Inhibitory Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Interleukin-6 Bioactivity

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Inhibitory Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Interleukin-6 Bioactivity June 2001 Notes Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24(6) 701—703 (2001) 701 Inhibitory Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Interleukin-6 Bioactivity a a a a b Bo-Seong KANG, Eun-Yong CHUNG, Yeo-Pyo YUN, Myung Koo LEE, Yong Rok LEE, c a ,a Ki-Sung LEE, Kyung Rak MIN, and Youngsoo KIM* College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University,a Cheongju 361–763, Korea, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University,b Kyongsan 712–749, Korea, and Research Center for Biomedical Resources, Pai-Chai University,c Taejon 302–735, Korea. Received November 20, 2000; accepted February 14, 2001 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known as a proinflammatory cytokine involved in immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Inhibitory effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on IL-6 bioactivity using IL-6-dependent hy- bridoma have been evaluated. Three out of 16 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showed IC50 val- 5 . ues of less than 100 mM, which were in the order of oxyphenylbutazone hydrate (IC50 7.5 mM) meclofenamic acid sodium salt (31.9 mM).sulindac (74.9 mM). Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) exhibited significant inhibitory effects at 100 mM on the IL-6 bioactivity, and their inhibitory potencies were in the order of budesonide 5 . (IC50 2.2 mM) hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate (6.7 mM), prednisolone (7.5 mM), betamethasone (10.9 mM) dex- amethasone (18.9 mM) and triamcinolone acetonide (24.1 mM). The results would provide an additional mecha- nism by which anti-inflammatory drugs display their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at higher concentrations. Key words anti-inflammatory drugs; IL-6 inhibitor; oxyphenylbutazone hydrate; budesonide Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine which were purchased from GIBCO BRL Products (Gaithersburg, is produced by both lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells.1) The MD, U.S.A.) and rhIL-6 from Wako Pure Chemical Ind., Ltd. receptor for IL-6 is composed of two polypeptide chains (Osaka, Japan). called a-subunit and b-subunit.1,2) The a-subunit is the lig- Culture of Hybridoma MH60/BSF-2 The murine B and-binding chain with a molecular weight of approximately cell hybridoma dependent on IL-6 for its growth was cul- 80 kDa, and is also known as gp80.2,3) The b-subunit is tured in RPMI (10.4 mg/ml RPMI-1640, 2.48 mg/ml HEPES, known as gp130 and is the signal-transducing chain of the re- 100 units/ml benzylpenicillin potassium, 100 mg/ml strepto- ceptor complex.2,4) The gp130 is shared by a family of cy- mycin sulfate, pH 7.1) containing 10% FBS and 1 unit/ml 17) tokines including oncostatin M (OSM), leukemia inhibitory rhIL-6 at 37 °C with 5% CO2. factor (LIF), IL-11, cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) and ciliary neu- IL-6 Bioassay One hundred microliter of 13104 rotrophic factor (CNTF).5—7) MH60/BSF-2 cells, 50 ml of 1.2 unit/ml rhIL-6, and 50 ml of IL-6 is a multifunctional cytokine acting in various cells. It the medium with or without sample were added to a 96-well induces the differentiation of B cells to antibody-producing microplate (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark). After incubation at plasma cells, T-cell growth and differentiation, the differenti- 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 48 h, the cell growth was measured ation of myeloid leukemic cell lines into macrophages, by optical density (OD) at wavelength 570 nm using the megakaryocyte maturation, the neuronal differentiation of MTT method. Effect on IL-6 bioactivity by the sample is rep- PC12 cells, development of osteoclasts, and acute-phase pro- resented as inhibition %, [1-(sample OD570/control 8—14) 3 tein synthesis in hepatocytes. IL-6 acts as a growth fac- OD570)] 100, compared with the control. Data are expressed tor for myeloma/plasmacytoma, keratinocytes, mesangial as means6S.E.M., and their significant differences from the cells, renal carcinoma, and Kaposi’s sarcoma, but inhibits the controls were analyzed by Student’s t-test. growth of myeloid leukemia cell lines and certain sarcoma IL-3 Bioassay and Cytotoxicity BAF/BO3 cell line was cell lines.15,16) Thereby, IL-6 plays important roles in the cultured in RPMI containing 10% FBS and 20 units/ml pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, in particular, chronic rmIL-3. Proliferation