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Altitudinal Distribution and Conservation of Raptors in Southwestern Colombia

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Altitudinal Distribution and Conservation of Raptors in Southwestern Colombia THE JOIYRNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH A QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. VOL. 25 SPRING 1991 NO. 1 J. RaptorRes. 25(1):1-8 ¸ 1991 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION OF RAPTORS IN SOUTHWESTERN COLOMBIA JEAN-MARC THIOLLAY Laboratoired'Ecologie, Ecole Normale Supgrieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230Paris, Cedex05, France ABSTP•CT.--Diurnal raptors were surveyedduring four weeks along a gradient from sea level to 4000 m on the Pacific slopesof the Andes in southwesternColombia. However, most of the work on habitat selection,density estimates and conservationproblems was donewithin the subtropicallevel (1200-2400 m) in the 3200-haforest reserve of La Planadaand its surroundingmosaic of pastures,cultivated fields and disturbedforest. Twenty-two raptor specieswere recorded.Forest species richness does not change noticeablyat successivelevels between 0 and 1000 m, but this richnessdecreases rapidly above1500 m. The numberof opengrassland species tends to increasewith elevation.Extensive deforestation is a major threat to the survivalof severalforest raptors, including endemics from the humid westernslope of the Andes.Some sufficiently large areasof relativelyundisturbed forest, suitable for raptor conservation,still remain between500 and 2000 m but very few can be found aboveor below this level. Distribuci6ny conservaci6nde avesde rapifia en diversosniveles de altitud en el sudoestede Colombia EXTg^½TO.--Raptorasdiurnas fueron inspeccionadasdurante 4 semanasa 1o largo de una gradiente comprendidaentre el nivel del mar y los4000 metros,en las pendientesandinas del Pacificoen el sudoeste de Colombia.Sin embargo,la mayor parte del trabajo de selecci6nde habitat, estimacionesde densidad y problemasde conservaci6n,ha sidohecho dentro del nivel subtropical(1200-2400 m) en las 3200-ha. de la reservaforestal La Planada,y el mosaicode susalrededores con pastos, campos cultivados y alterada floresta.22 especiesde avesde rapifia han sidoregistradas. La riqueza de las especiesraptoras de floresta no cambianotablemente en los sucesivosniveles entre 0 y 1000 m, pero sl decrecerapidamente a partir de los 1500 m. E1 nfimero de las especiesde las areas de pastostiende a crecer con la elevaci6n.La extensivadeforestaci6n constituye el mayorpeligro para la supervivenciade las avesraptoras de floresta; estoes cierto tambi•n para las especiesde las hfimedaspendientes occidentales de los Andes. Areas suficientementegrandes de florestarelativamente inalterada, apropiadaspara la conservaci6nde aves raptoras,afin se encuentranentre los 500 y los 2000 m, pero muy pocaspueden encontrarse por encima o por debajode estenivel. [Traducci6n de Eudoxio Paredes-Ruiz] Colombia is ornithologicallyone of the richest vey methodsare required to establishthe presence, countriesin the world with at least 1695 speciesof or to assessthe relative abundance,of many species. birdsreliably recorded,including 75 Falconiformes, These methodsare time consumingand are often as summarizedby Hilty and Brown (1986). The appropriatefor only a particularsubset of the raptor extreme southwesternpart of the countryis among assemblage(Thiollay 1989a).The birdsin this study the least studiedareas. Yet this Pacificslope of the area provedto be no exception. Andes, called southern Choco, which extends into The presentstudy of the distributionof raptors northwestern Ecuador, is both rich in endemic taxa along a gradientfrom sealevel to 4000 m was of and threatenedthroughout by rapid deforestation, interest for several reasons. Little was known about especiallyin the lowlands.Moreover, diurnal rap- the area and its endemicspecies; the gradient had a torsare usually poorly surveyed because specific sur- wide altitudinalrange but within a relativelynarrow 2 JEAN-MARCTHIOLLAY VOL. 25, NO. I ,,/' TUMALCO C_•MBIA ECUADOR •,...,L.•,..., ß 1,0 2,0 Figure 1. Map of the studyarea in southwesternNarino, Colombia.Dots representvillages or smalltowns and trianglesthe highestpeaks (volcanoes). strip; comparativedata were drawn in 1987 from a (Holdridge 1967). 1) The Paramo extendsfrom the tree personalsurvey of raptorsin nearby northwestern line (3200-3400m) to theupper limit of vegetation(around Ecuador; this was among the first usesof raptors as 4500 m). The RosetteShrub (Espeletiasp.) was charac- teristicof the lower part of this wet alpine grasslandwhere sensitiveindicators for the managementof a Bio- some patchesof low, densePolylepis woodland still re- sphereReserve (UNESCO-MAB) proposedin the mained in the ravines.The upper part of the Paramowas area; severalspecies may soonbecome extinct be- dominatedby grasslands.Strong winds, cool temperatures, moderate rains and extensive cloud cover occurred almost causeof the current high rate of deforestation. daily. 