Non-Pancreatic Phospholipase a Synthesis by Foetal Rat Calvarial

Research Paper

Mediators of Inflammation 4, 67-70 (1995)

TENIDAP (TD) was initially defined as a dual inhibitor of Tenidap sodium inhibits secretory cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. This study was de- signed to assess its inhibitory activity against pro- non-pancreatic phospholipase A inflammatory phosphoHpase A2. This study shows that synthesis by foetal rat calvarial TD inhibits the synthesis of pro-inflammatory secretory osteoblasts non-pancreatic phospholipase A (sPLA2). Concentrations as low as 0.251lg/ml (0.725 JIM) reduced the release of sPLA by 40% from foetal rat calvarial osteoblasts stimulated with IL-I and TNF, whereas a concentration of W. Pruzanski, 1,cA B. P. Kennedy, 2 2.5 tg/ml (7.25 IIM) reduced the release by over 800/0. TD H. van den Bosch, E. Stefanski, M. Wloch also markedly reduced the release of sPLA from and P. Vadas unstimulated cells. There was no direct inhibition of sPLA enzymatic activity by TD in vitro. Northern blot analysis showed that TD did not affect the sPLA mRNA lnflammation Research Group, Division of levels; however, immunoblotting showed a dose-dependent reduction in sPLA enzyme. These results, together Immunology, Wellesley Hospital, University of with a marked reduction in sPLA enzymatic activity, Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4Y 1J3; suggest that TD inhibits sPLA synthesis at the post-tran- Department of Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst scriptional level. Therefore TD seems to inhibit the Centre for Therapeutic Research, Montreal, arachidonic acid cascade proximally to cyclooxygenase Canada H9R 4P8 and Centre for and ltpoxygenase and its anti-inflammatory activity may be related at least in part to the inhibition of sPLA syn- Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, thesis. University of Utrecht, The Netherlands

Key words: Phospholipase Rat calvarial osteoblasts, A2, CA Tenidap Corresponding Author

Introduction Materials and Methods Tenidap sodium ([Z]-5-chloro-2,3-dihydro- Tenidap sodium, MW 343.75 was the kind gift of 3[hydroxy-2-thienylmethylene]-2-oxo- 1-H-indole- 1- Pfizer Canada Inc. sPLA activity was assessed as carboxyamide, sodium salt) (TD) is a new anti-in- described in detail using radiolabelled Escherichia flammator agent which was originally designated coli membrane phospholipid substrate. Foetal rat as a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase and calvarial cells (FRCO) were prepared as reported lipoxygenase. 1," It soon became apparent that TD had previously. I Confluent cultures of FRCO were incu- other biological properties such as inhibition of IL-1 bated in the presence of TD in concentrations rang- production in LPS-stimulated cells, 3,4 inhibition of ing from 0.25 l.tg/ml (0.725 l.tM) to 50 l.tg/ml (145 t.tM) the release and/or activity of collagenase and for 24 and 48 h. Foetal calf serum was withdrawn myeloperoxidase and suppression of the expression from the medium when TD and/or IL-1 and TNF of circulating acute phase reactants such as serum were added to the cultures. FRCO were co-stimulated amyloid A in rheumatoid patients treated with TD with IL-I[ (100 U/ml or 0.2 ng/ml) and TNF0 (500 U/ and of C-reactive protein in rats with adjuvant arthri- ml or 25 ng/ml) as described previously. I FRCO tis. TD also inhibits bone resorption induced by viability as tested by trypan blue exclusion was cytokines IL-1 and TNF. Since some of the above > 95%. The cells were counted at the end of each inhibitory activities resemble those of other agents experiment. Each experiment was performed in trip- which are known inhibitors of phospholipase a licate and repeated at least twice, sPLA activity was (PEA2) we undertook a study of the impact of TD on expressed as units per ml of the medium and as units the synthesis of secretory non-pancreatic PLA,. per I x 106 cells/ml. (sPLA2) by foetal rat calvarial osteoblasts. The data suggest that TD is a potent inhibitor of sPLA synthe- RNA isolation and Northern blot analysis: RNA was sis. These findings add a new aspect to the spectrum isolated from cultured FRCO by the method of of biological activities of this compound and may Chomczynski and Sacchi. 11 Briefly, 5 x 107 to 1 x 108 lead to a better understanding of its observed anti- cells, were homogenized using lysing buffer contain- inflammatory effects. ing 4 M guanidium thiocyanate. RNA was purified by