of BAF/BO3 by rmIL-3 was measured inflammation, autoimmune diseases, viral infection, and ma- as an IL-3 bioassay.18) IL-6-independent MH60 cell line was lignancies.1,2) established by gradually decreasing IL-6 in RPMI containing In this study, inhibitory effects of anti-inflammatory drugs 10% FBS for passage of MH60/BSF-2.18) Effect on the on IL-6 bioactivity were investigated. Oxyphenybutazone hy- growth rate of IL-6-independent MH60 cells in RPMI con- drate exhibited the highest inhibitory effect among nons- taining 10% FBS without IL-6 was viewed as the cytotoxic- teroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and budesonide ity of the sample. among steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS NSAIDs are well known as inhibitors of prostaglandin Materials Anti-inflammatory drugs, RPMI-1640, and 3- synthesis. However, the mechanism may not account for all [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide pharmacological effects of NSAIDs. It was reported that in- (MTT) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., Inc. (St. domethacin and diclofenac up-regulated the production of Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and N-[2-hy- TNF, IFN-g and IL-2 released from Th1 cells but down-regu- droxyethyl]piperazine-N9-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) lated the production of IL-4 and IL-6 released from Th2 ∗ To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: [email protected] © 2001 Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 702 Vol. 24, No. 6 cells.19) sis of new proteins. It was reported that SAIDs inhibited the Five NSAIDs of diclofenac sodium salt, sulindac, meclofe- production of TNF, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-g chemokine, and namic acid sodium salt, mefenamic acid and oxyphenylbuta- GM-CSF, but increased the number of receptors of IL-1 and zone hydrate exhibited significant inhibitory effects at 100 IL-6.20) m M on IL-6 bioactivity (Table 1). Diclofenac sodium salts All SAIDs exhibited significant inhibitory effects at 100 and sulindac at 100 m M exhibited 42% and 79% inhibition on m M on IL-6 bioactivity (Table 1). Based on the IC50 values, the cytokine bioactivity, respectively, but etodolac, in- inhibitory potency on IL-6 bioactivity was in the order of domethacin, and tolmetin sodium salt in the acetate subfam- budesonide.hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate, prednisolone, ily of NSAIDs did not inhibit. Both meclofenamic acid betamethasone.dexamethasone, triamcinolone acetonide. sodium salt and mefenamic acid in the fenamate subfamily beclomethasone dipropionate. Budesonide inhibited the IL-6 exhibited .95% and 37% inhibition at 100 m M, respectively. bioactivity in a dose-dependent manner, and showed an IC50 Oxyphenylbutazone hydrate exhibited >95% inhibition at value at the concentration of 2.2 m M (Fig. 1). 100 m M on IL-6 bioactivity, but phenylbutazone in the pyra- Among anti-inflammatory drugs showing >50% inhibition zoline subfamily did not inhibit. None of NSAIDs in car- on IL-6 bioactivity at 100 m M, all except sulindac and budes- boxylate, propionate and oxicam subfamilies tested in this onide inhibited the IL-3 bioactivity with potency in the order study showed significant inhibitory effects on IL-6 bioactiv- of prednisolone, hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate, dexam- ity. Oxyphenylbutazone hydrate inhibited the IL-6 bioactivity ethasone.oxyphenylbutazone hydrate, triamcinolone ace- in a dose-dependent manner, and showed an IC50 value at the concentration of 7.5 m M (Fig. 1). Based on the IC50 values, inhibitory potency on IL-6 bioactivity was in the order of oxyphenylbutazone hydrate.meclofenamic acid sodium salt. sulindac.diclofenac sodium salt and mefenamic acid (Table 1). SAIDs are corticosteroids exerting profound effects on the inflammatory and immune responses.20) Corticosteroid re- sponses are initiated by binding to a specific receptor, and mediated by the cascade of cellular events involving synthe- Table 1. Inhibitory Effects on IL-6 Bioactivity Inhibition (%) Anti-inflammatory drug IC (m M) at 100 m M 50 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Carboxylate Aspirin ,063 .100 Acetates Diclofenac sodium salt 4262* .100 6 . Etodolac 19 3 100 Fig. 1. Dose-Dependent Inhibitory Effects on IL-6 Bioactivity by 6 . Indomethacin 19 1 100 Oxyphenylbutazone Hydrate and Budesonide Sulindac 7961* 74.9 6 . Samples are oxyphenylbutazone hydrate (open circle) and budesonide (solid circle). Tolmetin sodium salt 8 6 100 Data are represented as inhibition %, mean6S.E. of three independent tests, and their Propionates significant differences from the control