in Nepal. diferentes tipos de embarcaciones, ¥ D.V. Vladyshevskiy, A.P. Laletin and canoas y botes, medios de transporte y A.D. Vladyshevskiy Ð Role of wildlife de comunicación fundamentales para and other non-wood forest products in estos pueblos.

food security in Central Siberia. La Fundación, que colabora con Fundación Espavé ¥ C. Danks Ð Community forestry diferentes organizaciones y grupos initiatives for the creation of sociales de la región del Pacífico sustainable rural livelihoods: a case colombiano, dirige su acción hacia cuatro from North America. áreas estratégicas: Recursos del bosque: orientada a la For more information, please contact: búsqueda de alternativas productivas, Mr Stephen A. Dembner, Publications culturales y sociales a partir del manejo y and Information Coordinator, Forestry uso sustentable de los recursos del Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme di bosque, comprendidos los recursos Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. madereros, agroalimentarios y no Fax: +39 0657053024/0657052151; madereros. Líneas de acción prioritarias e-mail: [email protected]; dentro del área son la seguridad www.fao.org/docrep/X7273e/X7273e00. alimentaria y la transformación y htm comercialización alternativa de algunos Para más información, dirigirse a: recursos del bosque. Fundación Espavé, Calle 47 Nº 42-56, Manejo territorial: orientada a validar y Torres de Bomboná, Oficina 213, FUNDACIÓN ESPAVÉ construir metodologías propias para los Medellín, Colombia. procesos de ordenamiento y manejo Fax: +57 094 239 7025; La Fundación Espavé es una ONG, una territorial de las comunidades del correo electrónico: organización sin animo de lucro que Pacífico colombiano. Líneas de acción [email protected]; trabaja con actores locales y regionales prioritarias al respecto son los sistemas www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/ del Pacífico colombiano y se ha productivos, los planes de manejo y el Hangar/8721/ especializado en la identificación de ecoturismo.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 24 NEWS AND NOTES

framework of international cooperation. GLOBAL ASSESSMENT GLOBAL THINKING The series is intended for anyone OF BAMBOO RESOURCES AND LOCAL ACTION involved in international cooperation in the field of forests and nature More than 1 000 known bamboo species Based on extensive local field research management. grow over wide areas of Africa, Asia and undertaken in and around the Cross The following reports have already the Caribbean and Latin America and River National Park in Nigeria, Global been published: contribute to the livelihoods of millions of thinking and local action Ð Agriculture, ¥ Non-timber forest products (NTFPs); people. Despite its economic tropical forest loss and conservation in their role in sustainable forest significance, statistics on bamboo southeast Nigeria, by Uwem Ite, management in the tropics [see Box resources, especially in natural stands, Lancaster University, United Kingdom, is for a brief summary]. are very poor. Classified as a “non- a socio-economic study of the tensions ¥ Natural forest management by local timber forest product”, bamboo is not between agriculture and nature groups in the humid tropics. routinely included in resource inventory. conservation. ¥ National forest programmes, from A good and transparent estimate of Taking a “bottom-up” approach and political concept to practical bamboo and rattan resources has yet to focusing on the farm household and the instrument in developing countries. be developed. dynamics of forest farming at the ¥ The challenge of including forests as household level, this book breaks new sinks within the clean development ground and brings together a mass of mechanism. up-to-date and highly relevant A forthcoming publication is The information on the subject of tropical management of bufferzones. forestry in general. The reports can all be downloaded The author addresses two key from the Web address below. development issues in particular. The first concerns causes and dynamics of tropical rain forest loss. The second concerns the problematic relations between conservation authorities in Non-timber forest products (NTFPs); national parks and local people. Its their role in sustainable forest As a first step to improve the conclusions raise important questions management in the tropics, information available, the International about sensible ways forward in the by Jeanette van Rijsoort. Network for Bamboo and Rattan development of such areas. (INBAR) and the UNEP World An overview is presented of Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- For more information, please contact: experiences, practicalities and WCMC) are jointly initiating a project to Nicky Comber, Ashgate Publishing impracticalities of the management estimate the magnitude and distribution Direct Sales, Bookpoint Ltd, 39 Milton and use of NTFPs as a means of of bamboo resources within natural Park, Abingdon, Oxon. OX14 4TD, UK. ensuring sustainable management of stands. In the first instance, the project Fax: +44 1235 400454; forests and biodiversity. The will combine information on the e-mail: [email protected] document is intended to support distribution of individual taxa with floristic policy-makers and those data and global data on forest cover to implementing policies in forest generate a global distribution and INNOVATIVE FOREST- management, biodiversity estimated total area of forest containing RELATED THEMES conservation and NTFP activities. It bamboo. concludes that the potential of NTFPs A new Theme Study Series on innovative as a resource for sustainable forest For more information, please contact: forest-related themes that are high on the management is extremely diverse and Nadia Bystriakova and Valerie Kapos, international agenda was launched by the is frequently limited by various UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, National Reference Centre for Nature factors. The management and use of Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Management (EC LNV) in the NTFPs is best developed in broader Fax: +44(0)1223 277136; Netherlands. The purpose of the series is land use systems such as buffer e-mail: nadia.bystriakova@unep- to collect and synthesize information and zones, floodplains, mountain areas, wcmc.org or val.kapos@unep- knowledge on these themes, and to forest edges and degraded forests. wcmc.org present concrete directions for policy development and implementation in the

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 25 NEWS AND NOTES

For more information and to order hard which provides rural people with a source comparisons across a large number of copies, please contact: of nutrition and income. It is a cases and over time. EC LNV Information Desk, PO Box 30, sustainable form of agriculture that is As of December 2000, there are 14 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands. highly beneficial to the environment and IFRI collaborating research centres in 12 Fax: +31 317 427561; provides reasons for the retention of countries. The first were established in e-mail: [email protected]; native habitats and potentially increased 1993. Revisits have begun in Nepal, www.minlnv.nl/inm yields from food and forage crops. It can Uganda and the United States. also be used to economic advantage in IFRI studies suggest that the perceived conjunction with forest plantation for, if value of a resource is the most important INTERNATIONAL BEE thought is given to species offering factor affecting the emergence and RESEARCH ASSOCIATION suitable forage, a crop can be harvested success of institutions for self- (IBRA) without felling a tree. governance. Perceptions of the condition The joy of a beekeeping business is and value of a forest greatly influence The International Bee Research that it does not require expensive decisions about its management. Association is a non-profit organization ongoing aid. The demand is for Interactions with the forest, particularly with members in most countries of the information and this new publication the use of forest resources, shape world. It provides a very comprehensive presents the basic knowledge required in library, information and advisory service a readable and clearly illustrated form. on bees of all kinds, thereby helping to promote their use as wealth creators. It For more information, please contact: provides a network of expertise, Mr Richard Jones, Director, facilitates research and encourages the International Bee Research Association, study and conservation of bees. 18 North Road, Cardiff CF10 3DT, UK. An important part of IBRA’s mission is Fax: +44(0)29 20 665522; to promote appropriate beekeeping e-mail: [email protected]; development as a practical and www.cf.ac.uk/ibra/ sustainable economic activity in the developing world. Through three quarterly journals (Bee INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY perceptions of forest value and condition. World, Apicultural Abstracts and Journal RESOURCES AND Non-timber forest products (NTFP) of Apicultural Research), regular INSTITUTIONS (IFRI) loom large in assessments of forests by conferences and book publications, IBRA RESEARCH PROGRAM local users of forest resources. The IFRI makes available all that is known on research protocols are sensitive to the bees. There is also a specialist mail- The International Forestry Resources multiple ways in which people interact order service that can supply not only and Institutions Research Program is a with forests. Data are collected on the IBRA publications but also all current, network of collaborating research use of a wide range of forest products, and many historical, facsimile centres in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin including trees, bushes, grasses, leaves publications on beekeeping and bee America and North America, supported on the ground, climbing leaves (e.g. science. by the Ford Foundation, the MacArthur vines), soils, stones, minerals and IBRA is registered in the United Foundation, FAO and the United States wildlife. Of the pairings of user groups Kingdom as a charity and maintains its National Science Foundation. IFRI and forests in their database, nearly all services through the support of members’ scholars acknowledge the importance of (87.4 percent) use at least one NTFP. subscriptions, grants, donations and the both biophysical and social factors by The most commonly used forest sale of publications. taking an inherently interdisciplinary products for the study sites are grasses. As part of its mission IBRA, in approach to the study of forests. The availability of NTFPs clearly conjunction with the Commonwealth Members of the IFRI network use influences assessments of forests by the Secretariat, has published Beekeeping standardized methods to collect data on people who use them, and thus affects as a business. The text replaces an a common set of biophysical, socio- their willingness to take action to protect earlier publication entitled Beekeeping in economic and institutional variables. their forest resources. (Extracted from: rural development, which is now out of Researchers return to forest sites every The International Forestry Resources print. three to five years to conduct repeat and Institutions [IFRI] Research Program Beekeeping is a good example of an studies. By building an international and the Search for Communal activity that has a strong local tradition in database of comparable repeat studies, Management of Forest Resources, by many developing countries Ð an activity IFRI scholars gain the ability to draw Amy R. Poteete.)

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 26 NEWS AND NOTES

XXI IUFRO WORLD CONGRESS

The XXI IUFRO World Congress took place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 7 to 12 August 2000. The papers presented at the congress, together with the contact points of their authors, are listed below.

Role of local people in sustainable Station, 80526 Fort Collins, CO, USA. Fax: +371 7901359; management and conservation of Fax: +970 295 5959; e-mail: [email protected] bamboo and rattan diversities in e-mail: [email protected] Bangladesh. A comparison of theories on Ratan Lal Banik, Bangladesh Forest Wild sago palm and the role it plays in institutions relevant to non-timber Research Institute, PO Box 273, 4000 the culture of Papua New Guinea. forest products development. Chittagong, Bangladesh. Sudesh Aggarwal, University of Wil de Jong, Centre for International Fax: +880 31 681 1584; Technology, Department of Forestry, Forestry Research, Indonesia. e-mail: [email protected] Private Mail Bag Lae, Papua New Fax: +62 251 622100; Guinea. e-mail: [email protected] Indigenous Forest Management e-mail: [email protected] Systems and forest products Conservation, protection and commercialization: the upland people’s Marketing of non-timber forest sustainable use of medicinal plants. strategy on forest conservation in the products: a key to conserve natural P.L. Gautam, S.P. Raychaudhuri & Cordillera Region, Philippines. tropical forests? Neelam Sharma, National Bureau of Fatima T. Tangan, Ecosystem Michel Becker & Antonia Engel, Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Research and Development Service, University of Freiburg, Institute of Campus, 110012 New Delhi, India. Department of Environment and Forest Policy, Markets and Marketing e-mail: [email protected] Natural Resources, Loakan Road, Section, Freiburg, Germany. 2600 Baguio City, the Philippines. The significance of NWFP Fax: +63 442 4531; Management and production of NTFP for tropical societies: an analysis e-mail: [email protected] and the commercialization/conservation of statistical data on NWFP proposition. utilization in East and Estimating the density of rare tree Bruce Campbell & Wil de Jong, southern African countries. species: a case study from Ethiopia. University of Zimbabwe, Institute of W. Killmann, H. Kästel, L. Russo, P, Alfred de Gier & G. Dessie, Environmental Studies, Harare, Vantomme & S. Walter, FAO Forestry International Institute for Aerospace Zimbabwe; and Centre for Department, Rome, Italy. Survey and Earth Sciences (ITC), International Forestry Research, Fax: +39 0657055816; Hengelosestraat 99, Post Box 6, Indonesia. e-mail: [email protected] 7500 AA Enschede, the Netherlands. Fax: +62 251 622100; Fax: +31 53 4874399; e-mail: [email protected] People’s dependence on forest e-mail: [email protected] and the changing legal profile. NTFPs and rural poverty alleviation: Neil B. Majundar, Indian Institute of Extending forest resource the economics of scepticism. Forest Management, Post Box 357, assessment to landscape inventories. William Cavendish, Imperial College, Bhopal 462003, India. Peter Brassel, Swiss Federal Institute Royal School of Mines, T.H. Huxley Fax: +91 755 772878; of Forest, Snow and Landscape School, Exhibition Road, London SW7 e-mail: [email protected] Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland. 2AZ, UK. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Strategy for sustainable NTFP management in India. Sustaining wildlife populations in Non-wood tree biomass: a raw Ram Prasad, Indian Institute of productively managed forests. material of the coming century? Forest Management, Post Box 357, Michael Bevers, Curtis H. Flather, Mauris Daugavietis, Latvia Forest Bhopal 462003, India. John Hof & Fred Kaiser, USDA Forest Research Institute “Silava”, Rigas Str. Fax: +91 755 772878; Service, Rocky Mountain Research 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia. e-mail: [email protected]

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 27 NEWS AND NOTES

NTFPs pivotal for sustainable forest Fax: +506 556 8417; management to solve global forestry correo electrónico: [email protected] problems and society needs. Mahabir Prasad Shiva & Alka Shiva, Production and utilisation of bamboo, Centre for Minor Forest Products, rattan and related species: Dehra Dun, India. management of research Fax: +91 135 629936; consideration. e-mail: [email protected] Abd. Latif Mohmod, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Contribution of NTFP-based 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. economies to development: a 165, Bogor, Indonesia. Fax: +603 686 3082; conceptual framework between Fax: +62 251 325111; e-mail: [email protected] growth and distribution. e-mail: [email protected] Jochen Statz, University of Freiburg, Managing national forests of the Institute of Policy, Markets and The socio-economic value of eastern United States for non-timber Marketing Section, Freiburg, Germany. sustainable mangrove forest forest products. management: the Matang mangroves James Chamberlain, Robert Bush, A.L. Plant Resources of South East Asia in Malaysia. Hammet & Philip Araman, Department (PROSEA). Lim Hin Fui & Mohd. Parid Mamat, of Wood Science and Forest Products, Elisabeth Philip, M.K.M. Rizal, M.S. FRIM, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, College of Natural Resources, Virginia Khadijaah & M.A.A. Razak, Forest Malaysia. Polytechnic Institute and State Research Institute Malaysia, Kuala Fax: +603 6365687; University, Blacksburg, VA, USA. Lumpur, Malaysia. e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 540 231 8868; e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Community based bioprospecting of Knowing forests, knowing people, Mondia whytei indigenous plant as Hiccups/problems with inequitable knowing change. income-generating activity in Western distribution of profits from non-wood Lye Tuck-Po, Kyoto University, Centre region of Kenya. forest products and their remedies. for Southeast Asian Studies, 46 Kefri Muguga & Mukonyi Watai, Kenya D.D. Tewari, Division of Economics, Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Kyoto 606- Forestry Research Institute, Post Box School of Economics and 8501 Sakyo-ku, Japan. 20412, Nairobi, Kenya. Management, University of Natal, Fax: +81 75 7537350; Fax: +254 514 32844; Durban, South Africa. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

Forest resources and human welfare in Wild edible herbs and maple sap as Non-timber forest product-based Himalaya: the contribution of an income source in mountain areas enterprise in forest conservation and commercial medicinal plants. of Korea. community development. India’s Carsten Smith Olsen & Nirmal Don Koo Lee & Gab T. Kim, Seoul evolving institutional context. Bhattarai, Royal Veterinary and National University, Department of Doris Capistrano, Ford Foundation, 55 Agricultural University, Department of Forest Resources, 103 Seodun-Dong, Lodi Estate, New Delhi, India. Economics and Natural Resources, Kwosun-Gu, 441-744 Suwon, Fax: +91 11 426 7147. 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Republic of Korea. Fax: +45 35282671; Fax: +82 331 293 1797; The potential of non-wood forest e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] product resources in sub-Saharan Africa: towards a better assessment of The contribution of Cassia vera in Elementos técnicos para la producción forest resources providing NWFP. improving the environmental quality sostenible de recursos vegetales no W. Killmann, G. Preto, L. Russo, P. and society welfare in Indonesia. madereros del bosque tropical. Vantomme, M.L. Wilkie & J. Wong, Eulis Retnowati, Forest and Nature Daniel Marmillod, Roger Villalobos y FAO Forestry Department, Rome, Italy. Conservation Research and Gabriel Robles, CATIE, 7170 Fax: +39 0657055618; Development Center, FORDA, PO Box Turrialba, Costa Rica. e-mail: [email protected]

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 28 NEWS AND NOTES

Among KFRI’s many achievements is a carefully managed. “They even deserve a participatory management action plan special conservation status”, he suggested for biodiversity conservation comments. and sustainable management of NWFPs The study makes it clear that shifting in Kerala. The institute has a vast store of cultivation severely affects one of the two expertise and conducts various activities main mycorrhiza types, that is the on bamboo and rattan. ectomycorrhizal fungi. This implies that KFRI has published 187 research land-use change strongly jeopardizes reports, 850 scientific papers, 23 books, ectomycorrhizal host trees. This leads the 18 information bulletins and five researcher to suggest that the local handbooks, as well as a Manual on non- population should save these trees when wood forest products of Kerala. opening up agricultural fields, as they do For more information, please contact: with fruit-trees or other socially important Amy Poteete, Workshop in Political For more information, please contact: tree species. Theory and Policy Analysis, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi Present-day forestry practices International Forestry Resources and 680 653, Kerala, India. considerably reduce the quantity of active Institutions (IFRI) Research Program, Fax: +91 487 282249; and effective mycorrhizal associations, Indiana University, 513 North Park, e-mail: [email protected]; the so-called inoculum potential. This Bloomington, IN 47408-3895, USA. www.kfri.org/index.htm negative impact could persist for more Fax: 812 855 3150; than a decade, and seriously hampers e-mail: [email protected] or the establishment and growth of tree [email protected]; KEY ROLE FOR seedlings. This indicates that sustainable www.indiana.edu/~ifri/ MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI management and maintenance of the ectomycorrhizal component of IN SUSTAINABLE Cameroon’s rain forests need special FOREST MANAGEMENT KERALA FOREST attention. RESEARCH INSTITUTE Almost all tropical rain forest trees have The staggering rate of deforestation in mycorrhizal relationships. Without them, it the tropics ultimately argues for plantation The Kerala Forest Research Institute would be impossible for the trees to forestry and artificial regeneration. Ideally, (KFRI) was established by the survive. Knowledge of these tree-fungi it should pay off to replant native tree Government of Kerala (India) in 1975 as associations, as well as their diversity and species and to maintain the original level an autonomous institute. It functions dynamics, is therefore a prerequisite for of biodiversity. The results of this study under the umbrella of the Kerala sustainable forest management. suggest that addition of inoculum from a Science, Technology and Environment This starting point guided a study grass field or derived under mother trees Department. KFRI’s mandate is to carry carried out in southern Cameroon by soil may positively affect the regeneration of out research and development activities microbiologist Neree Awana Onguene. timber trees and thus compensate for the in areas relevant to forestry. With funding from the Netherlands negative impact of selective logging. But it The goals of the institute are fulfilled Organization for Scientific Research was also made clear that different by conducting well-planned research (NWO), Onguene conducted research on sources of mycorrhizal inocula elicit either on carefully selected thrust areas mycorrhizal associations in the framework different host responses. Thus, the of tropical forestry or on problems of the Tropenbos Cameroon Programme. selection of the most appropriate inocula identified by the user agencies, which The results of his study are now being will become a must for successful include the Kerala Forest Department, published as Tropenbos Cameroon attempts to reforestation of degraded forestry organizations in the corporate Series No. 3. lands. (Source: N.A. Onguene. 2000. sector, private industries, as well as Onguene found an impressive diversity Diversity and dynamics of mycorrhizal several other forest-based organizations of mycorrhizal associations and fungi. He associations in tropical rain forests with in India and in other countries. identified more than 125 species of different disturbance regimes in South Areas of research activities include: ectomycorrhizal fungi (“mushrooms”). Cameroon. Tropenbos Cameroon Series ¥ plantation forestry; Some of these are edible and a potential No. 3. The Tropenbos Foundation, ¥ management of natural forests; source of protein for forest-dwelling Wageningen, the Netherlands.) ¥ wildlife biology and management; people. As disturbance caused by logging ¥ wood science and timber utilization; and shifting cultivation may easily For more information, please contact: and jeopardize these species, the forest Mr Jelle Maas, Programme Officer, The ¥ socio-economic research. communities where they occur need to be Tropenbos Foundation, Post Box 232,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 29 NEWS AND NOTES

Wageningen 6700 AE, the Netherlands. reviews and internships. MAPPA will Fax: +31 317 423024; fund a series of applied and short-term e-mail: [email protected]; projects (two to three years), aimed at www.tropenbos.nl addressing key research questions related to three themes: sustainable use and conservation; sustainable and KLEINHANS FELLOWSHIP equitable commercialization to protect IN NON-WOOD FOREST local peoples’ rights; and improving local PRODUCTS peoples’ informed options to safe and effective health care. Research The Kleinhans Fellowship provides an conducted by consultants and opportunity to carry out research into the internships may complement project development of new markets for non- studies. (Source: MAPPA News, 2(1), timber forest products or the expansion June 2000.) Malaysian Timber Timber Bulletin Malaysian of existing markets. A successful application will outline the need for The general objective of MAPPA is to For more information, please contact: research, its potential applications and enhance the sustainable and equitable Madhav Karki, Regional the likely impact on local communities use of medicinal and aromatic plant Programme Coordinator, and wildlife. At the end of the project, a resources in South Asia through the The Medicinal and Aromatic thoroughly documented paper suitable promotion of strategic research, Plants Programme in Asia, for publication is required. Fellows are networking and collaboration among key IDRC/SARO, 208 Jor Bah, expected to summarize and disseminate relevant organizations in the region. New Delhi 110003, India. the results in the local language to MAPPA’s specific objectives include Fax: +91 11 462 2707; communities in and around the study the following: e-mail: [email protected]; area. ¥ support strategic research on www.idrc.ca/saro The Kleinhans Fellowship research community-based initiatives for area is restricted to Latin America. genetic conservation and sustainable Projects that can eventually be management of medicinal and MEKONGINFO replicated in other parts of the world are aromatic plants; strongly encouraged. ¥ promote innovative resource MekongInfo is an interactive Web-based utilization and management system for sharing information about For more information, please contact: strategies involving local people, natural resource management, with a Ms Sabrena Rodriguez, Rainforest especially rural poor and tribal focus on forestry, in Cambodia, Thailand, Alliance, 65 Bleecker Street, New York, peoples, in order to obtain more Lao People’s Democratic Republic and NY 10012, USA. equitable benefits from medicinal and Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] or aromatic plants and derived products; MekongInfo contains an on-line library [email protected]; and of documents, project literature and case www.rainforest-alliance.org; ¥ support strategic research on studies related to forestry, a database of www.rainforest- improving access to, and use of, organizations, projects, individuals, news alliance.org/programs/research/kleinha medicinal and aromatic plants as a and announcements about forthcoming ns.html means of safe and effective primary events, and a forum for on-line health care. discussions, etc. In addition, MekongInfo Through strategic research, offers sector actors a range of free MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC collaboration and networking, MAPPA services, including a Web hosting PLANTS PROGRAMME IN ASIA plans to develop strategies, methods service, e-mail updates and CD-ROMs. and options for sustainable conservation Information on recent publications is The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and use of medicinal and aromatic plant also available; for example, the Non- Programme in Asia (MAPPA) was resources. The research work expects to timber forest products subsector analysis launched in 1998, initially to focus its build on previous research and Vietnam, by J. de Beer, Ha Chu Chu and activities in South Asia, with existing networking activities in the region, Tran Quoc Tuy for IUCN Viet Nam and projects funded by the International funded both by IDRC and other the NTFP-RC. Development Research Centre (IDRC) organizations. with cofunding support from the Ford Research will be supported through For more information, please contact: Foundation, New Delhi. small-to-medium grants, commissioned Ms Marlynne Hopper, Sustainable

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 30 NEWS AND NOTES

26 percent from insects in some villages Resources Institute, University of in the Amazon, such as Tukanuans. Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK. More research is needed on local 29 pp. current knowledge, strategies, ways of ¥ Economic viability of Brazil nut trading procurement, and nutritional values of in Peru. 2000. By C. Collinson, D. such organisms. The majority of species Burnett & V. Agreda, Natural on the planet, especially in the tropics, Resources and Ethical Trade are invertebrates. Handling and properly Programme, Natural Resources developing this resource could promote Institute, University of Greenwich, good management of the existing Chatham Maritime, UK. 62 pp. biodiversity. ¥ Economic viability of ethical cocoa trading in Ecuador. 2000. By C. For more information, please contact: Collison & M. Leon, Natural Mr Maurizio G. Paoletti; Dipartimento di Resources and Ethical Trade Biologia Università di Padova, via U. Programme, Natural Resources Bassi, 58/b, 35121-Padova, Italy. Institute, University of Greenwich, Fax +39 049 8276300/8072213; Chatham Maritime, UK. 36 pp. e-mail: [email protected]; Ethical trade, as used by the Natural Management of Resources in the Lower www.bio.unipd.it/agroecology/ Resources and Ethical Trade (NRET) Mekong Basin Project, Tung Shing Programme, is an umbrella term referring Square, 2 Ngo Quyen Street, Hanoi, to different approaches to trade that have Viet Nam. NATURAL RESOURCES social and/or environmental objectives as Tel./Fax: +84 4 934 6002; AND ETHICAL TRADE well as commercial ones. Fair trade e-mail: [email protected]; initiatives are referred to in the above- PROGRAMME www.mekonginfo.org mentioned studies as an example of ethical Under the framework of the project trade. Other examples include ethical “Ethical trade and forest dependent sourcing, commercial organic agriculture MINILIVESTOCK – people” [see also Non-Wood News No. and trade in certified forest products. ALTERNATIVE FOOD 7, p. 19] funded by the Forest Research SOURCES Programme of the United Kingdom For more information, please contact: Department for International Natural Resources and Ethical Trade Minilivestock are small vertebrates and Development (DFID), a number of Programme, Natural Resources invertebrates that are exploited by local studies have been carried out on the Institute, University of Greenwich, human communities as a source of food. comparison between conventional and Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK. They involve a wide range of species ethical trade in forest products. [email protected]; that are locally grown on a small scale The project objectives are to identify www.nri.org/NRET/nret.htm (rats, frogs) or collected from the wild the potential of ethical trade to improve (caterpillars, termites, Atta ants, spiders, forest-dependent people’s livelihoods earthworms, etc.). Most of the and to assess the impact of global NEEM TREE – PATENT minilivestock are consumed by trading regulations and markets on the REVOKED inhabitants of tropical forests and viability and potential of ethical trade. savannahs, and provide an important ¥ Study of the social impact of ethical The European Patent Office revoked a supplement of vitamins, fat, protein and and conventional Brazil nut trading of controversial patent that had been minerals. The limited data available on forest-dependent people in Peru. granted to the United States of America the nutrient composition of minilivestock 2000. By V. Nelson, M. Galvez & M. and the multinational corporation W.R. suggest that these species might be Blowfield, Natural Resources Grace for a fungicide derived from seeds valuable sources of high-quality protein, Institute, University of Greenwich, of the neem tree. The Legal Opposition as well as fat, vitamins and minerals. Chatham Maritime, UK. 51 pp. to the patent had been lodged five years Minilivestock might thus constitute an ¥ Study of the social impact of ethical ago by the Research Foundation for important source of nutrients in the diet. and conventional cocoa trading on Science, Technology and Natural In some villages during the rainy forest-dependent people in Ecuador. Resource Policy directed by the Indian season up to 60 percent of animal 2000. By V. Nelson, M. Galvez & M. scientist Vandana Shiva, International protein is derived from terrestrial Blowfield, Natural Resources and Federation of Organic Agriculture invertebrates, and between 12 and Ethical Trade Programme, Natural Movements (IFOAM) and Magda Alvoet,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 31 NEWS AND NOTES

former Green Member of the European workshop for producing countries and primary producer, processor and end Parliament and current Environment partners held in October 1997 in Nairobi, user. Minister of Belgium. (Source: IFOAM Kenya during which issues on the Activities include: creation of relevant press release, Munich, 10 May 2000.) conservation, management and databases, information dissemination utilization of plant gums, resins and and promotional activities; training and For more information, please contact: essential oils were discussed. A key capacity building; and research and International Federation of Organic recommendation of that workshop was technology development. Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) Head the creation of a regional network to Office, c/o Ökozentrum Imsbach, D- enable countries to develop their own 66636 Tholey-Theley, Germany. system of sustainable production, Fax: +49 6853 919899; marketing and improvement of their REGIONAL FOCAL POINTS e-mail: [email protected]; products to international standards. A www.ifoam.org follow-up workshop was held in May West and Central Africa 2000 in Nairobi, Kenya, where the Ministère de l’Environnement et de Network for Natural Gums and Resins in l’Eau, DFPE, BP 447, N’djamena, NETWORK FOR Africa (NGARA) was established. Chad. NATURAL GUMS NGARA’s mission is to assist in Fax: +235 52 522656; AND RESINS formulating a coordinated strategy for e-mail: [email protected] IN AFRICA (NGARA) African producing countries and partners in the sustainable development of their Eastern Africa Natural gums and resins are among natural gum and resin resources for The Gum Arabic Company, PO Box dryland resources in sub-Saharan Africa improving rural livelihoods and 857, Khartoum, the Sudan. that contribute to improved livelihoods of environmental conservation. Its goal is to Fax: +249 11 471336; local communities in terms of food position African producer countries and e-mail: [email protected] security, income generation and foreign partners as major global players in the exchange earnings. These resources production, processing and marketing of Southern Africa also contribute to the amelioration of the gums and resins. SADC-FSTCU, PO Box 30048, environment. The increasing health The network’s major objectives are: Lilongwe 3, Malawi. consciousness among consumers ¥ To promote exchange of information Fax: +265 784 268 or +265 771 812; internationally also favours their on production, marketing, processing e-mail: [email protected] or increased use. and quality control among producer [email protected] The development of these resources countries as well as with partners. and commodities is key to sustainable ¥ To facilitate access to technological management and development of the development and training. drylands which, owing to the harsh ¥ To support relevant research in the NGARA was initially established with a environmental conditions, have fewer key areas of the sector. membership of ten countries from sub- options. However, irregularity of supply ¥ To promote the links between the Saharan Africa which produce plant of these commodities accompanied by gums and resins (those who participated widely fluctuating prices and variable in the Nairobi workshop of May 2000). product quality has resulted in However, membership is by application unfavourable long-term effects on the from countries in sub-Saharan Africa demand of these commodities. A which produce the commodities and coordinated strategy is therefore needed organizations involved in the among producing countries and partners development of the resources and/or to take advantage of available commodities. opportunities and to address the The network has a steering committee constraints. comprising: representatives from three Various initiatives have been focal points (West and Central Africa, undertaken since the mid-1990s on how Eastern Africa and Southern Africa), the plant gums and resins sector could experts on marketing and quality control be developed to enhance food security, and international observers (represented rural development and poverty alleviation by FAO and the Association for the in sub-Saharan Africa. One such International Development of Natural initiative was the organization of a Gums [AIDGUM]).

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 32 NEWS AND NOTES

Each member country is represented the Web site of the International Centre by a national coordinator. The day-to-day for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic activities are handled by a regional Studies (CIHEAM) secretariat based at the Kenya Forestry (www.iamz.ciheam.org/ingles/nucis6.htm). Research Institute (KEFRI), Nairobi, The contents of the newsletter can be Kenya. (Contributed by: Sheila Mbiru, browsed, copied and printed. Kenya Forestry Research Institute.) General information on the Research Network on Nuts activities can be found at: For more information, please contact: www.iamz.ciheam.org/ingles/nuts.htm; The Secretariat, NGARA, Kenya and also on the FAO Web site at: Forestry Research Institute, PO Box www.fao.org/regional/europe/escorena/n 20412, Nairobi, Kenya. ut_crops.html Fax: +254 154 32844;

e-mail: [email protected] or Timber Bulletin Malaysian Croton argyratus [email protected] ORGANIZATIONS [Please see under Recent Events for more DECLARE SUPPORT information on the May 2000 workshop.] licence and in return agreed to pay FOR THE CONSERVATION royalties of 1.5 percent on the net sales OF NATURAL MEDICINAL of any product marketed under this RESOURCES NGOS CONDEMN licence. Professor Hostettmann, on the BIOPIRACY BY SWISS other hand, is obliged to give 50 percent More than 80 members of the of any royalties received to the National commercial, conservation, government, UNIVERSITY Herbarium and the Botanical Garden of health care and insurance sectors Non-governmental organizations in Zimbabwe and to the Department of gathered at EXPO 2000 in Hannover, Zimbabwe and Switzerland condemn the Pharmacy at the University of Germany on 13 October 2000 to way by which the University of Lausanne Zimbabwe. participate in the symposium on gained access to genetic resources in Swiss and Zimbabwean NGOs Medicinal Utilisation of Wild Species. Zimbabwe and the way the benefit demand that in the case at hand an Convened by Trade Records and sharing has been negotiated. They also access and benefit-sharing agreement Analysis of Flora and Fauna in reject the patent on antimicrobial be negotiated that fulfils the objectives of Commerce (TRAFFIC) Europe-Germany diterpenes which Professor Hostettmann the Convention on Biodiversity and and the World Wide Fund for Nature of Lausanne University took out on these involves all the main stakeholders in (WWF) Germany, the symposium resources and which is based on Zimbabwe. The NGOs also demand that combined presentations and discussion traditional knowledge. This case is the contract between the University of on the use, trade and conservation another example of how current Lausanne and Phytera be cancelled and issues affecting medicinal plant bioprospecting in southern countries the patent withdrawn. (Source: populations, and the people dependent contradicts the rules defined by the Announcement by the Community on them for health care and livelihoods. Convention on Biological Diversity Technology and Development A key theme throughout the day was (CBD). Association (CTDA), Zimbabwe, the need to address conservation In July 1999, a United States patent Zimbabwe National Traditional Healers concerns in a multidisciplinary and on antimicrobial diterpenes was granted Association (ZINATHA) Berne collaborative manner. More than 20 to Kurt Hostettmann, professor at the Declaration, Switzerland, 22 September participants demonstrated their support University of Lausanne. The patented 2000, reported in the listserve for such collaboration by signing a Joint invention relies on traditional knowledge “[email protected]”.) Declaration for the Health of People and from Zimbabwe and on the root of the Nature. Initial signatories included tree Swartzia madagascariensis which representatives of the can be found throughout tropical Africa. NUCIS NEWSLETTER phytopharmaceutical industry in Two years previously, in April 1997, an Germany, practitioners’ associations, the addendum to a material transfer and This information bulletin of the Research International Council for Medicinal and confidentiality agreement was signed Network on Nuts (FAO-CIHEAM) is a Aromatic Plants, WWF, World between the American pharmaceutical vehicle of communication among Conservation Union (IUCN) and company Phytera and the University of network member on various aspects. A TRAFFIC. WWF Germany will serve as Lausanne, under which Phytera received short version of the newsletter (editorial, the depository for the Joint Declaration an option for an exclusive worldwide contents and back page) is available on and, with TRAFFIC, will work to

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 33 NEWS AND NOTES

encourage and monitor its transformation ¥ support to women’s organizations in from words into actions. PACIFIC PEOPLES’ several countries. Topics covered during the seminar PARTNERSHIP Pacific Islanders and indigenous included a review of global, European people everywhere have always relied and German medicinal plant use and upon traditional medicine for their health trade and the related threats to medicinal and medical needs. Many of the island plant species, and the need for more communities do not have doctors or effective trade monitoring and modern medicine available. Indigenous conservation action. The importance of people have specific knowledge about securing critical habitats for medicinal the use of plants for healing purposes. plants and other wild species was also Their knowledge is a combination of stressed. Such an approach is being scientific principles as well as faith pursued under WWF’s Global 2000 interjection, which has been passed campaign. down through the generations. The importance of fully respecting Much of the knowledge of indigenous benefit sharing and intellectual property people is retained in the minds of the rights associated with the use of practitioners who pass this knowledge on medicinal plants was also stressed. Dr through oral traditions. Some indigenous Uschi Eid, Parliamentary Secretary of the communities are looking at ways of German Ministry of Economic Pacific Peoples’ Partnership (PPP) preserving the knowledge and promoting Cooperation and Development (BMZ), (formerly the South Pacific Peoples’ its use while maintaining control over it. drew the attention to this issue and the Foundation) was founded in 1975 and work supported by BMZ with regard to has developed into Canada’s principal For more information, please contact: medicinal plants (see TRAFFIC organization working with Pacific Island Pacific Peoples’ Partnership, 1921 Dispatches, No. 12). peoples. PPP is devoted to international Fernwood Road, Victoria, BC, Canada Although a wealth of information was education and advocacy on issues of V8T 2Y6. provided, in his summary of the day’s concern for the South Pacific region Fax: +1 250 388 5258; presentations, Steven Broad, Executive such as: e-mail: [email protected]; Director of TRAFFIC International, ¥ sovereignty and decolonization; www.sppf.org/frames.html commented that the symposium raised ¥ environmental issues; nearly as many questions as it answered. ¥ community development; “There are no simple means to address ¥ indigenous science/indigenous PHYTOMEDICA – NEW the interwoven issues of biodiversity knowledge; and E-MAIL LIST conservation, benefit sharing, property ¥ sustainable development. rights and demands from local users, the This small non-governmental Phytomedica is a worldwide discussion health and commercial sectors. It is organization, based in Victoria, British e-mailing list on medicinal plants, essential that different sectors follow up Columbia, Canada, was originally set up traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia, the results of this symposium and work to facilitate connections between Pacific ethnomedicine and phytomedicines. This together to address what will continue to Islanders and Canadians. Over time, interactive electronic discussion forum is be an urgent and complex set of their work has developed an supported by the Environment Liaison conservation and development priorities.” international audience. Now PPP has Centre International (ELCI) and the (Contributed by: Teresa Mulliken, members in several countries. Global Initiative For Traditional Systems Research and Network Development While education and advocacy remain of Health (GIFTS of Health). Manager, TRAFFIC International and the top priority for PPP, it also supports The purpose of this list is to provide a Susanne Honnef, Medicine and Plants grassroots projects in the Islands. forum for discussion, collaboration and Officer, TRAFFIC Europe-Germany.) Projects have included: information exchange on people, issues, ¥ WAINIMATE women’s association for policies and practices relating to For more information, please contact: natural medicine therapy in Fiji; medicinal and aromatic plants, TRAFFIC Europe-Germany, c/o ¥ primary health care and literacy ethnomedicine, phytomedicines, Umweltstiftung WWF Germany, training in Papua New Guinea; phytotherapy and complementary Rebstöcker Str. 55, D-60326 Frankfurt, ¥ support to people with disabilities in medicine, natural medicines, traditional Germany. the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu; medicine and healing. Fax: +49 69 617221; ¥ environmental awareness in several Subscribers may post announcements e-mail: [email protected] countries; and of new publications and Web sites, as well

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 34 NEWS AND NOTES

as forthcoming events, publications, jobs conservation concern, in order to example, in being an active partner in opportunities, student internships, etc., balance biological and commercial INCO proposals with European which pertain to the forum. needs and, in the long term, minimize institutions and in making its network of This forum was launched in Nairobi, regulatory intervention. collaborators available for such an Kenya on the occasion of the To this end, the objectives of the exercise. INBAR is particularly willing to Conference of Parties (COP-5) to the group include: receive staff on sabbaticals. (Source: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) ¥ generating and sharing information ETFRN News, No. 30, Spring/Summer held at the United Nations Environment regarding species of medicinal and 2000.) Programme (UNEP) headquarters in economic importance and May 2000 and of the International conservation concern; For more information, please contact: Conference on Medicinal Plants and ¥ promoting appropriate conservation International Network for Bamboo and Traditional Medicine and Local measures for native medicinal plants; Rattan (INBAR), Branch Box 155, PO Communities: Challenges and ¥ promoting sustainable production of Box 9799, Beijing 100101, China. Opportunities for the New Millennium, native medicinal plants; Fax: +86 10 64956983; which was held in parallel with COP- ¥ increasing participation in native www.inbar.org.cn 5/CBD in Nairobi. medicinal plant conservation; [See also under Special Features To subscribe, send a message to: ¥ encouraging active participation by for more information on INBAR Phytomedica-subscribe@yahoogroups. tribes and other holders of traditional and rattan.] com ecological knowledge pertaining to native medicinal plants; and For more information, please contact: ¥ generating financial support for native SIERRA MADRE Mr Ernest Rukangira, Environment medicinal plant projects. ALLIANCE Liaison Centre International, PO Box The PCA Medicinal Plant Working 72461, Nairobi, Kenya. Group is facilitated by the United States The Sierra Madre Alliance mailing list Fax: +2542 562175; Fish and Wildlife Service and is open to provides information, updates and action e-mail: [email protected]; or all who are interested in medicinal plant alerts on conservation, human rights, GIFTS of Health, Green College, conservation. indigenous rights and community University of Oxford, development in Mexico’s Sierra Madre. Oxford OX2 6HG, UK. For more information, please contact: The Sierra Madre Alliance was Fax: +44 01865 274796. Ms Julie Lyke, United States Fish and founded in 1992 to strengthen and Wildlife Service, Division of Scientific support regional organizations and Authority, 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, communities in the Sierra Madre in their PLANT CONSERVATION Arlington, VA 22203, 703/358-1708 USA. efforts towards the protection of old- ALLIANCE MEDICINAL E-mail: [email protected]; growth forests, environmental restoration PLANT WORKING GROUP www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal and sustainable community (PCA-MPWG) development.