() 1995 Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd Mediators of Inflammation. Vol 4. 1995 67 W. Pruzanski et al. phenol:chloroform:iso-amyl alcohol extraction, fol- 10000 lowed by two iso-propanol precipitations. RNA was 9000 stored as an ethanol precipitate at-70C until tested. 8000 Northern blot analysis of total RNA was performed 7000 on 1% agarose/formaldehyde gels and the RNA was 6000 12 blotted onto nitrocellulose. The probe used for 5000 13 hybridization was the rat sPLA cDNA. The DNA 4000 fragment was labelled by random priming aooo (Pharmacia) and prehybridization was done in a 50% 2000 formamide buffer at 42C. The blot was washed in 1000 lx55C 0.5% SDS at 50C and exposed to Kodak XAR- film at-80C with an intensifying screen. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Ig/mL Western blot analysis: SDS-polyacrylamide gel FIG. 1. Inhibition by Tenidap of the activity of phospholipase A (sPLA2) in the supernatant of FRCO stimulated by IL-1/TNF. One lg 2.7 IM. electrophoresis was done on 12% polyacrylamide gels using the method of Laemmli. 14 Proteins were that TD may have a post-transcriptional effect on then electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose synthesis by FRCO. (Hybond*M-ECL, Amersham Canada, Ltd)5 for sPLA2 There was no direct inhibition by TD of the immunoblot analysis, The primary antibody was a rat enzymatic activity of recombinant human sPLA or of sPLA monoclonal antibody (mAb 2E7 plus 2B9). 16 the extracellular PEA of rat osteoblasts. Enzymatic The blot was developed using enhanced activity of recombinant human sPLA was assessed chemiluminescence (ECL) as described by the manu- after 60 min incubation with TD in concentrations facturer (ECLTM Western blotting protocols, between 1 l.tg/ml and 50 btg/ml (2.9 btM). Amersham International plc). The differences be- btM-145 sPLA activity varied from 185 to 198 U/ml as com- tween activity in control cultures supernatants sPLA2 pared with the control of 195 U/ml. The activity of and TD treated cells were assessed using Student's test. 1234 Results sPLA activity in culture supernatants of unstimulated FRCO was 96 + 21 U/106 cells whereas cells incubated in the presence of TD 5 lag/ml (14.5 l.tM) for 48 h released 19 + 13 U/10 cells (p < 0.01). Final concentration of cells was 0.72 + 0.02 x 10/ml in controls and 0.67 + 0.03 x 10/ml in TD treated cultures. FRCO stimulated with IL-I[ and TNF released 8944 + 798 (SD) U/10 cells of sPLA compared with 110 + 16 U/106 cells in unstimulated controls. TD in concentrations of 0.25 btg/ml-0.5 btg/ ml (0.725 M to 1.450 btM) reduced the release of sPLA2 by 40%, whereas a concentration of 1.25 btg/ml (3.625 l.tM) suppressed sPLA activity by 68%. Con- centrations of 2.5 btg/ml (7.25 l.tM) reduced sPLA activity by over 80% (Fig. 1). TD in concentrations over 1.25 l.tg/ml was slightly inhibitory to cell prolif- eration, reducing the final number of cells from 0.92 + 0.02 x 10/ml in controls to 0.78 + 0.02 x 10/ml; concentrations over 2.5 g/ml reduced final cell counts to 0.63 + 0.03xl0/ml. Northern blot analysis of FRCO total RNA showed that TD at 1.25 t.tg/ml did not affect the level of sPLA mRNA in unstirnulated or IL-1/TNF stimulated cells (Fig. 2). In contrast, immunoblot analysis revealed FIG. 2. Effect of Tenidap on expression of phospholipase A (sPLA) mRNA reduction in the of in FRCO treated levels in FRCO. Northern blot hybridization using the rat sPLA cDNA probe quantity sPLA was run by using isolated total cellular RNA obtained from FRCO (10 lg/ with 0.25 btg/ml (0.725 btM) TD (Fig. 3). At the TD lane). Lane 1, Control cells. Lane 2, IL-1/TNF treated cells. Lane 3, Tenidap concentration (10.875 the sPLA (1.25 lg/ml) treated cells. Lane 4, IL-1/TNF/Tenidap treated cells. The of 3.75 btg/ml btM) lower panel shows ethidium bromide stain of 18S RNA to show equal protein became undetectable. These results suggest loading of RNA per lane of gel. 68 Mediators of Inflammation. Vol 4. 1995 Tenidap inhibits PLAe synthesis

