DOCSLIB.ORG

E-Government Implementation in Public Administration of Georgia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
E-Government Implementation in Public Administration of Georgia 1 Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Political Science and Public Administration Master of Science in Public Administration E-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF GEORGIA Natia Chaligava Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2018 2 E-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF GEORGIA Natia Chaligava Hacettepe University Graduate School of Social Sciences Political Science and Public Administration Master of Science in Public Administration Master’s Thesis Ankara, 2018 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Devrim AYDIN, to my thesis supervisor for the continuous support on each stage of working process, for his patience, motivation and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I would also like to acknowledge Professors of the Hacettepe University, School of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration to Prof. Dr. Uğur ÖMÜRGÖNÜLŞEN, Prof. Dr. Doğan Nadi LEBLEBİCİ, Prof. Dr. Uğur SADİOĞLU, Prof. Dr. Muhittin ACAR, Prof. Dr. Hamza UYGUN and Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kemal ÖKTEM and I am gratefully indebted to their very valuable academic knowledge and experience sharing. Also I would like to express my enormous gratefulness toward the Özgür and Yasemin KUŞ, to my first Turkish language teachers. They played major role in my academic education and success and if not their tireless support I would not be able to get informed and then be a winner of Turkish scholarship in Hacettepe University. Thank you very much for your unforgettable and priceless support. Of course I would like to express my very profound gratitude to my family, to my mother and my father and of course to my sister for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of the study and through the process of researching and writing the thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. At the end, I would like to express special gratitude to my dear husband, to Levan Bolkvadze for his tireless and limitless support and encouragement at all the stage of working process. Love you and thank you for supporting me throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. vi ABSTRACT CHALIGAVA, Natia. E-Government Implementation in Public Administration of Georgia, MASTER Thesis, Ankara, 2018. This study aims to evaluate current e-government process in public administration of Georgia and to investigate the contributions which are provided by the implementation of e-government initiatives throughout the public administration system. In order to address the purpose of the study the research consisted with four chapters, the first three chapters representing descriptive study, the literature review of the following subjects: the first chapter related to discussion on general structure of Georgian public administration system and consisted with in detailed review of Georgian public administration system since the ancient time up to the present day, the second chapter including information about theoretical framework of e- government and represents development models and interaction models of e- government developed and proposed by the scholars. The third part of this study evaluates e-government implementations in the four countries which are the top ones according to the Electronic Government Development Index and the performance of e-government policies in Georgia public administration. In the fourth part of the thesis the field study has been conducted, for the field study quantitative and qualitative research methods were consıdered appropriate, the field study intended to evaluate current e-government processes in public administration system of Georgia and to investigate the contributions which are provided by the implementation of e- government initiatives throughout the public administration system. In regards to the literature review and the outcomes of the field study it can be mentioned that government of Georgia is quite successful during the implementing e- government related initiatives and projects throughout the Georgian public administration system. The contributions were provided by e-government implementation are important, progressive and essential. The field study has been conducted enabled the measurement of perceptions of public servants towered the e- government contributions through the public administration system of Georgia. As it can be seen in the literature review government of Georgia up to the present day has already implemented several e-government related initiatives and projects and still remains the enthusiasm to keep implementation of e-government and provide more development of public administration system in regards to e-government implementation. Key Words Georgia, E-Government, Public Administration, E-Government Project vii