The primary focus of the Medicinal Plant RESEARCH PARTNERSHIPS For more information, please contact: Working Group is to facilitate action on ON BAMBOO AND RATTAN Randall Gingrich, Sierra Madre Alliance, behalf of medicinal plants native to the 1650 Sioux Drive, CH44-119 El Paso, TX United States that are of particular The mission of the International Network 79925, USA. for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is to E-mail: [email protected] improve the well-being of producers and users of bamboo and rattan within the context of a sustainable bamboo and SOUTHEAST ASIAN rattan base by consolidating, NETWORK FOR coordinating and supporting strategic AGROFORESTRY and adaptive research and development. EDUCATION (SEANAFE) INBAR is open to a wide range of partnership possibilities to strengthen its The Southeast Asian Network for links with field-based non-governmental Agroforestry Education is a network of organizations to assist with technology universities and technical colleges that transfer and will consider all proposals aims at strengthening agroforestry Polygala paniculata Malaysian Timber Timber Bulletin Malaysian seriously. It is very interested, for training and education.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 35 NEWS AND NOTES

SEANAFE was established in 1999 by governments, intergovernmental 32 founding members in Indonesia, the SPECIES 2000 agencies) are welcome to subscribe to Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the the list. Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam. Its Species 2000 has the objective of To subscribe send an e-mail to: trn- mission is to help improve agroforestry enumerating all known species of plants, [email protected], and in the body of the education, training, research and animals, fungi and microbes on earth as message write: subscribe trn-ntfp, your e- extension, and to contribute to socio- the baseline dataset for studies of global mail [email protected] (your name economic development, empowerment biodiversity. It will also provide a simple and organization). of farming communities and sustainable access point enabling users to link to natural resource and environmental other data systems for all groups of For more information, please contact: management in the region. organisms, using direct species-links. Elisa Peter, Taiga Rescue Network Users worldwide will be able to verify the International Coordinator, Taiga Rescue scientific name, status and classification Network, Box 116, Ajtte, of any known species via the Species S-962 23 Jokkmokk, Sweden. Locator, which provides access to Fax: +46 971 120 57; species checklist data drawn from an e-mail: [email protected]; array of participating databases. www.taigarescue.org (Source: www.species2000.org) [Please see under Recent Events for more information on the conference.]

TAIGA RESCUE NETWORK (TRN) TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

The Taiga Rescue Network is trying to Medicinal plants have traditionally been reach out to all actors involved with gathered from forest areas and fallow NTFPs across the boreal world (Alaska, fields, or cultivated by women near their SEANAFE’s main activities are: Canada, Russian Federation, settlements. Most family heads, especially ¥ agroforestry curriculum development; Scandinavia). the grandparents, are renowned for their ¥ training of agroforestry teachers; At the Fifth International Conference knowledge of traditional medicines and ¥ meetings, workshops and studies on of the Taiga Rescue Network (Moscow, are consulted daily for the treatment of agroforestry education; September 2000), many participants common ailments in the community. ¥ students’ thesis research in expressed the need for a forum linking Traditional healers exercise a powerful agroforestry; various stakeholders in the NTFP sector influence in many rural communities and ¥ teaching materials support; and in the boreal region. NTFPs were also are the repository of traditional medical ¥ exchange of teaching staff. identified as an emerging topic of knowledge. They normally undergo long SEANAFE works closely with the relevance to TRN in all regions. periods of apprenticeship. They are International Center for Research in As a result, the trn-ntfp e-mail list was supposed to possess medico-magic Agroforestry (ICRAF), which provides formed and is being run by TRN. powers and therefore use plants in technical assistance and financial The list aims to: conjunction with ritual and mystical resources through a grant from the ¥ promote networking and information practices in their healing systems. Swedish International Development exchange among boreal NTFP The diversity of medicinal plants Cooperation Agency (Sida). people; exceeds any current inventory or ¥ play the initial role of an international catalogue. They do, however, fall into For more information, please contact: association for the development and two main groups Ð those prescribed in Dr Romulo A. del Castillo, Coordinator promotion of NTFPs; and response to a specific injury or illness, or SEANAFE Secretariat, Institute of ¥ create an international forum for the those taken simply as a prophylactic. Agroforestry, CFNR, University of the exchange of ideas and expertise The global pharmaceutical industry, Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), regarding all aspects of NTFP worth US$43 billion annually, relies PO Box 35023, College, Laguna 4031, promotion, industry and conservation. heavily on forest-derived medicinal the Philippines. This list is moderated by Luc Duchesne plants. On average, the active Fax: +63 49 536 6118; (Natural Resources Canada, Canadian ingredients in 25 percent of all e-mail: [email protected]; Forest Service). Representatives of all prescription drugs come directly from www.icraf.cgiar.org/sea/seanafe/About. sectors (NTFP businesses, non- medicinal plants, although not all of htm governmental organizations, academia, these grow in forest habitats.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 36 NEWS AND NOTES

contribution of forests to human health, The illegal exploitation became by Professor Kwabena Tufuor, FAO particularly intense in the 1980s with EXAMPLES OF GLOBAL USE Consultant; prepared for the Sixth OAU volumes of up to 40 tonnes of plants per OF PLANT MEDICINE Conference of African Ministers of week, and about four tonnes of seeds Health, held in Cairo, Egypt, October per year. This illegal exploitation Among the best-known medicinal 1999.) continues to be a serious threat for the substances are anti-malarial drug [Please see under Products and Markets survival of this species in its natural quinine or the oral contraceptive for more information on Catharanthus environment. If the illegal extraction of etheny/oestradiol, both derived from roseus.] adult plants and seeds continues, in less rain-forest plants. than ten years zamias may disappear as In Mozambique, the five-petalled rosy a natural resource and as an important periwinkle (Madagascar periwinkle), ZAMIA FURFURACEA component of the vegetation that lives Catharanthus roseus, has been used in on the dunes. (Source: Species, No. 33, traditional medicine for the treatment of Zamia furfuracea, also known as wild Spring 2000.) coughs, as tranquillizers, heart tonics corn and ball palm, is a wild Mexican and treatment for fever and high blood plant endemic to central Veracruz. It For more information, please contact: pressure. lives on the coastal dunes, generally Mr Mario Vazquez Torres, Instituto de The African prunus (Prunus africana) close to beaches, growing in sandy, Investigaciones Biológicas de la is an effective medicine for prostrate nutrient-poor soil, unsuitable for Universidad Veracruzana, Apartado treatment, and Ancistrocladus agriculture. The ball palm, which may Postal 294, CP 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, korupensis contains elements that have grow to one metre tall, stabilizes the Mexico. shown promising indications against dunes. The zamia belongs to the order Fax: +52 28 125757 the human immunodeficiency viruses. of Cycadales and, like the great majority Two alkaloids derived from of cycads, is highly valued as exotic periwinkle Ð vincristine and ornamental plants in the United States, vincalenkoblastine Ð are currently being Japan, Australia and most of Europe. used in treating Hodgkin’s disease, Zamia furfuracea is in danger of cancer and leukaemia. Approximately extinction because: 530 tonnes of rosy periwinkle are ¥ its numbers have become needed to extract 1 kg of vincristine, substantially reduced in their natural which sells for about US$200 000. The state; income from the manufacture of these ¥ its habitat is being reduced owing to two substances exceeds the expansion of agriculture and the US$180 million annually. raising of livestock; and ¥ it is overexploited through illegal trade.

In several African countries, traditional healers have registered a Psychic and Traditional Healers’ Association to promote traditional health practices and to gain recognition from governments. By 1978, both Ghana and Cameroon had each more than 3 400 registered traditional healers. In countries such as Guinea and Burkina Faso, street pharmacies have mushroomed considerably over the past five years. In Senegal, Kenya, Ghana and Zimbabwe, some “non-traditional” clinicians are Be flexible so you don’t break when a referring patients Ð especially those with harsh wind blows. psychotic problems Ð to traditional Anon healers. (Source: Improving the Zamia furfacea

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 37 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

1997) are provided, harvest and trade cultural and medicinal values in Nepal AGARWOOD controls in key range countries have been recognized in a traditional documented, and actions proposed to manner on the basis of its indigenous Agarwood use and trade and CITES address issues such as overexploitation knowledge and technology (IKT). implementation for Aquilaria malaccensis and illegal trade. A need for better The tree is deciduous, with trifoliate The Trade Records and Analysis of Flora information on the biology and status of aromatic leaves, and grows to a height of and Fauna in Commerce (TRAFFIC) those Aquilaria spp. in trade and the flow 6-8 m. The size of the mature bael fruit Network recently launched the report of benefits resulting from exploitation of varies from 550 g to more than 3 kg. Heart of the matter: agarwood use and these species is highlighted, as are more Various chemical constituents, namely trade and CITES implementation for effective harvest and trade controls. The alkaloids, coumarines, steroids, etc., have Aquilaria malaccensis, to coincide with report calls for the convening of a been isolated and identified from different the XXI IUFRO World Congress, Kuala stakeholders’ workshop to facilitate parts of the bael tree. Essential oils have Lumpur, Malaysia. Agarwood is just one cooperation in further examining these been identified in the leaves, twigs and of the many names for the resinous, issues and identifying actions necessary fruits. fragrant and highly valuable heartwood to secure the future of this important The ripe fruit is considered to be a produced by Aquilaria malaccensis and biological, economic and cultural tonic, a restorative, an astringent, a other species of the Indomalesian tree resource. TRAFFIC will continue to work laxative, and good for the heart and brain. genus Aquilaria. Agarwood has been towards the conservation and sustainable The unripe fruit is regarded as an used for medicinal purposes for management of this genus and would astringent, digestive and is usually thousands of years in, for example, welcome hearing from others to discuss prescribed for diarrhoea and dysentery. Ayurvedic, Tibetan and traditional East potential collaboration. The bael fruit is extremely nutritious Asian medicine. Use of agarwood for the The report and executive summary are and has a very high riboflavin content. production of perfume and incense (often available in both PDF and printed Reports from Brazil indicate that A. used in association with certain religious formats. The pdf versions can be marmelos is as rich in ascorbic acid as practices) has an equally long history. downloaded from the sweet orange. Agarwood chips can sell for several www.traffic.org/news/agarwood. A most important aspect is that bael hundred to several thousand United (Contributed by: Angela Barden, can be used as an opportunity for States dollars per kilogram. Indonesia TRAFFIC.) resource-poor farmers in those areas and Malaysia supply the largest where there is a natural bael forest. This quantities of agarwood in international For more information, or to order a is due to the fact that different parts of the trade, with other countries such as Viet printed copy, please contact your bael tree (except the timber) can be Nam also exporting significant amounts. nearest TRAFFIC office, or: brought into value added processing to Unfortunately, with demand for TRAFFIC International, 219c Huntingdon generate employment and income at the agarwood for these and other uses Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. farm and village levels. One important remaining strong today, there is concern E-mail: [email protected] or example of this is the production of bael that wild populations of Aquilaria [email protected]; jam, jelly, marmalade and squash, without malaccensis and other Aquilaria species www.traffic.org much investment. are being over-harvested. Eight species A joint effort of the Green Energy are currently considered to be threatened Mission (Nepal) and the Intermediate according to World Conservation Union BAEL Technology Development Group (ITDG), (IUCN) Red List Categories, with Nepal, was undertaken in this field (bael exploitation specifically highlighted as a Nepal is very rich in plant diversity. It jam/jelly manufacture/marketing, etc.) by threat for six of these species. occupies only 0.09 percent of the total providing training to locally based Conservation concerns prompted the land area of the world but possesses organizations and groups. listing of A. malaccensis in Appendix II of nearly 2.5 percent of the total species of In Nepal, the bael tree and its IKT and the Convention on International Trade in flowering plants. natural products are the properties of the Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Nepal is equally rich in the bael tree Nepalese people. The Green Energy Flora (CITES) in 1995. (Aegle marmelos). The tree has naturally Mission (Nepal) is committed to ensuring This report analyses the spread to all the South Asian Association that no developed countries or implementation of the CITES listing and for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) multinational companies prohibit or restrict reviews available information on the countries, including Nepal, Bhutan, India, Nepalese people in utilizing the tree’s IKT wider trade in agarwood. Available data Maldives, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Its and value added processing, as well as on international trade volumes economic value has not yet been explored its future research and development. (approximately 700 tonnes reported in in these countries. However, its religious, (Source: Green Energy Newsletter, 6[1].)

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 38 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

For more information, please contact: and therefore accessible to the honey miel se hace en forma industrial, y en Green Energy Mission/Nepal, hunters. menor escala se comercializan los frutos PO Box 10647, Anam Nagar, It is estimated that in Bangladesh 2 000 en el mercado nacional. Kathmandu 2, Nepal. honey hunters utilize the Sundarbans La extracción de savia se inicia a fines Fax: +977 1 410857. during a controlled two-month hunting de octubre y termina a fines de abril del season in April and May. The main period año siguiente. La palma viene of honey production takes place during desarraigada parcialmente para voltearla April and June. Nectar is obtained from y se eliminan las hojas del ápice por three major tree species: Aegiceras donde exuda la savia. El 20 por ciento de corniculatum, Ceriops decandra and los árboles exudan toda la savia en el Sonneratia apetala. In Bangladesh, the primer año, el resto lo hace en la Sundarbans honey harvest is estimated to temporada siguiente. be between 130 and 185 tonnes per year. Dos veces al día se recoge la savia de The wax harvest is estimated to be los recipientes puestos para este fin en between 42 and 45 tonnes. cada palma. También en ese momento se The honey hunters must obtain permits limpia la superficie del ápice para evitar la from the Forestry Department before cristalización de la savia que, una vez entering the Sundarbans. In addition, the obtenida, se somete a un proceso de HONEY Forestry Department allocates honey and concentración por calentamiento en wax quotas per hunter, currently set at recipientes de cobre. Este concentrado de Honey hunters in the Sundarbans 78 kg of honey and 20 kg of wax, for savia se envía a la fabrica donde se le One of the most fascinating areas of the which the Forestry Department charges agregan una serie de aditivos como jugo world where honey hunting maintains its approximately US$4 for the honey de coco, sacarosa y glucosa, para de esta historical traditions and importance is the allotment and US$3 for the wax allotment. forma ser enlatada y comercializada. Sundarbans of Bangladesh and India. The The honey harvested, estimated to be Su fruto, el coquito, es una semilla Sundarbans, the largest contiguous 50 percent of all the honey produced in relativamente pequeña en comparación mangrove forest in the world, occupies an Bangladesh, is sold locally for US$2-3/kg. con los cocos de otras especies. Tiene area of about 10 000 km2, 60 percent of The wax sells for about US$3/kg. Packed aproximadamente de 3 a 4 cm de which is in Bangladesh and 40 percent in honey retails for approximately US$7/kg. diámetro, es muy aceitoso y de excelente India. Numerous international (Source: Beekeeping and Development, sabor. Se lo emplea comiéndolo solo, en programmes have attempted to preserve No. 56, September/October 2000.) repostería o agregándolo al proceso de the biological richness of the Sundarbans, producción de miel de la misma palma. and recently it has been acknowledged by (Fuente: Productos Forestales No the United Nations Educational, Scientific JUBAEA CHILENSIS Madereros en Chile, Serie Forestal N¡ and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a (COQUITO DE PALMA, 10, RLC/FAO. Extracto.) World Heritage Site. PALMA CHILENA) [Para más información, consulte Non- In Bangladesh, the Sundarbans has Wood News N¡ 5.] been managed and protected by the La palma chilena, de la familia Palmae, Forest Department for nearly 125 years es una especie endémica de la zona and has the status of a reserved forest mediterránea de Chile. Es una de las KARITE with controlled and very limited human palmeras más australes del mundo, access. cuyo ambiente se ubica entre el río Shea nuts are primarily grown in West The Sundarbans is home to the giant Limarí y el río Maule. Hoy se encuentra and Central Africa in the semi-arid Sahel, honey bee Apis dorsata. There is an en escasos puntos de su área de referred to by traders as the “Shea Belt”. annual migration of thousands of colonies distribución, destacándose los palmares Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. paradoxa and of this honey bee into the Sundarbans, de Ocoa y Cocalán. Vitellaria paradoxa subsp. nilotica are the beginning in December and continuing Se la utiliza para la extracción de savia two main varieties. Vitellaria p. paradoxa until January and February. (para hacer miel de palma), recolección is exported in the largest volume and Because of the nature of the mangrove de frutos, y confección de escobas grows throughout the West African region. forest, the tree species do not grow to artesanales y cestería con sus hojas. El Vitellaria p. nilotica is produced primarily great heights. Apis dorsata normally builds raquis de la hoja se utiliza para cercas, y in northern Uganda and southern Sudan. exposed nests high in the forest canopy las fibras de los folíolos se usan para Shea nut products, the solid fat (butter or but here must construct its large, single- relleno en mueblería. A pesar de la stearin) and the liquid oil (olein), are ideal comb nests relatively close to the ground, variedad de usos, sólo la producción de for use as raw materials in cooking oil,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 39 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

margarine, cosmetics, soap, detergents butter for the skin and hair. The other Tables 2 and 3 below, although they are and candles, but they have found their variety, Vitellaria nilotica, has a superior not considered to be completely primary market niche as a substitute for quality and is preferred by the cosmetics accurate and are primarily estimates. cocoa butter in the chocolate and firms. Unfortunately this variety is primarily Exports during the last two years of confectionery industry. grown and processed in northern Uganda available statistics hovered around Shea nut trees grow widely and and southern Sudan, both currently states 50 000 tonnes with an export value of naturally in West Africa. They only begin of civil unrest, and so it is generally around US$10 million. Exports in 1996 to bear fruit after about 20 years and do unavailable on the market. Several other and 1997 are more than double the five- not reach maturity for 45 years. They may countries, including Israel and Germany, year low recorded in 1993, but lower continue to produce nuts for up to 200 are attempting to replicate this variety. than the high recorded in 1994. (Source: years after reaching maturity. FAO’s export statistics of major www.raise.org/natural/) The nuts, which are embedded in a soft supplying countries are provided in fruit, fall to the ground during the harvesting period (typically June to TABLE 1. SHEA NUT PRODUCTION, 1994-98 (TONNES) August). They are then buried in pits, which causes the pulp to ferment and 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 disintegrate and produces enough heat to Benin 15 500 15 000 15 000 15 000 15 000 prevent germination. The nuts are dried Burkina Faso 70 100 75 700 70 000 70 000 70 000 for a few days and are later shelled and Côte d’Ivoire 19 785 20 000 20 000 20 000 20 000 winnowed, usually by hand. The kernels Ghana 57 000 56 000 55 000 55 000 55 000 are dried further to reduce moisture Mali 85 000 85 000 85 000 85 000 85 000 content from about 40 percent to about 7 Nigeria 353 000 384 000 345 000 355 000 355 000 percent. Togo 7 000 8 520 2 504 6 500 6 500 A process called fractionation separates TOTAL 607 385 644 220 592 504 606 500 606 500 the oil (olein) and butter (stearin). This can Source: FAOSTAT. be done locally and allows for the extraction of the liquid oil by a process TABLE 2. WORLDWIDE SHEA NUT EXPORTS BY VOLUME, 1993-97 (TONNES) involving the heating and kneading of the crushed kernels and straining the HS Code 120792 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 resultant oily mass. Ghana 1 793 13 988 6 000 19 654 19 654 Manufacturers in the chocolate and Benin 7 870 15 266 9 504 9 504 9 504 other food industries prefer to buy the Côte d’Ivoire 4 792 12 163 11 195 5 422 5 422 shea nuts as opposed to the butter so that Burkina Faso 5 000 5 000 7 633 7 633 7 633 they can have as much control as Togo 1 112 6 562 4 606 8 330 5 284 Nigeria - 5 000 - - - possible over the processing and quality Mali 500 500 500 500 500 of the final product. Nuts are also United Kingdom - 215 182 28 - preferred because they can be stored for Other 28 10 34 21 31 up to five years in the right conditions, TOTAL 21 095 58 704 39 654 51 092 48 028 while the butter is more expensive to store Source: FAOSTAT. and deteriorates more rapidly. Shea butter is produced on a TABLE 3. WORLDWIDE SHEA NUT EXPORTS BY VALUE, 1993-97 (US$’000) commercial scale in Europe using hydraulic presses on the nuts and then HS Code 120792 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 placing them in hot air ovens. The product Ghana 340 2 590 1 500 5,846 5 846 is then bleached with a hexane solvent. Benin 1 071 2 223 1 400 1 400 1 400 The butter must then be stored and Côte d’Ivoire 1 319 1 601 1 973 793 793 transported in cool conditions and in Togo 137 764 788 1,274 972 airtight containers to avoid becoming Burkina Faso 500 500 847 847 847 rancid. Nigeria - 1 500 - - - Shea nut supply far outstrips demand. Mali 150 150 150 150 150 More than 600 000 tonnes of the United Kingdom - 45 37 9 - dominant variety, Vitellaria paradoxa, are Other 6 9 38 10 33 produced in West Africa (see Table 1 TOTAL 3 523 9 382 6 733 10 329 10 041 below). Most is used as cooking oil or as Source: FAOSTAT.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 40 PRODUCTS AND MARKETS

treatment of Hodgkin’s disease and MARULA – A FOOD leukaemia and which cannot be FOR ALL SEASONS produced in the laboratory without CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS supplies of the plant itself. The Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) is a keystone concentration of both vinblastine and A wealth of folk remedies are tree species of Africa’s semi-arid vincristine in the plant material (leaves, prepared from the plant, which is woodlands. Its edible vitamin-rich fruit roots) is very low, 0.0005 percent on a regarded as having astringent, and storable nutlike seed kernels, rich in dry weight basis. Therefore, huge diaphoretic, emmenagogic, proteins and lipids, have made it a quantities have to be harvested, in order abortifacient, bechic, cardiotonic, traditional African “wild” food for all obtain a substantial amount of alkaloids. hypotensive, febrifugic and seasons (probably throughout the course The total amount of Catharanthus tranquillizing properties. of human evolution). This, coupled with roseus material in trade is not known; The primary active chemical its medicinal value and its potential for however, figures from Madagascar constituents, which are most economic development and indicate an annual export of about 1 000 concentrated in root bark, are the domestication, has prompted a United tonnes. alkaloids ajmaline, serpentine and Kingdom Department for International The price paid for vincristine is reserpine, but at least 12 others have Development-funded project at the reported to reach US$200 000/kg. Some been positively identified, including University of Wales-Bangor, in indicative figures regarding the overall leurosine and vincaleukoblastine. collaboration with the International Center trade are: Vinceine, tetrahydroalstonine and for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and ¥ Products derived from the periwinkle lochnerine, which are also present in the University of Swaziland, to produce a had a wholesale value of the root bark, are important for monograph on Sclerocarya birrea, US$35 million in 1977, which is pharmaceutical purposes. (Source: synthesizing all published data on the estimated to correspond to a retail Medicine trees of the tropics, by species (biological, ecological, economic, value of US$140 million. Robin Levingston and Rogelio etc.); a distribution map; and extension ¥ In another estimate, the worldwide Zamora, in Unasylva, No. 140 Ð The materials. (Source: ETFRN News, No. trade in vincristine is worth about importance of medicinal plants. An 31, Autumn-Winter 2000.) US$50 million per year. international journal of forestry and In Hungary, the yield of plant parts is forest industries, Vol. 35. 1983. FAO: For more information, please contact 3.5-4.5 tonnes/ha of fresh herb, or 1.0- www.fao.org/docrep/q1460e/q1460e02. the author: 1.5 tonnes/ha of dried herb. Under htm) Eileen M. O’Brien, SAFS, University irrigated conditions, 1.5 tonnes/ha of of Wales-Bangor, Bangor, Gwynedd roots, 1.5 tonnes/ha of stems and 3 LL57 2UW, Wales, UK. tonnes/ha of leaves can be obtained. E-mail: [email protected] or (Source: Extracted from various sources [email protected] by FAO’s NWFP Programme.)

For more information, please: PERIWINKLE consult the EcoPort Plant Record (CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS) (www.ecoport.org): either click on “Get full record” or, in the ID page, The red or Madagascar periwinkle go to category “Crop” and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Ð syn. “Get full category”; Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichb. f. or Vinca contact Denzil Phillips rosea (L.), representative of the family (www.denzil.com; e-mail: Apocynaceae, originates in the tropical [email protected] or [email protected]) forests of Madagascar and is now found for information on export and markets pan-tropically. It is currently cultivated in China, India, Madagascar, Israel, the United States and in all countries of central and southern Europe. Its main use is in the Catharanthus roseus commercialization of the alkaloids vincristine and vincaleukoblastine, which are used in the chemotherapeutical

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 41 COUNTRY COMPASS

cork, such as: bottle stoppers, engine Other NWFPs that play an important ALBANIA joinery, parquet (flooring), decoration, role in the socio-economic life of the roll-cork and shoe soles. The INRF- population are honey and beeswax. The The Albania Private Forestry AZAZGA forest research station quantities harvested around shrubs Development Program (APFDP) is integrates various field activities - dominated by Arbutus unedo and funded by the United States Agency for silviculture, site classification, cork Lavandula stoechas easily reach 15 litres International Development and quality Ð aimed at targeting the per beehive, especially when the climate implemented by Chemonics International sustainable development of cork oak and is favourable. Inc. Based in Tirana, with its field maintaining a high production level of activities extended over 15 districts, the best-quality cork. For more information, please contact: project was initiated in 1995 and will be Acorns constitute an appreciable Mr M. Ferrahi, Work Group on NWFP, completed by April 2001. volume of cattle feed; unfortunately, the Institut national de recherche APFDP is designed to increase harvesting of these fruits has a negative forestière, INRF-Azazga Forest Albanian rural household incomes, influence on forest regeneration. Research Station, BP 30, Yakouren alleviate and ultimately reverse forest More than 54 mushroom species have 15365, Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria. environmental degradation by been identified and their ecological Fax: +213 3342945. encouraging and supporting the distribution known. Most of the edible development of sustainable private mushrooms that are harvested on a forestry management on privately owned large scale grow on Quercus faginea in BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA lands and on community, village and humid areas with a northern exposure. state-owned forests and pastures. One aspect that has emerged recently Citizens’ association for medicinal and APFDP has now set up its own site is the importance given to aromatic aromatic plants in the Federation of where readers will find the on-line plants, such as Laurus nobilis, Myrthus Bosnia and Herzegovina directory of Albanian enterprises dealing communis, Thymus vulgaris and The Association of Citizens for Medicinal with medicinal herbs and spices, as well Lavandula stoechas, which are widely and Aromatic Plants was established in as a catalogue of willow products and used in cooking or in the traditional June 2000. The citizens of Bosnia and furniture. treatment of diseases. Development of Herzegovina have a long tradition of these NWFPs must be preceded by collecting and processing different kinds For more information, please contact: studies focusing on: inventory of the of wild medicinal and aromatic plants; Albania Private Forestry Development most useful species, ecological different kinds of tea, tinctures and Program, PO Box 2417, Tirana, Albania. adaptation on large areas, economic essential oil have been made. In addition, Fax: +355 4 374675; profitability, and development techniques there are very good climatic conditions for e-mail: [email protected]; (regeneration, harvest, etc.) in these plants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. www.apfdp.org; or accordance with sustainable forest The objectives of the association are to: www.chemonics.com management. ¥ protect wild medicinal and aromatic In addition, the roots of Erica arborea plants and other NWFPs from are used for briar pipe and ash pan destruction; ALGERIA manufacturing. ¥ educate collectors and producers of medicinal and aromatic plants; NWFPs in the forest region of Yakouren ¥ establish connections between The forest region of Yakouren is collectors and producers of medicinal distinguished potentially by many and aromatic plants and companies NWFPs, such as cork, game, herb which process these plants; products, mushrooms and honey. ¥ establish connections with similar Cork is the most important NWFP in associations; and the region. Since 1990, the annual ¥ represent the interests of association average production has been 225.6 members at the public and policy tonnes. The area harvested reached levels. 2 550 ha (the total area of the Yakouren Association members are all those forest is 5 705 ha). A large part of this who have an interest in medicinal and production is destined for export and the aromatic plants or other NWFPs: rest for local transformation. There are collectors of wild growing plants, seven factories at the national level producers who cultivate different kinds of manufacturing products derived from Lavandula spica – Lavanda officinalis these plants, processing companies, etc.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 42 COUNTRY COMPASS

Medicinal herbs in Republika Srpska With regard to the collection and BRAZIL production of medicinal herbs in Republika Srpska, the conclusion was Non-timber forest products in the reached that the interests of the Amazon and markets individuals engaged in any activity In the 1990s, there was intense debate related to medicinal herbs could only be on development alternatives in the realized in an organized way. For that Amazon region. On the one hand, purpose, Republika Srpska Association neoclassical economists postulated that for Medicinal Herbs was established in non-timber extraction is a primitive and December 1999. The non-political, non- transitory economic activity. Owing to its governmental and non-profit association supply rigidity and increasing shortage is divided into two sections Ð one of faced with growing demand, it will give medicinal herb collectors and the other way to species domestication and of medicinal herb producers/growers. cultivation on a large scale or will be The association’s main tasks are: substituted for like-products. On the ¥ the development and promotion of the other hand, the economic importance of registration, preservation and this kind of forest extraction should be Matricaria Camomilla collection of medicinal herbs; recognized since it involves ¥ the development and promotion of approximately 16 percent of the rural production, processing and trading of determine the consistency and quality of inhabitants of the Brazilian Amazon. medicinal herbs; these oils. According to the institute, they However, since this activity has already ¥ to offer professional assistance to are high-quality coniferous oils, owing to been considered as low-impact and non- members in: purchasing raw their pleasant smell and high exclusive, alternative economists, materials and equipment, controlling concentration of typical components. On sociologists and anthropologists are now the quality of medicinal herbs, trading the basis of these results, and keeping in favouring a new form of governmental with medicinal herbs, etc.; and mind the quality raw material from which intervention, through fiscal and credit ¥ to encourage the development of the they are processed, there appears to be subsidies which privilege this economic production of medicinal herbs in a real possibility of starting production of sector, thus contributing to the Republika Srpska. ether oils for the world market. The conservation of forest resources. One of the first projects is the results are also encouraging for the A recent study to analyse this issue education of collectors and producers of further production of oils from other wild- has as its objective a third approach, medicinal herbs, aimed at creating self- growing coniferous trees, as well as from that by being ecologically important, sustained and controlled harvests in a other aromatic herbs. NTFPs are also economically viable. way that will generate income, without at At present, it is important for the By examining time series data of the same time destabilizing the producers and the association to find a national production statistics for several ecological balance of the environment. suitable market for these products and a NTFPs in the Amazon region, it was Among members, the most frequently better organization and networking of the observed that even after introducing a grown herb in the plantations is producers, as well as increasing competing substitute product, the Matricaria chamomilla, which is production of ether oils, in order to justify production of the NTFP did not decline produced in ecologically clean market research in this regard. to zero. This implies that substitute conditions, without any chemicals or The greatest problem is lack of funds, products do not respond to the fertilizers. This production method is of since members are not able to increase expectations of all the demand great importance since M. chamomilla is and finance production by themselves. segments of markets for NTFPs. In fact, used for tea in both folk and official (Contributed by: Mrs Nedjada Kosovic, NTFPs have specific qualities that medicine. Biljana Gligoric, Ezrema Delalic and Mrs differentiate them within the market Since Republika Srpska has Ljiljana Dunjic.) context, and particularly in the “green” considerable coniferous forest and “organic” markets. These are two resources, test distillation and production For more information, please contact: distinct niches where consumers are of coniferous essential oils was started, Mrs Ljiljana Dunjic, GTZ Sarajevo, willing to pay more for the specific primarily from Abies alba and Juniperus Splitska 6, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and qualities of a NTFP, independent of communis. Analysis and examination at Herzegovina. whether substitute products (cultivated, the “Kurt Kitzing” Institute for Chemical Fax: +387 33 442 119; synthesized or industrially processed) Analysis and Quality Control in Germany e-mail: mailto:[email protected] exist.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 43 COUNTRY COMPASS

The “green” markets are the Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) the country accounts for 85 percent consumers who will pay more for People in Los Angeles, United States, worldwide (the remainder comes from products which contribute to conserve can already ask in Portuguese for açaí plantations and natural stands in Costa ecology; and the “organic” markets are (Euterpe oleracea), which is a mixture of Rica, Paraguay, Bolivia, Ecuador and the consumers Ð firms and individuals Ð açaí and guaraná or other energy Peru). Ninety percent of the national who demand products from native products. Early in 2000, a Brazilian production (which was calculated last sources which have a broad genetic company, Muaná Alimentos, sent 100 kg year at 28 000 tonnes) comes from the variability and are free from toxins. of pulp to the North American market; an Amazon, mainly the state of Pará; the In conclusion, although the rigidity of additional 400 kg were sent later, and in remaining 10 percent was from Santa NTFP supply implies the substitutability October 2000, 5.5 tonnes of sweetened Catarina and Paraná. The company’s for some demand segments, other pulp and 1 tonne of pure pulp were sent goal, however, is to invert the production segments are still willing to buy them to the gymnasia and snack bars of Los ratio: 1 800 tonnes of açaí pulp and because the products respond to market Angeles. 1 200 tonnes of palmito in conserve by expectations concerning quality, quantity, Shipped in Belém, the batches were 2003, thus tripling the invoicing. supply normality and price. processed, frozen sweetened and Muaná Alimentos possesses 5 000 ha Moreover, if the production of a NTFP packed in 3-kg plastic buckets stamped of açaí stands (it also harvests palmito can fall initially with the onset of “Açaí”. In September that year, two North and açaí in 3 000 ha of leasehold lands, competition from a substitute, this American representatives had visited the also buying from third parties), in addition product can again be replaced in the Brazilian plant, mainly interested in the to the 400 ha of permanent conservation market, proportionate to the time needed mixture of açaí with guaraná that, used as reference in the conservation of to find niches still able to consume it. according to them, had more chance of biodiversity. The objective is to reach This theoretical model can help in the finding a place in the North American 35 000 ha in five years, of which 28 000 implementation of programmes and market as “tropical vitamin” species. The ha will be managed. projects designed to foster economy and company has also made contact with With an eye to the external market and environmental management based on importers in Europe and Asia, possible to the growing domestic demand for the trade in NTFPs, thus contributing to purchasers of the fruit. If the experience health foods, the company is investing in the revival of an economic sector that gives the expected results and if the sustainable management techniques and responds to the income and well-being product is accepted in the North is directing its contracts with suppliers expectations of extractive populations American and European markets, the towards techniques that guarantee the and international efforts to conserve national exports of açaí can explode over maintenance of the biological diversity of biodiversity. (Contributed by: Mr Vag-Lan the next few years, benefiting producers, the forest and their transfer to the local Borges, Brazil.) transporters, traders, local industries and communities. populations that depend on the resources Thanks to the sustainable For more information, please contact: generated by açaí stands. management techniques, Muaná Mr Vag-Lan Borges, SCLRN 714, Bl. G, With its offices in São Paulo, and its Alimentos should receive the Entrada 19, Apto. 301, Brasilia 70.760- plant in the agro-industrial company Ita endorsement of the Forest Stewardship 578, Brazil. (which has been processing palm hearts Council (FSC), the main certifying E-mail: [email protected] [palmito] of açaí in the region since agency for forest products, represented 1980), Muaná Alimentos has as a in Brazil by the Instituto de Manejo e minority partner with 49 percent, “Fundo Certificação Florestal e Agrícola Terra Capital”, an international (Imaflora). Besides ecological organization that directs money from the sustainability, the company is developing World Bank, the Swiss Government and social programmes for the local other investors to ecologically sound communities, such as the project “Açaí projects. In 2000, the company invoiced Marajoara”, carried out in partnership US$4 million with the production of with the state government and the 540 tonnes of palmito of açaí (a volume municipalities of Curralinho, Sebastião da corresponding to1.8 million 300-g glass Boa Vista, Ponta de Pedras, Cachoeira jars) and 250 tonnes of pulp. do Arari and Muaná Alimentos. Brazil is the leading producing, The project, which started in May consuming and exporting country of 2000, aims to guarantee the economic palmito conserves in the world. sustainability of the communities through According to the National Association of professional training, training of the Manufacturers of Palmito (ANFAP), development agents and other actions.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 44 COUNTRY COMPASS