related to the above suppressive activity. Yet, in cytokine-stimulated Hep-3B hepatoma cells in vitro, 12345 TD was unable to block SAA synthesis. TD used together with chemically modified tetracycline, synergistically inhibited the tissue activity of collagenase and gelatinase in adjuvant arthritis and substantially reduced radiological severity of joint damage. 22 It also inhibited cytokine-induced bone resorption of 45Ca-labelled mouse calvaria. Some FIG. 3. Immunoblotting assay. Supernatants of FRCO cultures were used clinical improvement was noted in a few short-term for Western blotting and phospholipase A staining. Lane 1, Control. Lane 2, FRCO stimulated with IL-I and TNFo. Lane 3, FRCO stimulated with open trials of rheumatoid arthritis and IL-1 } and TNFeq coincubated with Tenidap 0.25 lg/ml (1 g/ml 2.7 pM). osteoarthritis. 2>25 Lane 4, FRCO stimulated with IL-lJ} and TNFoq coincubated with Tenidap 1.25 lg/ml. Lane 5, FRCO stimulated with IL-I} and TNFeq co-incubated Since TD may be potentially useful in the therapy with Tenidap 3.75 g/ml. Double lower bands are caused by some protein of inflammatory conditions, its impact on the inflam- oxidation. Upper band in Lane 2imer of PLA2. (See References 16 and 4o). matory cascade is of significant interest. Secretory non-pancreatic phospholipase a has been identified as one of the pivotal pathogenetic agents in both FRCO extracellular sPLA incubated with TD (50 btg/ local2-28 and systemic29-31 inflammatory conditions. ml) was 63 U/ml compared with 62 U/ml in the Marked elevation of circulating sPLA was found in control. adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, correlating well with the disease activity. 32,33 sPLA also corre- Discussion lated significantly with the complications and out- come of septic shocM and multi-organ failure. 4 Early studies have identified TD as dual inhibitor injected into joints of experimental animals of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. 1,2 TD inhibited sPLA2 induced dose-dependent synovitis.2<5 The synthesis PGE and LTB synthesis by ionophore-stimulated of sPLA by osteoblasts, 1 chondrocytes and smooth human PMNs. In rat basophilic leukaemia cells, TD muscle cells37 is induced and enhanced by cytokines, inhibited 5-HETE and synthesis as well as LTB4 especially IL-1 and TNF. It has recently been reported .17 However, compared with cyclooxygenase, PGD2 that some agents that inhibit collagenase3 also in- the inhibition of lipoxygenase required a 14-fold hibit interaction with the substrate. 39 We hy- higher concentration of TD. Similar observation was sPLA2 pothesized that TD might also inhibit sPLA synthe- made when plasma-free leukocyte suspensions were sis. Indeed, this study has shown that concentrations tested in the rat. 18 The of TD for cyclooxygenase IC50 as low as 0.25 I.tg/ml (0.725 btM) markedly inhibited and lipoxygenase was 0.05 and 10 respec- t-tM btM the synthesis of sPLA by foetal rat calvarial tively. When whole blood was used, TD did not osteoblasts. We have shown that the synthesis of suppress 5-1ipoxygenase at all. It was therefore con- sPta was most probably blocked at the post-tran- cluded that, in vivo, TD is essentially a selective scriptional level. It has recently been reported that inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. 18 TD generally inhibits protein synthesis in cells. 41,42 Subsequent studies of TD have detected its impact Thus, inhibition of sPLA synthesis by TD seems to on cytokine production. Endotoxin-induced IL-1 be an important part of this general effect on cell synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages was metabolism. TD had no direct effect on PEA markedly inhibited by TD (IC50 1 btg/ml). Subcellular enzymatic activity. studies identified the block of pro-IL-lot in the cells. The fact that TD inhibits the synthesis of sPLA Higher concentrations of TD (10 btg/ml) also inhib- adds to the repertoire of its biological activities and ited IL-1 activity in LPS-stimulated human shows that this agent may inhibit the arachidonic monocytes 19 and production of IL-6, and to the lesser acid cascade, at a level proximal, to that of degree of TNF and IL-1 in LPS stimulated human cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Marked inhibi- peripheral blood mononuclear cells, i TD inhibited tion of sPLA synthesis by TD may be partially re- the release of activated collagenase and of sponsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. myeloperoxidase from neutrophils. It also inhibited the expression of IL-1 receptor mRNA and IL-1 recep- References tor levels and reduced collagenase and stromelysin 1. Moilanen E, Alanko J, Seppala E, Vapaatalo H. Effects of anti-rheumatic drugs in normal and osteoarthritis leukotriene B and prostanoid synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes activity cultured in vitro. Agents Actions 1988; 24: 387-394. chondrocytes. 21 The observation that rats with 2. Moilanen E, Alanko J, Azmawi Z, Vapaatalo H. CP-66248, anti-inflammatory arthritis with re- agent, is potent inhibitor of leukotriene B and prostanoid synthesis in human adjuvant treated TD show marked polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Eicosanoids 1988; 1: 35-39. duction in the paw swelling and circulating CRP and 3. Otterness IG, Bliven ML, Downs JT, Hanson DC. Effects of CP-66,248 IL-1 synthesis by murine peritoneal macrophages. Arthr Rheum 1988; 31(Suppl): S90. that human patients with rheumatoid arthritis show 4. Otterness IG, Bliven ML, Downs JT, Natoli EJ, Hanson C. Inhibition of interleukin reduction in circulating SAA and CRP6,2 may be synthesis by tenidap: drug for arthritis. Cytokine 1991; 3: 277-283.