ÖZET CHALIGAVA, Natia. Gürcistan Kamu Yönetiminde E-Devlet Uygulamaları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Bu çalışma Gürcistan Kamu Yönetiminde mevcut e-devlet sürecini değerlendirmesini ve kamu Yönetim sisteminde e-devlet uygulamaları tarafından sağlayan katkıları incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacına ulaşmak için araştırma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır: betimsel çalışmayı temsil eden ilk üç bölüm, aşağıda belirtilen konularının literatür taramasını kapsamaktadır: literatür çalışmanın ilk bölümü Gürcistan Kamu Yönetim sisteminin genel yapısını ve günümüze kadar Gürcistan kamu yönetimin sisteminde yaşayan tarihsel gelişim süreçleri detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. E-devlet kuramsal çerçevesi hakkında bilgi içeren bu çalışmanın ikinci bölüm ise akademisyenler tarafından geliştirilen ve önerilen e- devlet gelişim modelleri ve etkileşim türlerini incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın üçüncü bölüm elektronik hükümet gelişim endekslere göre en e-devlet projeleri en başarılı bir şekilde uygulanan dört ülke örneklerini değerlendirmektedir ayrıca bu bölümün son kısmında Gürcistan Kamu yönetim sisteminde gündeme kadar uygulayan e-devlet politikasını ve projelerini detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde alan araştırma için niteliksel ve niceliksel araştırma yöntemlerini uygulayarak Gürcistan Kamu Yönetim sisteminde mevcut e-devlet sürecini değerlendirilmeye ve e-devlet uygulamaların kamu yönetime sağladığı katkıların araştırmaya çalıştırılmıştır. Literatür taraması ve alan araştırma sonuçları bakımından Gürcistan hükümeti, Gürcistan kamu Yönetim sisteminde e-devlet politikaları uygularken ve e-devletle ilgili girişimleri ve projeleri yürütürken oldukça başarılı olduğunu söylenebilir. E- devlet uygulamaları tarafından sağlayan katkılar oldukça önemli, ilerleyen ve esaslıdır. Yürütülen alan araştırması Gürcistan kamu yönetiminde e-devlet katkılara yönelik kamu görevlerinin algılarının ölçmesini sağladı. Literatür üzerinde yapıldığı çalışmalarına ve yürütülen alan araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre Gürcistan hükümeti günümüze kadar birçok e-devletle ilgili girişimlerini ve projelerini gerçekleştirdiği görünmektedir, ayrıca uygulanmış e-devlet projeleri Gürcistan kamu yönetiminde oldukça önemli gelişmeler sağlayıp sağlanmasını devam etmekte olduğunu söylenebilir. Gürcistan hükümeti Gürcistan kamu yönetiminde daha fazla gelişmelerini sağlamak için oldukça kararlı ve istikrarlı olduğunu söylenebilir. Anahtar Sözcükler Gürcistan, E-Devlet, Kamu Yönetimi, Elektronik Hükümet Projesi viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL ........................................................................... i DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI............................. iii ETİK BEYAN ............................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER: I GENERAL STUCTURE OF GEORGIA’S PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................................. 4 1.1. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.1. Kingdoms at the Territory of Ancient Georgia....................................... 4 1.1.2. The First Administrative Division of Kingdom Kartli ................................ 5 1.1.3. Feudal Governance in Georgia ................................................................. 6 1.2. GEORGIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE GOVERNANCE OF RUSSIAN EMPIRE .............................................................................................. 7 1.3. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA ................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1. The First
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minister of Justice of Georgia Order No 511 31 March 2020 Tbilisi On
    Minister of Justice of Georgia Order No 511 31 March 2020 Tbilisi On the Determination of Procedures and Conditions for Activities of the Legal Entity under Public Law called the Notary Chamber of Georgia and of those for Notarial Services for the Purpose of Facilitating the Prevention of the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Georgia On the basis of Article 11 of ‘Measures to be Implemented in connection with the Prevention of the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Georgia’ approved by Ordinance No 181 of 23 March 2020 of the Government of Georgia on the ‘Approval of Measures to be Implemented in connection with the Prevention of the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Georgia’ I hereby order: Article 1 1. During the period of validity of this Order, notaries shall be prohibited from carrying out any notarial activity not considered by procedures provided for by this Order. 2. It shall be permitted for a notary to provide legal consultation remotely, through electronic communication channels. 3. Notarial services shall be available under the following conditions: a) temporary notary bureaus (a ‘temporary bureau’) shall be established at the following addresses in order to provide notarial services: a.a) Vazha-Pshavela Avenue, Tbilisi, No 1 Vazha-Pshavela Avenue (the central entrance of LEPL National Archives of Georgia); a.b) No 2 Sanapiro Street, Tbilisi (the Marriage House behind the Tbilisi Public Service Hall building); a.c) No 2 Uznadze Street, Tbilisi (the Marriage House); a.c1) No 8 Tsereteli Street,