“Nowadays, it is not enough only to conjuguent développement de la dans le contrôle des pestes (capside et invest in the product,” says Mr Schnyder, cacaoculture, gestion et pourriture brune) du cacaoyer, de gestion the commercial director of Muaná, conservation des ressources et de conservation des ressources recalling that technical knowledge on forestières. forestières dans les agroforêts cacao. forest management is still at the Les agroforêts cacao restent l’une Les actions de diversification à l’intérieur beginning. “The challenge of the future is des principales sources monétaires des cacaoyères initiées par les paysans to promote the fruits of the Amazon in a en zone rurale dans les provinces nécessitent d’être relayées par les rational way, preserving them for future du centre et sud du Cameroun. structures de recherche, de generations.” (Source: Revista Globo Parmi les cacaoculteurs, 81 pour développement et les organisations non Rural, November 2000.) cent n’ont pas d’autres activités que gouvernementales. (Source: Les l’agriculture. Plus de 85 pour cent agroforêts cacao: espace intégrant n’ont pas de contact avec les développement de la cacaoculture, CAMEROUN vulgarisateurs. Les terres gestion et conservation des ressources coutumières exploitées pour la forestières au Sud-Cameroun, par Denis Les agroforêts cacao: espace intégrant cacaoculture relèvent du domaine J. Sonwa, Stephan Weise, Mathurin développement de la cacaoculture, national. Dans cette zone 97 pour Tchatat, A. Bernard Nkongmeneck, A. gestion et conservation des ressources cent des cacaoculteurs sont Akinwumi Adesina, Ouseynou Ndoye et forestières au sud Cameroun autochtones. La transmission des James Gockowski. Communication Au Cameroun, les cacaoyères sont agroforêts est patrilinéaire. Plus de presentée lors du second colloque créées à l’ombre de la forêt. Trois 50 pour cent des cacaoyères panafricain sur l’utilisation durable des structures ont jusqu’ici intervenu, actuelles ont été héritées. ressources naturelles en Afrique, sans grandes interférences, dans le Les relevés botaniques et le organisé par l’Alliance mondiale pour la développement et l’aménagement regroupement des espèces suivant leur nature (UICN) à Ouagadougou, Burkina de l’espace forestier au sud utilité permettent de ressortir trois types Faso, 24 au 27 juillet 2000, sous le Cameroun (zone de forêt humide du de cacaoyères en zone de forêt humide thème «Développement et utilisation Bassin du Congo). La gestion de la du Cameroun. L’un des types se durable des ressources naturelles en cacaoculture s’est faite par le canal caractérise par une densité en cacaoyers Afrique: conflit ou parfaite de la Société de développement de 70 pour cent plus forte que les autres. complémentarité».) cacao (SODECAO). Les plans Les deux autres ont soit une forte densité d’aménagement des forêts assurés en Musacées et en palmiers, soit une Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: par l’Office nationale de forte densité en bois d’œuvre de haute Denis J. Sonwa, Humid Forest développement des forêts valeur économique et en PFNL. La Ecoregional Center, Institut (ONADEF) ou les structures que cet densité moyenne des plantes (cacaoyers international d’agriculture tropicale office a remplacées, se sont traduits et autres espèces) de chaque type de (IITA), B.P. 2008, Messa, Yaoundé, par l’exécution de nombreux cacaoyère varie entre 400 et 680 m par Cameroun. programmes de reforestation. hectare. Ces différences de densité Télécopie: +237 23 74 37; Plusieurs aires protégées ont été offrent ainsi plusieurs types d’intervention mél.: [email protected] érigées par la Direction des forêts du Ministère de l’environnement et des forêts (MINEF) pour conserver les ressources forestières. Depuis la crise cacaoyère et la libéralisation de la filière cacao, les paysans, Christian Seignobos sans l’appui des services de vulgarisation, essayent de diversifier de plus en plus les plantes dans leurs cacaoyères (surtout dans les zones à forte pression foncière). Ils y gèrent les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL), les fruitiers exotiques, les plantes médicinales, les bois d’œuvre et les cultures vivrières. Ces écosystèmes deviennent des espaces où se Le Réseau Africain d’Ethnobotanique

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 45 COUNTRY COMPASS

Ricinodendron heudelotii (Djansang): habitants des forêts du sud Cameroun, population lives along roads, cultivating étude ethonobotanique et importance par J.M. Fondoun, Tiki Manga et J. food and cash crops. Most Bagyeli live in pour les habitants des forêts du sud Kengue. Bulletin de Ressources the forest at some distance from these Cameroun Phytogénétiques, No 118.) roads. Their livelihood depends primarily La domestication d’arbres fruitiers on hunting, fishing, the gathering of sauvages indigènes pour leur intégration Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: forest products and, to a lesser extent, dans les systèmes d’utilisation des terres IRAD/CRRAN, Genetic Resources some farming. The forest offers both existants vise à améliorer les moyens de Programme, PO Box 2067, population groups an important source of subsistance des communautés rurales Yaoundé, Cameroun. food, shelter, medicine, household tout en conservant la biodiversité. Télécopie: +237 237440; equipment and cash income. Until L’amélioration pourrait concerner les mél.: [email protected] recently, logging companies also systèmes de production, des operated in the area. Those concerned opportunités génératrices de revenus ou in industrial logging dominate any le bienêtre nutritionnel. Une étude Local participation essential for decision-making on forestry ethnobotanique et une collecte de sustainable forest management management. As economically and germoplasme de Ricinodendron Local stakeholders, such as the Bantu politically marginal groups with an heudelotii (un arbre fruitier indigène) ont and Bagyeli (“Pygmies”) in Cameroon, unequal share in legal power, local été effectuées dans six provinces de la should be involved in making decisions populations have little say. forêt humide du Cameroun. Des about tropical rain forest use and This study provides a better échantillons de fruits ont été collectés à management. The immense economic understanding of the local importance des intervalles de 40 à 50 km le long du value of timber has turned the forests on and peoples’ perspectives of the forest, réseau routier principal du sud Cameroun which these populations depend for their customary and formal tenure dans des jardins de case, des champs livelihood into politically contested arrangements, and potential structures de cultures vivrières ou de rente, des spaces. Only a sound planning of forest for negotiation and conflict resolution. It jachères et des zones de forêt primaire. land use and effective collaboration formulates concrete recommendations À chaque endroit, les échantillons ont été between government agencies, logging on how to organize the participation of collectés sur des arbres choisis par les operators and local groups may prevent local populations in comanagement fermiers. Des questionnaires ouverts ont a conflict between logging and local regimes. The study reveals a highly été utilisés pour interroger les fermiers et forest use. diverse sociopolitical landscape. This comprendre l’importance de cet arbre This was the starting point for six years implies that the various groups will be dans leur communauté. of social science research in the differently affected by future Cent fruits en moyenne ont été Tropenbos-Cameroon Programme, the management arrangements that place récoltés par provenance ou accession integrated results of which have now restrictions on local forest use. The pour la collecte de germoplasme et la been published in the Tropenbos- authors point to the need specifically to description morphologique. Un total de Cameroon Series. The Tropenbos- involve minority groups with little 47 accessions ont été enregistrées et les Cameroon Programme is a joint research negotiating power, such as the Bagyeli performances pour le poids des effort of Cameroonian institutions, the and Bantu women, in decision-making semences calculées par accession. La universities of Wageningen and Leiden, on sustainable forest management. morphologies des fruits a montré des and the Tropenbos Foundation in Regional platforms for negotiating formes de hile variées, ce qui indique Wageningen, the Netherlands. Its agreement on rights and duties in forest une variabilité entre provenances, que activities focus on developing methods management between the appropriate l’on observe aussi pour le nombre de and strategies for natural forest government agencies, logging graines par fruit. Le poids des graines management for the sustainable companies and local populations can varie de manière significative entre production of timber, non-timber forest create a proper setting for this. provenances, avec une différence de 110 products and ecological services. The (Source: J. van den Berg and K. g entre les extrèmes. Quatre utilisations well-being of local populations is of great Biesbrouck. 2000. The social dimension majeures sont dérivées de l’espèce, importance to the programme. The latest of rainforest management in Cameroon: selon le groupe ethnique, allant, par volume in the Tropenbos-Cameroon issues for co-management. The ordre de priorité, de la consommation Series, therefore, assesses the footholds Tropenbos Foundation, Wageningen. alimentaire à des usages médicaux, and pitfalls for their involvement in Tropenbos-Cameroon Series No. 4. socio-culturels jusqu’à l’amélioration de la collaborative management regimes. ISSN 1566-6484. ISBN 90-5113-043-0.) fertilité des sols. (Source: Ricinodendron The research was carried out in the heudelotii (Djansang): étude southwestern part of Cameroon. In this For more information, please contact: ethonobotanique et importance pour les sparsely populated area, the Bantu The Tropenbos Foundation, PB 232,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 46 COUNTRY COMPASS

Wageningen, 6700 AE, the Netherlands. A pdf version of the report can be For more information, please contact: Fax: +31 317 423024; viewed on the province of British Mr Li Weichang, Managing Editor, e-mail: [email protected] Columbia, Canada, Ministry of Forests’ Forestry and Society Newsletter, [Please see under Special Features for Web site. Institute of Scientific and Technological more information on Cameroon.] Information, Box 101, Chinese For more information, please contact: Academy of Forestry, Wan Shou Shan, Sinclair Tedder, Economics and Trade Beijing 100091, China. CANADA Branch, Ministry of Forests, Province Fax: +86 10 62882317; of British Columbia, PO Box 9514, e-mail: [email protected] Economic potential of NTFPs on the Victoria, B.C. V8W 9C2, Canada. Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada Fax: +1 250 387 5050; Seeing the forest beneath the trees: the e-mail: Non-wood forest products in Xin Xian social and economic potential of non- [email protected]; county timber forest products and services in the www.for.gov.bc.ca/HET/Index.htm Located in the rugged Dabieshan Queen Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii Ð a Mountains in southern Henan Province, report by Sinclair Tedder of the British Xin Xian county is one of China’s poorest Columbia Ministry of Forests, Darcy A. Non-timber forest product industry in counties, with an annual per caput Mitchell of Royal Roads University and Canada: scope and research needs income of Y 765 (US$93). A significant Mitchell Consulting Associates, and With a current yearly output of proportion of farmer income in this county Ramsay Farran of Mitchell Consulting $241 million per year, NTFPs contribute is derived from several non-wood forest Associates. Funding for this project came significantly to the welfare of rural and products (NWFP). from the South Moresby Forest First Nations communities in Canada. Xin Xian county is one of China’s Replacement Account, and the British Maple sap products, wild mushrooms leading producers of chestnuts, Castanea Columbia Ministry of Forests. and wild fruits are the most important mollissima, a sweet and nutritious nut. This report examines the current and NTFP for consumption in Canada. China is the world’s leading producer of potential use of commercial non-timber Because of the increased access to chestnuts and a high percentage of forest products (NTFP) on the Queen international markets by entrepreneurs, production is exported to Japan and other Charlotte Islands/Haida Gwaii, British along with a growing international countries. In Xin Xian county, some Columbia, Canada. While a thriving demand for NTFPs, it may be possible 13 000 ha are dedicated to chestnut industry currently exists for the harvest to double or triple Canada’s NFTP production, yielding an annual crop of and export of chanterelle mushrooms, harvest. about 10 000 tonnes. Chestnut trees are many other products have commercial Further development of this industry usually grown on steep mountain slopes potential, but the prior resolution of many should be associated with adequate and often look more like a forest than an economic and social issues may be training of harvesters in terms of NTFP orchard. Some chestnut trees, however, necessary. biology in order to maximize profits while are grown on terraced slopes in an Based on numerous interviews and achieving biological sustainability. agroforestry system. Approximately open houses, the report examines many Research should also emphasize the 80 percent of the orchards are privately of the issues facing local residents domestication of specific NTFPs to meet owned and the remainder are managed regarding the use of NTFPs for the growing demand, increase revenues as communes by townships. Owners of commercial purposes. The issues and promote biodiversity conservation. private orchards usually have from 50 to include potential impacts on Haida and (Source: The Forestry Chronicle, 56(5): 100 trees and rely entirely on chestnuts non-Haida subsistence and cultural 743.) for their income. The trees begin to bear uses, local control of resources, the nuts about three years after they are potential abuse of the land base by grafted and continue to produce profitable outside interests, and economic and CHINA quantities of nuts for about 40 years. investment constraints. The report Insects and diseases, both in the concludes that with proper Forestry and Society Newsletter orchards and later in storage, are understanding of the use, and abuse, of The purpose of the biannual Forestry important factors affecting production. the non-timber resource and its and Society Newsletter (FSN) is to Current estimates indicate that roughly environment, opportunities do exist for report on the development of community 20-30 percent of the crop is destroyed locals and non-locals to expand the forestry in China. In addition, FSN aims annually, and in localized areas damage current use of NTFPs. Also included in to promote the exchange of information, may be as high as 50 percent. This the report are a picker’s diary, industry new technology and research methods equates to an annual loss of Y 42 million contacts and a bibliography. in China and countries around the world. (approximately US$4.9 million). The most

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 47 COUNTRY COMPASS

important insect pests in Xin Xian either current or past resin tapping Ambiente de Colombia y el Ministerio de county’s chestnut orchards are weevils operations. (Contributed by: William M. Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo de and nut boring caterpillars. The chestnut Ciesla.) Alemania (BMZ) e involucró alrededor de gall wasp attacks buds and forms an 50 representantes del sector público y irregular gall that kills branches. In some For more information, please contact: privado del país, fue una ocasión que parts of China and also the Korean William M. Ciesla, Forest Health permitió compilar la información disponible peninsula and Japan, where this insect Management International, Fort Collins, y actualizada sobre la legislación, has been accidentally introduced, it can Colorado 80525, USA. controles del comercio, investigación y affect chestnut production. In Xin Xian E-mail: [email protected] desarrollo de la industria de plantas county, however, it does not appear to be medicinales en Colombia. a major pest. The weevils and nut boring El documento del taller revela el caterpillars are often brought into storage consumo creciente de plantas de origen facilities where they continue to feed on colombiano, tanto a nivel nacional como the chestnuts. Fungi cause a fly-speck internacional, en un ambiente donde los disease when the chestnuts are stored niveles oficiales de regulación del using traditional methods, which consist Species No. 31-32 - 1999 comercio son claramente incipientes. A of mixing the chestnuts with a mixture of partir de varias presentaciones y moist river sand and mulch. At present, discusiones en el taller, quedó claro que chestnut farmers rely heavily on chemical la demanda de materia prima de plantas insecticides to control chestnut insects. medicinales por parte de centros de The development of an integrated pest medicina natural, hospitales y management (IPM) system for chestnuts laboratorios se ha incrementado en los and the construction of a controlled últimos años aproximadamente en un 50 atmosphere storage facility is currently por ciento. También hay preocupación being facilitated through FAO TCP/8925(t) COLOMBIA sobre la inadecuada identificación de las Ð Integrated Pest Management and plantas comerciadas, con riesgos Storage of Chestnuts in Xin Xian County. Llamado para un uso sostenible de plantas potenciales para la salud, como Gingko, Gingko biloba, is another medicinales en Colombia envenenamiento y alergias. important NWFP in Xin Xian county. El comercio de más del 70 por ciento de Representantes presentes en el taller Estimates of total area planted to gingko las plantas medicinales y aromáticas promovieron acciones multisectoriales e are not available because most plantings comercializadas en Bogotá no está interinstitucionales para un eficiente uso consist of small numbers of trees planted regulado y las especies no están del recurso, así como mayores among other crops. Gingko produces a oficialmente registradas por el Instituto discusiones y diálogos abiertos sobre los fruit that has long been a source of Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y sistemas de comercio existentes. Las traditional Chinese medicines. Recently, Alimentos (INVIMA). En Colombia, de recomendaciones realizadas por el taller gingko products have been in great acuerdo al INVIMA, está permitido el se concentraron en aspectos de medio demand in Europe and North America. comercio para aproximadamente 100 ambiente, salud, investigación, comercio The leaves of the gingko tree are made especies de plantas medicinales, de las y conservación de plantas medicinales. into a herbal tea that reportedly reduces cuales solamente 11 son nativas. Según Entre los más urgentes, está la inmediata high blood pressure and cholesterol. un estudio llevado a cabo por TRAFFIC, revisión de la lista básica de plantas del Gingko tea is produced in Xin Xian county el programa de monitoreo de comercio de INVIMA y la inclusión de más especies by Henan Lingrui Pharmaceutical Limited vida silvestre de la Unión Mundial para la utilizadas regularmente, como el romero at a modern facility where a number of Naturaleza (UICN) y del Fondo Mundial (Senecio pulchellus), el confrey herbal medicines are manufactured. The para la Naturaleza (WWF), sólo en (Symphytum peregrinum), la cola de tea has a bitter but pleasant taste. Bogotá al menos 200 especies de plantas caballo (Equisetum giganteum) y la Xin Xian county’s chestnut plantations medicinales se comercializan zarzaparrilla (Smilax medica y S. are interspersed with forests of masson regularmente en grandes volúmenes en officinalis), entre otras. pine, Pinus massoniana. These forests los mercados locales. Tanto los participantes como los are the source of another of China’s Los resultados de este estudio están organizadores resaltaron la necesidad de important NWFPs Ð resin. China is a incluidos en las memorias del taller sobre mejores controles contra el uso leading producer of pine resin and Uso y comercio sostenible de plantas indiscriminado de plantas medicinales. Un masson pine is the county’s principal medicinales en Colombia, realizado del 18 mayor diálogo entre autoridades que resin producing tree. Many of Xin Xian al 19 de septiembre de 2000. El taller, que regulan las actividades de extracción y county’s pine forests show evidence of fue auspiciado por el Ministerio del Medio comercio, y una mejor cooperación entre

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sectores involucrados e interesados, se frecuencia (los palmitos, zapotes y picking wild berries continues to be señalaron como pasos fundamentales. caimitos), el resto hace parte strong. In 1997, 60 percent of Finnish ÇEstas son acciones esenciales para exclusivamente del conocimiento households picked 56.5 million kg of wild promover el desarrollo adecuado de esta tradicional indígena. berries while in 1998 a total of 49.7 industria y la reunión de hoy es un paso El estudio recomendó iniciar un million kg were picked. significativo para mejorar el sistema de proceso de investigación multidisciplinario, What makes these results surprising is regulación actual que afecta al comercio», paralelo al etnobotánico, tendiente a la that the quantity of berries picked in 1997 dijo Ximena Buitrón de TRAFFIC América selección, domesticación y was probably higher than in any previous del Sur, una de las organizadoras del taller. comercialización de la especies year. Until now, the highest officially (Fuente: TRAFFIC, Comunicado de consideradas más promisorias (Diospyros documented figure was 47 million kg prensa, 2 de febrero de 2001.) dygina, Brosimum alicastrum, Licania sp., recorded for the wartime year of 1943. Pouteria sapota, Pouteria caimito, Euterpe According to the officially documented Para más información, dirigirse a: precatoria, Chamaedorea tepejilote, figures, which were mainly drawn from Ximena Buitrón, TRAFFIC América Iriartea deltoidea y Passiflora vitifolia). household surveys, the quantities del Sur. (Fuente: J.P. Madriz Masís, Explotación collected dropped significantly during the Correo electrónico: etnobotánica en los bosques húmedos 1950s and 1960s. Presumably, berry [email protected]; tropicales de la Reserva Indígena Tayní, picking has been increasing since the o a: Costa Rica. Revista Forestal 1970s, perhaps largely due to the Maija Sirola, TRAFFIC International, 219c Centroamericana. Octubre-Diciembre increasing number of freezers suited for Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, 1999, págs. 22-26.) household use, but reliable annual Reino Unido. estimates of household use have been Fax: +44(0)1223 277 237; Para más información, dirigirse a: lacking. Since 1977, commercial picking correo electrónico: José Pablo Madriz Masís, Escuela de statistics have been available and these [email protected]; Ingeniería Forestal, Sede Central del form the backbone of the official figures. www.traffic.org o Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica The berry harvests, averaging 25.8 kg www.traffic.org/Colombia (ITCR), Apartado postal 159-7050, per household in 1997 and 22.6 kg in Cartago, Costa Rica. 1998, were mainly intended for home use. Fax: +506 551 5348; However, in 1997, the amount sold was COSTA RICA www.itcr.ac.cr/ 15.4 million kg, or 27 percent, which was harvested by 5 percent of the households. El conocimiento de los recursos bióticos In 1998, the quantity of berries picked for comestibles presentes en los bosques FINLAND sale was slightly lower, 12.8 million kg. húmedos tropicales puede ser una The estimates of the study were alternativa para la protección de los Berry bonanza systematically higher than those provided mismos y una fuente adicional de energía Wild berries thrive well in the light forests by the annual statistics, 40 percent higher alimentaria, especialmente para las and peatlands of the boreal forest zone, in 1997 and 52 percent higher in 1998. poblaciones humanas más empobrecidas and through the centuries they have been de la región, así como materia prima para among the benefits forests generously la agroindustria nacional y regional. provide for the welfare of all people. En la Reserva indígena Tayní, Provincia In Finland, picking berries and de Limón, se realizó un estudio que mushrooms is part of traditional common consistió en exploraciones etnobotánicas rights, usually referred to as “everyman’s On the first harvest trip of the season, sobre el uso y conocimiento de la flora rights”, to utilize the forests. Although you should eat all that you pick that day silvestre con valor alimenticio. Se obtuvo these rights are not written in law, to ensure good future yields. un total de 40 plantas comestibles. Las berries, mushrooms and some other familias botánicas más representativas por products have been purposefully Finnish folk proverb el numero de especie comestible son: la excluded from the property rights of the Arecaceae con siete palmas, la forest owner. The argument for this is Mimosaceae con cuatro especies social. During tough times these arbóreas, y la Sapotaceae con tres products have had particular and especies arbóreas que produces frutos sometimes indispensable value, comestibles. De todas las plantas especially for the poor. comestibles identificadas, sólo una A recent study at the University of Species No. 31-32 - 1999 pequeña parte se consume con relativa Joensuu indicated that the tradition of

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 49 COUNTRY COMPASS

The wild berry markets are diverse Joensuu, Finland. a contract with a registered organic and a well-informed picker can choose Fax: +358(13)251 2050; buyer. There are no regulations about other marketing channels than those e-mail: Olli.Saastamoinen@forest. harvest levels but also few reported included in the statistics. Better prices joensuu.fi; or cases of overharvesting. can be reached through direct sales to [email protected] This example of certifying a common tourism enterprises, restaurants and access harvesting system is relatively even individual customers, which all unique and may not be easily replicated remain outside the official statistics. Certified NTFPs – organic berries or desirable for the NTFPs. (Source: The price paid to berry pickers has In Finland, vast tracts of public forest land Forest, Trees and People Newsletter, No. decreased rapidly, since import prices are now being harvested for wild organic 43, November 2000.) from the Commonwealth of Independent berries. In 1998, more than 4 million ha of States and the Baltic States have been land in Lapland, Kainuu and North Karelia extremely competitive, leading to were joined in an organic NTFP GABON increased imports. The profitability of harvesting area. This land is operated commercial picking seems to be seriously primarily for timber production, but Voir le tableau ci-dessous. threatened in Finland and the need to members of the public have open access seek for alternative marketing channels rights and berry harvesting has long been Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: has become increasingly important. A a traditional pastime. NTFPs harvested Jean Philippe Jorez, Association pour recent Scandinavian merger produced from these lands meet organic criteria le développement de l’information the biggest primary processing unit of and are marketed as such. This is made environnementale, BP 4080, Libreville, wild berries in Europe, signalling a trend possible because of the negligible use of Gabon. towards larger units, in the search for chemicals by many of the country’s Télécopie: +241 77 42 61; increased profitability. (Source: Taiga managing forest companies. Harvesters mél.: [email protected] News, No. 31, Spring 2000.) are provided with information and training about the rules of organic NTFP For more information, please contact: harvesting. They then sign an agreement Olli Saastamoinen and Kari Kangas, to follow harvesting instructions and are University of Joensuu, PL 111, 80101 given a picker’s card, which is essentially

Principaux PFNL utilisés et vendus au Gabon

Noms scientifiques Noms communs Familles Partie utilisée Utilisations Aframomum sp. Adzôm ou maniguette Zingibéracées Fruits et feuilles Alimentaire et médicinale Afrostyrax lepidophillus Arbre à ail Styracacées Graines et écorces Condimentaire Antrocaryon klaineanum Ondzabili Anacardiacées Fruits - Écorces Alimentaire - Médicinale Coula edulis Noisette Olacacées Fruits - Écorces. Alimentaire - Médicinale Dacryodes buetneri Ozigo Burseracées Fruits - Écorces Alimentaire - Médicinale Dacryodes edulis Safou Burseracées Fruits Alimentaire Garcinia klaineana Bois amer Guttiféracées Écorces Médicinale et distillant Gnetum africanum Kumbu Gnétacées Feuilles Alimentaire Guibourtia tessmannii Kevazingo Cesalpiniacées Écorces Médicinale Irvingia gabonensis Odika Irvingiacées Fruits et amandes Alimentaire et médicinale Écorces Médicinale Megaphrynium Feuilles de marantacées Maranthacées Feuilles Emballage du manioc et macrostachyum autres denrées alimentaires Monodora myristica Muscadier ou nding Annonacées Graines Condimentaire et médicinale Panda oleosa Muvoga Pandacées Graines Alimentaire Pseudospondias longifolia Offos Anacardiacées Fruits - Écorces Alimentaire - Médicinale Pteridium aquilinum Pousses de fougères Ptéridophytes Frondes Alimentaire et médicinale Raphia sp. Raphia ou bambou Arecacées Feuilles, fruits, sève... Usages multiples Ricinodendron heudelotii Essessang Euphorbiacées Graines - Écorces Condimentaire - Médicinale Tetrapleura tetraptera Kwagsa Mimosacées Gousses - Écorces Alimentaire - Médicinale Trichoscypha acuminata Raison du Gabon Anacardiacées Fruits Alimentaire

(Source: Synthèse bibliographique sur les produits forestiers non ligneux en Afrique centrale, par Serge Morel Manembet. Association pour le développement de l’information environnementale [ADIE]. Rapport de stage.)

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the sun heats the zinc and seed pulp, the Conservation and Development, 41 GHANA crab oil trickles out into containers. Some Brickdam, Stabroek, PO Box 10630, crab oil producers use a matapee (a long Georgetown, Guyana. Ghana to develop medicinal plant garden woven, sieve-like device most commonly Fax: +592 2 59199; at Aburi Botanic Gardens used to process raw cassava) to e-mail: [email protected] or Using a £79 000 (approximately squeeze the oil from the pulp where it is [email protected]; US$115 000) grant from the United processed in jars. One litre of oil is www.sdnp.org.gy/iwokrama/ Kingdom National Lottery and Charities yielded from approximately 3.6 kg of Board and with technical assistance from fresh seeds. Botanic Gardens Conservation Mixed with honey, or taken in Plantes comestibles de Guyane International (BCGI), the Aburi Botanic concentrated form, crab oil is said to be Ce fascicule sur les Plantes comestibles Gardens will develop a 50-hectare site as used to ease coughing and to soothe de Guyane présente les espèces ayant a model medicinal plant garden. When asthma. Brittle hair can also be cured un intérêt alimentaire les plus finished, the garden will be used to with regular treatment of this oil. When couramment rencontrées à l’état naturel encourage villages in the neighbourhood rubbed on the skin, crab oil is thought to sur le Plateau des Guyanes et plus to grow and sell more medicinal plants. It soothe bruises, swollen and sore précisément en Guyane française. should also help educate adults and muscles, arthritic joints and minor skin Listées alphabétiquement, ces plantes children in the region to appreciate their irritations and also acts as an insect sont brièvement décrites par leur medicinal plant heritage and to learn to repellent. morphologie, leur habitat et, lorsque les identify the key species of medicinal Owing to the reputation of crab oil, the fruits sont consommés, leur période de plants that grow in Ghana. Iwokrama project is working in fructification est donnée à titre indicatif. The garden will work closely with the partnership with various regional councils L’index général reprend les noms nearby Mampong Centre for Research and local villages to explore the scientifiques de même que les into Traditional Medicine, which carries commercial potential of this oil from dénominations vernaculaires dans les out research into the uses, potency and Guyana’s forests. A research team différentes langues parlées en Guyane, commercial value of medicinal plants and consisting of Janette Forte, Principal ces différentes langues étant par grandes herbs. (Source: Plantwise Newsletter, Social Scientist, Dr David Hammond, ethnies et par familles linguistiques Issue 7, April 2000.) Principal Forest Ecologist, and Twydale (Créole, Noir marron, Amérindien). Martinborough, Research Assistant in Illustré par de nombreux dessins et For more information, please contact: Forest Science, has initiated a DFID-UK photos couleurs, cet ouvrage devrait Mr George Owusu-Afriyie, and ITTO-funded assessment of the intéresser toutes les personnes amenées Director, Aburi Botanic Gardens, ecological, social and economic aspects à se déplacer au sein de la Guyane ainsi PO Box 23, Aburi, Ghana. of crab oil production in Guyana. This que toutes les personnes désireuses de Fax: +233 21 777821; or contact: research is under way in Region 4 mieux appréhender cet environnement FRD@[email protected] (Georgetown), Region 8 (including guyanais si riche. Chenapau, Kurukabaru and Paramakatoi), Region 9 (including Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: GUYANA NRDDB-affiliated communities, Lethem) Mél.: [email protected]; and Region 10 (Linden-Ituni district, http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ecocart/plantco Crab oil – a promising NTFP for Guyana including the villages of Ebini, Kimbia, m.htm Crabwood (Carapa guianensis) or Sand Hills, Hittia DeVelde and Maria andiroba, as it is known internationally, is Henrietta), and may be extended to other one of the most common hardwood regions of Guyana where this proves to Unique indigenous knowledge recorded species found within the Iwokrama be feasible. in the Tropenbos-Guyana Programme Forest. Crabwood seeds fall mainly from To ensure that the potential for crab oil Palm heart, medicinal plants and other May to July during the mid-year rainy is carried out in a sustainable and non-timber forest products (NTFP) are of season. These seeds are collected and efficient manner, researchers are also great importance to indigenous peoples in processed to make crab oil. looking at other important uses of bark Guyana’s North-West District. These To extract oil from the crabwood and leaves. (Source: Iwokrama Bulletin, people have an immense knowledge of seeds, the seeds are boiled and left to 4(1).) their surrounding forest, which is now decompose for a period of one to two being threatened by logging, mining and weeks. The seeds are then cut, and the For more information, please contact: forest fires. Tinde van Andel of the Utrecht core of the seed extracted and placed on Dr David Hammond, Iwokrama branch of the National Herbarium of the zinc sheets and exposed to the sun. As International Centre for Rain Forest Netherlands made an inventory of 587

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knowledge of herbal medicine and other For more information, please contact: useful plants may rapidly be lost. Van Mr Mudit Kumar Singh, Coordinator, Andel documented this knowledge in a ENVIS project, Directorate of Extension field guide, which contains short botanical Ð NFLIC Building, Indian Council of descriptions and uses of 471 useful plant Forest Research and Education, PO species. More detailed descriptions and New Forest, Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh botanical drawings are given for the 85 248006, India. NTFPs of major importance. The field E-mail: [email protected] guide is appended as Part II of Van Andel’s book, and is a unique document for all practitioners and indigenous people Forest bounty – organized trade helps with an interest in sustainable forest use, Bastar tribals earn riches from the jungle particularly for those working in the The tribal peoples of Bastar district of Guyana Shield. (Source: T.R. van Andel. Madhya Pradesh are beneficiaries of a 2000. Non-timber forest products of the cooperative movement, the Madhya North-West District of Guyana. Part I and Pradesh Government scheme that gives

Manicaria saccifera District of Guyana Non-timber products of the North-West Part II. A field guide. Tropenbos-Guyana villages a monopoly on minor forest useful plants and describes their uses, Series 8a/b. Tropenbos-Guyana products, which generated Rs 40 crore in harvest and processing methods and Programme, Georgetown, Guyana. ISBN 1999. abundance in various forest types. 90-393-2536-7.) The tribals previously only received Van Andel’s study is part of the 20 percent of the value of their produce Tropenbos-Guyana Programme, which is For more information, please contact: from the entrepreneurs at the local a joint research effort of Guyanese The Tropenbos Foundation, PB 232, market (haats). Government institutions, the universities Wageningen, 6700 AE, the Netherlands. Bastar, with its rich forests, presents a of Guyana and Utrecht and the Fax: +31 317 423024; bounty for its inhabitants: tora (used in Tropenbos Foundation in Wageningen, e-mail: [email protected] soap making), harra (used in tanning), sal the Netherlands. The programme aims at seeds (from which oil is extracted) and developing guidelines for the conservation the seeds of karkatiya, nirmali and peng, and sustainable exploitation of the forests INDIA all used in pharmaceuticals. There are at of Guyana for timber and other forest least 31 similar products that the tribals products and services. Its results Environmental Information System gather from the jungle and sell at the contribute to the formulation of criteria The Environmental Information System weekly haats. Tamarind, mahua, mango and indicators for sustainable forest (ENVIS) was established in 1982 by the kernels, silk cocoons, lac, chironji, wax management, which serve as a basis for Ministry of Environments and Forests, and gum continue to be the mainstay of the future certification of forest operations. Government of India, to collect, collate, the tribal economy. Lac, used in the Van Andel conducted her study in store and disseminate information production of sealing wax and in bangle Guyana’s remote North-West District. In among its users on a wide range of making and electrical goods, sells for this sparsely populated area, indigenous environmental subjects through its 25 peoples rely on the forest for their centres located in different regions of the livelihoods. NTFPs offer a great source of country, working in diverse specialized food, shelter, household equipment and fields. medicine. No fewer than 294 medicinal The ENVIS centre on forestry was set plant species are used in more than 800 up in 1996 at the Indian Council of applications. Some NTFPs, such as Forestry Research and Education animals, palm heart and aerial roots used (ICFRE) at Dehra Dun. Its main in “rattan” furniture, are being traded in objectives include the acquisition, national and international markets, thus storage and dissemination of the latest providing cash income. information on forestry and related Several of the forest types studied are issues to support research, development being threatened by timber harvesting, and innovation. One of the networking mining, forest fires and slash-and-burn methods used is ICFRE’s ENVIS agriculture. Since indigenous tribes in Newsletter, the inaugural edition of Guyana are also under great pressure which (1998) covered many aspects of from western society, traditional NWFPs. Tamarindus indica

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DEFINITION OF NWFP Ð AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

The Government of India, through a Constitutional Amendment (1996), has conferred ownership rights of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) Ð another term for NWFP Ð on Panchayats and Gram Sabhas (village-level institutions). Since conferring ownership of MFPs is a highly complex issue in terms of its legal, social and administrative implications, the government appointed a committee to investigate the entire gamut of MFPs. After examining all the socioreligious and legal implications, the Government of Madhya Pradesh has defined MFP as follows: Minor Forest Produce means non- timber forest produce which can be harvested on a non-destructive basis but this shall not include minerals and wild animals or their derivatives. Timber and Forest

Fundación Espavé Produce will have the same meaning as given in the Indian Forest Act, 1927. Rs 50 000/tonne. Chironji, a dry fruit, Section 2 of the Indian Forest Act defines “Forest Produce” as: fetches Rs 60 000/tonne, while wax and ¥ the following, whether found in, or brought from, a forest or not, i.e. timber, gum fetch Rs 40 000/tonne. charcoal, caoutchouc, catechu, wood, oil, resin, natural varnish, bark, mahua The government had already started flowers, mahua seeds, kuth and myrobalans; and market intervention in the collection of ¥ the following, when found in, or brought from, a forest, i.e.: tendu leaves (for making bidis), harra and - trees and leaves, flowers and fruits and all other parts or produce not sal seeds. But it had ignored the trade in hereinbefore mentioned of trees, other commodities. A Bastar collector, - plants not being trees (including grass, creepers, reeds and moss) and all Pravir Krishn, seeing the exploitation of parts or produce of such plants; the tribals by the entrepreneurs felt that - wild animals and skin, tusks, horns, bones, silk cocoons, honey and wax and the volume of trade in minor forest all other parts or produce of animals; and products in the Bastar region (worth - peat, surface soil, rock and animals (including limestone, laterite, mineral oils Rs 500 crore) could be turned to the and oil products of mines and quarries). tribals’ advantage Ð this was the start of The Act also defines “timber” as: Timber includes trees when they have fallen the forest wealth movement. The or have been felled, and all wood whether cut up or fashioned or hollowed out for government gave village committees any purpose or not. absolute control over minor forest The Act also defines a tree as: Tree includes palms, bamboos, stumps, brush produce and replaced traders with self- wood and canes. help groups. The government fixes the Thus, in the Indian Forest Act and other Acts related to forestry, there is no price of the produce and advances the mention of the term “Minor Forest Produce”. One thing, however, is clear from the money to the self-help groups, which act Indian Forest Act, that timber includes bamboo and canes and therefore, at as commission agents. The new present, legally bamboo and canes cannot come under the category of MFPs. arrangement has slashed the excessive (Contributed by: Dr R.C. Sharma, P.C.C.F & Managing Director, MPMFP Federation, profit margins of the traders. Bhopal, India.) Regularization of the agricultural produce market also increased the government’s tax revenues by Rs 2 crore in 1999. The traders are angry at what they consider is a violation of “free trade” but the tribals IRELAND 2000, a successful research consortium, are not complaining. A women’s self-help comprising University College Cork, Trinity group in Aasna village earned Rs 25 000 The protection and enrichment of forest College Dublin and Coillte (the Irish in just 15 days in 1999 Ð which is more biodiversity in Ireland’s forests received a Forestry Board), following international than they had earned in a long while. major boost with the announcement of a peer review, have just signed a contract Regardless of what the traders feel, £Ir 1 million research and development with COFORD and the EPA for an in-depth Bastar’s tribals at last seem to be on the project cofunded by the Council for Forest five-year study. Interim results will be used road to self-reliance. (Source: India Research and Development (COFORD Ð to inform and revise policy and practice Today, 11 September 2000.) www.coford.ie) and the Environmental where appropriate. [Editor’s note: a crore is a traditional unit Protection Agency (EPA). The project will examine the impact of of quantity in India, equal to 10 million; As a result of a public call for research afforestation and forest operations on the US$1 = Rs 43.61 (30/9/99).] proposals on forest biodiversity in May biodiversity of flora and fauna on a range