Mediators of Inflammation. Vol 4. 1995 69 W. Pruzanski et al.

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Martel-Pelletier J, McCollum R, Tardif G, Mineau F, Cloutier JM, Pelletier JP. sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. J LipidMediat 1991; 4: 83-96. Tenidap, anti-rheumatic drug, reduced IL-1R expression and IL-l-induced 41. McNiff P, Svensson L, Pazoles CJ, Gabel CA. Tenidap modulates cytoplasmic pH expression of metalloproteases in cartilage human chrondrocytes. Arthr Rheum and inhibits anion transport in vitro. I. Mechanism and evidence of functional 1992; 35(Suppl): S131. significance. J Immunol 1994; 153: 2180-2193. 22. Greenwald RA, Ramamurthy NS, Moak SA, Golub LM. Metalloproproteinase (MMP) 42. Laliberte R, Perregaux D, Svensson L, Pazoles CJ, Gabel CA. Tenidap modulates activity and radiologic severity of adjuvant arthritis (AA): synergistic beneficial cytoplasmic pH and inhibits anion transport in vitro. II. Inhibition of IL-I produc- effects of tenidap (TD) and 4-dedimethylaminotetra-cycline (CMT). Arthr Rheum tion from ATP-treated monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol 1994; 153: 1992; 35(Suppl): S131. 2168-2179. 23. Blackburn Jr WD, Heck LW, Loose LD, Eskra JD, Carty TJ. Inhibition of 5- lipoxygenase product formation and polymorphonuclear cell degranulation by ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. This study supported in part by the grant-in-aid from the tenidap sodium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1991; 34: Medical Research Council of Canada. 204-210. 24. Davis JS, Loose L, Borger AP. Clinical efficacy of CP-66,248 (5-chloro-2,3-dihydro- Received 30 September 1994; 2-oxo-3-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-indole-l-carboxamide) in osteoarthritis (OA). Arthr Rheum 1988; 31: $72. accepted 19 October 1994

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