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Promoting the Integrity of Civil Data in Georgia Sida Support to the Civil Agency of Georgia 2010-2012
    2012:12 Sida Decentralised Evaluation Krister Eduards Tinatin Kbilashvili Bernt H. Andersson Evaluation of Promoting the Integrity of Civil Data in Georgia Sida support to the Civil Agency of Georgia 2010-2012 Final Report Evaluation of Promoting the Integrity of Civil Data in Georgia Sida support to the Civil Registry Agency of Georgia 2010-2012 Final Report June 2012 Krister Eduards Tinatin Kbilashvili Bernt H. Andersson Sida Decentralised Evaluation 2012:12 Sida Authors: Krister Eduards, Tinatin Kbilashvili and Bernt H. Andersson The views and interpretations expressed in this report are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect those of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida. Sida Decentralised Evaluation 2012:12 Commissioned by the Embassy of Sweden in Georgia Copyright: Sida and the authors Date of final report: June 2012 Published by Citat 2012 Art. no. Sida61527en urn:nbn:se:sida-61527en This publication can be downloaded from: http://www.sida.se/publications SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY Address: S-105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Office: Valhallavägen 199, Stockholm Telephone: +46 (0)8-698 50 00. Telefax: +46 (0)8-20 88 64 Postgiro: 1 56 34–9. VAT. No. SE 202100-478901 E-mail: [email protected]. Homepage: http://www.sida.se Table of contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................. 3 Preface .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tbilisi Architecture at the Intersection of Continents
    Tbilisi Architecture at the Intersection of Continents From 10 March until 27 April 2016 Concept: Adolph Stiller Exhibition venue: Exhibition Centre in the Ringturm 1010 Vienna, Schottenring 30 Opening hours: Monday to Friday, 9 am to 6 pm, free admission (closed on public holidays as well as 25 March 2016) Press tour: Wednesday, 9 March 2016, 4 pm Speakers: Irina Kurtishvili, Rostyslaw Bortnyk, Adolph Stiller Official Opening Wednesday, 9 March 2016, 6.30 pm (by invitation only) Enquiries to: Romy Schrammel T: +43 (0)50 350-21224 F: +43 (0)50 350 99-21224 E-Mail: [email protected] Free press photos are available for download at http://go.picturedesk.com/ElaVKAiP WIENER STÄDTISCHE WECHSELSEITIGER VERSICHERUNGSVEREIN – VERMÖGENSVERWALTUNG – VIENNA INSURANCE GROUP Ringturm, Schottenring 30, PO Box 80, A-1011 Vienna Mutual insurance company with a registered office in Vienna; Commercial Court of Vienna; FN 101530 i; DVR no 0688533; VAD ID no ATU 15363309 Tbilisi – architecture at the crossroads of Europe and Asia The name Tbilisi is derived from the old Georgian word “tbili”, which roughly translates as “warm” and refers to the region’s numerous hot sulphur springs that reach temperatures of up to 47°C. The area was first settled in the early Bronze Age, and ancient times also left their mark: in Greek mythology, the Argonauts sailed to Colchis, which was part of Georgia, in their quest for the Golden Fleece. In the fifth century King Vakhtang I Gorgasali turned the existing settlement into a fortified town, and in the first half of that century Tbilisi was recognised as the second capital of the kings of Kartli in eastern Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia
    The Churches of Mtskheta: Acceptance and Rejection of Foreign Influence in the Church Architecture of Eastern Georgia Samantha Johnson Senior Art History Thesis December 14, 2017 The small town of Mtskheta, located near Tbilisi, the capital of the Republic of Georgia, is the seat of the Georgian Orthodox Church and is the heart of Christianity in the country. This town, one of the oldest in the nation, was once the capital and has been a key player throughout Georgia’s tumultuous history, witnessing not only the nation’s conversion to Christianity, but also the devastation of foreign invasions. It also contains three churches that are national symbols and represent the two major waves of church building in the seventh and eleventh centuries. Georgia is, above all, a Christian nation and religion is central to its national identity. This paper examines the interaction between incoming foreign cultures and deeply-rooted local traditions that have shaped art and architecture in Transcaucasia.1 Nestled among the Caucasus Mountains, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, present-day Georgia contains fewer than four million people and has its own unique