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 53 COUNTRY COMPASS

of site types. It will also quantify the personal del JBU elabora las fichas ludoviciana ssp. mexicana (Estafiate), changes in biodiversity that occur monográficas básicas que contienen Calea zacatechichi (Hierba de la Puebla), throughout the forest cycle and, most información botánica, ecológica, Achillea millefolium (Milenrama), Tagetes important, it will outline best practice for etnobotánica, fitoquímica, farmacológica lucida (Pericón), Lippia graveolens the enrichment of biodiversity in the forests y toxicológica para cada especie. (Orégano mexicano), Ruta chalepensis of Ireland. (Source: Forest Information En 1996 la Red organizó el Primer (Ruda), Aloysia triphylla (Hierba Luisa, Te Update [FIU], 19 February 2001.) Congreso Nacional de Plantas cedrón), Salvia divinorum (Hierba de la Medicinales de México donde Pastora), etc. participaron 250 médicos tradicionales, MÉXICO investigadores, estudiantes y promotores Para más información, dirigirse a: de salud. En el año 2001 se realizará la Yolanda Betancourt Aguilar, La Red mexicana de Plantas segunda edición incorporando a Coordinadora del Proyecto Mercados medicinales, aromáticas, condimenticias participantes de Iberoamérica. Verdes Herbolarios ÐFANCAÐ y cosméticas, está conformada por seis Hace tres años fue establecido, por Coordinadora de los Diplomados en grupos de productores ecológicos de los primera vez en México, un programa Agricultura Orgánica, Herbolaria estados de Tlaxcala (Cuaxomulco, regional con 30 especies de plantas Mexicana, Herbolaria y otras Terapias Teacalco, Aztatla y Tepeyanco) y Puebla medicinales donde se tratan aspectos Alternativas, Apartado postal 332, (Zapotitlán de Salinas y Yeolixtlahuaca), tales como: recolección, secado, manejo C.P. 90000, Tlaxcala, México. así como por técnicos, asesores y sustentable de poblaciones silvestres, Fax: +246 289 96; consultores con formación en ciencias cultivo orgánico, procesamiento correo electrónico: [email protected] y biológicas, agronómicas y sociales. artesanal y comercio justo. [email protected]; La Red promueve la conservación Las especies se seleccionaron en www.geocities.com/florbach/red.htm ecológica, el manejo sostenible, la base a criterios tales como: mayor certificación botánica, el cultivo orgánico, demanda en el mercado nacional e Boletín de plantas medicinales y el procesamiento, el control de calidad y internacional, amenazas de las aromáticas el comercio justo de más de 150 poblaciones silvestres, alto valor cultural A partir de noviembre de 2000 ha especies de plantas nativas y y comercial, alto potencial de uso en la empezado a circular por vía electrónica extranjeras con alta demanda local, medicina tradicional y occidental, etc. el Boletín de plantas medicinales y nacional e internacional. Estos recursos Ejemplos de estas especies son: aromáticas de la Red mexicana de herbolarios tienen gran importancia en la Valeriana edulis ssp. procera (Valeriana), Plantas medicinales, aromáticas, medicina tradicional, fitoterapia, Agastache mexicana (Toronjil morado), condimenticias y cosméticas orgánicas, acupuntura, homeopatía, aromaterapia, Jatropha dioica (Sangre de drago), que tendrá una periodicidad bimestral. cosmetología, microdosificación, Amphypteringium adstringens Quien esté interesado en recibir medicina alopática, industria alimenticia (Cuachalalate), Heterotheca inuloides gratuitamente el boletín, puede enviar un y mercado orgánico. (Arnica), Tagetes erecta (Cempasuchil), mensaje con sus datos completos a: La asociación civil Ecología y Castela tortuosa (Chaparro amargoso), [email protected] Desarrollo de Tlaxcala y Puebla, que Turnera diffusa var. aphrodisiaca [Para mayor información, véase en Web coordina y administra el proyecto (Damiana de California), Artemisia Sites.] Mercados Verdes Herbolarios apoyado por el Fondo de América del Norte para la Cooperación Ambiental de 1999, NEPAL proporciona capacitación técnica y promueve las relaciones comerciales NTFPs in Nepal con distribuidores y comercializadores Developing benefits from community del país y del extranjero. forestry management is a major strategy El Jardín Botánico Universitario (JBU) of the community forestry programme in de la Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Nepal. For the last two years, a NTFP proporciona asesoría permanente en network, coordinated by Asia Network for cada etapa de la producción y certifica la Small-scale Agricultural Bioresources autenticidad botánica de las especies (ANSAB), a national non-governmental así como la calidad de los productos organization (NGO) working on NTFP herbolarios. Asimismo abastece de development, has been bringing together semillas, plántulas de vivero y de la project staff, government officials, NGOs información científica necesaria. El Valeriana officinalis and others working in the NTFP sector.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 54 COUNTRY COMPASS

The network members are developing For more information, please contact: development of the site are welcome. specific collaborative activities, including: Mr Hugh Gibbon, Natural Resources The current plan is that the site will be developing marketing analysis and Institute, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, updated monthly. development (MA&D) training materials UK. for the Nepalese context and developing Fax: +44 1634883959; For more information, please contact: local market information systems. In e-mail: [email protected] Mr Timothy King, Coordinator, Papua addition, SNV (the Netherlands New Guinea Eco-Forestry Forum, PO development organization) through its Box 590, Kimbe, West New Britain partner NGOs has been holding MA&D PACIFIC ISLANDS Province, Papua New Guinea. training and implementing field activities. Fax: +675 983 5852; (Source: Asia Pacific Community Forestry Non-timber forest products e-mail: [email protected]; Newsletter, 13(1), February/March 2000.) for Pacific Islands www.ecoforestry.org.pg Pre-release version of Non-timber forest For more information on the NTFP products for Pacific Islands: an network, please contact: introduction for producers, by Kim PERÚ Mr Bishma Subedi. Wilkinson and Craig Elevitch. March E-mail: [email protected] 2000. El manual técnico «Manual de [Please see under Publications of Interest From the abstract: Ordenamiento Castañero» fue producido for more information on ANSAB.] Non-timber forest products (NTFP) por el proyecto Conservando Castañales represent an important aspect of que, llevado a cabo en el Perú, aplica sustainable economic growth, una fuerte componente participativa con Working with local people conservation and forest management. los usuarios del bosque en la ejecución to develop timber and NTFPs This handbook provides an introduction del ordenamiento (inventario y mapeo) The Nepal-UK Community Forestry to NTFPs and the basics of planning an de áreas de aprovechamiento de la Project is currently operating in seven NTFP enterprise. A resource section with castaña (Bertholletia excelsa). districts in the middle hills of Nepal. It has books, periodicals, and Web links is El aprovechamiento de los frutos de la been supporting the government’s included for further information. A castaña es una importante actividad community forestry programme over the species table of more than 70 traditional económica en el departamento de last seven years. A number of project Pacific Island NTFPs and their uses is Madre de Dios, que cuenta con una staff, together with other local provided. superficie de más de un millón de stakeholders, have been actively hectáreas de bosque bajo este uso, y supporting local communities through The publisher is: con un potencial de aprovechamiento village-level forest users’ groups to Permanent Agriculture Resources. PO futuro de hasta 2,5 millones de explore and enhance their forest Box 428, HI 96725 USA. hectáreas. Los castañales son áreas de management practices. Fax: +808 324 4129; aprovechamiento tradicionales, que en A paper entitled Learning to learn: e-mail: [email protected]; muchos casos han sido aprovechados a working with local people to develop www.agroforestry.net lo largo de varias décadas. Sin embargo, timber and NTFP. Experience from Nepal, by S.P. Dahal, H. Gibbon, G. Kafle and R. Subedi, was presented at the Workshop PAPUA NEW GUINEA on Learning from Resource Users Ð a Paradigm Shift in Tropical Forestry, which The Papua New Guinea Eco-Forestry took place in Vienna, Austria, in April Forum 2000. The paper examines two themes: The Papua New Guinea Eco-Forestry the distribution and availability of local Forum produces Iko-Forestri Nius, the knowledge and the manner in which eco-forestry newsletter for Papua New “insiders” and “outsiders” need to interact Guinea. A recent special edition of the in order to promote enhanced newsletter (September 2000) covers development outcomes. Pilot experience many aspects of non-timber forest with three main NTFPs is discussed: products. Girardinia diversifolia, Edgeworthia The Papua New Guinea Eco-Forestry gardneri and Swertia chirayita. (Source: Forum is now accessible on the Internet. ETFRN News, No. 30, Spring/Summer This is a new initiative and constructive 2000.) comments and suggestions on the future

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 55 COUNTRY COMPASS

sólo en los últimos años se vienen options share the common assumption ejecutando el ordenamiento de dichas PHILIPPINES that “ecological sustainability” and the áreas para que entren a ser parte del protection of biodiversity can be attained catastro nacional de uso forestal. Recognition of ancestral domain claims through restricted/controlled use and by El manual, que está dirigido a técnicos on Palawan Island: is there a future? introducing stable forms of agriculture to forestales, detalla la metodología para la Development on Palawan island (the indigenous upland communities. On the ejecución del ordenamiento, que se Philippines’ last frontier) is being fostered other hand, the paper suggests that articula en tres sectores: in a way that repeats the historical even an innovative law such as the ¥ trabajo en el campo: organización del injustices suffered by the indigenous Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) of personal, uso de materiales y people of the archipelago, in the name of 1997 needs to be improved, in order to equipos, técnicas de levantamiento progress and the conservation of reflect indigenous notions and practices. de árboles y caminos de extracción, biodiversity. There is a divergence of While the IPRA law is being “killed” by organización de libreta de campo; interests between the desires and needs the lack of political will, the Department ¥ trabajo en gabinete: uso de sistemas of the native communities and the of Environment and Natural Resources SIG para la elaboración de mapas, government and environmental (DENR) is resorting to some acronym organización de datos y elaboración objectives of conserving natural habitats. juggling and socially acceptable de expedientes; A review of recently enacted soundings (e.g. Communal Forest ¥ proceso participativo: proceso de environmental laws in the Philippines Management Agreements) to retain state resolución de conflictos. indicates that the zoning of protected control over ancestral domains. Batak Se espera que esta experiencia areas based on biodiversity criteria is perceptions of the environment, their positiva pueda servir como modelo curtailing local subsistence practices forest management practices and the metodológico para futuros trabajos de while increasing the efficacy of people’s involvement in the trade of non- ordenamiento de áreas castañeras, así government power and control over timber forest products is discussed. (D. como de otros recursos no madereros y them. In addition, the new law for the Novellino. 1999. The ominous switch: madereros de los bosques amazónicos. recognition of ancestral domain claims from indigenous forest management to needs to be improved in order to reflect conservation-the case of the batak on indigenous notions and priorities. Palawan Island, Philippines. In M. Recognition of ancestral domain Colchester and C. Erni, eds. From claims on Palawan Island, the principles to practices: indigenous Philippines: is there a future? by Dario peoples and protected areas in south Novellino, is published in Land Reform and southeast Asia. IWGIA document 2000/1, the bulletin of FAO’s Rural No. 97, p. 250-295. Copenhagen, Manual de ordenamento castañero Development Division. Denmark, IWGIA & FPP.) Recent publications on the same issue To order a copy of the volume, include: D. Novellino. 2000. Forest contact: International Work Group for conservation in Palawan. Philippine Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA); e-mail: Studies, Vol. 48, third quarter 2000. [email protected]; or Forest Peoples Programme (FPP); e-mail: Para más información, dirigirse a: For more information, please contact: [email protected] Vanessa Sequeira, Proyecto Dario Novellino, Department of Conservando Castañales, Asociación Anthropology, University of Kent, For more information, please contact: para la Conservación de la Cuenca Canterbury, UK. Dario Novellino, Department of Amazónica (ACCA), Jr. Cuzco, 499, E-mail: [email protected] Anthropology, University of Kent, Puerto Maldonado, Perú. Canterbury, UK. Fax: +51 84 573211; E-mail: [email protected] correo electrónico: Indigenous peoples and protected areas [email protected] in South and Southeast Asia (Se pueden solicitar copias gratuitas Another paper by the same author Wetlands and indigenous rights de la publicación.) analyses present options for forest in Palawan management and conservation by both A preliminary investigation of the governmental and non-governmental mangrove and coastal ecosystems and organizations, and their impact on the of the threats posed to them by the new Batak communities of Palawan Island road took place in Palawan (the (the Philippines). It is argued that such Philippines) from 16 July to

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 56 COUNTRY COMPASS

10 August 1999. The initiative was The road to survival for the cork planned and coordinated by Bangsa PORTUGAL industry depends, say producers, on Palawan-Philippines Ð Indigenous improving quality. (Source: Extracted Alliance for Equity and Wellbeing Portugal is at the centre of a row from an article in China Daily, 28 August together with the United Kingdom-based threatening to break up the timeless 2000.) Forest Peoples Programme. The report marriage between wine and the one has several related objectives. At the product in which the country leads the most basic level, it aims to provide an world Ð cork. RUSSIAN FEDERATION orientation on the current status and Portuguese producers of the unique utilization of mangrove and coral reefs in bark of the cork oak, which is flexible yet From collectivism to cooperation the southern municipality of Rizal in impervious to water and air, are worried NTFP use in the Russian Far East has a Palawan, and to identify the root causes that many supermarket chains in wine- long history. The region’s indigenous of environmental destruction. Special importing countries are moving towards peoples have used non-timber forest attention is also given to local ways of plastic seals. At stake, they say, is not products for centuries. Under the former coping with the progressive decline of only a billion-dollar industry but also the USSR, state-harvesting organizations the resource base, and to the priorities mainstay of many farmers in Portugal. collected dozens of NTFP species in the of indigenous peoples. It is hoped that For as long as the word “cork” has Far East republics. Up to 1 200 tonnes the understanding of such priorities will been synonymous with sealing wine of birch juice were produced annually in lead to a dialogue between different bottles, it has also been associated with Khabarovskii Krai alone. Japan imported actors (conservationists, developers, the nasty woody taste of ruined wine as much as 2 000 tonnes of salted migrants and indigenous communities). (so-called “corked” wine). Scientists have fiddlehead ferns from the region. Rigid Wetlands and indigenous rights in identified 2-4-6 trichloroanisole, or TCA, price controls, large consumer demand Palawan. A preliminary account of the a powerful fungus, one glassful of which and an almost complete lack of status of mangroves, coral reefs, road could spoil a country’s whole wine competition instigated the government construction and indigenous rights in harvest, as being responsible for tainting plan for the harvesting, processing and Rizal municipality, southern Palawan wine. sale of NTFPs. Island (Philippines), by Dario Novellino. “If plastic takes off, the cork industry is Since the collapse of the USSR, the A report of Bangsa Palawan-Philippines finished because cork stoppers are the breakup of the centrally planned system (BPP) and Forest Peoples Programme main part of the industry” said Richard and the transition to a market economy, (FPP), May 2000. Mayson, an author of books on problems in the pharmaceutical industry, Portuguese wines. as well as outdated processing and For an electronic copy of the report, An end to the cork industry would be a packaging techniques, have all please contact: severe blow to Portugal, which plants combined to undermine severely the Maurizio Ferrari, Forest Peoples 33 percent of the world’s cork oaks, and NTFP industry in the Russian Far East. Programme (FPP). has a 75 percent share of the world Many rural collecting stations shut down E-mail: [email protected] market in cork products. because they were ill prepared to Growers say a drop of just 10- operate in a market economy. Increasing 15 percent in cork prices would take the unemployment is a significant factor profit out of a crop that would be almost contributing to the social and impossible to revive. environmental problems. Providing new It takes a cork oak 40 years to employment opportunities for rural produce quality bark, which thereafter people is a key part of the region’s can be stripped only every nine years. conservation and environmental However, since the advent of plastic protection strategies for Khabarovskii stoppers, the cork industry has made a Krai. One solution is to create both determined effort to raise standards. The temporary and permanent jobs through cork industry adopted a Europe-wide better use of NTFP resources. informal code of practice in 1996, based The Russian Far East Association for on new research that showed how to the Use of NTFPs was formed in 1996 to stamp out TCA. “Corking” can be look for ways to coordinate the activities prevented by eliminating the lower-level of the region’s NTFP producers and bark that harbours TCA on cork trees, by suppliers. Association membership has refraining from laying freshly cut bark on increased from seven members, the ground and by boiling it. representing two regions, in 1996, to 32

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members, representing four regions, in level. Official terminology continues to March 2000. Association members have refer to these products as “secondary SENEGAL successfully introduced new forest products” despite their importance technologies and scientifically based in any sustainable forest and forest Senegal has been hit by a growing formulas for processing NTFPs, have industry management programme. Legal scarcity of the bitter-tasting kola nut. The expanded their market share for regulation of NTFPs is equally important nuts, which contain caffeine, are mainly processed products both within the in establishing a sound investment imported from other West African Russian Federation and abroad, and atmosphere, but the industry currently countries such as Nigeria, Guinea and have found ways to improve the lacks federal and regional legislation. Côte d’Ivoire. However, in September integratation of local people into the (Source: Taiga News, No. 31, Spring 2000, it became virtually impossible to growing NTFP industry. 2000.) find any in the markets. Imports have Association members focus mainly on plummeted, as a result of bad harvests harvesting and processing food items: in the producer countries. honey, nature drinks, berry juice and syrups, medicinal teas, partially NTFP INDUSTRY REQUIREMENTS processed salted fiddlehead ferns and (from a 1999 survey by the Russian Far Kola nut mushrooms. Ready-to-use NTFP East Association for the Use of NTFPs) Acts as a products, such as berry jams, stimulant confectionery, flash frozen berries and Contains caffeine shelled Korean pine nuts are now 1. Inventory NTFP resources and set Is anti-depressive Aids digestion beginning to find their way on to regional scientifically based harvest limits Eases fatigue and markets. Future market niches are with control and monitoring hunger pangs locally produced NTFP-based medicinal structures. products, biologically active supplements 2. Improve harvest methods and and skin care products. local primary processing. According to kola nut wholesalers, a As a growing sector of the new market 3. Expand secondary processing 50-kg sack of kola nuts now costs about economy in the Russian Federation, the and finished product technologies CFAF 90 000 (US$120), compared with NTFP industry can be an important voice and improve packaging. the pre-scarcity price of CFAF 25 000. in forest conservation efforts. However, 4. Reach international-level Apart from its economic despite ongoing efforts to inventory agreement on standardization and consequences, the scarcity of kola nuts NTFPs, information is still lacking on certification of raw and processed has also resulted in serious social NTFP resources, and monitoring and NTFP products. problems. The nut is used in virtually resource assessment activities need to 5. Promote NTFP sales through a every aspect of social life in Senegal. be improved to manage NTFPs more network of commercial outlets. Apart from acting as a sexual effectively. 6. Investigate new markets for stimulant, the nut also contains physical A key element in the future success of NTFPs. stimulants and many men chew it all day the NTFP industry in the Russian Far 7. Improve the skills of everyone long to maintain their strength. The nut is East is a programme to equip firms with working in the NTFP industry. also an indispensable requirement in new equipment and introduce improved 8. Carry out and coordinate market marriage ceremonies. In fact, in most processing techniques. Training is research for NTFP firms. regions of Senegal, the bridegroom must needed for personnel running equipment offer at least 10 kg of kola nuts to the and operating new facilities. A family of his would-be wife for the combination of these factors will help marriage to be sanctioned by them. stabilize production and make available In addition, kola nuts are essential for products that can effectively compete on For more information, please contact: mystical rituals performed by religious today’s market. Andrei Zakharenkov, Russian Far East healers and soothsayers known as Improved equipment and personnel Association for the Use of NTFPs, Karl marabout. It is not surprising that many training require investments. Renewed Marx Street 176, Khabarovsk 680031, people believe the scarcity of the nuts is investments into the region’s NTFP Russian Federation. threatening these rituals and they are industry will begin when investors feel Fax: +4212 338497; fervently hoping for a quick end to the the economic and political atmosphere is e-mail: [email protected] crisis. (Source: BBC News, 18 more secure. One issue faced by the September 2000: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/ NTFP industry is inadequate government english/world/africa/newsid_930000/ support at the local, regional and federal 930661.stm)

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plants do not seem to be specialized. SOUTH AFRICA Traditional healers, men and women, frequently carry out the collection PROJECT GENDER, BIODIVERSITY A book on plants in South Africa has themselves in the forests partly to maintain AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS recently been published: secrecy of knowledge of relevant species. (LINKS) TO STRENGTHEN People’s plants. A guide to useful plants It has further been established that AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL of southern Africa. 2000. By Gericke N. NWFPs with a direct contribution to DEVELOPMENT (GCP/RAF/338/NOR) van Wyk ben Eric., Pretoria, Briza household food security are often collected Publications (i7131). 351 pp. by women while those related to income The project’s objectives are: This book is divided into three main generation are collected by men. For ¥ To increase understanding among parts: example, women and children purposely rural people, development workers 1. Food and Drinks covers cereals, hunt for mushrooms and consequently the and policy-makers about the value seeds and nuts, fruits and berries, best mushroom specialists in the village of men’s and women’s distinct vegetables, roots, bulbs and tubers, are women. knowledge and skill related to the and beverages. management of agrobiodiversity 2. Health and Beauty has chapters on for food security. general medicines, tonic plants, ¥ To strengthen the capacity of key mind and mood plants, women’s partner organizations participating health, wounds, burns and skin in the project to use gender conditions, dental care, perfumes analysis, participatory research and repellents, and soaps and and communications for cosmetics. development methods to work 3. Skills and Crafts deals with hunting with rural communities to and fishing, dyes and tans, utility document and share information timbers, fire making and fuelwood, about local knowledge systems basketry, weaving and ropes, and with communities, NGOs, research thatching, mats and brooms. institutes and policy-makers. Species and their uses are described; Commercialization of forest products ¥ To overcome the policy, there are many excellent photographs also has a gender dimension. While legislative, socio-economic and and a comprehensive index. (Source: most of the beekeepers in Tanzania are cultural barriers to the local EcoPort gatekeeper abstract.) men, the majority of basket and mat management, conservation and makers are women. Moreover, it has sustainable use of For more information, please contact: been observed that most of the wood agrobiodiversity. BRIZA Publications, PO Box 56569, carvers and hunters are men. ARCADIA 0007, South Africa. However, the local knowledge of both For more information, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] men and women concerning NWFPs and FAO, PO Box 2, wild foods, in particular, for household food Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. security is declining, as a result of formal Fax: +255 22 2112501; UNITED REPUBLIC schooling, intermarriages and emigration. e-mail: [email protected]; or OF TANZANIA Gender-based local knowledge is a Project Coordinator (Links), Tanzania central issue in the selection, collection Food & Nutrition Center (TFNC), Gender and non-wood forest products and preparation of wild foods. Women 2 Ocean Road, PO Box 977, In the United Republic of Tanzania, it is are often very knowledgeable about Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. the women who are experts on the direct food consumption activities while collection, processing and preservation of men are more knowledgeable and non-wood forest products for the responsible concerning income- household foods. Peasant women know generating NWFPs. This gender-based The Links project has already started the nutritional needs of their families as local knowledge needs to be studied in various activities to improve household well as the nutritive content of the wild detail and documented so that it is not food security. (Source: Potentials of non- foods they collect from the bush since lost in the wake of modernization. wood forest products in household food they are responsible for sustaining the Governments, non-governmental security in Tanzania: the role of gender- livelihood of the family. organizations and women should be the based local knowledge, by G.C. However, the roles of women and men target for programmes in household food Kajembe, M.I. Mwenduwa, J.S. Mgoo with regard to the collection of medicinal security. and H. Ramadhani. July 2000.)

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For more information, please contact products, such as florals, medicinals, among Total Action Against Poverty, the authors: pharmaceuticals, greenery and edible Roanoke, Virginia; Virginia Polytechnic Mr G.C. Kajembe and Ms M.I. harvests. There is an economic as well Institute and State University Department Mwenduwa, Department of Forest as a lifestyle component to these of Wood Science and Forest Products, Mensuration and Management, Faculty products. Commercial, recreational and Blacksburg, Virginia; and Craig County of Forestry and Nature Conservation, subsistence harvesting of such products Rural Partnership, New Castle, Virginia. Sokoine University of Agriculture, PO as chanterelle mushrooms, brings The programme is also collaborating with Box 3013, Chuo Kikuu, Moregore, working people to the forest, sometimes Virginia Cooperative Extension, and West Tanzania. in cultural conflict with each other, or Virginia Cooperative Extension. The Fax: +255 232603718/4648; with forest regulations. programme’s first year is funded through e-mail: [email protected]; and On the Olympic Peninsula in the Appalachian Regional Commission. Mr J.S. Mgoo and Ms H. Ramadhani, Washington, chanterelle harvest has Wild Harvest Sector will provide Forestry and Beekeeping Division, PO become a dynamic example of adaptive training to residents in southwestern Box 426, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. ecosystem management, as agencies Virginia as well as technical assistance in Fax: 255 222 866162; and citizens grapple with regulations, finding and developing propagation sites e-mail: [email protected] realities and cultural differences among for forest-grown medicinal plants and groups of pickers. Station research has other non-timber forest products. revealed more common ground among The primary focus is to help ten UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and between chanterelle pickers and participants become first-time producers landowners than was previously of NTFPs. An Internet-based instruction Non-timber forest products (temperate) recognized. Recognition and programme, as well as a small paper A recent edition of The Overstory understanding of a common interest in guide on NTFP production entitled Guide (No. 71) focused on non-timber crops of sustaining the resource is helping to Special Forest Products, will be forests in the continental United States. alleviate tensions. prepared. Emphasis will also be on Although the focus is primarily Knowledge of communities’ and helping those who do not own forested temperate, NTFP producers will be citizens’ concerns has helped resource land to obtain access to forested growing interested in the management managers, country commissioners, sites for NTFPs on land owned by their techniques described for a wide variety legislators and educators develop neighbours. of commercial crops. Forest farmed partnerships for tackling problems facing Workshops planned for 2001 cover: products include mushrooms, botanicals both agencies and communities. For ¥ “virtually wild” ginseng growing; of medicinal or culinary value, fruits and example, data are now available to ¥ producing forest-grown plants for nuts, craft materials, maple and other describe the impacts on displaced timber overseas and domestic Asian syrups, and baled pine straw. Raising workers: loss of occupational identity, markets; honey bees (apiculture) is also an distrust of corporate and agency ¥ propagating native forest plants for option. (Source: The Overstory, No. 71.) managers and lower wages. The data, market; however, also reveal support on the part ¥ writing a business plan for a forest Managing the “other” forest products of timber workers for better conservation products enterprise; and With is headquarters in Portland, of timber resources, and a demonstrated ¥ marketing and producing shitake Oregon, the Pacific Northwest Research capacity to cope with changes. (Source: mushrooms. Station is one of seven United States Closer to the truth, a retrospective of the Wild Harvest Sector is dedicated to the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Pacific Northwest Research Station, preservation of all plant species grown Service Research sites. This station’s 1925-2000.) for the market. Therefore, the programme research is organized into seven will encourage participants to “grow their programmes conducted at ten locations: For more information, please contact: own” rather than deplete existing plant nine laboratories in Alaska, Washington Pacific Northwest Research Station, PO communities. NTFPs can generate and Oregon, and a Wood Utilization Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208, USA. significant economic activity at the local Center in Sitka, Alaska. Forestry www.fs.fed.us/pnw community level in the Appalachian research sites were established to region of North America without evaluate and disseminate information destroying or degrading the area’s and technology to improve management Wild Harvest Sector abundant mature hardwood forest and use of natural resources. “Wild Harvest Sector: entrepreneurships ecosystems, therefore playing an The Pacific Northwest Research in the sustainable production of forest- important role in the development of Station has indicated that an emerging grown medicinal plants and other non- sustainable local economies in the area of concern is special forest timber forest products” is a partnership Appalachias.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 60 COUNTRY COMPASS

For more information, please contact: one rural person out of every two Ms Ann Rogers, Total Action Against consumes less than US$150 worth of Poverty (TAP), PO Box 2868, Roanoke, products a year, forest-related income VA 24001, USA. can literally mean the difference between E-mail: [email protected]; or life and death. Most people think that Mr A.L. Hammett. southern Africa’s rural households make E-mail: [email protected] their living as farmers. But, in reality, many depend as much on their surrounding forests as they do on their VIET NAM crops. Empirical regularities in the poverty- Viet Nam to increase cinnamon crops environment relationship of African rural to meet export demands households, by William Cavendish, Viet Nam is to expand its cinnamon- demonstrates that forest products growing areas from 16 000 to 50 000 ha Cinnamomum zeylanicum provide an essential component of rural in an effort to earn US$15 million from African livelihoods. cinnamon-bark exports by the year 2005, Viet Nam’s cinnamon products were Cavendish’s study found that according to the Ministry of Agriculture previously exported to Eastern Europe Zimbabwe’s rural families use hundreds and Rural Development. Between 3 000 and the Nera East and are now being of wild plants and animals for food, and 5 000 ha of the planned cinnamon sold in Japan, the Republic of Korea, medicine, fuelwood, building materials, areas will be exploited each year to Taiwan Province of China, China, Hong furniture, baskets, livestock fodder, and ensure raw material for both export and Kong Special Administrative Region and other uses. Termite mounds and leaf essential oil production. Viet Nam also some Western countries at US$2 000 litter provide a major source of fertilizer. intends to build two more cinnamon oil- per tonne. Livestock fodder, wild foods and processing plants Ð each with an annual Previously, cinnamon trees were fuelwood contribute most to household capacity of between 50 and 100 tonnes grown in regions where soil conditions incomes. However, around three in northern Yen Bai province and central were not particularly suitable and quarters of all income comes from a Quang Nam province. growers did not have adequate wide range of other natural products. Cinnamon is a forest product that has experience and technology. Both None of these gifts of nature will make become Viet Nam’s top export and each cinnamon areas and output fell as a the families rich. But they definitely help year the country exports 3 000 tonnes of result. them survive. cinnamon bark. The ministry reports that The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural The poorest households depend the cinnamon trees are largely grown in Yen Development is now formulating policies most on forest products. Even so, in Bai, Thanh Hoa, Quang Nam and Quang and measures to encourage both absolute terms the richer households Ngai provinces because they have a enterprises and farmers to grow the consume more forest products. Men do higher economic value than other plants trees. Incentives include forest-land most of the hunting and wood-related grown on hilly land and help prevent soil allocation, soft long-term loans and the activities. Women sell wild vegetables, erosion. Growers can earn between provision of expertise. (Source: fruits and wine. They also collect US$2 000 and $3 000 from 700 to AsiaPulse via COMTEX, Hanoi, 29 fuelwood and thatching grass and make 1 000 kg of cinnamon bark per hectare. January 2001.) pottery out of local materials. Both Cinnamon trees are usually planted with groups sell mats and medicinal plants other food crops for higher profits, the and pan for gold. Young children rely ministry stressed. ZIMBABWE heavily on wild foods such as mice, Viet Nam’s cinnamon has long been small birds, insects and fruits. known for its quality and flavour because Southern African forests – the poor What will happen if these natural it is rich in essential oil. The bark has a people’s safety net resources disappear? Where will these cinamic acid content of about Without access to their communal families turn to if someone privatizes 75 percent, while its leaf has a content of forests, many of Zimbabwe’s poor might their woodlands? (Source: POLEX list more than 50 percent. Both bark and have perished a long time ago. Two serve, 1 September 2000.) leaf are used to produce essential oil for surveys conducted in a typical rural To obtain a free electronic version of the food and pharmaceutical industries. county (the Shindi ward) in the mid- the paper and/or send comments about About 0.8 percent of cinnamon’s 1990s found that on average each family this message, you can write to William essential oil is contained in its leaf and derived over 35 percent of their income Cavendish at: 2.2 percent in its bark. from forest products. In a country where [email protected]

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 61 ECONOOK

Migrants who lack traditional norms for FIELD COURSES IN RAIN regulating hunting have moved in. FOREST AND MARINE Widespread encroachment of logging ECOLOGY crews into the forest has proved to be especially problematic. Better access to Rainforest and Reef is a non-profit the forest and improved hunting organization specializing in field courses technologies, such as the introduction of in rain forest and marine ecology which firearms, wire snares, flashlights, dogs, are currently offered in nine countries. motorbikes and outboard motors, have All programmes are operated by partner helped deplete game species. In many organizations that have shown a strong African and Asian countries, people commitment to conservation and actually consume more wild meat as education. The organization is their incomes rise, since they prefer it to committed to the fair return of the other foods. In contrast, when given the benefits from the courses to the local option, Latin Americans generally prefer partners to assist in conservation and to purchase beef or chicken. Malaysian Timber Timber Bulletin Malaysian education projects. The authors recognize that few Local guides and biologists are one million tonnes of wild meat annually. attempts to regulate hunting have featured in the study of natural history, People also catch live animals to sell, proved effective in the tropics. They rain forest and coral reef ecology, and hunt them to protect their crops suggest greater efforts to promote medicinal uses of native plants, from pests, as part of cultural rituals, community wildlife management, conservation, land management, local and for other reasons. increased monitoring of logging cultures, archaeology, geology and Hunting of wildlife in tropical forests: companies and continued support for much more. Past participants have implications for biodiversity and forest protected areas. come from across the United States, peoples, by Elizabeth Bennett and John Hunting of wildlife in tropical forests: Canada, Latin America, Europe, Robinson from the Wildlife Conservation implications for biodiversity and forest Australia and the Far East. Society, provides ample evidence that peoples by E.L. Bennett and J.G. Customized programmes are much of this hunting is unsustainable. Robinson (2000) is published as available upon request. Moderately or heavily hunted forests Biodiversity Series-Impact Studies No. have a much lower mammal density. 76 by the World Bank, Washington, DC. For more information, please contact: Vulnerable species often disappear The paper can be downloaded in pdf Mike Nolan, Director, Rainforest and entirely from these areas. This means format (www.worldbank.org/biodiversity). Reef, 9 Prospect NE Suite No. 8, Grand fewer cute and cuddly animals, less An electronic Word file with the Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA. protein and income for rural families, document in English, French or Spanish Tel./Fax: +1 616 776 5928; and greater hunger. Furthermore, is available from Sharon Esumei e-mail: [email protected] or changes in animal populations can alter ([email protected]). [email protected]; other components of the ecosystem by Comments can be sent to: Elizabeth www.rainforestandreef.org affecting seed survival and dispersal, as Bennett (e-mail: [email protected]). well as the predator to prey ratios. (Source: POLEX mailing list, 2 February Hunters go after a wide range of 2001.) HUNTING FOR mammals, birds, and reptiles, although TONIGHT’S DINNER typically a major proportion of bushmeat comes from large hoofed animals and In more than 61 countries worldwide, monkeys. Animals that travel in packs, rural families obtain at least 20 percent move slowly, make loud noises, or do of their animal protein from wild game not reproduce frequently are especially and fish. In West Africa, fully one quarter vulnerable. Old-growth tropical rain of the population’s protein comes from forests generally produce less bushmeat bushmeat. Each year, local people in per hectare than savannahs, grasslands Sarawak, Malaysia eat US$75 million and secondary forest, so hunting there worth of such meat. In the Amazon often takes a much heavier toll. Basin as a whole, consumption exceeds The hunting problem has worsened as US$175 million. The total catch from populations in forested areas have hunting in the Congo Basin is more than increased and become more sedentary.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 62 ECONOOK

THE MILLENNIUM TREE LINE

Both time and space are measured where the cycle of nature is allowed to from the prime meridian of the world, run its full course. also known as the Greenwich meridian, At the heart of the project will be a 0 longitude. The Millennium Tree Line, computer database designed by the which is supported by the University of University of Greenwich. This will Greenwich, is a project aiming to record existing trees and the new ones create a line of trees following the that are planted so that full details of the Greenwich meridian line. Millennium Tree Line, and individuals The world entered the third and organizations associated with it, are millennium at midnight on the available to people in the future. PRO-POOR TOURISM Greenwich meridian on Organizations and institutions are 31 December 2000. To mark this being offered the opportunity to A recent paper, Pro-poor tourism: putting historic event a line of trees is being sponsor tree sites on the Greenwich poverty at the heart of the tourism established along the meridian in the meridian. The money raised will enable agenda, by Caroline Ashley, Charlotte United Kingdom. It is hoped that the the project to develop and any surplus Boyd and Harold Goodwin, examines line will be continued through France, will go to the charitable causes how tourism affects the livelihoods of the Spain and Africa until it reaches the nominated in the constitution of the poor and how positive impacts can be Atlantic in the Gulf of Guinea. Millennium Tree Line. enhanced. In doing so, it assesses the The many trees already growing on A similar initiative is being relevance of tourism to the poverty the line will be carefully recorded and, undertaken in France where there are agenda, and the factors that encourage wherever possible, conserved for the plans for “La Méridienne verte” (the or constrain economic participation of remainder of their natural lives. Green Meridian): a line of trees the poor in the industry. In conclusion, it Different tree species will be used 1 200 km long. Eight French regions, outlines strategies for promoting pro- for planting, although generally those 20 departments and 336 communes poor tourism (PPT). native to the area through which the will be involved. A hiking route will line passes will be preferred. An follow the line of the trees and help Policy conclusions important aspect of the project will be draw attention to the tourist attractions ¥ Tourism development has not, to to allow the trees to age naturally, or to in the areas covered. date, incorporated poverty extend their lives by pollarding, so that elimination objectives. It remains many will be venerable giants at the For more information, please contact: driven by economic, environmental arrival of the fourth millennium and The Millennium Tree Line Ltd, and/or cultural perspectives at the beyond. c/o University of Greenwich, national and international levels. Once the line is established, it is Oakfield Lane, ¥ Given the massive impact that expected that successive generations Dartford, Kent DA1 2SZ, UK. tourism has on many of the world’s will keep it going and that any trees Fax: +44 20 8331 9700; poor, how and how far PPT can be that die, or are blown down, will be e-mail: [email protected]; promoted needs to become a central replaced. As the trees mature the line www.gre.ac.uk/directory/mtl/main.html issue. will be visible from the air and even ¥ The poverty impacts of tourism from space. include a wide range of impacts on As well as being of interest in its the livelihoods of the poor Ð not just own right, the Millennium Tree Line will jobs or incomes Ð with differential have considerable conservation value costs and benefits. as a living laboratory of the life cycle of ¥ Participation of the poor in tourism, trees. It is hoped that environmental and the benefits they gain, depends centres can be established at suitable on a range of critical factors, points along the line and it is planned including the type of tourism, to designate areas of woodland on planning regulations, land tenure, either side of the line as reserves market context, and access to capital

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 63 ECONOOK

and training. Many of these can be For more information, please contact: influenced by changes in policy or EarthLink, Frohschammerstr. 14, 80 807 external support. VALUE OF NATIONAL FORESTS Munich, Germany. ¥ There is considerable unexploited Fax: +49(0)89/35 65 21 06; scope for adapting tourism National forests are far more valuable e-mail: [email protected]; interventions to enhance livelihood for their recreation, wildlife and water www.thinkshrimp.de benefits to the poor from tourism. quality than for timber, minerals and ¥ PPT strategies must be commercially cattle grazing, according to a recent realistic. Although the private sector report by the Sierra Club. The forests cannot be expected to prioritize are worth an estimated US$234 billion poverty objectives, it must be and generate 2.9 million jobs from included in the process of developing recreation, fish and wildlife, water PPT. quality and wild areas, according to (Source: ODI. Natural Resource an economic consulting firm that Perspectives, No. 51, March 2000.) prepared the report for the Sierra Club, which opposes commercial For more information, please contact: logging in national forests. By Overseas Development Institute, comparison, the nation’s 80 million Portland House, Stag Place, London hectares of federal forests generate SW1E 5DP, UK. US$23 billion and 407 000 jobs from Fax: +44 20 7393 1699; timber, mining, grazing and other e-mail: [email protected] uses, said the firm, ECONorthwest. (Source: press release, Associated Press.) THINKSHRIMP! – SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIAL SHRIMP AQUACULTURE ALONG past few years. Not only is the food TROPICAL COASTS security for the people living on these coasts in danger but also the drinking- water supply, as a result of the salinization of the groundwater, as well as of the fertile agricultural land. A further threat is the contamination of the sea, rivers, channels and land areas in the neighbourhood of shrimp farms, because of the input of chemicals, pesticides and antibiotics. In order to provide the general public (as well as shrimp importers in Germany and Austria) with information on these problems, the German non- governmental organizations (NGOs) Everybody needs beauty as well as Local people in India and Ecuador are EarthLink, Food First information and bread, places to play in and pray in, losing their land and their mangrove action network (FIAN) and Community of where Nature may heal and cheer and forests because they are cut down for action fair world (ASW) invited the give strength to body and soul alike. huge artificial shrimp ponds Ð shrimp activists Dr Jacob Raj, from the Indian John Muir, 1912 aquaculture. With these forests the main NGO PREPARE, and Lider Góngora resource of income for the local Farias, from the Ecuadorian NGO (Quoted in Closer to the truth, a population is disappearing: the amount FUNDECOL, to the information tour retrospective of the Pacific Northwest of wild fish, shrimp, crab and shells, “ThinkShrimp!“ to ten German and Research Station, 1925-2000.) which depend on intact mangrove Austrian towns from 11 to 26 September forests, has been decreasing over the 2000.