are ∗ p,0.001. Fenoprofen calcium salt 1662 .100 Flurbiprofen 2663 .100 Ibuprofen ,061 .100 Table 2. Inhibitory Effects on IL-3 Bioactivity and Cytotoxic Effects on Ketoprofen ,064 .100 IL-6-independent MH60 Cells Naproxen sodium salt 1864 .100 Fenamates IC50 (m M) Meclofenamic acid sodium salt .9561* 31.9 Anti-inflammatory drug Mefenamic acid 3763* .100 IL-3 Cytotoxicity Pyrazolines Oxyphenylbutazone hydrate .9561* 7.5 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Phenylbutazone 2664 .100 Sulindac .100 .100 Oxicam Meclofenamic acid sodium salt 48.6 92.7 Piroxicam 1261 .100 Oxyphenylbutazone hydrate 35.2 78.5 Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Beclomethasone dipropionate 4562* .100 Betamethasone 51.0 .100 Betamethasone 9362* 10.9 Budesonide .100 .100 Budesonide .9564* 2.2 Dexamethasone 24.9 .100 Dexamethasone .9561* 18.9 Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate 21.4 .100 Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate 9262* 6.7 Prednisolone 16.0 .100 Prednisolone .9563* 7.5 Triamcinolone acetonide 39.9 .100 Triamcinolone acetonide 8664* 24.1 IL-3 bioactivity was measured by proliferation of BAF/BO3 cells in the presence of IL-6 bioactivity was measured by proliferation of hybridoma MH60/BSF-2 in the rmIL-3.
Recommended publications
  • Nitrate Prodrugs Able to Release Nitric Oxide in a Controlled and Selective
    Europäisches Patentamt *EP001336602A1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 336 602 A1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.7: C07C 205/00, A61K 31/00 20.08.2003 Bulletin 2003/34 (21) Application number: 02425075.5 (22) Date of filing: 13.02.2002 (84) Designated Contracting States: (71) Applicant: Scaramuzzino, Giovanni AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU 20052 Monza (Milano) (IT) MC NL PT SE TR Designated Extension States: (72) Inventor: Scaramuzzino, Giovanni AL LT LV MK RO SI 20052 Monza (Milano) (IT) (54) Nitrate prodrugs able to release nitric oxide in a controlled and selective way and their use for prevention and treatment of inflammatory, ischemic and proliferative diseases (57) New pharmaceutical compounds of general effects and for this reason they are useful for the prep- formula (I): F-(X)q where q is an integer from 1 to 5, pref- aration of medicines for prevention and treatment of in- erably 1; -F is chosen among drugs described in the text, flammatory, ischemic, degenerative and proliferative -X is chosen among 4 groups -M, -T, -V and -Y as de- diseases of musculoskeletal, tegumental, respiratory, scribed in the text. gastrointestinal, genito-urinary and central nervous sys- The compounds of general formula (I) are nitrate tems. prodrugs which can release nitric oxide in vivo in a con- trolled and selective way and without hypotensive side EP 1 336 602 A1 Printed by Jouve, 75001 PARIS (FR) EP 1 336 602 A1 Description [0001] The present invention relates to new nitrate prodrugs which can release nitric oxide in vivo in a controlled and selective way and without the side effects typical of nitrate vasodilators drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Diclofenac Sodium Enteric-Coated Tablets) Tablets of 75 Mg Rx Only Prescribing Information
    ® Voltaren (diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets) Tablets of 75 mg Rx only Prescribing Information Cardiovascular Risk • NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk. (See WARNINGS.) • Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets) is contraindicated for the treatment of perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see WARNINGS). Gastrointestinal Risk • NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events. (See WARNINGS.) DESCRIPTION Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets) is a benzene-acetic acid derivative. Voltaren is available as delayed-release (enteric-coated) tablets of 75 mg (light pink) for oral administration. The chemical name is 2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino] benzeneacetic acid, monosodium salt. The molecular weight is 318.14. Its molecular formula is C14H10Cl2NNaO2, and it has the following structural formula The inactive ingredients in Voltaren include: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, iron oxide, lactose, magnesium stearate, methacrylic acid copolymer, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, sodium starch glycolate, talc, titanium dioxide. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacodynamics Voltaren® (diclofenac sodium enteric-coated tablets) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in animal models. The mechanism of action of Voltaren, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition.