2) The temperateor montaneforest was found main- ly from 2500-3500 m betweenE1 Espino,Miraflores and STUDY AREA AND METHODS Piedrancha.Trees were usually under 20 m tall and cov- The southwesterncorner of Colombia(Narino), along ered with epiphytes.Stunted trees and shrubsdominated the Ecuadorian border, providesa 115-km-wide gradient a so-calledelfin forest near the tree line. 3) From 2400 m from the upper ridge of the westernAndes, dominated by down to 1200 m, a subtropical,humid or premontane the Cumbal Volcano (4764 m), down to the Pacific coast. forestwas found. Many treesreached 25-30 m in height It is crossedby the Pasto-Tumaco road of which the E1 and were heavilycovered by epiphytes(e.g., ferns, mosses, Espino-Altaquersection has been the mostintensively sur- bromeliads).Trees were dominatedby the generaCassza, veyedduring this study(Fig. 1). Clusia,Ficus, Miconia, as well as palms. The denseand This Pacific slopeof the northern Andes (Choco) has wet undergrowthhad many tree ferns. 4) From 1200 m the heaviestrainfall in the Americas (Hilty and Brown to 500 m, in the Altaquer-Junin-Barbacoas-E1Diviso area, 1986), ranging from over 3000 mm on the coastto an the foothillsbore a tropicalwet forest(rain forestof Hold- averageof 10 000 mm in the foothills (500-1000 m) and ridge 1967). It was the elevationwith the heaviestrainfall, decreasingto about 4-5000 mm at the subtropicaland coveredby a dense,evergreen forest, with treesreaching montane levels. The heavy cloud covertends to increase 30-35 m. The highesttree speciesdiversity may be found with altitude. The mean temperaturedrops by about 6øC at this level (G. Samper,pers. comm.).5) Below 500 m, with each 1000-meter increase in elevation. the lowland wet forest was the tallest (35-45 m) with The altitudinalgradient was dividedinto fivemain zones comparativelyless undergrowth and still high tree species SPRING 1991 RAPTORSIN SOUTHWESTERN COLOMBIA 3 richness.A wide belt of mangrovesfringed the coast.All servations and the behavior of adult birds monitored. This alongthe gradient,much of the originalforest cover has minimum number of pairs of eachspecies is probably too beenconverted to cattle pastures and cultivated fields; shrubs low for the secretivesmall forest speciesbut much more predominatedon lightly grazedor abandonedareas. accuratefor the conspicuouslarge soaring species.Pairs Most of my observationswere madein and aroundLa of displayingLeucopternis or Leptodonand even calling Planada Natural Reserve, within the subtropicalzone. Micrasturwere widely separatedand thus easyto distin- This 3200-ha reserve was at an altitude of 1500 to 2200 guishfrom eachother without a completemapping of their m and coveredwith primary forest. Over 200 ha were territory. regenerating,after being either convertedinto pastureor Around the 3000-ha forest of La Planada, an additional loggedfor valuabletimber 10-20 yearsago. The mature area of about 7000 ha of mixed pastures,cultivated fields, forestwas on average20-30 m high with a dense,very old clearingsand disturbedforests was surveyedmainly wet undergrowthand a discontinuouscanopy. Palms and for easilydetectable (soaring) species. A minimumnumber treeferns were numerous and epiphytes were omnipresent. of pairs was estimatedfor this total area of approximately Two hundredresident bird specieshave been identified 10 000 ha (seespecies status). The aim of the censuswas (unpubl.list from numerous observers), including 25 Cho- to provide somebasic data about the ecologicalrequire- co endemics.Mammals (squirrels,monkeys, carnivores) mentsof suchspecies if their survivalis to be considered usuallyexisted at lowdensities. The largestmammals were in a future managementplan for this part of the western the SpectacledBear, Tremarctosornatus and the Brocket Andes. More details about census are given elsewhere Deer, Mazama americana. (Thiollay 1989a). On the easternborder of the reserve,the deepvalley of ?ialapi waspartly clearedfor shiftingcultivation and the RESULTS remainingforest patches were often disturbed.Along the northeasternside, the slopesof the Rio Miraflores valley Altitudinal Distribution. The distribution of were used for cattle ranching,but substantialareas of raptorsalong the altitudinal gradientis presentedin foreststill coveredthe upper slopes.The large valley of Figure 2. It was not possibleto give a more quan- the Rio Guiza was denselypopulated and cultivated,with titativepicture of the species'distribution because of pastureson the upper slopes.Some patches of forestre- mainedonly on the steepest slopes, ridges and ravines. The the brevityof the surveyin the foothillsand lowlands. lower and upperparts of the valley are heredefined from Table 1 emphasizesthe relative abundance of species
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