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 64 INTERNATIONAL ACTION

Vantomme, Forestry Officer (NWFP) also FAO attended. The seminar offered the opportunity to FOREST PRODUCTS DIVISION exchange experience and share state-of- the-art knowledge on recent NWFP-Digest-L developments in forest harvesting, trade In April 2000, the first issue of the and marketing practices for NWFPs, as NWFP-Digest-L was produced. The well as their potential importance for digest is compiled on a regular basis socio-economic development. (bimonthly on average) by Tina The seminar papers and plenary Etherington and Laura Russo of the discussions addressed the following Non-Wood Forest Products programme. ¥ Country Profiles Ð FAO’s Forestry topics: The digest was originally created and Department Web site contains ¥ Policies to promote sustainable maintained by Mr Eric Jones of the detailed information in its Country forest operations and utilization of Institute for Culture and Ecology Profile pages on various aspects of non-wood forest products. (IFCAE). FAO intends to continue NWFPs in specific countries: ¥ Inventory methods and mapping of IFCAE’s goal to link NWFP interests www.fao.org/forestry/ and then click non-wood forest products. around the world, share information, on Country; and ¥ Involvement of the private sector and foster discussion pertaining to NWFPs, ¥ past issues of the NWFP -Digest-L (it non-governmental organizations in promote regionally oriented e-mail lists is now also possible to subscribe on- the harvesting, processing and and Web sites, and to complement line): marketing of non-wood forest existing NWFP awareness networks. www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/di products enhancing employment and Diverse views and materials relevant to gest/digest-e.stm income generation of local NWFPs are encouraged. Any suggestions for improving the populations. 1. To join the list, please send an e- home page will be appreciated. ¥ Planning and management mail to: [email protected], of sustainable forest harvesting with the message: subscribe Seminar on Harvesting of Non-Wood operations for non-wood forest NWFP-Digest-L Forest Products products. Establishment 2. To make a contribution once on the A joint FAO/ECE/ILO seminar on of standards for appropriate list, please send an e-mail to the Harvesting of Non-Wood Forest harvesting systems and techniques, following address: NWFP-Digest- Products took place in Izmir, Turkey, reducing environmental impacts [email protected] from 2 to 8 October 2000. and wastes. 3. To unsubscribe, please send an e- The seminar was organized under the ¥ Extension, training and education to mail to: [email protected], auspices of the Joint FAO/ECE/ILO improve forest harvesting practices, with the message: unsubscribe Committee on Forest Technology, productivity and availability of non- NWFP-Digest-L Management and Training with the wood forest products. 4. For technical help or questions, participation of the International Union of ¥ Organizations and institutions contact: NWFP-Digest- Forestry Research Organizations and in dealing with the collection of [email protected] cooperation with the Turkish statistical data and valuation of non- Government. Eighty-five participants wood forest products, as well as their Web site from the following countries attended: promotion for export markets. The home page of the NWFP Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The seminar was very successful. Programme of FAO’s Forestry Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Czech Thirty-five papers and five posters were Department has been improved and, in Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, presented in plenary and generated addition to English, French and Spanish, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, lively discussions among the is now also available in Arabic Ð the first Lebanon, Morocco, Nepal, the participants. The proceedings of the Arabic Web site in the Forestry Netherlands, Nigeria, the Philippines, seminar are being prepared by the Department. It is available only through Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Forest Products Division. The major Internet Explorer or Sindbad at the Romania, the Russian Federation, South conclusions were the need to provide following address: Africa, Spain, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, more information, training and www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/nwfp- Ukraine, the United Kingdom and networking on the inventory, harvesting, a.stm Uzbekistan. Several international management and valorization of NWFPs. In addition, there is now a special organizations including the World Bank In this respect, participants search feature as well as links to: were represented and Mr Paul recommended follow-up seminars

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 65 INTERNATIONAL ACTION

focused on training in specific NWFP- Representatives from eight projects, workshop is foreseen, in January 2002, related topics. mainly from Africa, were selected and to share lessons learned and invited to participate in the workshop, experiences. For more information, please contact: based on the following criteria: Mr Joachim Lorbach, ¥ partners needed to have experience For more information, please contact: Forest Harvesting, Trade and Marketing with small enterprise development, Petra van de Kop, Branch, Forestry Department, FAO, preferably related to community- Community Forestry Unit, FONP, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, based tree and forest product Forestry Department, FAO, 00100 Rome, Italy. enterprises or services; Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Fax: +39 0657055618; ¥ partners needed to be able to 00100 Rome, Italy. e-mail: [email protected]; or provide the required time and costs Fax: +39 0657055514; Dr Erkan Ispirli, Department Chief of for local implementation/validation of e-mail: [email protected]; Foreign Relations and EC Department, the MA&D approach; www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/forestry/ Orman Bakantigi, Atatürk Bulvari 153, ¥ participants needed to have good fon/fonp/cfu/cfu-e.stm 06199 Bakanliklar/Ankara, Turkey. field and facilitation skills; Fax: +90 312 4179160; ¥ participants needed to have a e-mail: [email protected] knowledge of project planning; and ¥ participants needed to have a high proficiency in spoken and written Community-based tree and forest FORESTRY POLICY English. product-based enterprises: market AND PLANNING DIVISION The main aim of the workshop was to analysis and development. familiarize the selected partners with the A field manual by I. Le Cup and K. Community-based enterprise development MA&D approach for community-based Nicholson. FAO and RECOFTC. 2000. and the Community Forestry Unit enterprise development. During the The Community Forestry Unit (CFU) is workshop the partners prepared a plan The MA&D approach assists people shifting from the development and for the implementation of MA&D in their to achieve a sustainable livelihood dissemination of materials to a strategy project sites. These implementation system in which their household and that focuses on achieving impact on plans form the basis for CFU to monitor community assets are increased and people’s livelihoods. The new strategy the progress of the projects with the local forest management is improved. focuses on training, partnership building, development of community-based It enables local people to identify the development of networks to discuss enterprises for forest products. potential products and develop feedback on materials and follow-up to Participants also gave their feedback markets that will provide income and assess impact. on the MA&D materials. The main aim of benefits without degrading the In the case of community-based this was to test whether the materials resource base. enterprise eevelopment, this strategy were relevant for CFU’s target audience This field manual has been was already reflected by the extensive not only in terms of content, but also in designed to guide facilitators who will field-testing of the market analysis and terms of readability, presentation and assist local people in conducting the development (MA&D) methodology in packaging. MA&D process. It comprises six Asia before publication of the MA&D On the basis of this workshop, CFU booklets: manual in July 2000. has decided to collaborate with the A. User’s guide to the field manual partners, depending on their interest, on B. Introduction: defining where you Workshop on community-based the development of case studies. The want to end up enterprise development case studies will focus on the validation C. Phase 1: assess the existing In October 2000, the CFU organized a of the following aspects: situation Workshop on Community-based Tree ¥ MA&D approach for community- D. Phase 2: identify products, and Forest Enterprise Development. This based enterprise development; markets, and means of marketing workshop was the first activity, following ¥ participatory aspects of the MA&D E. Phase 3: plan enterprises for the publication of the MA&D manual, of approach; sustainable development a process to implement and validate the ¥ MA&D for product/service F. Case study: designing tree, forest methodology in several countries in development (e.g. eco-tourism); and and home garden product English-speaking Africa. It is anticipated ¥ MA&D for specific purposes (e.g. enterprises for sustainable that local, and perhaps new global, certification). development adaptations of the materials will result The validation process will take from this process. approximately one year. A second

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FOOD AND NUTRITION DIVISION With regard to NWFPs, the main Additional information and comments expected outputs of the programme are from readers to improve data on NWFPs The Food and Nutrition Division of the twofold: in African countries would be very much Economic and Social Department ¥ National country profiles on statistical appreciated and can be sent to FAO’s publishes a periodical, Food, Nutrition data related to NWFPs are compiled NWFP Programme. This information will and Agriculture which covers a wide for each country; and be added to the Internet version and the range of topics related to nutrition and ¥ Appropriate methodologies for the authors will be duly acknowledged. food quality and safety. Articles include collection and validation of key descriptions of FAO’s activities in the information related to NWFPs are Data collection and validation field, adaptations of technical papers, elaborated and tested. methodologies reviews of publications, etc. The journal Pilot studies have been initiated in is sent to 6 000 subscribers in 175 NWFP country profiles Cameroon, Madagascar and Suriname, in countries and reaches professionals in Country profiles on the socio-economic order to elaborate, improve and test government agencies, research importance and the ecological impact of appropriate methodologies for the institutions, non-governmental NWFP use has been compiled for all 55 collection, analysis and maintenance of organizations and food companies. African countries (including overseas statistical data on NWFPs. These Food, Nutrition and Agriculture is posted territories such as Réunion). These methodologies should: on the Internet at the time the printed country profiles will be made available ¥ provide reasonable estimates of the version is distributed. It is available in pdf on the FAO home page, where they will production, consumption and trade in and html formats and is available at: be updated regularly NWFPs; www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/economic/esn (www.fao.org/forestry/fo/country/nav_afri ¥ be widely applicable and relevant to /fna.htm ca.jsp?lang_id=1). other countries in the subregion; and In addition, a printed version of the ¥ be cost-effective, adaptable and For more information, please contact: country profiles has been published as a feasible with the limited human Janice Albert, Technical Editor, Food working paper in English and French resources available. and Nutrition Division, Economic and (NWFP in Africa: a regional and national It is hoped that these methodologies will Social Department, FAO, Viale delle overview Ð PFNL de l’Afrique: un aperçu support national efforts to improve the data Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. régional et national), which also includes availability related to NWFP. First results of E-mail: [email protected] a regional and subregional synthesis as the pilot studies are expected in May 2001. well as some methodological In order to improve data on NWFPs, background information. additional information and comments FAO AND THE EUROPEAN The information presented is based would be very much appreciated and duly COMMISSION (EC) mainly on data available at FAO acknowledged and included in the Internet headquarters in Rome and on national version of the respective country brief. studies carried out in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, the Central African Information and comments can be sent Republic, Chad, Comoros, Ethiopia, the to: Non-Wood Forest Products Gambia, Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Programme, Forest Products Division, Data Collection and Analysis for Mozambique, Namibia, the Niger, Forestry Department, FAO, Sustainable Forest Management Nigeria, Rwanda, Swaziland and Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, in African, Caribbean and Pacific Zambia. The national studies are partly 00100 Rome, Italy. Countries – Linking National available on the Internet Fax: +39 0657055618; and International Efforts (www.fao.org/forestry/fon/fons/outlook/afr e-mail: [email protected]; (GCP/INT/679/EC) ica/acp/acp-wp.stm). www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/ The overall aim of this four-year nwfp-e.stm; or programme, funded by the European EC-FAO Partnership Programme, Commission (Directorate-General Forest Policy and Planning Division, Development), is to strengthen national Forestry Department, FAO, capacity to collect and compile reliable Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, and current information on forestry and 00100 Rome, Italy. analyse the forest sector (for further Fax: +39 0657055137; information on the programme, visit: e-mail: [email protected]; www.fao.org/forestry/fon/fons/outlook/afri www.fao.org/forestry/fon/fons/outlook/ ca/acppro-e.stm). africa/acppro-e.stm

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Sustainable Forest Management were presented and a network of negotiation of international Programme in African ACP Countries national and international institutions was agreements, codes of conduct, (GCP/RAF/354/EC) – NWFP component created. technical standards, and for technical During the first year of its activities, this A conceptual framework for sound and policy dialogue between member project component has focused on NWFP assessment in Africa was countries. methodologies and advice to obtain developed to cover different products, In forestry there are three normative reliable resource information data life forms and different need for programmes to fulfil the mandated roles, (resource inventory data) which are assessment at various levels (national based on core funding from member needed for any sustainable management level, community level). This framework countries’ contributions (the Regular regime of NWFPs. also includes the identification of the Programme): Forest Resources, Forest A regional workshop on the steps involved in the manual’s Products and Forestry Policy and establishment of an African network of development. A first step is the collation Planning. The Field Programme provides gums and resins (these groups comprise of designs for inclusion in the manual. technical assistance from extrabudgetary some of the most important NWFPs in In addition to the review by J. Wong funding in the areas of the three Africa: gum arabic, olibanum, myrrh and mentioned above, a review of normative programmes. FAO’s aid to opopanax resins) was organized by the francophone literature on NWFP forestry is thus not only through its Field project together with the Kenya Forest inventory is being carried out. Programme, described in this article, but Research Institute (KEFRI) at the end of also through its normative work including May 2000. National reports on the For more information, please contact: the technical support that staff employed needs, constraints and opportunities for Dr Jenny Wong, Ynys Uchaf, on the Regular Programme give to the assessment of gums and resins in Africa Mynydd Llandegai, Bangor, Field Programme. Gwynedd LL57 4BZ, Wales, UK. Many of the projects of the Field Tel./Fax: +44(0)1248 602124; Programme are located in developing e-mail: [email protected]; or countries in support to their forestry Ms Laura Russo of FAO’s NWFP sectors, but some projects are based in In May 2000, a Workshop on Programme at the address given on the headquarters, such as the projects in Developing Needs-based Inventory first page. support of the normative activities for the Methods for NWFPs: Application and Global Forest Resources Assessments Development of Current Research to or the Forests, Trees and People Identify Practical Solutions for FAO IN THE FIELD Programme. The recently approved Developing Countries was held at Strategic Framework for FAO, 2000- FAO headquarters in Rome. The 2015 stresses the need to increase the workshop was organized by the synergy between normative and European Tropical Forest Research operational activities, and to enhance the Network (ETFRN) and sponsored by dual function of the Field Programme; on the Forest Research Programme of the one hand, translating into operation the Department for International and action the concepts and findings Development (DFID), with support developed through normative activities from the European Commission. The Field Programme of FAO in Forestry and, on the other hand, enriching The background paper, The The mandated roles of the Food and normative work through feedback from biometrics of non-timber forest Agriculture Organization of the United field experience. product resource assessment: a Nations (FAO), since its foundation in The extrabudgetary sources include review of current methodology, by J. 1945, are: the United Nations Development Wong and the draft workshop report ¥ to collect, analyse, interpret and Programme (UNDP), trust funds from can be downloaded from the ETFRN disseminate information related to donor countries under the Web site food and agriculture, where FAO/Government Cooperative (www.etfrn.org/etfrn/workshop/ntfp/). “agriculture” includes forestry, Programme, unilateral trust funds from This meeting and the review on fisheries, animal husbandry, etc.; the host country, and the World Food which it was based demonstrated that ¥ to provide advice and make Programme (WFP). These are all there is a large unmet demand for recommendations on technical or broadly described as Trust Funds in advice on inventory design for policy matters related to the FAO’s Programme of Work and Budget. NWFPs. agricultural sector, on request, at In addition, FAO’s own Technical national and international levels; and Cooperation Programme (TCP) provides ¥ to provide a neutral forum for the funding for urgently needed, small-scale,

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short-term catalytic projects designed to Support for Community Forestry stimulate further activities and larger and Wildlife Management projects, while the Investment Centre FAO AND FORESTRY: (GCP/MOZ/056/NET) Division prepares projects and A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH The largest FAO-implemented project in programmes for funding by international Mozambique is the Netherlands-funded and regional development banks. FAO has launched a number of GCP/MOZ/056/NET: Support for The Programme of Work and Budget approaches to broaden partnership Community Forestry and Wildlife allocated US$15 million per year for with its Member Nations, to enhance Management, which is scheduled to end Regular Programme activities in the the cost-effectiveness and relevance in May 2002. The project has been 2000-2001 biennium, but estimated that of FAO’s interventions and to achieve promoting various activities to enhance Trust Funds would contribute a further the national and collective self- the sustainable use of NWFPs in its pilot US$31 million per year. An analysis of reliance of developing countries, areas in the Maputo and Nampula the Field Programme projects in 1998 through the pooling of their provinces as a way to improve the showed that just over one third of the institutional and human capacities. standard of living of local communities projects were interregional, followed by These include a programme through the multipurpose management projects in Asia (22 percent), Africa (20 concerning the use of experts for of their forest resources. Studies on percent) and Latin America (15 percent). technical cooperation among medicinal plants, wild edible mushrooms, In terms of topic, most projects were developing countries and countries in beekeeping, native fruit preserves and concerned with forest resources and the transition (TCDC/TCCT); a programme marketing have already been developed, environment (58 percent), institutions (35 of FAO cooperation with academic demonstrating the technical feasibility of percent) and forest products (7 percent). and research institutions; and a NWFPs in enhancing community-based The value of TCP projects active in programme for the use of retired natural resources management in the mid-2000, which are in addition to the experts. country. Trust Funds, were estimated at nearly Forestry is tapping the potential of Since the start of the project in July US$3 million. These projects are active each of these approaches. For 1997, the following NWFP-related for short periods of a few months to over example, the project on data activities have been undertaken: one year or occasionally more, but this collection and analysis for Africa, with ¥ production and marketing technical total may be taken as the approximate funding support from the European feasibility studies (for honey, annual value. TCP projects include Union, is drawing heavily on national mushrooms, medicinal plants, support to national forest programme experts through TCDC. Experts from grasses and fodder); development in Africa, Latin America and Eritrea, the United Republic of ¥ training courses for extensionists countries with economies in transition Tanzania and the Sudan have been (apiculture and honey processing at and emergency activities in insect involved to date and more are Goba; mushroom harvesting and control in Eastern Europe. planned as the project expands commercialization in Nampula); FAO is giving increasing importance to through the rest of Africa. ¥ studies appraising the socio- developing partnerships in its execution Partnerships with academic economic evaluation of NWFPs in of the Field Programme. Such institutions are also being widely the pilot areas of the project (Goba, partnerships have traditionally been with used. Sanhôte and Nirviria); and donor countries who fund projects or ¥ several technical workshops on programmes which FAO executes and community-based forest which are now increasingly also with management from field level to the national institutions. A new approach in National Directorate staff (and which support of both the Regular and the For more information, please contact: covered NWFP issues). Field Programmes has been the J.B. Ball, Coordinator, The information gathered in this way Partnership Programme, described in Forest Programmes Coordination on NWFP issues and products in the the Box. Through partnership & Information Unit, project pilot areas, and for Mozambique arrangements based on the concept of Forestry Department, FAO, in general, has been published and Technical Cooperation among Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, disseminated by the project through a Developing Countries (TCDC), “visiting Rome 00100, Italy. wide range of documentation material, experts” from national, regional and E-mail: [email protected]; from field guidelines to technical notes, international centres of high repute work www.fao.org/ videos and project working papers (and together with FAO staff in programme even including theatre as a way of activities of the Organization for mutual reaching communities). A complete list of benefit. project publications and documentation

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material is available from the project. Le Niger dispose de peuplements se propose de revoir la gestion et Those directly related to NWFPs are: d’espèces à gomme couvrant une l’utilisation de la gomme arabique et Report on market alternatives for superficie estimée à plus de 200 000 ha d’élaborer une stratégie nationale pour community-based products, by O.S. concentrés pour l’essentiel dans la mise en valeur des ressources en Mubita, 1998; Non-timber forest l’extrême-est du pays. Pendant les gommiers. Cette stratégie devrait mener products: a source of alternative income années soixante et soixante-dix, la à: une gestion durable des ressources generation for forest-based communities, gomme arabique a considérablement de gomme arabique; une application des by A. Baldascini, 1999; and Edible contribué à l’économie nigérienne en technologies rationnelles de la collecte mushroom production and tant que deuxième produit d’exportation et du traitement des gommes; la commercialization, by A.J. Masuka, après l’arachide. Pendant cette période, création d’une filière commerciale de la Working Paper No. 7, 2000. le Niger a été (avec le Soudan, le gomme appropriée aux besoins des Mr Paul Vantomme undertook a Sénégal, la Mauritanie et le Tchad) un différentes parties concernées; une backstopping mission to the project in des grands exportateurs de la gomme meilleure sensibilisation des parties June 2000, during which he also arabique. En 1979, le Niger a exporté concernées, notamment de la population participated in a Seminar on Community 2 610 tonnes. rurale et la mise en place d’un Forestry Development in Nampula and Dans les années quatre-vingt et programme de formation et de coconducted an intensive NWFP training quatre-vingt-dix, l’exportation et, par vulgarisation adéquat; une législation course in Maputo (at the Forestry conséquent, l’importance de la gomme nationale adaptée en soutien à la Research Centre in Marracuene). arabique pour l’économie nigérienne, a gestion et à l’utilisation de la gomme chuté. En 1995, seulement 200 tonnes arabique; et une meilleure collaboration For more information, please contact: de gomme arabique ont été exportées. entre les différentes organisations et Mr Mansur, CTA, GCP/MOZ/056/NET, c/o Les raisons de la chute de la production institutions nationales impliquées dans la FAOR, PO Box 1928, Maputo, et de l’exportation de la gomme production de la gomme arabique. Mozambique. arabique sont multiples: le mauvais état Fax: +258 1 460060; des gommiers; une application Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: e-mail: [email protected] inappropriée de techniques M. G.J. Bernard, Représentant de la d’exploitation des arbres; la FAO au Niger, BP 11246, Niamey, Niger. désorganisation de la filière Télécopie: +227 724709; Projet de coopération technique «Appui commerciale; et un soutien politique et mél.: [email protected] ou non- à la relance de la production et de la institutionnel insuffisant. [email protected] commercialisation de la gomme Le gouvernement a, au cours de ces arabique» (TCP/NER/0066) dernières années, entrepris plusieurs En septembre 2000, le gouvernement actions visant la promotion et le Proyecto GCP/RLA/133/EC du Niger a démarrer l’exécution d’un développement du secteur gommier. Il – Información y análisis para el manejo projet de coopération technique (PCT) forestal sostenible financé par la FAO concernant la relance de la production et de la commercialisation de la gomme arabique au Niger. Le projet contribuera à: ¥ une analyse et une classification des Este proyecto, integrando esfuerzos espèces de gommier selon leur nacionales e internacionales en 13 potentialité et les contraintes de la países tropicales de América Latina, production; persigue mejorar la calidad, cobertura y ¥ une proposition de directives pour acceso a la información forestal, ya sea une gestion et une exploitation en materia de manejo como de durable des gommiers; administración forestal, incluyendo ¥ une évaluation et des propositions instituciones nacionales pour une amélioration du cadre gubernamentales responsables del institutionnel et juridique; et sector forestal, instituciones de ¥ l’élaboration d’une stratégie sur la investigación, el sector privado, gestion, l’exploitation durable des organizaciones conservacionistas, gommiers et l’utilisation de la inversionistas nacionales y extranjeros,

gomme. Acacia arabica países donantes y el público en general.

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El Proyecto desarrollará un análisis Oficina Regional de la FAO para and, possibly more important, has a estratégico del sector forestal, que América Latina y el Caribe, Reference Material section with more identifique las condiciones emergentes Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile. than 100 technical documents and del mercado, los desarrollos Fax: +56 2 3372101/2/3; training materials in different languages, tecnológicos y las tendencias y correo electrónico: most of which are directly downloadable. perspectivas que podrían motivar [email protected]; It has been designed for FAO and non- revisiones de la política forestal de los www.rlc.fao.org/proyecto/rla133ec/ FAO professional staff, but can also be of países. frames.htm; interest to academic institutions and En apoyo a estas necesidades o a: technicians of different countries for detectadas en América Latina, la Olman Serrano, Subdirección de information/training purposes. Comunidad Europea, impulsor del Utilización de Productos Madereros Suggestions for additional links both desarrollo forestal en muchos países de y No Madereros, within and outside FAO are welcome and la región, ha cofinanciado con la FAO Departamento de Montes, FAO, should be sent to Luca Fe’ d’Ostiani este proyecto para el período 2000- Víale delle Terme di Caracalla, ([email protected]). 2003, que será ejecutado por la FAO. El 00100 Roma, Italia. proyecto se desarrollará en 17 países de Fax: +39 0657055618; Disabled in Thailand learn self-sufficiency la región: correo electrónico: growing and selling mushrooms ¥ Países centroamericanos: Costa [email protected] Twenty-eight disabled people Ð some Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, deaf and mute, others who are blind or Honduras, Nicaragua y Panamá; have lost limbs Ð have recently ¥ Países amazónicos: Bolivia, Brasil, graduated from a successful FAO project Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y in Thailand which helps them to become Venezuela; self-sufficient by growing mushrooms. ¥ Países templados y subtropicales: They were the second group of Argentina, Chile, México, Paraguay y graduates who had enrolled after the Uruguay. project was extended. El proyecto pretende analizar el The 28 students, selected from more estado actual de la información forestal than 7 000 applicants, lived and worked en aspectos tales como: recursos at a school located in Ubon Ratchathani, forestales, manejo forestal, arboles fuera about 400 km northeast of Bangkok. The del bosque, cambio de uso de la tierra, trainees got up at 4 a.m. to gather and productos forestales, productos weigh the mushrooms in time for the forestales no madereros, madera para daily market. A significant part of the energía, aspectos socioeconómicos e Interregional Project for Participatory course is devoted to showing the institucionales. Upland Conservation and Development trainees how to start a mushroom farm El personal del proyecto trabajará en (GCP/INT/542/ITA) once they return home. estrecho contacto con los coordinadores A new Web page on the FAO/Italy Reports on the progress of last year’s nacionales de los países, nombrados Interregional Project for Participatory trainees show that mushroom growing is por sus respectivos gobiernos, y con el Upland Conservation and Development indeed a viable enterprise. Five farms grupo de trabajo de la FAO. Se busca (GCP/INT/542/ITA) is now on line in five are already active and provide their así el logro de los objetivos del proyecto languages Ð Arabic, English, French, owners with about 5 000 baht per month, a través de un gran esfuerzo conjunto. Spanish and Italian which is about 20 percent above the Entre otras, están previstas las (www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/tcd/tco_wat average salary in the area. siguientes actividades: er/Einter.htm). Plans are under way to expand the ¥ talleres temáticos sobre información This project Web page, apart from a programme, funded jointly by FAO and forestal en diferentes países; brief description of the approach and the Thailand Department of Public ¥ consultorías en los países para methods followed, provides general Welfare, to other areas of Thailand and determinar el estado actual de la information about the activities promoted neighbouring countries, such as información forestal; at the grassroots and institutional levels, Cambodia and Lao People’s Democratic ¥ informes subregionales sobre key results achieved and main lessons Republic. The need is great. There are diferentes tópicos forestales. learned. an estimated 1.1 million disabled people It contains a section on each of the in Thailand alone, many of them living in Para más información, dirigirse a: five national project components (Bolivia, extreme poverty. (Source: FAO Contact, Jorge Morales, Coordinador Proyecto, Burundi, Nepal, Pakistan and Tunisia) May 2000.)

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FAO Subregional Office for Southern and The project, which started in March For more information, please contact: East Africa (SAFR) 1999, is examining the biophysical, social Dr Eric Boa, CABI Bioscience, Bakeham FAO’s Subregional office for Southern and and economic aspects of wild edible fungi Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. East Africa, based in Harare, is carrying collected from miombo woodlands. This Fax: +44 1491 829100; out a study on the status, management, type of native vegetation, found e-mail: [email protected]; community involvement and trade extensively in central and southern Africa, www.cabi.org/bioscience/index.htm potentials of forest-based mushrooms in is under threat from increased demand for East and Southern African countries. forest products and new land for agriculture and settlement. Edible fungi CENTER FOR For more information, please contact: are probably the most valuable non- INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY Mr Michel Laverdiere Forest timber forest product harvested from the RESEARCH (CIFOR) Conservation Officer, FAO SAFR, PO miombo, yet little is known about the Box 3730, Harare, Zimbabwe. quantities taken each year. There is Innovative methodology for improved Fax: +263 4 700724; concern that production of edible fungi is assessment of development prospects for e-mail: [email protected] declining while opportunities for improving forest products the financial returns to local people have As part of CIFOR’s effort to understand still to be explored. better the role and potential of non- CABI BIOSCIENCE timber forest products in development and conservation, the Forest Products CABI Bioscience is a multidisciplinary and People Programme of CIFOR has scientific research and training capability, initiated a collaborative project to make a dedicated to tackling some of the world’s comparative analysis of a large number most challenging problems: of NTFP cases from the three main ¥ raising agricultural productivity in tropical regions. sustainable systems; About 50 cases of commercially ¥ conserving and making better use of valuable products that have already the world’s biological resources; and been studied (the idea is to take ¥ protecting the environment from the advantage of the large amount of work damaging effects of human activity. already done on NTFPs) have been CABI Bioscience is internationally selected and will be documented using a based and staffed by teams of standardized set of characteristics which biosystematists, biotechnologists, FUNGAL NAMES DATABASE describe aspects of forest product ecologists, parasitologists and crop The database of names of fungi development: factors related to protection and biological control maintained by CABI Bioscience (but production, processing and marketing specialists, working at and from its contributed to by many mycologists conditions. These will then be analysed centres in Malaysia, Pakistan, Kenya, throughout the world) is now using multivariate techniques Trinidad, Switzerland and the United available for searching on the Internet (exploratory analyses) to: create Kingdom. (http://194.131.255.3/cabipages/). typologies of cases; identify conditions Its activities are focused under three Information on family names will associated with particular kinds of sectors: follow shortly. development and conservation ¥ Biological Pest Management Although this database started life outcomes; and identify and test ¥ Environment as just a list of names it now contains, hypotheses about forest product ¥ Biodiversity and Biosystematics for a small but gradually increasing development. through nine interrelated subset, real taxonomic information. The goal of this exercise is to identify multidisciplinary programmes. For a smaller subset there are “conditions” and “types” of cases that are CABI Bioscience, incorporating the complete taxonomies for genera, amenable to development interventions, former International Mycological Institute, families, orders or classes of fungi. as well as to flag “types” of cases that is also a global centre of excellence on These are part of the CABI may not be good investments. The aim fungi. An ongoing three-year project, Bioscience contribution to Species is to develop a tool that could be used to Miombo Edible Fungi, funded by the UK 2000. assess the development potential of Department for International [Please see under News and Notes for many different forest products, Development, is being managed by CABI more information on Species 2000.] regardless of type or location. This new Bioscience in association with the Forest analytical tool will assist in predicting the Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM). development prospects for forest

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products and could eventually help guide decision-making authority and Convention on Biodiversity (Biodiv governments, assistance agencies, non- livelihoods. Household-based Project) and the Livelihood Systems and governmental organizations and others management in China, in contrast, had Tropical Forest Areas Project in identifying appropriate projects and somewhat more positive impacts, (LISTRA/ABS). policies that promote sustainable although here too significant problems The Biodiv Project is one of six development based on forest products. were found. (Source: presentation by sectoral projects (other projects are (Extracted and edited from: CIFOR David Edmunds, CIFOR at FAO concerned with agrobiodiversity, News, No. 26, November 2000.) headquarters, Rome, October 2000.) desertification, climate change and the Montreal Protocol), which are carried out For more information, please contact: For more information, please contact: in support of the implementation of the Brian Belcher, Ousseynou Ndoye or David Edmunds or Carol Colfer, CIFOR, international conventions. The Biodiv Patricia Shanley, CIFOR, PO Box 6596, JKPWB, Jakarta 10065, Project is intended “to help speed PO Box 6596, JKPWB, Indonesia. implementation of the international Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. Fax: +62 251 622 100; Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Fax: +62 251 622 100; e-mail: [email protected] in the development cooperation areas in e-mail: [email protected]; [Please see under News and Notes for which Germany is involved, and to [email protected]; more information on CIFOR.] promote the further development of the [email protected]; or Convention itself, its instruments and [email protected] bodies. Moreover, the Biodiv Project GERMAN AGENCY supports developing countries in their FOR TECHNICAL efforts to implement the Convention at COOPERATION – GTZ the national level. The project promotes both large individual projects and GTZ has a number of activities dealing smaller-scale activities.” with NWFPs: two relevant programmes The project currently focuses on are the Tropical Ecology Support issues such as bioprospecting (on-going Programme (TÖB) and the German project in the Philippines), medicinal Appropriate Technology Exchange plants (Guinea), tree-ferns and palms Programme (GATE). (Mexico), Mongolian gazelles (Mongolia), TÖB is a supraregional service and alternative income generation through research programme which contributes NWFPs (Malawi), ecotourism (Ecuador, to the ecological sustainability of Albania) and gender. development cooperation. In the In addition to the projects mentioned framework of this programme, various above, the Federal Ministry for Economic studies related to NWFPs have been Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is carried out, such as wildlife cofunding: Under the CIFOR programme, Local management, NWFP assessment in ¥ the elaboration of a concept People, Devolution and Adaptive Co- Paraguay, bushmeat in West Africa and regarding the use of medicinal plants management, a number of case studies economic valuation of biological (e.g. Andrographis paniculata) as a were conducted in China, India and the diversity. national resource in Indonesia; Philippines to assess whether and how GATE aims at improving “the ¥ the elaboration of monographs on the well-known examples of devolution technological competence of NGOs and medicinal plants from Nepal and policies in these three countries other groups involved in self-help- Thailand in order to support the expanded the scope for local decision- oriented poverty alleviation and to cultivation and marketing of making about forest, supported forest- develop information and knowledge medicinal plants; and related livelihoods and improved forest management systems for NGOs and ¥ a TRAFFIC project on international quality. self-help groups”. In the field of NWFPs, trade in medicinal plants. Preliminary findings indicate that the activities are related to selected products Future activities of the Biodiv Project devolution policies most often cited as such as neem, brazil nuts (small-scale scheduled for the third phase of the successes in the literature on policy projects in Peru and Brazil) and snake project (2000-2003) will focus on four reform Ð joint forest management in serum (Peru). main issues: access and benefit sharing India and community-based forest The most relevant activities of GTZ (ABS); traditional knowledge (Article 8j of management in the Philippines Ð were related to NWFPs are carried out by the CBD); biosafety; and synergies often disappointing in their impacts on sectoral projects, Implementing the between the various conventions and the