    [Show full text]
  • (Ketorolac Tromethamine Tablets) Rx Only WARNING TORADOL
    TORADOL ORAL (ketorolac tromethamine tablets) Rx only WARNING TORADOLORAL (ketorolac tromethamine), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is indicated for the short-term (up to 5 days in adults), management of moderately severe acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level and only as continuation treatment following IV or IM dosing of ketorolac tromethamine, if necessary. The total combined duration of use of TORADOLORAL and ketorolac tromethamine should not exceed 5 days. TORADOLORAL is not indicated for use in pediatric patients and it is NOT indicated for minor or chronic painful conditions. Increasing the dose of TORADOLORAL beyond a daily maximum of 40 mg in adults will not provide better efficacy but will increase the risk of developing serious adverse events. GASTROINTESTINAL RISK Ketorolac tromethamine, including TORADOL can cause peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding and/or perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Therefore, TORADOL is CONTRAINDICATED in patients with active peptic ulcer disease, in patients with recent gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation, and in patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events (see WARNINGS). CARDIOVASCULAR RISK NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk (see WARNINGS and CLINICAL STUDIES). TORADOL is CONTRAINDICATED for the treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see WARNINGS).
    [Show full text]
  • Transdermal Drug Delivery Device Including An
    (19) TZZ_ZZ¥¥_T (11) EP 1 807 033 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61F 13/02 (2006.01) A61L 15/16 (2006.01) 20.07.2016 Bulletin 2016/29 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 05815555.7 PCT/US2005/035806 (22) Date of filing: 07.10.2005 (87) International publication number: WO 2006/044206 (27.04.2006 Gazette 2006/17) (54) TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE INCLUDING AN OCCLUSIVE BACKING VORRICHTUNG ZUR TRANSDERMALEN VERABREICHUNG VON ARZNEIMITTELN EINSCHLIESSLICH EINER VERSTOPFUNGSSICHERUNG DISPOSITIF D’ADMINISTRATION TRANSDERMIQUE DE MEDICAMENTS AVEC COUCHE SUPPORT OCCLUSIVE (84) Designated Contracting States: • MANTELLE, Juan AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR Miami, FL 33186 (US) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • NGUYEN, Viet SK TR Miami, FL 33176 (US) (30) Priority: 08.10.2004 US 616861 P (74) Representative: Awapatent AB P.O. Box 5117 (43) Date of publication of application: 200 71 Malmö (SE) 18.07.2007 Bulletin 2007/29 (56) References cited: (73) Proprietor: NOVEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. WO-A-02/36103 WO-A-97/23205 Miami, FL 33186 (US) WO-A-2005/046600 WO-A-2006/028863 US-A- 4 994 278 US-A- 4 994 278 (72) Inventors: US-A- 5 246 705 US-A- 5 474 783 • KANIOS, David US-A- 5 474 783 US-A1- 2001 051 180 Miami, FL 33196 (US) US-A1- 2002 128 345 US-A1- 2006 034 905 Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Combination of Atorvastatin with Sulindac Or Naproxen Profoundly Inhibits Colonic Adenocarcinomas by Suppressing the P65/B-Catenin/Cyclin D1 Signaling Pathway in Rats
    Published OnlineFirst July 15, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0222 Cancer Prevention Research Article Research Combination of Atorvastatin with Sulindac or Naproxen Profoundly Inhibits Colonic Adenocarcinomas by Suppressing the p65/b-Catenin/Cyclin D1 Signaling Pathway in Rats Nanjoo Suh1,4, Bandaru S. Reddy1, Andrew DeCastro1, Shiby Paul1, Hong Jin Lee1, Amanda K. Smolarek1, Jae Young So1, Barbara Simi1, Chung Xiou Wang1, Naveena B. Janakiram2, Vernon Steele3, and Chinthalapally V. Rao2 Abstract Evidence supports the protective role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and statins against colon cancer. Experiments were designed to evaluate the efficacies atorvastatin and NSAIDs administered individually and in combination against colon tumor formation. F344 rats were fed AIN- 76A diet, and colon tumors were induced with azoxymethane. One week after the second azoxymethane treatment, groups of rats were fed diets containing atorvastatin (200 ppm), sulindac (100 ppm), naproxen (150 ppm), or their combinations with low-dose atorvastatin (100 ppm) for 45 weeks. Administration of atorvastatin at 