alphabet and language as well as a long, complex history. In fact, historians cannot agree on how Georgia got its English exonym, because in the native tongue, kartulad, the country is called Sakartvelo, or “land of the karvelians.”2 They know that the name “Sakartvelo” first appeared in texts around 800 AD as another name for the eastern kingdom of Kartli in Transcaucasia. It then evolved to signify the unified eastern and western kingdoms in 1008.3 Most scholars agree that the name “Georgia” did not stem from the nation’s patron saint, George, as is commonly thought, but actually comes 1 This research addresses the multitude of influences that have contributed to the development of Georgia’s ecclesiastical architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia RISK & COMPLIANCE REPORT DATE: March 2018
    Georgia RISK & COMPLIANCE REPORT DATE: March 2018 KNOWYOURCOUNTRY.COM Executive Summary - Georgia Sanctions: None FAFT list of AML No Deficient Countries US Dept of State Money Laundering Assessment Higher Risk Areas: Not on EU White list equivalent jurisdictions Failed States Index (Political Issues)(Average Score) Non - Compliance with FATF 40 + 9 Recommendations Medium Risk Areas: Corruption Index (Transparency International & W.G.I.) World Governance Indicators (Average Score) Major Investment Areas: Agriculture - products: citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock Industries: steel, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining (manganese, copper, and gold), chemicals, wood products, wine Exports - commodities: vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ores Exports - partners: Azerbaijan 13.8%, US 8.5%, Germany 8.3%, Bulgaria 7.4%, Kazakhstan 7%, Turkey 6.4%, Ukraine 6.3%, Lebanon 5.7%, Canada 4.2% (2012) Imports - commodities: fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals Imports - partners: Turkey 13.9%, China 8.2%, Ukraine 8.2%, Russia 7.4%, Azerbaijan 7.1%, US 6%, Germany 5.6%, Bulgaria 4% (2012) 1 Investment Restrictions: Georgia is open to foreign investment, and the Georgia National Investment Agency is implementing an aggressive marketing campaign to encourage more foreign investors to come to Georgia. Exceptions to national treatment may be made by Georgia for investments in maritime fisheries; air and maritime transport and related activities; ownership of broadcast, common carrier, or aeronautical radio stations; communications satellites Foreign individuals and companies are restricted from holding agricultural land in Georgia. However, according to the US Department of State 2012, there is a loophole in which agricultural land can be purchased by non-nationals and then transferred under the name of a Georgian entity; thus, land can be up to 100% foreign-owned.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikivoyage Georgia.Pdf
    WikiVoyage Georgia March 2016 Contents 1 Georgia (country) 1 1.1 Regions ................................................ 1 1.2 Cities ................................................. 1 1.3 Other destinations ........................................... 1 1.4 Understand .............................................. 2 1.4.1 People ............................................. 3 1.5 Get in ................................................. 3 1.5.1 Visas ............................................. 3 1.5.2 By plane ............................................ 4 1.5.3 By bus ............................................. 4 1.5.4 By minibus .......................................... 4 1.5.5 By car ............................................. 4 1.5.6 By train ............................................ 5 1.5.7 By boat ............................................ 5 1.6 Get around ............................................... 5 1.6.1 Taxi .............................................. 5 1.6.2 Minibus ............................................ 5 1.6.3 By train ............................................ 5 1.6.4 By bike ............................................ 5 1.6.5 City Bus ............................................ 5 1.6.6 Mountain Travel ....................................... 6 1.7 Talk .................................................. 6 1.8 See ................................................... 6 1.9 Do ................................................... 7 1.10 Buy .................................................. 7 1.10.1
    [Show full text]
  • Explosion in Tbilisi Kills 4, Injures 8 Waste Management Held