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International Forum on Forests (IFF) Four study sites have been selected in examination of the socio-economic process. the project, some of which are condition of local people involved in The LISTRA/ABS Project collects and interesting from the socio-economic NTFP production. (Source: evaluates experience and expertise viewpoint (e.g. Mapuche communities in www.itto.or.jp/inside/report1999/ gained from projects and research work San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina; annex1b.html) in order to develop appropriate campesinos in Pontal do methodological approaches, concepts Paranapanema, Brazil; rubber tappers Non-Timber Production and Sustainable and strategies related to the and colonos in Acre, Brazil). Development in the Amazon (Brazil – PD management of protected areas and 31/99 Rev. 3 (I)) buffer zones. For more information, please contact: Implementing agency: University of The most relevant issues dealt with by Weber Amaral, International Plant Brasilia LISTRA/ABS in the field of NWFPs are Genetic Resources Institute, Funding countries: Japan, Switzerland the topics “negotiation of user rights” and Via delle Sette Chiese 142, This 24-month project will continue “economic valuation of natural 00145 Rome, Italy. research and extension work on the resources”. Fax: +39 065750309; promotion of non-timber production in Future activities for the next two years e-mail: [email protected]; the Amazon initiated under ITTO project will include: funding mechanisms for www.cgiar.org/ipgri PD 143/91 Rev. 2(I) Non-Wood Tropical nature conservation; relationship Forest Products: Processing, Collection between national crisis and nature and Trade. It will collect and make conservation; and benefit-sharing INTERNATIONAL available comprehensive socio-economic arrangements. (Edited from: travel report TROPICAL TIMBER and technological information on non- by S. Walter, FAO, November 2000.) ORGANIZATION (ITTO) timber production in the Amazon. It will More information on GTZ work is also add to a databank on Amazonian found in: GTZ. 1998. The potentials of Recent and ongoing ITTO projects in the non-wood forest products in Portuguese. the neem tree in Ghana. Eschborn; GTZ. field of NTFPs are: 2000. Status report on global neem Processing and Utilization of Almaciga usage. By P. Förster and G. Moser. Promotion of non timber forest products (Agathis philippinensis Warb.) Eschborn, Germany. in the Terai region of Nepal Resin as Source of Industrial Chemicals Further information on the various Implementing agency: Ministry of Forests (Philippines – PD 36/99 Rev. 4(I)) Biodiv projects is available on the and Soil Conservation Implementing agency: Forest Products Internet: Non-timber forest products (NTFP) have Research and Development Institute (www.gtz.de/biodiv/english/a03_e.htm). an important role in the economy of the (FPRDI) Terai region of Nepal. Many medicinal Funding countries: Japan, Switzerland For more information, please contact: plants have export markets in India, The specific objectives of the project are Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Germany, Japan, France and Malaysia; to study the technical and economic Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, however, certain NTFP species are aspects of refining crude almaciga resin Implementing the Biodiversity facing extinction or degradation. At on a pilot scale and to develop industrial Convention, OE 4404, PO Box 51 80, present, there is a lack of information on D-65726 Eschborn, Germany. propagation, sustained yield, appropriate Fax: +49 6196 79 6190. harvesting techniques, best harvesting season, storage and processing. This pre-project will assess the present status INTERNATIONAL in the management of NTFPs in three of PLANT GENETIC Nepal’s Terai districts (Banke, Parsa and RESOURCES INSTITUTE Morang) by determining the current use, (IPGRI) identifying the potential and means for increasing production. These districts IPGRI has recently started a project on contain a large quantity of medicinal and the conservation, management and aromatic plants that are harvested sustainable use of forest genetic annually. The pre-project will include a resources in Brazil and Argentina, which quantitative resource assessment, includes an important socio-economic determination of the annual quantity of component, complementing the more NTFPs collected, methods of collection, traditional genetic and ecological studies. drying and storage practices, and the Cinchona calisaya

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chemicals from refined resin. The project Organization (ITTO), International Programme integrates the focus and will involve the promotion and transfer of Organizations Center, 5th Floor, activities of previously independent improved tapping techniques for Pacifico-Yokohama 1-1-1, Minato-Mirai, regional forestry initiatives, to ensure almaciga resin and development work Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220-0012 Japan. that there is collaboration and for increased and further processing of Fax: +81 45 223 1111; complementarity at a regional level. almaciga resin into higher value-added e-mail: [email protected]; products in order to promote www.itto.or.jp/Index.html For more information, please contact: development opportunities and income in Secretariat of the Pacific Community, almaciga-producing forest communities BP D5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, Tropical Forest Update New Caledonia. Sustainable Management and Utilization Tropical Forest Update (TFU) is a free Fax: +687 26 38 18; of Sympodial Bamboos in South China journal published every three months by e-mail: [email protected]; (China – PD 10/00 Rev. 2(F,I)) ITTO, both in hard copy and on the ITTO www.spc.org.nc/ Implementing agency: Research Institute Web site, to promote the conservation of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy and sustainable development of tropical of Forestry forests. TFU is also available in French Funding countries: Japan, Australia, and Spanish. Republic of Korea Tropical Forest on-line is an electronic This 36-month project will develop and version newsletter, containing articles disseminate knowledge and technologies published in the most recent edition of to promote the sustainable management TFU. and efficient utilization of sympodial To receive the printed version of the bamboo. This type of bamboo is newsletter, send your full postal address distributed widely in southern China. The to the TFU Editor, Alastair Sarre, project will establish a conservation International Tropical Timber Organization garden of sympodial bamboo genetic (ITTO), International Organizations diversity based on an analysis of the Center, 5th Floor, Pacifico-Yokohama 1-1- genetic resource, and identify two 1 000- 1, Minato-Mirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, 220- ha experimental and demonstration areas 0012 Japan. E-mail: [email protected];

for the implementation of high-yielding www.itto.or.jp/newsletter/v10n3/index.html Manual de ordenamiento castañero and sustainable management models.

Improvement of Sustainable Management SECRETARIAT OF THE and Utilization of Tropical Non-Timber PACIFIC COMMUNITY Forest Products (NTFP) in Cambodia (Cambodia – PPD 1/00 Rev. 1(I)) Regional Forestry Programme Implementing agency: Department of The Suva-based Regional Forestry Forestry and Wildlife Programme is made up of the former Funding countries: Japan, United States, UNDP/FAO South Pacific Forest and France Trees Support Programme (SPFTSP) This six-month pre-project will assess and GTZ Pacific German Regional the current situation of production, Forestry Project (PGRFP). utilization and trade of tropical NTFPs in Forest resources play a critical role in Cambodia, with a view to formulating a the economy and sustainable livelihood project proposal for improving the of Pacific Island people. Proper sustainable management and utilization management practices and sustainable of NTFPs for consideration by the harvesting of this resource are the key International Tropical Timber Council. objective of the Regional Forestry (Source: www.itto.or.jp/inside/download/ Programme. Focus is on natural forest itto%20approved%20and%20funded%20 management and conservation, projects.doc) watershed management, agroforestry, and development and use of tree/plant For more information, please contact: resources. International Tropical Timber In addition, the Regional Forestry

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n/fonp/cfu/cfu-e.stm; INTERNATIONAL www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/forestry/fo 3RD EUROPEAN FORUM SYMPOSIUM ON n/fonp/cfu/ftpp/en/ftpp-e.stm ON URBAN FORESTRY SUSTAINABLE BUDAPEST, HUNGARY 9-12 MAY 2000 DEVELOPMENT IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS – BIOLOGY, SILVICULTURE The International Union of Forestry WORLD SEMI-ARID 2000 AND MANAGEMENT OF Research Organizations (IUFRO) JOÃO PESSOA, PARAIBA, BRAZIL NON-TIMBER FOREST 9-22 MARCH 2000 PRODUCTS established a special Working Group on Urban Forestry (S.6.14.00) some years WAGENINGEN, THE NETHERLANDS For more information, please contact: 14 APRIL 2000 ago. In addition, the European Forum on Prof. Dorival C. Bruni, President, Urban Forestry (EFUF) was initiated in Brazilian Society for the Environment For more information, please contact: 1998. EFUF was established to create a (BIOSFERA), PO Box 2432, Rio de Jelle Maas, Programme Unit, The platform for Europe’s urban forest Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20001-970, Brazil. Tropenbos Foundation, PO Box 232, managers to meet and exchange Fax: +55 21 2217626; 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands. experiences and information. A small e-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected]; number of scientists and other experts in www.biosfera.com.br www.tropenbos.nl the field are invited to take part in the discussions. To date, EFUF’s main focus has been on the planning and 9TH MEETING OF THE WORKSHOP ON management of urban and peri-urban FORESTS, TREES AND DEVELOPING NEEDS-BASED woodlands. PEOPLE PROGRAMME (FTTP) INVENTORY METHODS The theme of this workshop was “Paying for urban forests”. NEPAL FOR NON-TIMBER FOREST 21-25 MARCH 2000 Thirty urban foresters from the PRODUCTS: APPLICATION following countries participated: Austria, AND DEVELOPMENT NTFP issues is an important topic of Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, collaboration in FTPP Asia. Issues OF CURRENT RESEARCH Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, covered include: domestication of TO IDENTIFY PRACTICAL Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia and the NTFPs, unsustainable harvesting, in situ SOLUTIONS FOR United Kingdom. conservation of some species; NTFP DEVELOPING COUNTRIES During the first two EFUF meetings, a policy/management plan development; ROME, ITALY central issue had been financing urban 4-5 MAY 2000 income source Ð maintain livelihoods; forestry. Urban woodland managers and marketing. A report of the working Organized by the European Tropical need to cater for a wide range of needs, group discussion is available. Forest Research Network (ETFRN) and including the demands of forest the Forest Research Programme (FRP) recreation opportunities for millions of For more information, please contact: of the United Kingdom Department for people. Forestry in and near urban FTPP Facilitator for Southeast Asia, International Development, in areas is often more expensive than FTPP/RECOFTC, Regional Community collaboration with FAO. forestry elsewhere, which raises the Forestry Training Center, Kasetsart question of how sufficient funding can be University, PO Box 1111, Bangkok For more information, please contact: found. The themes of the workshop 10903, Thailand. Evelyn Whyte, European Tropical sessions were: Fax: +66 2 561 4880; Forest Research Network (ETFRN), ¥ Valuing and marketing of urban e-mail: [email protected]; c/o The Tropenbos Foundation, forest goods and services. www.recoftc.org/; or PO Box 232, 6700 AE Wageningen, ¥ Exploring different funding sources Mr Hiroyuki Tanaka, the Netherlands. for urban forestry. Associate Professional Officer, Fax: +31 317 495521; ¥ Urban forest management in a Community Forestry Unit, e-mail: [email protected]; changing society. Forestry Policy and Planning Division, www.etfrn.org/etfrn Forestry Department, FAO, [Please see Box on p. 67, under For more information, please contact: Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, International Action, for more information Dr Cecil C. Konijnendijk, Coordinator, 00100 Rome, Italy. on this workshop.] European Forum on Urban Forestry, Fax: +39 0657055514; Danish Forest and Landscape Research www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/forestry/fo Institute, Hoersholm Kongevej 11,

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DK-2970 Hoersholm, Denmark. and sustainability of NGARA were For more information, please contact: Fax: +45 45 76 32 33; discussed and agreed upon. United Plant Savers, PO Box 98, East e-mail: [email protected] Ms Laura Russo, Forestry Officer, Barre, VT 05649, USA. FAO, made a presentation on the Fax: +1 802 479 9825; information needs at the local and e-mail: [email protected] WORKSHOP ON NON- national levels for the biophysical and TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS socio-economic assessment of NWFPs. BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA She also presented the aims and CULTIVATING (IN) 23-24 MAY 2000 activities of the NWFP component of TROPICAL FORESTS project GCP/RAF/354/EC: Sustainable LOFOTEN, NORWAY British Columbia’s interior forests are a Forest Management in African ACP 28 JUNE-1 JULY 2000 rich storehouse of food, medicinal, Countries, which has contributed funds industrial, aesthetic and spiritual to support the organization of the The objective of the workshop “The resources. Commercial interest in non- workshop. evolution and sustainability of timber forest products is growing rapidly, Gums and resins (from species of the intermediate systems between but many of these same products have genera Acacia, Boswellia and extractivism and plantations” was to always been used by First Nations Commiphora) are among the most bring together specialists with expertise people. Commercial harvesting of NTFPs important NWFP produced in Africa. in intermediate systems, from various is coming into conflict with traditional First Consequently, further work for the disciplines and geographical areas, to Nations’ use in many parts of British assessment of the productive capacity of explore issues related to these systems Colombia. By bringing people together to the resource base and of the socio- and to develop a stronger theoretical talk about these issues, future conflicts economic potential and prospects for the framework based on their collective may be avoided. development of these products is experience and ideas. considered a regional priority. The workshop organizers were the For more information, please contact: FORESASIA project, a European Union- [email protected] funded project on intermediate systems in Indonesia and the Philippines (involving eight institutions in these two AFRICAN NETWORK ON countries and France, Norway and NATURAL GUMS AND RESINS Spain) and the Center for International NAIROBI, KENYA Forestry Research (CIFOR). 29-31 MAY 2000 For more information, please visit: The workshop was jointly organized by Workshop site: the Kenya Forestry Research Institute http://org.nlh.no/etfrn/lofoten/; (KEFRI) and FAO’s Forest Products and FORESASIA project: Food and Nutrition Divisions. The For more information, please contact: www.envirodev.org/forresasia/; workshop was a follow-up to a regional Kenya Forestry Research Institute CIFOR: www.cgiar.org/cifor/ conference on the Conservation, (KEFRI), Post Box 20412, Nairobi, Management and Utilization of Plant Kenya. Gums, Resins and Essential Oils, held in Fax: +254 514 32844; FAO NEAR EAST FORESTRY Nairobi in October 1997, and was e-mail: [email protected] COMMISSION – 14TH attended by representatives from nine [Please see under News and Notes for SESSION African countries (producing natural more information on NGARA.] TEHERAN, IRAN gums and resins) and representatives of 1-4 JULY 2000 other African and international organizations. EXPLORING THE PLANT- Delegates from 11 members of the Near During the workshop, the Network for HUMAN RELATIONSHIP East Forestry Commission and Gums and Resins in Africa (NGARA) OHIO, USA observers from international was formally established, with the 9-11 JUNE 2000 intergovernmental organizations membership of all the countries attended the meeting. attending the workshop. The mission, The workshop focused on getting to The commission recommended that terms of reference, organization and know herbs and exploring the plant- FAO should be involved (with relevant management, mechanisms of operation human relationship. partners) in the promotion of NWFPs in

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the Near East region, especially in Forest Research Programme (FRP) of improving networking, supporting the the Department for International preparation of regional development Development (DFID-UK, Project projects and common programmes, and ZF0136). The project aimed at studying reviewing national forest policies and the use of forest products and services regulations so as to identify critical gaps by urban poor people. which could impede the conservation of Three sets of activities were carried forest biodiversity and at the same time out from April to July 2000: the sustainable development of NWFPs. ¥ a literature search on forest products’ (Source: Summary report of the 14th use by the target group in relation to session of the Near East Forestry urban poverty; Commission, July 2000.) ¥ case studies on forest products’ use environmental protection and against and o occupations in six cities in six For more information, please contact: desertification in its natural growing developing countries; and Regional Forestry Officer, FAO country; ¥ a workshop to discuss the results Regional Office for the Near East (RNE), ¥ to contribute to highlighting the with a group of people with interest PO Box 2223, Cairo, Egypt. image of cork as a multipurpose raw and knowledge in forest products Fax: +20 2 7495981; material with exceptional essential and/or urban poverty and e-mail: [email protected] features; development and identify ¥ to contribute to intensifying cork’s researchable constraints. image while being a polyvalent raw The objectives, methodology and SUSTAINABLE USE material with exceptional intrinsic findings of the project were presented OF FOREST PRODUCTS: characteristics; during the workshop. The project was ¥ to contribute to the sustainability of undertaken in six cities within FRP target MIOMBO EDIBLE FUNGI the multifunction ecosystems that countries Ð Mexico City, Mexico; Belém, ZOMBA, MALAWI 17 JULY 2000 allow for the production of cork; Brazil; Kumasi, Ghana; Harare, ¥ to contribute to the protection and Zimbabwe; Kathmandu, Nepal; and The meeting was organized at the development of the natural qualities Calcutta, India. Malawi Forestry Research Institute under of cork and of the different The project consisted of a rapid the framework of the Miombo Edible manufactured cork products. appraisal of forest products used and Fungi Project. income derived from trades or For more information, please contact: enterprises involving forest products. Proceedings are available and can be Maria Carolina Varela, Estação Florestal The appraisal was carried out by requested from: Nacional, Procalfer Ð Quinta do researchers of the University of Reading Dr Eric Boa, CABI Bioscience, Bakeham Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal. and collaborating institutions: Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK. Fax: +351 21 441 56 60; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Fax: +44 1491 829100; [email protected]; México, Universidade Federal da Bahia, e-mail: [email protected]; www.worldcorkcongress.com Crop Research Institute (Kumasi), IT www.cabi.org/bioscience/index.htm Zimbabwe, Nepal Agroforestry [Please see under International Action for Foundation and the Indian Statistical more information on the Miombo Edible RESEARCHABLE Institute (Calcutta). Fungi Project.] CONSTRAINTS TO THE USE Ms Laura Russo, Forestry Officer OF FOREST AND TREE (NWFP), FAO, made a presentation on PRODUCTS BY POOR URBAN FAO’s activities in the field of urban and peri-urban agriculture and urban forestry. WORLD CONGRESS ON AND PERI-URBAN CORK OAK AND CORK HOUSEHOLDS IN For more information please contact: LISBON, PORTUGAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 19-21 JULY 2000 Dr Georgina Holt, Department of READING, UK Agricultural/Food Economics, 20-21 JULY 2000 The congress had the following aims: University of Reading, PO Box 237, RG6 ¥ to demonstrate the decisive This workshop was organized by the 6AR, Reading, UK. importance of the cork oak stand as University of Reading to present the E-mail: [email protected] an ecosystem with unique findings of research carried out under [Please see under News and Notes for peculiarities which are decisive for the framework of a project funded by the more information on this workshop.]

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El objetivo general del curso era CULTURES BIODIVERSITY promover el estudio, la conservación y el AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND aprovechamiento sostenible de las CONGRESS 2000 USE – INTERNET SEMINAR plantas con propiedades para la YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA JULY 2000 elaboración de champúes y jabones 21-29 JULY 2000 medicinales mediante un curso breve Organized by the World Bank Institute’s dirigido a amantes de la naturaleza. Congress themes: Environment and Natural Resources ¥ The state of the art of indigenous Division, this Internet seminar was aimed Para más información, dirigirse a: cultures and biodiversity. at sharing experiences and helping to Ronald Rodríguez, Coordinador ¥ The cultural diversity of indigenous further the discourse on the role of BioCursos OET, Apartado postal 676- uses of space and resources. biodiversity in poverty alleviation and the 2050 San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica. ¥ The marginality, resource tenure and future of biodiversity conservation. Fax: +506 240 6783; intellectual property rights of Experts from IUCN, the World Bank and correo electrónico: indigenous people. other organizations moderated the [email protected]; ¥ The impact of modernization on discussions. www.ots.ac.cr/es/biocursos indigenous ways of dealing with (www.worldbank.org/devforum/forum_bio nature. diversity.html) ¥ The intercultural communication LIVING WITH THE TAIGA – between knowledge systems of BOREAL FORESTS IN THE indigenous people and the scientific BAMBOO 2000 21ST CENTURY community. INTERNATIONAL MOSCOW, RUSSIAN FEDERATION ¥ The Yunnan Agenda 2000 on Ethno- SYMPOSIUM 17-22 SEPTEMBER 2000 and Biodiversity. CHIANG MAI, THAILAND 2-4 AUGUST 2000 As we enter the twenty-first century, For more information, please contact: peoples, communities, countries and Xu Jianchu, Centre for Biodiversity and For more information, please contact: corporations are all searching for Indigenous Knowledge, Kunming, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart security Ð security for environment, Yunnan, China. University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. livelihoods and investments. Many E-mail: [email protected] or Fax: +66 2 942 8112; people are asking such questions as: [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected] What major trends are shaping the http://cbik.org boreal forest? What is the status of multiple-use forest management in the APRENDA A ELABORAR taiga? Can the boreal forest be a source SECOND PAN-AFRICAN JABONES MEDICINALES for industry, bring benefits to local SYMPOSIUM ON THE USE USANDO PLANTAS DE COSTA populations and provide a home for OF NATURAL RESOURCES RICA animals? Is there such a thing as “sustainable” industrial forestry? What IN AFRICA SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA lessons can indigenous peoples teach OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO 2 Y 3 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2000 24-27 JULY 2000 the rest of us about providing for community and wilderness? The symposium explored the impact of Nowhere more than in the Russian development on sustainable use and Federation, which contains more than conservation of natural resources in half of the world’s coniferous forests and Africa. 40 percent of the standing old-growth softwood timber, are those questions in For more information, please contact: urgent need of an answer. This is why it Bihini Won Wa Musiti, SUI African was chosen to hold the fifth international Regional Coordinator, IUCN Regional conference near Moscow on the theme Office for Central Africa, BP 5506 of “Living with the Taiga” and the role of Yaoundé, Cameroon. multiple-use forest management in Fax: +237 216497; promoting socially beneficial, e-mail: [email protected] economically viable and ecologically Rehum officinalis sound forestry.

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For more information, please contact: conservation with the need to stem the Dimitry Aksenov or Taiga Rescue 3RD INTERNATIONAL global loss of biodiversity and thus build Network International Coordination WORKSHOP ON on IUCN’s traditional strengths in Centre, Box 116, Ajtte, S-962 23 VALORIZATION OF species and protected areas. Jokkmokk, Sweden. AFRICAN PLUM The following sessions took place: Fax. +46 971 12057; (DACRYODES EDULIS) 1. Looking at the big picture: e-mail: [email protected] or AND OTHER NON- ecosystem management in [email protected]; mountains, watersheds and river CONVENTIONAL www.snf.se/trn basins. OIL CROPS [Please see under News and Notes for 2. Environmental health of island, YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON more information on the Taiga Rescue 2-5 OCTOBER 2000 coastal and marine ecosystems. Network.] 3. Environment and security. The workshop was organized by the 4. Forest ecospaces, biodiversity and African Safou Network (ASANET) and environmental security. NATURAL PRODUCTS the Cameroonian Institute of Agricultural 5. Ecospaces and a global culture of DRUG DISCOVERY: AN Research for Development (IRAD), and sustainability. ENGINE FOR SOCIALLY was sponsored by the Forest Research 6. Making waves: strategies for RESPONSIBLE DEVELOPMENT Programme of the United Kingdom averting the world water crisis. Department for International 7. Mobilizing knowledge for AND CONSERVATION Development. The main aims of the biodiversity. OF BIODIVERSITY meeting were to assess the state of 8. Sowing the seeds for sustainability: WASHINGTON, DC, USA 28 SEPTEMBER 2000 knowledge of these crops and to agriculture, biodiversity, economy highlight both research gaps and and society. For more information, please contact: development potential. 9. The role of local solutions, cultural Allie Hoover, USDA Forest Service, diversity and social equity for 1099 14th Street NW, Washington, DC For more information, please contact: conservation. 20005, USA. Dr Joseph Kengue, 10. Developing and investing in Workshop Coordinator, biodiversity business. Institute of Agricultural Research 11. Integrating biodiversity conservation REVIEW OF THE MOST for Development, science into environmental policy RESEARCHED HERBAL PO Box 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon. and management. Fax: +237 237571; 12. The ecological limits of climate PRODUCTS: e-mail: [email protected] change. IDENTIFYING EUROPEAN BRANDS CITED IN SCIENTIFIC For more information, please contact: LITERATURE AND THEIR SECOND WORLD World Conservation Union (IUCN), NAMES IN THE UNITED CONSERVATION rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, STATES MARKET CONGRESS (WCC2) Switzerland. OHIO, USA 4-11 OCTOBER 2000 www.iucn.org/amman/index.html 29 SEPTEMBER-1 OCTOBER 2000 AMMAN, JORDAN

This workshop reviewed some of the The theme of the Amman Congress was clinical studies on specific brands of “ecospace”, a term indicating that herbs and discussed to what extent environmental protection at various research incentive exists to stimulate geographical scales is a prerequisite for herbal manufacturers to conduct more the social, economic and even political clinical research. security of people. Redefining the frontiers of conservation will address the For more information, please contact: problem of the current inadequacy in United Plant Savers, PO Box 98, social and spatial organization for East Barre, VT 05649, USA. environmental management, involving Fax: +1 802 479 9825; knowledge, empowerment and e-mail: [email protected] governance at the global, national and local levels. It will link ecosystem

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INTERNATIONAL TRAINING FIELDS & FORESTS 2000: TRAINING ON MEASURES WORKSHOP ON A COASTAL AGROFORESTRY OF SUCCESS FOR SUSTAINABLE BAMBOO CONFERENCE AND SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT AND TRADESHOW BHOPAL, INDIA 16-21 OCTOBER 2000 PROCESSING TECHNIQUES VANCOUVER ISLAND, FOR SMALL-SIZED BAMBOO BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA 13-14 OCTOBER 2000 This training course was organized by ENTERPRISES the Indian Institute of Forest HANGZHOU, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE, Changing trends in global agricultural Management (IIFM) with support from CHINA 4-14 OCTOBER 2000 and forest resource sectors are forcing the World Bank-WWF Global Alliance. rural landowners to augment their farm The two main objectives of the course Many developing countries are rich in and forest incomes. In the past, the were to develop an understanding of the bamboo resources, but poor in focus of our forest resources has been criteria and indicators for sustainable sustainable and intensive management to view them primarily as sources of forest management among the experiences, which result in low timber only. By integrating non-timber participants, and to equip them with the productivity and a considerable waste of natural resources income opportunities skills of participatory designing and field resources. Experience in China shows into small-scale farm and forest sector application of a representative basic set that developing bamboo plantation and operations, our farmers and foresters of performance indicators in the context the rural bamboo processing industry is will have increased opportunities to of sustainable forest management in an important way to increase the income achieve profit due to greater South Asia. of rural people and improve the diversification. ecological environment in rural areas. Conference proceedings will For more information, please contact: How to utilize bamboo fully, and develop eventually be published on the Deep Narayan Pandey, IFS Associate rural or household enterprises that conference Internet site. Professor, Coordinator, INEF- process bamboo products of high International Network on Ethnoforestry, commercial value, has become the For more information, please visit the Coordinator for South Asia, Asia Forest focus of a wide range of fields. conference Internet site: Network, Indian Institute of Forest As a result, the Chinese Ministry of http://valleylinks.net/agroforest/ Management, PO Box 357, Science and Technology, the Nehru Nagar, Bhopal 462003, India. International Network for Bamboo and Fax: +91 755 772878; Rattan (INBAR) and the International e-mail: [email protected]; Farm Forestry Training Center www.inef.org; www.iifm.org or (INFORTRACE) of the Chinese http://education.vsnl.com/deep Academy of Forestry decided to cosponsor this international training workshop. NATURAL AND The workshop provided a good CULTIVATED TRUFFLES opportunity for all participants to ALBENGA, ITALY exchange information and to visit 18 OCTOBER 2000 various kinds of rural bamboo processing enterprises/plants producing A one-day workshop was organized on traditional bamboo handicrafts, series of how to improve truffle production, with shoot products and series of bamboo special emphasis on the renowned black panels. truffle.

For more information, please contact: For more information, please contact: Zhu Zhaohua, Deputy Director-General, Ms Francesca Cambiaggi, Ordine dei International Network for Bamboo and Dottori Agronomi e Dottori Forestali Rattan, Branch Box 155, PO Box 9799, delle Province di Genova e Savona, Beijing 100101, China. Largo San Giuseppe 18/15, Genoa Fax: +85 10 64956983; 16121, Italy. e-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

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institutions. The following countries were biocultural diversity and ensuring ROTHAMSTED represented: Albania, Armenia, equitable benefits sharing and open INTERNATIONAL BIOMARKET Azerbaijan, Belarus, Finland, Hungary, dialogue with traditional and indigenous 2000 – BIOPRODUCTS Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, research collaborators. This was the first FROM PLANTS Romania, Ukraine, the United States time that the International Society of and Uzbekistan. Ethnobiology (ISE) held its congress in AND MICROBES This was the fourth in the series of the United States, expecting a strong HARPENDEN, UK 18-20 OCTOBER 2000 workshops on “Marketing of Forest representation of United States and Products for Countries in Transition to Canadian indigenous groups, as well as For more information, please contact: Market Economies“ organized under the traditional peoples from Mexico, Central Dr Roger Atkin, “Rothamsted auspices of the ECE Timber Committee and Latin America, and around the world. International BioMarket 2000”, in close cooperation with the IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Government of Finland and FAO For more information, please visit: Herts AL5 2JQ, UK. Forestry Department. http://guallart.dac.uga.edu/ise Fax: +44 1582 760981; The conclusions of the workshop e-mail: [email protected]; indicated the need for better information www.biomarket.iacr.ac.uk on the potential of non-wood forest MEDICINAL HERBS: resources in relation to current use, GROWING MEDICINE better availability and access to market CALIFORNIA, USA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP and marketing information, as well as 24-25 OCTOBER 2000 ON SUSTAINABLE training and networking on the DEVELOPMENT OF management, processing and marketing MARKETING OF NON-WOOD of NWFPs. The participants suggested follow-up workshops and seminars FOREST PRODUCTS IN focused on training on specific NWFP- COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION related topics. TO MARKET ECONOMIES Mr Leo Lintu, Senior Forestry Officer CHISINAU, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (Forest Products Marketing), FAO, 23-27 OCTOBER 2000 coorganized and provided secretariat The workshop was hosted by the State assistance to the workshop. Mr Paul Forest Association of the Republic of Vantomme, Forestry Officer (NWFP), Moldova under the auspices of the ECE FAO, also attended. Medicinal herb identification, cultivation Timber Committee, in cooperation with and use were the topics covered during the Finnish Ministry of Environment, the For more information, please contact: two days in northern California at the Moldovan Ministry of Environment and Mr Edward Pepke, Forestry Officer, Occidental Arts & Ecology Center, a non- Territorial Development, UNDP Moldova Liaison Office with the United Nations profit farm. and FAO Forestry Department. (Geneva) Ð LOGE, Palais des Nations, The main objectives of the workshop CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. For more information, please contact: were to increase awareness of the Fax: +41 22 9170065; Collective Heritage Institute, 901 West importance of marketing in the non- e-mail: [email protected] San Mateo Road, Suite L, Santa Fe, NM wood forest products (NWFP) sector, to 87505, USA. provide information and understanding E-mail: [email protected]; of the basic elements of marketing and ETHNOBIOLOGY, www.bioneers.org the business environment and to initiate BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY, and strengthen collaboration between AND BENEFITS SHARING – public and private organizations in the 7TH INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF TREES FOR sector. CONGRESS OF FARMLAND REHABILITATION The attendance of 54 experts from 13 ETHNOBIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT countries was by invitation only of the ATHENS, GEORGIA, USA EL OBEID, THE SUDAN UN-ECE Timber Committee Secretariat 23-27 OCTOBER 2000 27 OCTOBER-4 NOVEMBER 2000 to specialists working in areas dealing with NWFP production, processing and The theme of the congress was “Earth in This workshop was organized by the marketing, forest resource management the next century” – specifically Tropical Silviculture Unit (TSU) of the planning and related supporting ethnobiology’s role in maintaining University of Helsinki, Finland, leading

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Sudanese institutions, as well as the Jalan Rodway, 93000 Kuching, people representing NGOs and Technical Centre for Agricultural and Sarawak, Malaysia. government institutions from Rural Cooperation (CTA, Wageningen, Fax: +60 82 412799; Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, the Netherlands) and the International e-mail: [email protected]; Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Senegal, Foundation for Science (IFS, Stockholm, www.sdi.com.my Uganda, Zambia, India and Nepal, as Sweden), in collaboration with other well as four international NGOs (Africare, international organizations. The first part World Church Services, Jean Paul II of the workshop was held at the gum WHOLE HEALTH RETAIL Foundation and World Vision arabic research station in El Obeid, STRATEGIES CONFERENCE International). Each of the participants North Kordofan State, the Sudan, and BROOMFIELD, COLORADO, USA made presentations on their activities in the second part consisted of visits to 3-6 NOVEMBER 2000 relation to specific aspects of promotion field sites. of tree planting and use in arid lands. Ms The workshop discussed and Retail pharmacy and supermarket Laura Russo, Forestry Officer (NWFP) compared the various agroforestry and executives, manufacturers and represented FAO. forestry options available for dryland distributors gathered to learn about what rehabilitation. It also highlighted the is on the leading edge in store design, For more information, please contact: ongoing practical fieldwork and research brand development, organic foods, Mr Arnie Schlissel, Administrative on natural and planted trees in consumer-buying patterns and Whole Coordinator, IPALAC. agricultural and forestry production Health on line, among other topics. E-mail: [email protected] systems in the Sudan. For more information, please visit: For more information, please contact: www.wholehealthstrategies.com INTERNATIONAL TRAINING Dr Olavi Luukkanen, Professor of PROGRAMME ON Tropical Silviculture, Chairman, SUSTAINABLE NTFP European Tropical Forest Research MANAGEMENT FOR RURAL Network, PO Box 28 (Koetilantie 3, DEVELOPMENT Viikki), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, MADHYA PRADESH AND WEST BENGAL, Finland. INDIA Fax +358 9 19158646; 6-24 NOVEMBER 2000 e-mail: [email protected]; http://honeybee.helsinki.fi/tropic The International Training Programme on Sustainable NTFP Management for Rural Development was organized in BIODIVERSITY 2000 India by the International Centre for KUCHING Community Forestry (ICCF) of the Indian KUCHING, MALAYSIA TREES Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) in 1-3 NOVEMBER 2000 FOR ARID LAND collaboration with the Rural BEER SHEVA, ISRAEL Development Centre of the Indian The conference was organized by the 6-16 NOVEMBER 2000 Institute of Technology (IIT). It was Sarawak Biodiversity Centre (SBC), the conducted in the field sites of Madhya Sarawak Development Institute and the This workshop was organized by the Pradesh (the richest state in India in Ministry of Science, Technology and International Programme for Arid Land terms of forests and tribals) and in West Environment, Malaysia. One of the Crops (IPALAC). Bengal. meeting’s main objectives was to take The objectives were to: introduce to a The course provided ample stock of the current status of biodiversity target group of representatives of opportunities for the participants to have at the global and regional levels, and to grassroots organizations and other non- direct interaction with NTFP collectors, review the progress and constraints in governmental organizations (NGOs) the users, processors and marketers. the implementation of the Convention on work of various Israeli institutions in the Biological Diversity. field of tree planting and use in arid lands; For more information, please contact: and share tree planting experiences from Dr Ram Prasad, Indian Institute of For more information, please contact: African drylands among participants. Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Post Mr Eric Sim K.Y., Conference The workshop was a combination of Box No. 357, Bhopal 462003, M.P., India. Coordinator, Sarawak Development lectures, field trips and presentations by Fax: +91 0755 772878; Institute, Rumah Laksamana Muda, participants. It was attended by 24 e-mail: [email protected]

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117 05 Praha 1, Czech Republic. For more information, please contact: NON-TIMBER FOREST Fax: +420 1 2181 2357; Mr Paul Vantomme, Forestry Officer PRODUCT (NTFP) e-mail: [email protected] (NWFP), Forest Products Division, WORKSHOP FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, OAXACA, MEXICO 00100 Rome, Italy. 7 NOVEMBER 2000 INTERNATIONAL IUFRO E-mail: [email protected]; SEMINAR ON INTEGRATED www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/nwfp/ As part of the events leading up to the MANAGEMENT OF nwfp-e.stm Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) NEOTROPICAL MOIST [Please see under Special Features for Annual Conference, Falls Brook Centre more information on this meeting.] FORESTS BY THE INDUSTRY hosted a one-day Non-Timber Forest AND COMMUNITIES Product (NTFP) Workshop. Among the BELÉM, BRAZIL issues discussed were recent 4-7 DECEMBER 2000 SHARING LOCAL AND developments in NTFP certification, how NATIONAL EXPERIENCE to ensure adequate assessment of A seminar was organized by IUFRO on IN CONSERVATION OF NTFPs during certification, and the next the integrated management of MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC steps for developing certification neotropical moist forests by the industry PLANTS IN SOUTH ASIA mechanisms within the FSC and other and communities: applying research POKHARA, NEPAL certification systems. results; involving stakeholders and 21-23 JANUARY 2001 The summary report is now available defining public policies. in both English and Spanish. More than 55 research scientists, For more information, please contact: foresters, development workers, For more information, please contact: Dr Natalino Silva, business people, traditional healers and Parick Mallet, Falls Brook Centre, Brazilian Agricultural Research academicians attended the workshop, 125 South Knowlesville Road, Corporation, CP 48, from six South Asian and five European Knowlesville, New Brunswick CEP 66240 Belém, Pará, Brazil. and North American countries. E7L 1B1, Canada. Fax: +55 91 2269845; Fax: +1 506 375 4221; e-mail: [email protected]; or For more information, please contact: e-mail: [email protected]; CIFOR Regional Office, Madhav Karki, Regional www.fallsbrookcentre.ca/ Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Programme Coordinator, Travessa Enéas Pinheiro s/n, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants CP 48, CEP 66095-100, Belém, Brazil. Programme in Asia (MAPPA), INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR E-mail: [email protected] IDRC/SARO, 208 Jor Bah, ON VALUATION OF FOREST New Delhi 110003, India. GOODS AND SERVICES Fax: +91 11 462 2707; e-mail: [email protected]; OPOCNO, EAST BOHEMIA, CZECH FAO EXPERT CONSULTATION REPUBLIC ON RATTAN DEVELOPMENT [email protected]; or 18-22 NOVEMBER 2000 ROME, ITALY [email protected]; 5-7 DECEMBER 2000 www.idrc.ca/saro In line with the work programme of the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe (MCPFE), the aims FINANCING SUSTAINABLE of the seminar were the clarification of FOREST MANAGEMENT the various aspects related to non- OSLO, NORWAY marketed goods and services (inter alia 22-25 JANUARY 2001 on biodiversity valuation); discussion on positive externalities of forests; non- This government-led initiative in support market social services, etc. of the IPF/IFF and UNFF (United Nations Forum on Forests) was For more information, please contact: cosponsored by Brazil, Denmark, Mr Karel Vancura, Malaysia, Norway, South Africa and the National Coordinator of MCPFE, United Kingdom and organized by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry Center for International Forestry Development Department, Tesnov 17, Research (CIFOR). Seventy experts