200 ppm significantly suppressed both adenocarcinoma incidence (52% reduction, P ¼ 0.005) and multiplicity (58% reduction, P ¼ 0.008). Most importantly, colon tumor multiplicities were profoundly decreased (80%–85% reduction, P < 0.0001) when given low-dose atorvastatin with either sulindac or naproxen. Also, a significant inhibition of colon tumor incidence was observed when given a low-dose atorvastatin with either sulindac (P ¼ 0.001) or naproxen (P ¼ 0.0005). Proliferation markers, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, and b-catenin in tumors of rats exposed to sulindac, naproxen, atorvastatin, and/or combinations showed a significant suppression.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Alter Nuclear Factor- Κβ in a Class Specific Manner
    Myers MJ et al. Treatment Dev Vet Pract 2020(1): 11-18. 10.33513/TDVP/2001-02 Treatments and Developments: Veterinary Practice OCIMUM Research Article Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Alter Nuclear Factor- κβ in A Class Specific Manner Abstract The capacity of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) to affect the NF-κβ dependent pathway was examined. The NSAIDs were co-cultured with RAW 264.7 cells transfected with a plasmid encoding Secreted Embryonic Alkaline Phosphatase (SEAP) under the control of NF-κβ. SEAP production was initiated by stimulating the cells with E. coli derived Lipopolysaccharide Michael J Myers*, Anne J Lewandowski and (LPS). Diclofenac, indomethacin, celecoxib, tolfenamic acid, flufenamic acid, Christine M Deaver and piroxicam inhibited SEAP production. Ketoprofen, phenylbutazone, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Research aspirin, and acetaminophen did not affect SEAP production. TNFα stimulation Division of Applied Veterinary Research, USA of HEK293 cells transfected with a SEAP reporter gene under the control of NF-κβ was used to determine whether the NSAIDs were working directly on Received: 16 June 2020 the NF-κβ pathway or on TLR4 signaling. TNFα stimulated HEK293 cells Accepted: 20 July 2020 showed that diclofenac and flunixin inhibited SEAP production, but aspirin Version of Record Online: 31 July 2020 did not. Meloxicam and diclofenac both inhibited the amount of p65 released after LPS stimulation of the RAW 264.7 cells while flunixin did not affect Citation p65 release. Flunixin had no effect on an NF-κβ gel shift assay. These results demonstrate that NSAIDs in four of the six NSAID families can inhibit NF- Myers MJ, Lewandowski AJ, Deaver CM (2020) κβ pathway, albeit via different points in the pathway.
    [Show full text]
  • Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents Differ in Their Ability to Suppress
    Oncogene (2004) 23, 9247–9258 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950-9232/04 $30.00 www.nature.com/onc Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-jB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation Yasunari Takada1, Anjana Bhardwaj1, Pravin Potdar1 and Bharat B Aggarwal*,1 1Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Box 143, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Introduction aspirin have been shown to suppress transcription factor NF-jB, which controls the expression of genes such as Owing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and cyclin D1, leading to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), first synthesized in 1897, inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells. There is no was approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis systematic study as to how these drugs differ in their ability in 1899 (Botting, 1999). Since then several other to suppress NF-jB activation and NF-jB-regulated gene nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have expression or cell proliferation. In the present study, we been synthesized and approved for human use. The anti- investigated the effect of almost a dozen different commonly inflammatory and analgesic effects of NSAIDs have used NSAIDs on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced NF- been shown to be due to their ability to inhibit the jB activation and NF-jB-regulated gene products, and on enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenases (COXs), which cell proliferation. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs) (Vane, steroid, was included for comparison with NSAIDs.