    Issue no: 1117 • JANUARY 18 - 21, 2019 • PUBLISHED TWICE WEEKLY PRICE: GEL 2.50 In this week’s issue... Irakli Kobakhize: Russia Operates Military Bases in Occupied Regions NEWS PAGE 2 The Helter-Skelter of Politics POLITICS PAGE 5 Tbilisi City Hall Infrastructure ON THE CHURCH Plans for 2019 Many are still waiting for an offi cial Georgian POLITICS PAGE 6 response to the recent granting of Tomos to the FOCUS Ukrainian Orthodox Church PAGE 2, 4 Cleaning up Georgia: Consultations on Draft Technical Regulations for Explosion in Tbilisi Kills 4, Injures 8 Waste Management Held BY THEA MORRISON BUSINESS PAGE 7 Georgian our people have been killed, including a four-year-old girl, and eight others Flavors have been injured as a result of a gas explosion in a block of fl ats in the Didi from Dighomi district of Tbilisi. FThe explosion happened on the 6th fl oor due Helena to a gas leak. The injured have been hospitalized and the whole building has been evacuated. SOCIETY PAGE 8 Among the injured are six minors, two middle- aged women and a man. The Health Ministry says the lives of the injured children are not at risk. Georgian Photographer The Prime Minister of Georgia, Mamuka Bakhtadze, declared 17 January a day of mourn- David Tabagari’s ing and said that fl ags on state buildings would fl y at half-mast. Alternative Tbilisi Bakhtadze and Tbilisi Mayor Kakha Kaladze arrived on scene soon after the tragedy hap- pened. President of Georgia Salome Zurabishvili went of Georgia following the deadly gas explosion “If your children are frightened and you are to Iashvili clinic to visit the injured children.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes of War Prospects for Peace
    Georgian Orthodox Church Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung CAUSES OF WAR PROS P E C TS FOR PEA C E Tbilisi, 2009 1 On December 2-3, 2008 the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung held a scientific conference on the theme: Causes of War - Prospects for Peace. The main purpose of the conference was to show the essence of the existing conflicts in Georgia and to prepare objective scientific and information basis. This book is a collection of conference reports and discussion materials that on the request of the editorial board has been presented in article format. Publishers: Metropolitan Ananya Japaridze Katia Christina Plate Bidzina Lebanidze Nato Asatiani Editorial board: Archimandrite Adam (Akhaladze), Tamaz Beradze, Rozeta Gujejiani, Roland Topchishvili, Mariam Lordkipanidze, Lela Margiani, Tariel Putkaradze, Bezhan Khorava Reviewers: Zurab Tvalchrelidze Revaz Sherozia Giorgi Cheishvili Otar Janelidze Editorial board wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Irina Bibileishvili, Merab Gvazava, Nia Gogokhia, Ekaterine Dadiani, Zviad Kvilitaia, Giorgi Cheishvili, Kakhaber Tsulaia. ISBN 2345632456 Printed by CGS ltd 2 Preface by His Holiness and Beatitude Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia ILIA II; Opening Words to the Conference 5 Preface by Katja Christina Plate, Head of the Regional Office for Political Dialogue in the South Caucasus of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung; Opening Words to the Conference 8 Abkhazia: Historical-Political and Ethnic Processes Tamaz Beradze, Konstantine Topuria, Bezhan Khorava - A
    [Show full text]
  • E-Government Development in Georgia
    GEORGIA’S SUCCESSFUL JOURNEY TO E-GOVERNMENT E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA Irakli Gvenetadze LEPL Data Exchange Agency Ministry of Justice of Georgia GEORGIA GEORGIA – COUNTRY PROFILE Population: 4.2 million Capital: Tbilisi Area: 69,700 sq. km Highest point is Mkinvartsveri – 5047 meter GEORGIAN ALPHABET GEORGIAN NATIONAL COSTUME UN E-GOVERNMENT SURVEY 2014 Rank Rank Rank Rank GEORGIA 2014 2012 2010 2008 E-Government 56 72 100 100 E-Participation 66 73 132 143 GDP PER CAPITA RELATION BETWEEN EGDI AND NATIONAL INCOME (GNI PER CAPITA), LOVER-MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES WHERE GEORGIA STARTED FROM Business Registry - 2006 • Create information systems • Digitalize internal information resources • Automate information flows • Create data centers • Establish connection between agencies and regional offices IT CRUCIAL TO DELIVER REFORM BENEFITS In Georgia, reforms were taking place actively since 2004. M ain attention was paid to business process optimization and transparencyReform in organization processes. Efficiency Transparency Time Cost Availability Accountability INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTED PROJECTS • P roperty registration, e-abstracts, • Netbooks for all first graders • Business Registry • Student Information System-ongoing; • Civil Registry • National school exam on-line • e-ID and e-signature • Automated case management system for court system; project is • Biometrical Passport in decisive phase and system is being introduced in offices • Centralized criminal case management is being introduced; • e-filing system in the Ministry of Finance of Georgia- 90 % of taxpayers are actively using this system; • e-Procurement; • Automation of tax and customs systems (the process is ongoing as reforms taking place in this direction require changes in business • e-Auction of state property; processes); • e-Auction of real estate of Tbilisi City • Case management system of tax dispute Hall; resolution; • Automation project of Enforcement Bureau • Central data storage and reporting system; • e-notary project; • Electronic Treasury project.