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from 40 countries, including on Ethnoforestry and the Indian Institute representatives from the private sector, of Forest Management, Bhopal, India. non-governmental organizations, financing institutions, international For more information, please contact: organizations and academia participated Deep Narayan Pandey, Associate in the workshop. The workshop focused Professor, Indian Institute of Forest on the issues of attracting private capital Management, Bhopal 462003, India. in sustainable forest management, Fax: +91 755 772878; effectively utilizing available financial e-mail: [email protected]; mechanisms and resources, and www.inef.org; www.iifm.org; or considering new mechanisms including http://education.vsnl.com/deep a global forest fund. It also discussed the feasibility of the “investment promotion entity (IPE)” concept as FAO COMMITTEE ON recommended by the International For more information, please contact: FORESTRY (COFO) – Forum on Forests (IFF). The workshop Ann Rogers, TAP, PO Box 2868, FIFTEENTH SESSION report will be submitted to UNFF1. Roanoke, VA 24001, USA; or ROME, ITALY The highlights of the workshop, Mr A.L. Hammett. 12-16 MARCH 2001 papers presented and other information E-mail: [email protected] can be accessed from the CIFOR Web Full documentation for COFO 2001 is site. (Source: informal circular letter available in all of the five working from the Secretariat of the United DELHI SUSTAINABLE languages of FAO (Arabic, Chinese, Nations Forum on Forests, February DEVELOPMENT SUMMIT English, French and Spanish) from the 2001.) DELHI, INDIA COFO Web site. 7-9 FEBRUARY 2001 For more information, please contact: For more information, please contact: Mr Mahendra L. Joshi, Forestry The summit, which was subtitled Becky Ortiz, Meetings Officer, Forest Advisor, IFF Secretariat, Two UN Plaza, “Poverty: the global challenge for Programmes Coordination and DC2-12th Floor, New York, NY 10017, governments, industry, scientists, and Information Unit, Forestry Department, USA. civil society”, was hosted by the Tata Office D-457, FAO, Fax: +1 212 963 3463; Energy Research Institute (TERI). Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, e-mail: [email protected]; or 00100 Rome, Italy. Mr Mafa E. Chipeta, Deputy Director- For more information, please contact: Fax: +39 0657052151; General, CIFOR, PO Box 6596 JKPWB, Ms Sangeeta Singh, TERI, Darbari Seth e-mail: [email protected]; Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. Block, Habitat Place, Lodhi Road, New COFO home page: Fax: +62 251 622 100; Delhi 110003, India. www.fao.org/forestry/fo/statbod/cofo/ e-mail: m.chipeta@cgiar; Fax: +91 11 4682144/4682145; cofo-e.stm; www.cifor.cgiar.org/fsfm/index.htm e-mail: [email protected]; FAO Forestry home page: www.teriin.org/dsds/index1.htm www.fao.org/forestry

VIRTUALLY WILD GINSENG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE NEW CASTLE, VA, USA ON INDIGENOUS INDIC 3 FEBRUARY 2001 TRADITIONS IN FORESTRY: LESSONS FOR The Wild Harvest Sector Workshop was CONTEMPORARY offered by Syl Yunker of the Appalachian Ginseng Foundation. SUSTAINABLE FOREST “Virtually wild” is Mr Yunker’s method of MANAGEMENT spacing ginseng plants on the forest KHAJURAHO, INDIA 8-10 FEBRUARY 2001 floor in a randomized fashion that imitates nature, thus inhibiting disease The event was sponsored by the Infinity and preventing theft of the ginseng Foundation, United States, and plants. organized by the International Network

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efforts and research results between the adaptability to local conditions, are 4TH SOUTH AND SOUTH participants. becoming available from the surviving EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES trials. NON-TIMBER FOREST For more information, please contact: It is now four to five years since the PRODUCTS NETWORK Dr Anssi Niskanen, European Forest international provenance trials were Institute, Tonkatu 34, 80100 Joensuu, established, and most of the trials have (SEANN) WORKSHOP Finland. already been assessed more than once MANILA, THE PHILIPPINES 19-21 MARCH 2001 Fax: +358 13 124 393; according to the common technical e-mail: [email protected] guidelines developed at the last meeting of the INN in Yangoon, Myanmar in 1997. The next step for the INN would INTERNATIONAL be to propose assistance and NEEM NETWORK coordination in processing the data that WORKSHOP has been collected. ON DATA ANALYSIS The purpose of the workshop held at the Arid Forest Research Institute, JODHPUR, INDIA 21–25 MARCH 2001 Jodhpur, India, was therefore to discuss analysis of the data: methodology, The International Neem Network (INN) statistical analysis, results, comprises 20 forestry institutions in interpretation, conclusions and Africa, South America, Asia and Europe, publication. which have joined efforts towards gaining a better knowledge of neem For more information, please contact: (Azadirachta indica) cultivation, Mr Pierre Sigaud, FAO, behaviour, adaptability and vigour, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, The workshop was organized by various inside and outside the natural 00100 Rome, Italy. Philippine institutions and the Centre of distribution range of the species. The Fax: +39 0657055137; Minor Forest Products for Rural network has facilitated the collection, e-mail: [email protected]; or Development and Environmental exchange and handling of neem Dr C.J.S.K. Emmanuel, Arid Forest Conservation (India). germplasm, and the establishment of Research Institute (AFRI), PO Krishi international provenance trials under Mandi, New Pali Road, Jodhpur, For more information, please contact: coordinated procedures. Trials Rajasthan 342 005, India. Ramon A. Razal, Associate Professor established between 1995 and 1997 are E-mail: [email protected] and Director, Training Center for now under observation, and preliminary Tropical Resources and Ecosystems results regarding the behaviour of Sustainability, and Chair, Organizing various neem provenances, and their Committee for the 4th SEANN Workshop, University of the Philippines Los Baños College of Forestry and Natural Resources, College, Laguna 4031, the Philippines. E-mail: [email protected]

ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF SMALL-SCALE FORESTRY JOENSUU, FINLAND 20-26 MARCH 2001

The objective of this symposium, focusing on the economically sustainable management of small-scale forests, was to exchange information on actual research problems, ongoing research Azadirachta indica

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exchange and update of information on ACOTANC-2001: 9TH vital topics. 16TH COMMONWEALTH AUSTRALASIAN CONFERENCE FORESTRY CONFERENCE For more information, please contact: ON TREE AND NUT CROPS FREMANTLE, PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA PERTH, AUSTRALIA, David Noël, Director, Tree Crops Centre, 18-25 APRIL 2001 13-20 APRIL 2001 Acotanc-2001 Conference Secretariat, PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. For more information, please contact: Fax +61 8 9388 1852; Commonwealth Forestry Association, e-mail: [email protected]; Oxford Forestry Institute, www.AOI.com.au/acotanc South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. Fax: +44 1865 275074; e-mail: [email protected] The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is hosting several workshops in 2001: URBAN GREEN SPACE IN THE 21ST CENTURY – URBAN March 2001. Using Bamboo and Rattan GREENING AS A to Reduce Poverty and Secure DEVELOPMENT TOOL Livelihood. United Republic of ST PETERSBURG, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Tanzania. 28-31 MAY 2001 Contact: Dr I.V. Ramanuja Rao; e-mail: [email protected] For more information, please contact: Dr Irina Melnichuk. May 2001. Bamboo Housing Training E-mail: [email protected] The conference theme will be “Tree Workshop. Mumbai, India. crops: essential for the earth”. Contact: Dr I.V. Ramanuja Rao; e-mail: MiniAcs (half-day to three-day [email protected] BUILDING BRIDGES WITH miniconferences on specialist topics) will TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE be held from 14 to 16 April. Most will be July 2001. The Role of Bamboo in HONOLULU, HAWAII, USA organized in conjunction with Australian Disaster Avoidance. Ecuador. 28 MAY-3 JUNE 2001 specialist groups. The following are Contact: Mr Lou Yiping; e-mail: among the topics expected to be [email protected] Conference themes cover: covered: almonds; bush tucker Ethnobiological research (Australian native plant foods); cactus November 2001. Resources, Trade and Cultural diversity and property rights fruits; chestnuts; environmental Market Structure for Bamboo and Biodiversity and development integration of tree crops; permaculture Rattan. Delhi, India. Traditional and biological conservation. etc.; hazelnuts; essences and industrial Contact: Dr Maxim Lobovikov; e-mail: oils from perennial plants; macadamias; [email protected] For more information, please contact: medicines from Australian plants; new Building Bridges Conference, Honolulu, approaches to traditional fruits; olives November 2001. VII International Hawaii, USA. and other perennial plant oils; pecans; Bamboo Workshop and Congress. Fax: +1 808 956 3923; pistachios; propagation of tree crop India. e-mail: [email protected] plants; specialist and cabinet timbers; Contact: Dr I.V. Ramanuja Rao; e-mail: quandongs and sandalwood; tree crops [email protected] for saline and arid lands; tropical fruits APPALACHIAN HERB and nuts; unusual temperate fruits and For more information, please contact: GATHERING (GROWING, nuts; and walnuts. INBAR, Branch Box 155, PO Box 9799, CONSERVING AND USING Prominent tree crop experts from Beijing 100101, China. OUR NATIVE PLANTS) major world regions (e.g. the United Fax: +86 10 6495 6962/83; OHIO, USA States, China, New Zealand, Chile, e-mail: [email protected]; 23-24 JUNE 2001 Israel, the Philippines, Brazil and Brunei) www.inbar.org.sg are expected to attend and participate in The Rural Action Sustainable Forestry the MiniAcs Ð a chance for global Program is planning a conference, in

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partnership with the National Center for trade talks for people from different parts the Preservation of Medicinal Herbs and of the world. 17TH INTERNATIONAL United Plant Savers, that will be of The workshop will feature technical SEMINAR ON FOREST benefit to landowners who are and poster presentations, discussions AND NATURAL RESOURCES concerned with becoming economically on: ADMINISTRATION sustainable on their woodlands while at ¥ Biological and ecological AND MANAGEMENT the same time protecting the characteristics of bamboo forest and COLORADO, USA environment. This is mainly products in disaster avoidance. 26 AUGUST-13 SEPTEMBER 2001 accomplished through the use of special ¥ Bamboo to rehabilitate degraded forest products (also known as non- land. The seminar was hosted by Colorado timber forest products). ¥ Use of bamboo to sustain riverbanks State University’s College of Natural The topics to be covered include: and erosion control slope. Resources. ¥ Growing forest and field herbs ¥ Characteristics of wind-resistance In the past, more than 405 managers ¥ Wild-simulated ginseng and earthquake-resistance bamboo from 110 nations have attended this ¥ Using medicinal herbs. housing. seminar, which focuses on strategies ¥ Development of new structure of and methods to develop, manage and For more information, please contact: disaster-resistance housing. conserve natural resources for the Cynthia Brunty, Rural Action Forestry sustained delivery of goods and services Program. For more information, please contact: to meet the full range of human needs. Fax: +1 740 767 4938; Mr Lou Yiping, INBAR, Branch Box 155, e-mail: [email protected] PO Box 9799, Beijing 100101, China. For more information, please contact: Fax: +86 10 64956962; Ms Ann Keith. e-mail: [email protected]; E-mail: [email protected]; WORKSHOP ON THE www.inbar.org.cn www.fs.fed.us/global/is/isfam/welcome. ROLE OF BAMBOO htm IN DISASTER AVOIDANCE ECUADOR INTERNATIONAL 30 JULY-3 AUGUST 2001 SEMINAR ON PROTECTED CONSERVACIÓN DE LA AREA MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSIDAD EN LOS The workshop will be jointly sponsored MONTANA, USA ANDES Y LA AMAZONIA – by the International Network for Bamboo 9-25 AUGUST 2001 REUNIENDO A CIENTÍFICOS, and Rattan (INBAR) and the ONGS E INDÍGENAS Government of Ecuador and will be held This seminar is hosted by the University CUZCO, PERÚ in conjunction with the International of Montana in collaboration with 24-28 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 2001 Bamboo Fair. Colorado State University and the An international list of speakers Ð University of Idaho. Participants will Organizado por: including researchers, administrators, discuss and see examples of innovative Centro Bartolomé de Las Casas – CBC, policy-makers, resource managers, approaches to critical protected area Cuzco, Perú; material and equipment suppliers, management issues, including resource Fundación Científica San Francisco – manufacturers, and bamboo land and assessment and planning tools, FCSF, Del Mar (Estados Unidos), Loja house users Ð will discuss the role and techniques to address visitor interests (Ecuador), Munich (Alemania); potential uses and the R&D activities and impacts, and mechanisms to Red Internacional para la Conservación required to enhance and promote the reconcile resource protection with de la Biodiversidad y la Diversidad role of bamboo. development pressures. Cultural Ð INKA, Munich, Alemania. At the same time, the International Bamboo Fair will give resource owners, For further information Objetivos producers, product manufacturers and on this seminar, please contact: El congreso internacional e suppliers and business people an Dr James A. Burchfield, University interdisciplinario tratará de la opportunity to exhibit their products and of Montana, Missoula, conservación de la biodiversidad en los promote marketing for their bamboo MT 59812-0002, USA. Andes y la Amazonia con énfasis en el products and services. E-mail: [email protected]; Ecuador, el Perú y Bolivia, países The fair will feature a wide range of www.fs.fed.us/global/is/ispam/welcome albergan una enorme riqueza cultural y bamboo product exhibits and business .htm biológica. Sin embargo, todos los opportunities and provide services for diversos ecosistemas, desde los bosques

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húmedos de la cuenca amazónica hasta los bosques andinos, se encuentran SÉMINAIRE INTERNATIONAL amenazados. Su destrucción continúa a – FORESTRY MEETS THE pesar de que ya existe suficiente PUBLIC conocimiento acerca de la importancia y RÜTTIHUBELBAD, SUISSE el valor de esos ecosistemas. 8-11 OCTOBRE 2001 El congreso ofrece la posibilidad de reunir los diferentes actores involucrados Le séminaire est organisé par le Comité en la conservación de la biodiversidad: Fundación Espavé mixte FAO/CEE/OIT de la technologie, científicos, ONGs, poblaciones locales y Oenocarpus bataua de la gestion et de la formation grupos indígenas. El intercambio de forestières, avec la participation de conocimientos y el debate sobre las l’UIIRF. deficiencias actuales que muestra la INTERNATIONAL Le séminaire vise à répondre aux cooperación entre ciencia, ONGs y CONFERENCE ON ADVANCING questions suivantes: organizaciones indígenas, podría facilitar COMMUNITY FORESTRY: Que signifient relations publiques et el desarrollo de estrategias comunes éducation en matière d’environnement INNOVATIONS AND SCALING más efectivas para la conservación de la dans la foresterie? UP EXPERIENCES naturaleza y el manejo sostenible de los Sont-elles nécessaires? CHIANG MAI, THAILAND recursos naturales. 25-28 SEPTEMBER 2001 Quels sont les groupes cibles? Quel message la foresterie tente-t-elle Sesiones del congreso The conference is being organized by the de faire passer? Son seis los temas de las sesiones Regional Community Forestry Training Qui sont les “messagers”, quelles principales: Center for Asia and the Pacific institutions sont impliquées? 1. diversidad de especies en las (RECOFTC), FAO Regional Office for Asia Quels sont les moyens et les médias qui regiones tropicales, con énfasis en and the Pacific (FAO/RAP), the peuvent faire passer efficacement ces el Ecuador, el Perú y Bolivia; International Center for Research in messages? 2. biodiversidad y los servicios de los Agroforestry (ICRAF), the World Quelle est l’efficacité de cette ecosistemas; Conservation Union (IUCN) and the communication et comment peut-on en 3. uso sostenible de recursos Sustainable Management of Resources in évaluer l’impact? naturales; the Lower Mekong Basin Project (SMRP) Quelles sont les carences et comment 4. uso y valor de los productos no MRC/GTZ. peut-on améliorer les liens entre madereros; Diverse forms of community-based relations publiques et éducation en 5. manejo de parques naturales y forest management have been developed matière d’environnement dans la áreas protegidas; throughout the Asian region and some foresterie? 6. oportunidades y riesgos del countries have already institutionalized ecoturismo en comunidades such systems through legislation or other Pour plus de détails, veuillez contacter: indígenas. enabling forms. The conference will Martin Büchel, Chef du secteur des examine critically the emerging policy, bases et formation, Direction fédérale Para más información, dirigirse a: institutional and local innovations that are des forêts, CH-3003 Berne, Suisse. Secretaría del Congreso, Sigrun Lang, driving community forestry forwards and Télécopie: +41 31 324 7866; INKA e.V., Gravelottestr., 6, provide an excellent opportunity to identify mél.: [email protected] 81667 Munich, Alemania. and share lessons learned and challenges Fax: +49 89 45911920; in community forestry. correo electrónico: VII WORLD INTERNATIONAL [email protected]; For more information, please contact: BAMBOO CONGRESS www.inka-ev.de/congress2001.htm; Dr Somsak Sukwong, Executive Director, DEHRA DUN, INDIA o a: Regional Community Forestry Training 12-17 NOVEMBER 2001 Eliana Rivera, Centro Bartolomé de Las Center for Asia and the Pacific Casas, Av. Tullumayo 465, Cuzco, Perú. (RECOFTC), Kasetsart University, PO The conference is a triennial gathering of Fax: +51 84 241319; Box 1111, Bangkok 10903, Thailand. representatives from 37 countries. correo electrónico: Fax: +662 561 4880; Sponsored and organized by a [email protected]; e-mail: [email protected]; cooperation of bamboo peoples, the www.cbc.org.pe www.recoftc.org name of this conference incorporates both the International Bamboo

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Association (IBA) and the International Fax +39 091 6521098; Network of Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) e-mail: [email protected]; events. www.geolab.unifi.it/iufro_conference Bamboo forests are a main component of Asian and South American upland watersheds. ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO Currently planners are trying to gauge COMBAT DESERTIFICATION: worldwide interest in bamboo CONNECTING COMMUNITY conservation issues. ACTION WITH SCIENCE AND A basic outline of the proposed COMMON SENSE meeting programme is listed on the CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA/RURAL International Bamboo Association Web COMMUNITIES AND GOBABEB, NAMIBIA site (www.bamboo.org.au/iba/). 8-20 APRIL 2002

For more information, please contact: An international symposium, rural V. Ramanuja Rao, INBAR Programs In the light of these important issues, community interaction and workshop. Coordinator. the major objectives of this conference E-mail: [email protected]; or will be to: For more information, please visit the Susanne Lucas, IBA Representative. ¥ review the state of the art of forest Internet site: E-mail: [email protected] inventory data and methodology, with http://des2002.az.blm.gov/homepage. special reference to Mediterranean htm; ecosystems, remote sensing and or contact: IUFRO CONFERENCE – spatial analysis; Ms Roben Penny, Woodbine, COLLECTING AND ¥ review inventory/monitoring Essex Road, Kalk Bay, 7975 Cape Town, ANALYSING INFORMATION techniques relevant to high forest South Africa. landscape heterogeneity and Tel./Fax: +27 21 788 1285; FOR SUSTAINABLE FOREST forthcoming technologies; e-mail: [email protected]; or MANAGEMENT AND ¥ review mensuration and information Ms Mary Seely, Desert Research BIODIVERSITY MONITORING technology advances for distinctive Foundation of Namibia, PO Box 20232, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO issues such as monitoring wildfires, Windhoek, Namibia. MEDITERRANEAN biomass estimation in coppices and Fax: +264 61 230 172; ECOSYSTEMS dwarf maquis stands and grazing e-mail: [email protected]; or PALERMO, SICILY, ITALY pressure on forests; Mr Beaumont C. McClure, Special 4-6 DECEMBER 2001 ¥ discuss the possible connecting role Assistant for International Programs, of landscape ecology and the Bureau of Land Management, Arizona The conference is intended to give inventory implementation of habitat State Office, 222 North Central Avenue, participants hands-on workshop classification approaches with a view Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA. exchanges and experiences about to biodiversity assessment; Fax: +1 602 417 9398; inventory/monitoring problems and ¥ facilitate cooperation between e-mail: [email protected] potential. Special (but not exclusive) Mediterranean countries, enhancing reference will be made to Mediterranean externalities perspective forest and other wooded ecosystems, development as the greater and techniques such as remote sensing contribution to natural and and spatial analysis in the GIS seminatural areas management in environment. In Mediterranean countries, such environments; and reliable and internationally comparable ¥ produce a summary of discussions information on forest health and and conclusions to be included in the protection, wildfires and biodiversity are conference proceedings. largely missing or unsatisfactory. This state is in contrast with the wood For more information, please contact: production-oriented information Dr Giuseppe Garfì, Istituto di characteristically provided by current Coltivazioni Arboree, Università degli forest inventory and monitoring Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 11, procedures. 90128 Palermo, Italy.

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Acharya, B., Bhattarai, G., de Gier, A. Barden, A., Awang Anak, N., Mulliken, Beukema, R. 2000. Jungle rubber as a & Stein, A. 2000. Systematic adaptive T. & Song, M. 2000. Heart of the dynamic and adaptable system in the cluster sampling for the assessment of matter: agarwood use and trade and lowlands of Jambi Province, Sumatra, rare tree species in Nepal. Forest CITES implementation for Aquilaria Indonesia. Paper presented at the Ecology and Management, 137(1-3): malaccensis. Cambridge, UK, workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical 65-73. TRAFFIC International. 51 pp. forests. The evolution and sustainability of intermediate systems Ahmed, A.K. & Johnson, K.A. 2000. Barnett, R. 2000. Traditional medicinal between extractivism and plantations. Horticultural development of Australian practitioners in Kenya: putting theory CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July native edible plants. Australian into practice. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 18(3): 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Journal of Botany, 48(4): 417-426. 87-90. [email protected])

Angelsen, A. et al. 2000. Forest Barnett, R., ed. 2000. Food for thought: Boer, E. & Ella, A.B., eds. 2000. Plant products for the middle income the utilization of wild meat in eastern producing exudates. Plant Resources households? Economic mobility and and southern Africa. Nairobi, Kenya, of South East Asia No. 18. Leiden, the role of benzoin, rubber and rattan TRAFFIC East/Southern Africa. 263 the Netherlands, Backhuys among forest communities in pp. Publishers. 189 pp. Indonesia. Paper presented at the workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Barrett, C.B. & Lybbert, T.J. 2000. Is Boutinot, L. 2000. Agroforestry systems forests. The evolution and bioprospecting a viable strategy for in the Sudano-Sahelian region in sustainability of intermediate systems conserving tropical ecosystems? Africa. The central social between extractivism and plantations. Ecological Economics, 34(3): 293- problematique. Paper presented at CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 300. the workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: forests. The evolution and [email protected]) Baruah, A.D. 1999. The economics of sustainability of intermediate systems sandal oil. The Indian Forester, between extractivism and plantations. Asbjornsen, H. et al. 2000. Intermediate 5(125): 640-643. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July forest management systems in 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: tropical moist forests in the Belcher, B. et al. 2000. Competitiveness [email protected]) Chimalapas region, Oaxaca, Mexico: of rattan gardens: financial costs and their evolution, sustainability, and benefits of alternative land use contribution to the health of forest options. Paper presented at the ecosystems and local communities. workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Paper presented at the workshop, forests. The evolution and Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The sustainability of intermediate systems evolution and sustainability of between extractivism and plantations. intermediate systems between CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, [email protected]) Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: [email protected]) Bennett, E.L. & Robinson, J.G. 2000. Hunting of wildlife in tropical forests: Aubertin, C. 2000. Intermediate implications for biodiversity and forest Brown, M. & Hutchinson, C. 2000. systems: a product of sustainable peoples. Biodiversity Series-Impact Participatory mapping at landscape development theory? Examples from Studies No. 76. Washington, DC, levels: broadening implications for the Lao PDR and Brazil. Paper World Bank. sustainable development and presented at the workshop, Cultivating biodiversity conservation in (in) tropical forests. The evolution and Bergemann, S.E. & Largent, D.L. 2000. developing country drylands. Arid sustainability of intermediate systems The site specific variables that Lands Newsletter, 48, between extractivism and plantations. correlate with the distribution of the November/December 2000. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Pacific Golden Chanterelle, 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Cantharellus formosus. Forest Capistrano, D. 2000. Non-timber forest [email protected]) Ecology and Management, (130)1-3: product based enterprise in forest 99-107. conservation and community

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development: India’s evolving between extractivism and plantations. DuWors, E. & Villeneuve, M. 2000. The institutional context. Paper prepared CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July importance of nature to Canadians: the for the XXI IUFRO World Congress, 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: economic significance of nature-related 7-12 August 2000, Kuala Lumpur, [email protected]) activities. Ministry of Public Works and Malaysia. Government Services, Canada. 49 pp. de Beer, J. 2000. Dynamics in community Cavendish, W. 2000. Empirical institutions in the management of Dutta, R. & Jain, P. 2000. CITES-listed regularities in the poverty- NTFPs in Cameroon. Paper presented medicinal plants of India: an environment relationship of rural at the workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical identification manual. New Delhi, India, households: evidence from forests. The evolution and sustainability TRAFFIC India/WWF India. 85 pp. Zimbabwe. World Development, of intermediate systems between 28(11): 1979-2003. extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- Evans, T. & Viengkham, O. (In press). FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, Inventory time-cost and statistical Cleuren, H. 2000. The resilience of Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: power: a case study of a Lao rattan. agroextravist systems of cambas and [email protected]) Manuscript accepted by Forest Caboclos in the Amazon forest of Ecology and Management. today. Paper presented at the de Beer, J., Ha Chu Chu & Tran Quoc workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Tuy. 2000. Non-timber forest products Evans, T.D., Sengdala, K., forests. The evolution and sub-sector analysis, Viet Nam. Hanoi, Thammavong, B. & Viengkham, O.V. sustainability of intermediate systems IUCN-Viet Nam and the NTFP (In press). A field guide to the rattans of between extractivism and plantations. Research Centre. Lao PDR. UK, Kew, Royal Botanic CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Gardens. 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: de Jong, W. 2000. Co-evolution of [email protected]) intermediate NTFP production FAO. 2000. Proceedings of the technologies and shifting cultivation in international workshop on community Colding, J. 2000. Last stand: protected Indonesia. Paper presented at the forestry in Africa. Participatory forest areas and the defence of tropical workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical management: a strategy for biodiversity. Ecological Economics, forests. The evolution and sustainability sustainable forest management in 33(2): 331-333. of intermediate systems between Africa. 26-30 April 1999, Banjul, the extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- Gambia. FAO, Rome. (Bilingual edition Collinson, C., Burnett, D. & Agreda, V. FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, in English and French). 423 pp. (For 2000. Economic viability of Brazil nut Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: w.de- more information please contact: trading in Peru. Natural Resources [email protected]) Community Forestry Unit, FAO and Ethical Trade Programme, Natural Forestry Department, Viale delle Terme Resources Institute, University of Dhar, U., Rawal, R.S. & Upreti, J. 2000. di Caracalla, Rome 00110, Italy; fax: Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK. Setting priorities for conservation of +39 0657055514; e-mail: [email protected]) 62 pp. medicinal plants Ð a case study in the Indian Himalaya. Biological Fearnside, P.M. 1999. Biodiversity as an Collinson, C. & Leon, M. 2000. Conservation, 95(1): 57-65. environmental service in Brazil’s Economic viability of ethical cocoa Amazonian forest: risks, value and trading in Ecuador. Natural Resources Dounias, E. 2000. Cocoa production in conservation. Environmental and Ethical Trade Programme, Natural central African forests: from cash-crop Conservation, 26(4): 305. Resources Institute, University of plantations to agroforests. Paper Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK. 36 presented at the workshop, Cultivating Fialho, C., Lopes, F. & Pereira, H. 2001. pp. (in) tropical forests. The evolution and The effect of cork removal on the radial sustainability of intermediate systems growth and phenology of young cork Danielsen, F. 2000. The biodiversity value between extractivism and plantations. oak trees. Forest Ecology and of “intermediate systems” of forest CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Management, 141(3): 251-258. management: the impact of enrichment 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: planting with rubber trees on Sumatran [email protected]) Fisher, R.J. 2000. Poverty alleviation lowland forest bird community. Paper and forests: experiences from Asia. presented at the workshop, Cultivating Dunn, R.R. 2000. Isolated trees as foci of Paper prepared for workshop, Forest (in) tropical forests. The evolution and diversity in active and fallow fields. ecospace, biodiversity and sustainability of intermediate systems Biological Conservation, 95(3): 317-321. environmental security, 5 October

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2000, Amman, Jordan. Pre-congress 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Hartof, W.H. den & Wiersum, K.F. 2000. workshop IUCN World Conservation [email protected]) Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum) Congress 2000. production in Nepal, dynamics in non- Gobbi, J.A. 2000. Is biodiversity-friendly timber forest resource management. Foppes, J. & Ketphanh, S. 2000. Forest coffee financially viable? An analysis of Mountain Research and Development, extraction or cultivation? Local five different coffee production systems 20(2): 136-145. solutions from Lao PDR. Paper in western El Salvador. Ecological presented at the workshop, Cultivating Economics, 33(2): 267-281. Homma, A.K.O. 2000. Amazônia: os (in) tropical forests. The evolution and limites da opção extrativa. Ciencia sustainability of intermediate systems Godoy, R., Wilkie, D. & Brokaw, T.S. Hoje, 27(159): 70-73. between extractivism and plantations. 2000. Valuation of consumption and CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July sale of forest goods from a Central Howard, P.C., Davenport, T.R.B., 2000, Lofoten, Norway. American rain forest. Nature, Kigenyi, F.W., Viskanic, P., Baltzer, 406(6791): 62. M.C., Dickinson, C.J., Lwanga, J., Foundoun, J.M. & Manga, T.T. 2000. Matthews, R.A. & Mupada, E. 2000. Farmers’ indigenous practices for Goloubinoff, M. 2000. The widow and Protected area planning in the tropics: conserving Garcinia kola and Gnetum the businessman: casual and voluntary Uganda’s national system of forest africanum in southern Cameroon. swiftlet “breeding” in Indonesia. Paper nature reserves. Conservation Biology, Agroforestry Systems, 48(3):289-302. presented at the workshop, Cultivating 14(3): 858-875. (in) tropical forests. The evolution and Freese, C.H. & Trauger, D.L. 2000. sustainability of intermediate systems Humphrey, J.W., Newton, A.C., Peace, Wildlife markets and biodiversity between extractivism and plantations. A.J. & Holden, E. 2000. The conservation in North America. Wildlife CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July importance of conifer plantations in Society Bulletin, 28(1): 42-51. 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: northern Britain as a habitat for native [email protected]) fungi. Biological Conservation, 96(2): Garca, D., Zamora, R., Hodar, J.A., 241-252. Gomez, J.M. & Castro, J. 2000. Yew Gram, S. 2001. Economic valuation of (Taxus baccata L.) regeneration is special forest products: an assessment facilitated by fleshy-fruited shrubs in of methodological shortcomings. Mediterranean environments. Ecological Economics, 36(1):109-117. Biological Conservation, 95(1): 31-38. Green, S.M., Hammett, A.L. & Kant, S. Garcia, C. 2000. In search of “El 2000. Non-timber forest products Dorado”. Benzoin gardens and marketing systems and market players diversity in North Sumatra, Indonesia. in southwest Virginia: crafts, medicinal Hutchinson, B., Suarez, E., Fortunato, Paper presented at the workshop, and herbal, and specialty wood R., Beeskow, A.M., Bye, R., Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The products. J. Sustainable Forestry, Montenegro, G. & Timmermann, B. evolution and sustainability of 11(3): 19. 2000. Conservation and intermediate systems between ethnobotanical programs of the extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- Gregory, P.J. & Ingram, J.S.I. 2000. Bioactive Agents from Dryland FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, Food and forestry: global change and Biodiversity of Latin America Project. Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: global challenges. Agriculture, Arid Lands Newsletter, No. 48, [email protected]) Ecosystems and Environment, 82(1-3): November/December 2000. 1-2. Gillison, A. 2000. Intermediate (www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store Ite, U. 2000. Evolution and sustainability agroforests and late fallow systems as /5/0/3/2/9/8/index.htt) of intermediate systems: experience optimal strategies for sustainable from Southeast Nigeria. Paper management of biodiversity and Gregory, P.J. & Ingram, J.S.I. 2000. presented at the workshop, Cultivating profitability in tropical forests. Paper Global change and food and forest (in) tropical forests. The evolution and presented at the workshop, Cultivating production: future scientific challenges. sustainability of intermediate systems (in) tropical forests. The evolution and Agriculture, Ecosystems and between extractivism and plantations. sustainability of intermediate systems Environment, 82(1-3): 3-14. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July between extractivism and plantations. (www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July /5/0/3/2/9/8/index.htt) [email protected])

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Jain, A.K. 2000. Regulation of collection, Papua New Guinea. Paper presented Levang, P. 2000. The vanishing rattan transit and trade of medicinal plants at the workshop, Cultivating (in) growers of Borneo. Resilience and and other non-timber forest products in tropical forests. The evolution and evolution in a managed NTFP system. India: a compendium. New Delhi, India, sustainability of intermediate systems Paper presented at the workshop, TRAFFIC India/WWF India. 529 pp. between extractivism and plantations. Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July evolution and sustainability of Jones, D.T. & Eggleton, P. 2000. 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: intermediate systems between Sampling termite assemblages in [email protected]) extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- tropical forests: testing a rapid FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, biodiversity assessment protocol. J. Lange, D. 2000. Conservation and Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Applied Ecology, 37(1): 191. sustainable use of Adonis vernalis, a [email protected]) medicinal plant in international trade. Joshi, L. 2000. Gap replanting, an Plant Species Conservation Lindenmayer, D.B., Margules, C.R. & emerging trend in rejuvenation of Monograph 1. Federal Agency for Botkin, D.B. 2000. Indicators of jungle rubber agroforests in Jambi, Nature Conservation, Germany. 90 pp. biodiversity for ecologically Indonesia. Paper presented at the sustainable forest management. workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Lawrence, A. 2000. Tree cultivation in Conservation Biology, 14(4): 941- forests. The evolution and upland livelihoods in the Philippines: 950. sustainability of intermediate systems implications for biodiversity, between extractivism and plantations. conservation and forest policy. Paper Lopez, C. 2000. Hand-made bark paper CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July presented at the workshop, Cultivating in Mexico, local production-regional 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: (in) tropical forests. The evolution and extraction. Paper presented at the [email protected]) sustainability of intermediate systems workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical between extractivism and plantations. forests. The evolution and Kala, C.P. 2000. Status and CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July sustainability of intermediate systems conservation of rare and endangered 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: between extractivism and plantations. medicinal plants in the Indian trans- [email protected]) CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Himalaya. Biological Conservation, 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: 93(3): 371-379. Leakey, R.R.B., Wilson, J. & Deans, [email protected]) J.D. 1999. Domestication of trees for Kapseu, C. & Kayem, J., eds. 2000. agroforestry in drylands. Annals of Arid Lovett, P.N. & Haq, N. 2000. Evidence Séminaire international sur le Zone, 38: 195-220. for anthropic selection of the sheanut séchage et sur la valorisation du tree (Vitellaria paradoxa). karité et de l’aiélé. Proceedings of an Leakey, R.R.B., Fondoun, J.-M., Agroforestry Systems, 48(3): 273- international workshop on drying and Atanagan, A. & Tchoundjeu, Z. 2000. 288. improvement of shea and canarium. Quantitative descriptors of variation in Ngaoundere, Cameroon 1-3 the fruits and seeds of Irvingia Lowe, A.J., Gillies, A.C.M., Wilson, J. December 1999. Presse Universitaire gabonensis. Agroforestry Systems, 50: & Dawson, I.K. 2000. Conservation de Yaoundé and FAO. 463 pp. 47-58. (For more information, please genetics of bush mango from contact: Dr Roger R.B. Leakey, Head central/west Africa: implications from Katz, E. 2000. From fallow to forest: of Tropical Ecology, Centre for Ecology random amplified polymorphic DNA evolution of benzoin gardens and Hydrology [formerly Institute of analysis. Molecular Ecology, 9(7): management. Paper presented at the Terrestrial Ecology], Bush Estate, 831-741. workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK forests. The evolution and EH26 0QB; fax: +44 0131 445 3943; Lykke, A.M. 2000. Local perceptions of sustainability of intermediate systems www.nbu.ac.uk/tropical) vegetation change and priorities for between extractivism and plantations. conservation of woody savanna CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Le Cup, I. & Nicholson, K. 2000. vegetation in Senegal. J. 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Community-based tree and forest Environmental Management, [email protected]) product-based enterprises: market 59(2):107-120. analysis and development. Field Kennedy, J. 2000. Natural history and manual. FAO and Regional Malo, J. 2000. The Mayan home human prehistory of a rainforest Community Forestry Training Center gardens of the Yucatan, intermediate timber resource in Manus Province, for Asia and the Pacific (RECOFTC). or alternative systems. Paper