    [Show full text]
  • Indomethacin in Pregnancy: Applications and Safety
    Original Article 175 Indomethacin in Pregnancy: Applications and Safety Gael Abou-Ghannam, M.D. 1 Ihab M. Usta, M.D. 1 Anwar H. Nassar, M.D. 1 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American University of Address for correspondence and reprint requests Anwar H. Nassar, Beirut Medical Center, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon M.D., American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 113-6044/B36, Hamra 110 32090, Beirut, Lebanon (e-mail: [email protected]). Am J Perinatol 2012;29:175–186. Abstract Preterm labor (PTL) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the available tocolytics, indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, has been in use since the 1970s. Recent studies have suggested that prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors are superior to other tocolytics in delaying delivery for 48 hours and 7 days. However, increased neonatal complications including oligohydramnios, Keywords renal failure, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and closure of the ► indomethacin patent ductus arteriosus have been reported with the use of indomethacin. Indometh- ► tocolysis acin has been also used in women with short cervices as well as in those with idiopathic ► preterm labor polyhydramnios. This article describes the mechanism of action of indomethacin and its ► short cervix clinical applications as a tocolytic agent in women with PTL and cerclage and its use in ► polyhydramnios the context of polyhydramnios. The fetal and neonatal side effects of this drug are also ► fetal side effects summarized and guidelines for its use are proposed. Preterm labor (PTL) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity in women with PTL and cerclage and its use in the context of and mortality worldwide.1 Care of premature infants has polyhydramnios.
    [Show full text]
  • Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection
    ! • unusual weight gain Ketorolac Tromethamine Injection, USP Rx only Table 1: Table of Approximate Average Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Mean ± SD) IV-Administration: In normal subjects (n=37), the total clearance of 30 mg IV-administered ketorolac tromethamine was Anaphylactoid Reactions 0.030 (0.017-0.051) L/h/kg. The terminal half-life was 5.6 (4.0-7.9) hours. (See Kinetics in Special Populations for use of • skin rash or blisters with fever FOR IV/IM USE (15 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL) Following Oral, Intramuscular and Intravenous Doses of Ketorolac Tromethamine As with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to ketorolac tromethamine. Oral† Intramuscular* Intravenous Bolus‡ IV dosing of ketorolac tromethamine in pediatric patients.) Ketorolac tromethamine should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in • swelling of the arms and legs, hands and feet FOR IM USE ONLY (60 mg/2 mL (30 mg/mL) asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm Pharmacokinetic CLINICAL STUDIES These are not all the side effects with NSAID medicines. Talk to your healthcare provider or Parameters 10 mg 15 mg 30 mg 60 mg 15 mg 30 mg after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS – Pre-existing Asthma). Emergency WARNING (units) Adult Patients help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs. pharmacist for more information about NSAID medicines. Bioavailability 100% In a postoperative study, where all patients received morphine by a PCA device, patients treated with ketorolac tromethamine IV Cardiovascular Effects Ketorolac tromethamine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is indicated for the short-term (up to 5 days (extent) in adults) management of moderately severe acute pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of COX-2 Inhibition for Aspirin Induced Asthma
    S54 Thorax 2000;55 (Suppl 2):S54–S56 Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_2.S54 on 1 October 2000. Downloaded from The importance of COX-2 inhibition for aspirin induced asthma Alan Bennett There have been recent reviews of aspirin “specific” is used here to denote that the activ- induced asthma (AIA),12 the use of the ity is (usually) much greater against COX-2 COX-2 preferential inhibitor nimesulide in than against COX-1. Two drugs with a asthmatic patients intolerant to non-steroidal “preferential” status are nimesulide and mel- anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),3 and of oxicam, whereas two drugs that probably nimesulide in general.45 This paper discusses deserve the title “specific” are rofecoxib and the importance of inhibiting prostaglandin E2 celecoxib. (PGE2) synthesis in AIA, and the relative Nimesulide (4-nitro-2-phenoxymethane- safety of NSAIDs that preferentially inhibit sulphonanilide) is particularly important in COX-2. AIA because several studies have shown that it Aspirin and other NSAIDs cause broncho- is tolerated by most patients with the disorder constriction in about 10% of asthmatic to about the same extent as paracetamol. This subjects but NSAIDs relieve asthma in about sulphonanilide NSAID, which is eVective in 0.3%.2 This variability helps to show the com- treating a wide spectrum of inflammatory and plexity of the problem. Prostaglandins in painful conditions,7 was first marketed in 1985 human lung are formed by various tissues and and 10 years later it was found to be a cells, including bronchial muscle, epithelium, preferential inhibitor of COX-2.89Because it is and inflammatory cells,12 so the inhibition of not marketed in the USA, Japan, or the UK, prostaglandin formation can have numerous nimesulide is not well known in some parts of eVects.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis, in Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Molecular Docking
    J. Chem. Sci. Vol. 129, No. 1, January 2017, pp. 117–130. c Indian Academy of Sciences. DOI 10.1007/s12039-016-1209-7 REGULAR ARTICLE Synthesis, in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking studies of novel 4,5-diarylthiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives T SHANMUGANATHANa,b,∗, K PARTHASARATHYc, M VENUGOPALd, Y ARUNe, N DHATCHANAMOORTHYa andAAMPRINCEb aOrchid Pharma Ltd, R & D Centre, Chennai 600 119, India bRamakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Department of Chemistry, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004, India cDepartment of Chemistry, Siddha Central Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Siddha, Chennai 600 106, India dVen Biotech Private Limited, Chennai, India eOrganic Chemistry Division, Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India Email: [email protected] MS received 29 September 2016; revised 1 November 2016; accepted 12 November 2016 Abstract. A series of novel 4,5-diarylthiophene-2-carboxamide containing alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl alkyl and heterocyclic alkyl moieties were synthesized, characterized and subsequently evaluated for anti- inflammatory property. Among the novel compounds, the inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation assay revealed that the aryl and aryl alkyl derivatives of 4,5-diarylthiophene-2-carboxamide showed anti- inflammatory activity comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium whereas alkyl and cycloalkyl amide derivatives showed less activity. Docking studies with these compounds against cyclooxygenase-2 receptor (PDB 1D: 1PXX) indicated
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Inhibitors and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids)
    Drug Class Review on Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 Inhibitors and Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Final Report Update 3 Evidence Tables November 2006 Original Report Date: May 2002 Update 1 Report Date: September 2003 Update 2 Report Date: May 2004 A literature scan of this topic is done periodically The purpose of this report is to make available information regarding the comparative effectiveness and safety profiles of different drugs within pharmaceutical classes. Reports are not usage guidelines, nor should they be read as an endorsement of, or recommendation for, any particular drug, use or approach. Oregon Health & Science University does not recommend or endorse any guideline or recommendation developed by users of these reports. Roger Chou, MD Mark Helfand, MD, MPH Kim Peterson, MS Tracy Dana, MLS Carol Roberts, BS Produced by Oregon Evidence-based Practice Center Oregon Health & Science University Mark Helfand, Director Copyright © 2006 by Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon 97201. All rights reserved. Note: A scan of the medical literature relating to the topic is done periodically(see http://www.ohsu.edu/ohsuedu/research/policycenter/DERP/about/methods.cfm for scanning process description). Upon review of the last scan, the Drug Effectiveness Review Project governance group elected not to proceed with another full update of this report. Some portions of the report may not be up to date. Prior versions of this report can be accessed at the DERP website. Final Report Update 3 Drug Effectiveness Review Project TABLE OF CONTENTS Evidence Table 1. Systematic reviews…………………………………………………………………3 Evidence Table 2. Randomized-controlled trials………………………………………………………9 Evidence Table 3.
    [Show full text]