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Minga, M.D. (In press). L’impact de Mulliken, T. 2000. Implementing CITES LOS PRODUCTOS FORESTALES l’exploitation du rotin sur la for Himalayan medicinal plants NO MADEREROS EN CUBA préservation de la forêt à Kinshasa, Nardostachys grandiflora and République démocratique du Congo. Picrorhiza kurrooa. TRAFFIC Bulletin. Mesa Izquierdo, M., Alvarez Pinto, M. y Sánchez Rodríguez, N. 1999. In T.C.H. Sunderland & J.P. Profizi, 18(2): 63-72. eds. New research on African rattans. Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, Beijing, China, INBAR. Myers, G.P., Newton, A.C. & Santiago, Chile. Melgarejo, O. 2000. The influence of Misra, M.K. & Dash, S.S. 2000. canopy gap size on natural Biomass and energetics of non-timber regeneration of Brazil nut (Bertholletia forest resources in a cluster of tribal excelsa) in Bolivia. Forest Ecology villages on the eastern Ghats, Orissa, and Management, 127(1-3): 119-128. India. Biomass and Energy, 18(3): 229-247. Nelson, V., Galvez, M. & Blowfield, M. 2000. Study of the social impact of Mogenburg, S. 2000. Economic and ethical and conventional Brazil nut ecological drivers and consequences trading of forest dependent people in of managing forests for non-timber Peru. Natural Resources and Ethical products. Paper presented at the Trade Programme, Natural Resources workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical Institute, University of Greenwich, forests. The evolution and Chatham Maritime, UK. 51 pp. sustainability of intermediate systems between extractivism and plantations. Nelson, V., Galvez, M. & Blowfield, M. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000. Study of the social impact of 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: ethical and conventional cocoa Para más información, dirigirse a: [email protected]) trading on forest-dependent people in Oficina Regional de la FAO para Ecuador. Natural Resources and América Latina y el Caribe, Mohd Shahwahid Othman & Awang Ethical Trade Programme, Natural Casilla 10095, Santiago, Chile. Noor Abdul Ghani. 1999. Economic Resources Institute, University of Fax: +56 2 3372101/2/2; rent capture from rattan extraction in Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, UK. correo electrónico: FAO- Malaysia. J. Tropical Forest Products, 29 pp. [email protected] 5(1): 17-31. Neumann, R.P. & Hirsch, E. 2000. Mollet, M., Herzog, F., Behi, Y.E.N. & Commercialisation of non-timber presented at the workshop, Farah, Z. 2000. Sustainable forest products: review and analysis Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The exploitation of Borassus ethiopum, of research. evolution and sustainability of Elaeis guineensis and Raphia hookeri Rome, CIFOR-Indonesia and FAO. intermediate systems between for the extraction of palm wine in Côte 176 pp. extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- d’Ivoire. Development and FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, Sustainability, 2: 43-57. For copies of the publication, please Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: contact: [email protected]) Mollet, M., Téré, H. & Herzog, F. 2000. CIFOR, PO Box 6596 JKPWB, Jakarta Ligneux à usages multiples dans les 10065, Indonesia. Michon, G. 2000. Forest domestication systèmes agraires tropicaux: une Fax: +62 251 622100; by smallholder farmers. Economic étude de cas de Côte d’Ivoire. www.cifor.cgiar.org rationale versus socio-political Schweizerische Zeitschrift für strategies. Paper presented at the Forstwesen, 151(10): 335-364. Neupane, R. 2000. Tree-crop integration workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical in agricultural land, their impact on forests. The evolution and Moussouris, Y. & Pierce, A. 2000. soil fertility and farm income and sustainability of intermediate systems Biodiversity links to cultural identity in influencing factors for adoption under between extractivism and plantations. southwest Morocco: the situation, the the subsistence farming systems of CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July problems and proposed solutions. the middle hills Nepal. Paper 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Arid Lands Newsletter, No. 48, presented at the workshop, [email protected]) November/December 2000. Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The

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evolution and sustainability of structure in Amazonian forests. Ricker, M., Siebe, C., Sánchez, S.B., intermediate systems between Conservation Biology, 14(1): 240-253. Shimada, K., Larson, B.C., Martínez- extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- Ramos, M. & Montagnini, F. 2000. FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, Pilz, D. & Molina, R. (In press). Optimising seedling management: Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Commercial harvests of edible Pouteria sapota, Diospyros digyna, arp978375ait.ac.th) mushrooms from the forests of the and Cedrela odorata in a Mexican Pacific Northwest United States: rainforest. Forest Ecology and Newmark, W.D. & Hough, J.L. 2000. issues, management, and monitoring Management, 139(1-3): 63-77. Conserving wildlife in Africa: integrated for sustainability. Manuscript accepted conservation and development by Forest Ecology and Management. Rijsort van, J. 2000. NTFPs: their role in projects and beyond. Bioscience, sustainable forest management in the 50(7): 585-592. Potis, H. 2000. Forest management tropics. Theme Study Series No. 1. sitemaps practice: the case of Batak Forest Forestry and Biological Ngulube, M. 2000. Population structures Tribe in Palawan, Phillippines. Paper Diversity Support Group, National of Uapaca kirkiana (Euphorbiaceae) in presented at the workshop, Cultivating Reference Centre for Nature the miombo woodlands of Malawi: (in) tropical forests. The evolution and Management, Wageningen, the status and management prospects for sustainability of intermediate systems Netherlands. 61 pp. fruit production. J. Tropical Forest between extractivism and plantations. Science, 12 (3): 459-471. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July Robbins, C. 1999. Medicine from U.S. 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: Wildlands: an assessment of native Novellino, D. 1999. The ominous switch: [email protected]) plant species harvested in the United from indigenous forest management to States for medicinal use and trade conservation Ð the case of the Batak Putz, F.E. 2000. Economics of home and evaluation of the conservation on Palawan Island, Philippines. In M. grown forestry. Ecological Economics, and management implications. Colchester & C. Erni, eds. From 32(1): 9-14. Washington, DC, USA, The Nature principles to practices: indigenous Conservancy. 28 pp. peoples and protected areas in south Putz, F.E. et al. 2000. Biodiversity and southeast Asia. IWGIA Document conservation in the context of tropical Rodríguez, J.P. 2000. Impact of the No. 97, p. 250-295. Copenhagen, forest management. Environment Venezuelan economic crisis on wild Denmark, IWGIA and FPP. Department Papers No. 75, populations of animals and plants. Biodiversity Series-Impact Studies No. Biological Conservation, 96(2):151- Obua, J., Ogwal, S.F.M. & Mosango, D. 1. Washington, DC, USA, World Bank. 159. 2000. Ecology, utilisation and (www.worldbank.org/biodiversity) conservation of Smilax kraussiana in Ruiz Pérez, M., Ndoye O., Eyebe, A. & Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Rai, L.K., Prasad, P. & Sharma, E. Puntodewo, A. 2000. Spatial Park, Uganda. J. Tropical Forest 2000. Conservation threats to some characterisation of non-timber forest Science, 12(3): 542-551. important medicinal plants of the products markets in the humid forest Sikkim Himalaya. Biological zone of Cameroon. International Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Obiri-Darko, B. Conservation, 93(1): 27-33. Forestry Review, 2(2): 71. (In press). Rattan as a sustainable cottage industry in Ghana: the need Raintree, J. 2000. Multi-participant Saastaimonen, O., Kangas, K. & Aho, for development interventions. In market analysis and development: A. 2000. The picking of wild berries in T.C.H. Sunderland & J.P. Profizi, eds. some methods used in buffer zones of Finland in 1997 and 1998. New research on African rattans. nature reserves in Vietnam. Paper Scandinavian Journal of Forest Beijing, China, INBAR. presented at the International Research, 15: 645-650. Symposium on Mountain Mainland Pavon, N.P. & Rico-Gray, V. 2000. An Southeast Asia: governance in the Salafsky, N., Cordes, B., Parks, J. & endangered and potentially economic natural and cultural landscape, 1-15 Hochman, C. 1999. Evaluating tree of Mexico: Tilia mexicana July 2000, Chiang Mai, Thailand. linkages between business, the (Tiliaceae). Economic Botany, 54(1): environment and local communities: 113-114. Renuka, C. 2000. A field key for the final results from the Biodiversity rattans of Kerala. Peechi, India, Conservation Network. Biodiversity Peres, C.A. 2000. Effects of subsistence Kerala Forest Research Institute Support Programme, Washington, DC, hunting on vertebrate community (KFRI). USA.

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Sastry, C. 2000. Bamboo in the new Soehartono, T. & Newton, A.C. 2000. Nairobi, Kenya, African Academy of millennium: opportunities and Conservation and sustainable use of Sciences. 336 pp. challenges. Paper presented at the tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria. II. XXI IUFRO World Congress, 7-12 The impact of gaharu harvesting in Tewari, D.D. 2000. Valuation of non- August 2000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Indonesia. Biological Conservation, timber forest products (NTFP) models, 97(1): 29-41. problems and issues. J. Sustainable Scarpa, R., Buongiorno, J., Jiin-Shyang Forestry, 11(4): 47-68. Hseu & Abt, K.L. 2000. Assessing the Sunderland, T.C.H. 2000. The taxonomy, non-timber value of forests: a revealed- ecology and utilization of African Tilman, D. 2000. Causes, consequences preference hedonic model. J. Forest rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae). and ethics of biodiversity. Nature, Economics, 6(2): 83-108. University College, London and the 405(6783): 208-211. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Sedrez dos Reis, M., Celso Fantini, A., (Ph.D. thesis) Torras, M. 2000. The total economic Nodari, R.O., Guerra, M.P. & Reis, A. value of Amazonian deforestation, 2000. Sustainable yield management Sunderland, T.C.H. & Dransfield, J. 1978-1993. Ecological Economics, of Euterpe edulis Martius (Palmae): a (In press). Certification guidelines for 33(2): 283-297. tropical palm tree from the Atlantic rattans. In P. Shanley, S. Laird, A. tropical forest, Brazil. J. Sustainable Pierce & A. Guillen, eds. The Uniyal, R.C., Uniyal, M.R. & Jain, P. Forestry, 11(3): 1. management and marketing of non- 2000. Cultivation of medicinal plants in timber forest products: certification as a India: a reference book. New Delhi, Siebert, S.F. 2000. Abundance and tool to promote sustainability. People India, TRAFFIC India/WWF India. 161 growth of Desmoncus orthacanthos and Plant Series No. 5. Royal Botanic pp. Mart. (Palmae) in response to light and Gardens, Kew/WWF/UNESCO. ramet harvesting in five forest sites in Vail, D. & Hultkrantz, L. 2000. Property Belize. Forest Ecology and Sunderland, T.C.H., Defo, L., Ndam, N., rights and sustainable nature tourism: Management, 137(1-3): 83-90. Abwe, M. & Tamnjong. (In press). A adaptation and mal-adaptation in socio-economic profile of the rattan Dalarna (Sweden) and Maine (USA). Siebert, S.F. 2000. Primary forests and trade in Cameroon. In T.C.H. Ecological Economics, 35(2): 223-242. medicinal plants. Conservation Biology, Sunderland & J.P. Profizi, eds. New 14(3): 596. research on African rattans. Beijing, van Bodegom, A.J. 2000. Natural forest China, INBAR. management by local groups in the Smektala, G. 2000. Un modèle pour humid tropics. Theme Studies Series mieux comprendre les décision des Svarstad, H. & Dhillion, S.S., eds. 2000. No. 2. Forest Forestry and Biological paysans en agroforestrie. (A model for Responding to bioprospecting: from Diversity Support Group, National better understanding the decisions of biodiversity in the South to medicines Reference Centre for Nature farmers in agroforestry). Paper in the North. Oslo, Norway, Spartacus Management, Wageningen, the presented at the workshop, Cultivating Forlag. Netherlands. 65 pp. (in) tropical forests. The evolution and sustainability of intermediate systems Tabuna, H. 2000. Évaluation des Van On, T., Quyen, D., Bich, L.D., Jones, between extractivism and plantations. échanges des produits forestiers non- B., Wunder, J. & Russell-Smith, J. CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July ligneux entre l’Afrique subsaharienne 2000. A survey of medicinal plants in 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: et l’Europe. Accra, Ghana, Bureau BaVi National Park, Vietnam: [email protected]) régional FAO pour l’Afrique. 91 pages. methodology and implications for Taylor, P. & Zabin, C. 2000. Neoliberal conservation and sustainable use. Smith, M.A.L., Marley, K.A. & Meline, B. reform and sustainable forest Biological Conservation, 97(3): 295-304. 2000. Bioactive properties of wild management in Quintana Roo, Mexico: blueberry fruits. J. Food Science, rethinking the institutional framework of Vasit, K. & Feoli, E., eds. 2000. 65(2): 352. the Forestry Pilot Plan. Agriculture and Bioprospecting and strategies of Human Values, 17: 141-156. industrial exploitation of medicinal and Soehartono, T. & Newton, A.C. 2000. aromatic plants. Vienna, Austria, Conservation and sustainable use of Temu, A.B. et al., eds. 2000. Off-forest United Nations Industrial tropical trees in the genus Aquilaria. I. tree resources of Africa. Proceedings Development Organization and Status and distribution in Indonesia. of a workshop. Arusha, United International Centre for Science and Biological Conservation, 96(1): 83-94. Republic of Tanzania, 12-16 July 1999. High Technology. 43 pp.

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Venkatesh Nayak, S.N., Ramachandra Wunder, S. 2000. Ecotourism and developed to date and their biometric Swamy, H., Nagaraj, B.C., Usha Rao economic incentives Ð an empirical adequacy; & Chandrasekhara, U.M. 2000. approach. Ecological Economics, ¥ to help the practitioner decide when Farmers’ attitude towards sustainable 32(3): 465-479. biometric methods are necessary; management of Soppina Betta forests ¥ to guide the design and selection of in Sringeri area of the Western Ghats, appropriate biometric methods for South India. Forest Ecology and NEW PUBLICATIONS PLANNED resource quantification in different Management, 132(2-3): 223-241. IN THE FAO NWFP SERIES situations and for different products. [This publication is based on the results Verdeaux, F. 2000. EMBU (Kenya) and Wild edible fungi for food security: options of a workshop held in Rome in May CHAGGA (Tanzania): exemplification for sustainable use and development 2000. See under Recent Events.] of agroforest establishment. Paper Wild edible fungi (WEF) are an important presented at the workshop, Cultivating component in diets, as well as being a For more information, please contact: (in) tropical forests. The evolution and source of income, for many people in [email protected] sustainability of intermediate systems developing countries worldwide. between extractivism and plantations. Information on wild edible mushroom NWFP from temperate broadleaved CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July trade and production is already included in trees 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: two publications in the NWFP series The objective of this paper is to provide [email protected]) (NWFP from conifers, 1998 and NWFP a global review of the non-wood from temperate broadleaved trees [in products and services provided by trees Vimala, S. & Mohd. Ilham Adenan. preparation]). found in temperate broadleaf forests. 1999. Malaysian tropical forest The new publication, which is part of a The world’s temperate broadleaf forests medicinal plants: a source of natural series of efforts to document the role of provide a vast array of products that are antioxidants. J. Tropical Forest NWFPs in food security, aims to gather in beneficial to humans. Temperate Products, 5(1): 32-38. one volume the scattered information on broadleaved trees are an important the uses and prospects for development source of non-wood forest products Wiersum, F. 2000. “Intermediate” forest of WEF worldwide. It will include aspects (NWFP), some of which have been used management systems: characteristics such as management and production of by humans since prehistoric times. and dynamics. Paper presented at WEF in forest ecosystems, the role of Included in this publication is the the workshop, Cultivating (in) tropical WEF in rural livelihoods, and markets. It range of NWFPs that this group of trees forests. The evolution and will draw on experiences from many provides, species that are important sustainability of intermediate systems countries and regions in the world. sources of NWFP and places where between extractivism and plantations. By disseminating this information, it is these products are harvested. The CIFOR-FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July expected that the attention of forestry products described are organized 2000, Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: technicians, nutritionists, natural resource according to the part of the tree from [email protected]) planners and policy-makers will be drawn which they are obtained Ð entire trees, to the links between this important foliage and flowers, bark, resins, fruits, Wijesekara, R. 2000. Ecological and category of NWFPs and food security. nuts and organisms closely associated economic sustainability in different The study is scheduled to be completed with temperate broadleaved trees. land-use systems in Sri Lanka. Paper by the end of September 2001. Where possible, data on levels of presented at the workshop, production and international trade are Cultivating (in) tropical forests. The For more information, please contact: presented. Problems associated with the evolution and sustainability of [email protected] sustainable management of these intermediate systems between products and compatibility or conflicts extractivism and plantations. CIFOR- Resource assessment of non-wood with other land uses are also presented. FORESASIA, 28 June-1 July 2000, forest products: experience and Both contemporary and historical or Lofoten, Norway. (E-mail: biometric principles traditional uses of NWFPs from [email protected]) This publication is intended as a source temperate broadleaved trees are of advice for practitioners considering discussed. Emphasis is placed on those Wikstrom, P. & Eriksson, L.O. 2000. inventory of non-wood forest product species from which NWFPs are Solving the stand management (NWFP) resources. Through review and harvested from either natural or planted problem under biodiversity-related analysis of experience it provides forests as opposed to trees planted in considerations. Forest Ecology and information: orchards (e.g. pome or stone fruits, Management, 126(3): 361-376. ¥ on the range of approaches used and olives and certain nuts) and are

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together a range of disciplines from AGROFORESTRY PARKLANDS anthropology and sociology to natural IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA resource sciences and development J.-M. Boffa. 1999. Rome, studies. The majority of the papers were F AO. 230 pp. originally presented in the first workshop on The State of Indigenous Knowledge in Bangladesh held in Dhaka, Bangladesh in May 1998, by the Bangladesh Resource Centre for Indigenous Knowledge (BARCIK) in considered to be important agricultural association with the IK Research Project crops. of Durham University, United Kingdom. This information is presented to assist The book is published by the in identifying opportunities for University Press Limited, Dhaka, management and production of NWFPs Bangladesh. as an integral part of economic development and poverty alleviation For more information, please contact: initiatives in economically depressed Mr Mohiuddin Ahmed, The University regions of the world where trees are an Press Limited, Red Crescent Building, important element in the ecology, 114 Motijheel C/A, Dhaka-1000, economics and human social structure. In Bangladesh. addition, this information is also designed Fax: +880 956 5443; to help identify situations where special e-mail: [email protected]; management of forests and woodlands www.uplbooks.com Agroforestry parklands, traditional agroforestry systems in the Sudano- may be appropriate to maintain or Sahelian region, are among the most enhance the productivity of traditional or Enterprise development for natural widespread agroforestry systems in contemporary NWFP or to develop a products African countries south of the Sahara. potentially beneficial new resource. The Asia Network for Small-scale This FAO Conservation Guide reviews the status of knowledge of these Agricultural Bioresources (ANSAB) has systems and synthesizes the For more information, please contact: recently published a manual entitled experiences relating to the [email protected] Enterprise development for natural biophysical, socio-economic and products, which promotes a strategy for policy aspects of their management. It identifies crucial research needs and natural product enterprise design that promising avenues for further OTHER RECENT PUBLICATIONS contributes to conserve biodiversity and promoting their management, promote social equity. What does the conservation and development. It is Indigenous knowledge development in manual provide? A framework of expected that future cooperative action will contribute to the Bangladesh enterprise development planning in sustainability of these agroforestry This impressive volume, edited by natural products in general and the non- parklands and to their enhanced role Professor Paul Sillitoe, is an important timber forest products (NTFP) subsector in the livelihoods of rural populations contribution to the fields of both in particular, as well as practical tools for in sub-Saharan Africa. The French version is also anthropology and development. It is addressing the issues of marketing, available. particularly useful for all those who are resource assessment, business directly or indirectly concerned with the fundamentals and policy environment. problems associated with development For copies, please contact: in Bangladesh, including social For more information, please contact: FAO Distribution and Sales scientists, planners, policy-makers, Business Service Center, ([email protected]) For more information, please contact: extension workers and government and Asia Network for Small-scale Ms Michelle Gauthier, Forestry non-government workers. Agricultural Bioresources (ANSAB), Officer, FAO Forestry Department, Divided into five sections relating to PO Box 11035, Kathmandu, Nepal. Rome, Italy. Fax: +39 0657055618; development issues, agroforestry, plant Fax: +977 1 487916; e-mail: [email protected] resources, fish resources and e-mail: [email protected] methodological issues, the book contains [Please see under Country Compass for 24 valuable articles, including an more information on ANSAB.] introduction and conclusion, and brings

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Natural chemical substances in Australian potentials: those relating to its capacity to USE AND POTENTIAL OF WILD plants (Aus, 2000). 300 pp. Pb. ensure good health among people in the PLANTS IN FARM HOUSEHOLDS This is a reprint of a rare compilation of tropics and subtropics through the high FAO Farm Systems Management Series, No. 15, by Professor Vernon chemicals produced in Australian plants, nutritional content of its edible leaves and Heywood, Centre for Plant drawn from a comprehensive search of pods, and through the use of its seeds to Sciences and Systematics, School literature to 1954. purify drinking water. Charts, recipes and of Plant Sciences, University of Listed by species, good indexes of pamphlets are included so that the book Reading, Reading, UK. chemical names and plant genera. can serve as a training manual for health This publication demonstrates the workers. important contribution of wild plants For more information or to order a copy, A result of extensive research, this to the life of rural households, please contact: book also relates the practical results of a particularly in developing countries. Granny Smith’s Bookshop, PO Box 27, pilot project, a collaborative effort The enhanced use of these resources would increase income and food Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia. between CWS and the Senegalese security, assist development through www.AOI.com.au/granny development organization AGADA (Agir small-scale investment, improve the autrement pour le développement en efficiency and profitability of farm Secondary forest trees of Kalimantan, Afrique), to test the theory that the household labour use and help eliminate or alleviate poverty. The role Indonesia. A manual of 300 species. 2000. products of the moringa tree can prevent of wild plants, especially in rural farm Edited by P.J.A. Ke§ler. Tropenbos- or cure malnutrition among children and households, is, however, very often Kalimantan Series No. 3. MOFEC- women of child-bearing age. ignored or underestimated by Tropenbos-Kalimantan Project, Wanariset planners, policy-makers, aid and development agencies, banks, Samboja, Indonesia. For more information, please contact: extension services, economists, The manual is one of the results of a Mr Lowell J. Fuglie, Regional agronomists, genetic resource cooperative project of the Indonesian Representative, West Africa Regional organizations and others. Ministry of Forestry and Estate Crops Office, Church World Service, 12 rue Wild plants are rarely exploited as a main occupation or source of (MOFEC) and the Tropenbos Foundation Félix Faure, BP 3822, Dakar, Senegal income but from a component of the in Wageningen, known as the many activities that make up the multidisciplinary International MOFEC economy of farm households. In the Tropenbos-Kalimantan Project. The planning of farming systems development projects for rural project is located at Samboja in East households, the role of wild plants Kalimantan and has been incorporated needs to be assessed as far as into the Wanariset field station of the possible. Samarinda Forest Research Institute. The The Farm Management and Production Economics Service of project aims to provide methods and FAO’s Agriculture Department techniques for ensuring the conservation, commissioned this publication in rehabilitation and sustainable use of mixed order to raise awareness of the role of dipterocarp forests. It focuses on the wild plants in many farming systems, providing examples from a range of sustainable use of forests for timber and different systems around the world. non-timber forest products, conservation The publication describes the major management, and rehabilitation of areas in which plants contribute to degraded areas. farm households’ incomes and the welfare of the local people and assesses the potential for future For more information, please contact: development. The book also points The Tropenbos Foundation, PB 232, out the social, economic, legal and Wageningen 6700 AE, the Netherlands. institutional constraints to enhance the use of wild plants and proposes Fax: +31 317 423024; ways in which these constraints may e-mail: [email protected]; be overcome. (Source: Extracted from www.tropenbos.nl the Preface.) The miracle tree Ð Moringa oleifera: Ms Michelle Gauthier, Forestry natural nutrition for the tropics Officer, FAO Forestry Department, Rome, Italy. Moringa oleifera is a tree with a multitude Take time to read, it is the foundation of Fax: +39 0657055618; of attributes. A recent book prepared by wisdom. e-mail: [email protected] the Church World Service (CWS) Old English prayer discusses only a few of its uses and

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Bamboo Bambus Zhuzi www.geocities.com/zhuzi.geo/

Biodiversity Support Program This new resource offers visitors quick access to an overview of BSP’s many projects, both regional and cross-cutting. An electronic library of reports, books, brochures and other publications is also available. www.bsponline.org/ African Biological Diversity and Indigenous Knowledge A new mailing list “africadiv” has been launched by the Mexican Network of Medicinal Plants Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Working Group at Please visit the very informative Web site (in Spanish) of the Environment Liaison Centre International (ELCI) in Mexican Network of Medicinal Plants (Red Mexicana de collaboration with Nuffic-CIRAN (Centre for International Plantas Medicinales). The Network has many activities and Research and Advisory Networks). promotes the ecological conservation and sustainable This mailing list is devoted specifically to the sustainable use management of medicinal plants. of biological diversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. www.geocities.com/florbach/red.htm The loss of traditional knowledge on resource use is one of [Please see under Country Compass for more information on the central problems of our times because the loss of this network.] knowledge ultimately contributes to the loss of biological diversity, including the plants for food and plants used to make Boreal Forest Research Network medicines. Canada’s Yukon Territory’s comprehensive Web site for The purpose of this discussion list is: forestry information. ¥ to promote knowledge on biodiversity and indigenous www.bfrn.net knowledge in Africa; ¥ invite the participation of natural and social scientists, Climate change and forestry listserv – CLIM-FO-L governmental and non-governmental organizations, and FAO’s Forest Products Division has started an electronic any other entity with an interest in biodiversity and mailing list on climate change and forestry to share current indigenous knowledge issues; and information and experiences in this area of growing importance ¥ share research materials, event announcements, funding, among interested parties. It will be open to anyone who is job and training opportunities, relevant newsletters, and interested. However, it is essential for the success of this news in general regarding the sustainable use and initiative to have a wide and active participation by experts and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge. practitioners in both fields Ð forestry and climate change. The moderators want this to be an opportunity for a frank We welcome the following type of information relevant to exchange of differing views and experiences, in a way that climate change and forestry: challenges, stimulates and enlightens you. They expect this ¥ publications, documents, and speeches; exchange will help stakeholders to enhance further the ¥ Web sites; sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity and ¥ announcements of events and job opportunities; indigenous knowledge for sustainable development. ¥ developments of climate change negotiations; and If you are interested and want to join this mailing list, send a ¥ opinions, comments and enquiries. message to: Your contributions are essential in making this a lively forum [email protected], and write SUBSCRIBE AFRICADIV for exchange of up-to-date information on this issue of growing [YOURFIRSTNAME] [YOURLASTNAME] in the body of the importance. Please send whatever you feel is pertinent and message, leaving the subject blank. relevant to this topic to: [email protected] To join the list, please send an e-mail to: Arab Net [email protected], and write SUBSCRIBE CLIM-FO-L This Web site provides access to numerous links and in the body of the message, leaving the subject blank. information and is the resource for the Arab world in the Near East and North Africa. For more information, please contact: www.arab.net Ms Suzuko Tanaka, Associate Professional Officer, Forest Products Division, Forestry Department, FAO, Viale delle Terme Amazonlife di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. An interesting Web site covering all aspects of the Amazon. Fax: +39 0657055618; www.amazonlife.com/Defaultling.asp?pLng=En e-mail: [email protected]

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 101 WEB SITES

Forest Energy Forum Web site Network 2002 is circulated free each month by e-mail in The Forest Energy Forum Web site has been improved. Now you Acrobat¨ pdf format and text format. can download faster and find more useful information including: To subscribe, simply e-mail: network2002- [email protected]; alternatively, register on line at: www.earthsummit2002.org

NTFP Enterprise Development list serve The NTFP Enterprise Development list serve is now under way. It will be moderated from Nepal by the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) and Asia Network for Small Scale Bioresources (ANSAB).

For more information, please contact: ¥ updated information on FAO projects, publications and Kenneth Nicholson, Non-Timber Forest Products Enterprise activities; Development Specialist, SNV-Nepal (Netherlands Development ¥ the latest issue of Forest Energy Forum; and Organization), PO Box 1966, Kathmandu, Nepal. ¥ an increased number of links on bioenergy, renewable energy Fax: +977 1 523155; and climate change. e-mail: [email protected]; or www.fao.org/forestry/fop/fopw/energy/cont-e.stm Forests, Trees and People Network, SLU Kontakt/Research Information Centre, PO Box 7034, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Forest Policy and Environment Group’s new Web site Fax: +46 18 671980; The Overseas Development Institute’s (ODI) Forest Policy and www-trees.slu.se Environment Group’s (FPEG) new Web site contains a wealth of information on forestry-related issues. It includes the latest POLEX research papers by FPEG Research Fellows, as well as a Forest Policy Experts (POLEX) is an electronic list serve searchable database of all of FPEG’s Rural Development managed by the Center for International Forestry Research Forestry Network (RDFN) papers, which are published in (CIFOR) in Bogor, Indonesia. Its objective is to keep key English, French and Spanish. opinion leaders in the area of forestry policy informed about The site is still expanding, and will soon provide access to recent relevant policy research results by CIFOR and others. much of the ODI library’s forestry grey literature collection. The list forms part of CIFOR’s programme on the “causes of Together, the RDFN papers and the grey literature archive deforestation, forest degradation, and changes in human represent a vast store of information on the social and economic welfare in forested areas”. aspects of forestry in the last 15 years. The materials chart the Any suggestions or feedback regarding the list serve are development of people-oriented forestry from both the donor and welcomed and should be sent to: David Kaimowitz at: the host country perspective, combining project-level experience [email protected] and policy-level insights in all regions of the world (but with a To subscribe to the list, either contact David Kaimowitz or clear focus on developing countries). send an e-mail to: [email protected], containing the The Web site also has an extensive links section with message: Subscribe POLEX. descriptions of many of the Internet’s most important forestry Web sites, as well as an on-line noticeboard. Rural and Agricultural Incomes with a Sustainable Environment www.odifpeg.org.uk (RAISE) RAISE is a worldwide initiative of USAID that promotes Network 2002 environmentally sound strategies for economic growth. The The United Nations Environment & Development Forum, now product information section of this Web site features technical, offers a free monthly newsletter, “Network 2002”. This multi- market and regulatory information, and commercial contacts for stakeholder publication is being produced in preparation for eco-friendly products. Examples include natural products Earth Summit 2002 - the ten year review of the first Summit in (dyes, herbs, medicinal plants), forestry products, ecotourism. Rio in 1992. It also includes sections on best practices, bulletin boards, The 2002 Summit will address and set the Sustainable Internet links and upcoming events. Development agenda for the 21st Century, covering a wide www.raise.org/ range of environment, development and economic issues. Network 2002 will monitor progress and engage all groups, Sustainable Development Networking Programme, India processes and issues over the next two years in the run-up to (SDNP-India) the Summit and beyond. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)and the

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 102 WEB SITES

International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada tools, and success stories involving people, places, and in collaboration of Ministry of Environment and Forests (India) organizations attempting to achieve sustainability. has launched the portal site of Sustainable Development Networking Programme, India (SDNP-India). For more information, please contact: SDNP-India aims to facilitate the process of sustainable Dr R. Warren Flint, Five E’s Unlimited, PO Box 311, development, promote good practices and strengthen the Pungoteague, VA 23422, USA. democratic processes through a mechanism of information www.eeeee.net exchange between the government and research organizations, non-governmental organizations, business Tibetan Plateau Project establishments and the civil society over the electronic and The Tibetan Plateau Project sponsors the hybrid media. list serve. The aim of this list serve is to promote the discussion The Internet site provides access to a host of on-line and exchange of information on the topics of traditional Tibetan databases, environmental legislation, case studies, medicine and medicinal plant conservation. publications, news clippings and electronic discussion groups To join, send an email to: [email protected], with the on these issues. A database of international organizations message: subscribe . working on sustainable development issues is being maintained on the Internet site and has been indexed Trio according to subject area. The links section of the site provides Trio is the electronic newsletter of the North American a gateway to more than 1 500 other sites concerning Commission for Environmental Cooperation (NACEC) and is environment and sustainable development. available on line at: Information on Environment and Sustainable Development is www.cec.org/trio also available in local Indian languages, so as to enhance the reach of the programme. Through its stories, told by a variety of voices from the NACEC community, you will learn of the cooperative efforts among For more information, please contact: people and organizations in Canada, Mexico and the United Vikas Nath, Programme Officer, States in the protection of their shared North American Sustainable Development Networking Programme (India), environment. Room 1023, Paryavaran Bhawan, CGO Complex, www.cec.org Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India. Fax: +91 11 436 1147; Unasylva Web site renewed e-mail: [email protected]; The Web site of FAO’s journal Unasylva has been renewed http://sdnp.delhi.nic.in; or with a new design and increased functionality. The updated mirror site: http://members.tripod.com/sdnp_india Web site offers access to the complete Unasylva collection (1947-2000) with full texts in English, French and Spanish. A Sustainability Web Site newly created search engine permits users to search the The site offers hundreds of searchable resources to help collection by issue and by article, by author, by year and free communities, businesses, educators, researchers, policy- key word. makers, environmental managers, legislators and households A CD-ROM containing the complete Unasylva collection make better decisions. This site also serves as an excellent (which also contains the full search capability) is being electronic reference in high school and college classrooms completed and will be printed before the end of January 2001. where students are encouraged to learn how science, society www.fao.org/forestry/foda/unasylva/unasyl-e.stm and economics, as well as ethics and morality, influence our multidimensional lives. The hundreds of information pages include discussions on population, climate, energy, natural resource use, coastal planning and management, human nature linkages, biodiversity, watershed protection, technology, sustainable agriculture, safe water supplies, waste management, community development, transportation, green building, economic revitalization, consumerism, sustainable cities, Sometimes you have to shed your old bark international security, politics, smart rural development, in order to grow education, family relations, human values, etc. Part of the Five E’s Web site’s purpose is to offer the public Anon service of circulating and promoting the most current ideas,

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 103 READERS’ RESPONSE ÿ*

Request for information Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of I am curious to know whether anyone has references of India Ltd studies of plant populations and harvesting studies. I am I am working in New Delhi as Deputy General Manager with interested in looking at single species harvesting as well as Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India looking at complexes of plants within a population, and the Ltd (Trifed), a national-level cooperative federation fully harvesting of multiple plants from those sites. I am familiar with supported by the control of the Government of India, having Gagnon’s work. (Trish Flaster, Botanical Liaisons, 1180 joined in 1988. The basic objective of our organization is to Crestmoor Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. Fax: help the tribals/indigenous people of India by procuring their +1 303 494 2555; e-mail: [email protected]) NTFPs through our branches and members network in India and marketing the same, in turn, assuring fair NTFP inventory plots economic/remunerative prices to the tribals. Their total Isabelle Gambetta is looking for literature and/or experience on population in India is 67 millions. Marketing NTFPs is their inventory and analysis of data (multivariate) regarding NTFPs main source of livelihood but it is facing a variety of problems on transects plots of 20 x 50 m, every 150 m, on the foothills Ð institutional, logistic and financial as well as on policy fronts. of the Ecuadorian Amazon. She inventories quantitatively There are opportunities for research that could lead to about ten different products (ferns, fruits, fibres) and notes the enhanced inccome for the tribal peoples on a sustainable presence or absence of many other products. She has found a basis. Some outstanding issues requiring priority attention lot of literature on one-hectare inventory, but is looking for could be resolved by adequate research work. information covering all vegetation of one community (multiple May I seek your assistance in finding out the names of plots), i.e. secondary vegetation, pasture, virgin forests, to be other institutes which could help me to take up a research able to make a comparison with her results and methods. project in areas concerning non-timber forest products; She would be grateful to receive any participatory forest management; institutional management in advice/literature/results on this theme since part of her Ph.D. India; regulatory/policy framework on NTFPs for ethical trade covers the importance of non-timber forest products for some initiative. (M.M. Lohia, Deputy General Manager, Trifed, 2nd communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon (availability, market floor, NCUI Building, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi 110016, and consumption). If you have information to share, please India. E-mail: [email protected]; www.trifed.net) contact Isabelle at: [email protected] Biodiversity in India Economic valuation of biodiversity: case studies in Brazil India is one of the 12 countries in the world that are rich in This is to announce the availability on the Web of my recently biodiversity. It holds 70 percent of world species diversity and concluded survey for Brazil’s Ministry of the Environment, has about 45 000 known plant species. According to the World Economic valuation of biodiversity: case studies in Brazil. The Health Organization, about 80 percent of all therapies in use study summarizes more than 50 biodiversity valuation studies are made from herbs, with estimates that place the value at on Brazilian biomes as a contribution to the national Strategy US$12.6 billion worldwide. In the United States, industry for Biological Diversity Conservation and Sustainable Use. The experts estimate that sales of herbs and herb supplement survey (in Portuguese with an English executive summary, products now exceed US$3 billion, accounting for about one soon to be published by MMA in hard copy) can be quarter of the world’s total. downloaded from: People for Animals is a charitable trust formed to campaign www.mma.gov.br/chm/publicacoes/valoracao_biodiv/valoracao the cause of animal welfare, biodiversity and the environment. _biodiv.pdf The main aims of our society are to: encourage innovative Other recent publications available on the Web include: programmes on the wise management of the earth’s natural Corporate roles and rewards in promoting sustainable resources; reduce deforestation and to encourage efficient development: lessons learned from Camisea, published at renewable use of natural, human and human-made resources; http://socrates.berkeley.edu/erg/Pages/wp_98_1.html as enhance the quality of life through the conservation of the Working Paper ERG-99-I, by the University of California at environment; promote marketing techniques that can provide Berkeley Energy and Resources Group, downloadable in pdf income for community-based groups; undertake research in format. A study of the Shell Group sustainability strategy has the conservation of the natural environment and the been published in pdf format, Corporate incentives and sustainable utilization of the natural resources of Madhya environmental decision-making: case studies and workshop Pradesh. report, September 1999 (see Royal Dutch/Shell case study), (Dr R. Sugandhi, Coordinator (Medicinal Plants) and as part of a HARC/NAS Private Sector Initiatives project. President, People for Animals Bhopal, 179 Kalpana Nagar, I welcome your comments and criticisms. (Peter May. E- Bhopal 462021, M.P., India. E-mail: mail: [email protected]) [email protected])

NON-WOOD NEWS, No. 8, March 2001 Temperate broadleaved trees and their multiple products

The world’s temperate broadleaved trees and forests provide a vast array of products that are beneficial to humans. Not only is the wood of many temperate broadleaved trees highly valued as a source of timber or fuelwood, but these trees also provide a vast range of important non-wood forest products (NWFP), such as cork, flowers as nectar sources for special honeys, maple syrup, tannins, fruits, nuts, mushrooms and so on. A forthcoming publication in the FAO NWFP series describes these important NWFPs from temperate broadleaved trees, and is a companion volume to an earlier publication, Non-wood forest products from conifers.

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