    [Show full text]
  • Forms of State Government in Georgia
    saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis moambe, t. 2, #3, 2008 BULLETIN OF THE GEORGIAN NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, vol. 2, no. 3, 2008 Law Forms of State Government in Georgia Joni Khetsuriani Academy Member, Constitutional Court of Georgia, Batumi ABSTRACT. In the history of Georgia, almost all forms of State government and their varieties have been used. Until the first annexation of Georgia by Russia (1801), in the course of many centuries Georgia had been a monarchical State, represented as an absolute monarchy. In the 12th century, under Queen Tamar, there was an attempt to establish a parliamentary monarchy. After the restoration of Georgian State independence in 1991, in the past 17 years, in Georgia all types of republican government - parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential systems alternated. Recently the idea of the expedience of establishing a parliamentary monarchy has emerged. The Article analyses the pro and contra arguments. It is observed in this article that the choice between a republic and a monarchy should be made by the people through a referendum. © 2008 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci. Key words: republic, monarchy, government in Georgia. Monarchy had existed for the longest period in Geor- “mechurchletukhutsesi” (finance minister) against the gia. It originated centuries ago and continued its exist- royal authority [2]. The programme of Qutlu Arslan pro- ence until the first Russian annexation in 1801. The an- vided for the establishment of a representative body – nexation resulted in the abolishment of the Georgian “karavi”, which would have been entrusted with legisla- Statehood and the ceasing of the centuries-old rule of tive powers and the exclusive entitlement to administrate the Bagrationi dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • “Noblemen Became Enthroned” Keywords: Autocracy, Limited Monarchy, Representative Assembly, Social Freedom
    Avtandil Jokhadze Ilia State University “Noblemen became enthroned” Keywords: autocracy, limited monarchy, representative assembly, social freedom Introduction (Serfdom and freedom) Feudalism or patron-client relations (patronqmoba: patroni – patron, lord and qma – client) ended in Georgia in Queen Tamar’s era (1184-1213) and developed into a new phase of relations called serfdom (batonqmoba: batoni – master) (Berdzenishvili 1979). Society in the conditions of serfdom is characterized by a universal restriction of social freedom and the latter becomes of crucial importance in determining the typological essence of the Georgian state of those times. Under patron-client relations, representatives of different social strata had one thing in common: Most of them (with the exception of prisoners of war or slaves) were not owned by anyone and were free in this sense. Belonging to “kin” and being someone’s “son” or “blood relative” guaranteed a person’s social freedom. “No ‘seigneurs’ – a prince’s child, sovereign, landed gentry – could be free nor an ordinary, taxpaying “layman” and “peasant” be semi-free without “kin”, which means that a person’s being part of “kin” was a precondition of freedom in the ‘Kingdom of Kartli’” (Mamulia 1987, 189). The situation changed in the era of serfdom. It was possession of land, not belonging to “kin”, that became the precondition for freedom. A vast majority of the people involved in production became serfs. “There were numerous free land tillers in the 11th century, but the 12th and 13th centuries were the era of their enslavement and transformation into peasants” (Berdzenishvili 1979, 135). Due to the introduction and establishment of serfdom, most people lost their freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise History of the Holy Apostolic Church of Georgia
    Metropolitian Ananias (Japaridze) A Concise History of the Holy Apostolic Church of Georgia Metropolitian Ananias (Japaridze) Editors: Priest Konstantine Giorgadze English translation: Maia Akhvlediani Publishers Ivane Gorgidze “A Concise History of the Holy Apostolic Church of Georgia” is Metropolitan Ananias‟ account of the labour and ministry which the Church of Georgia carried out throughout many centuries while serving the purpose of the spiritual salvation of the nation. The Holy Bible is first referred to in this book as a historical source of the Church of Georgia. The four-volume work comprises the three periods of her history, extending from the first century to the twentieth inclusive. The present edition represents its abridged version. 1 Foreword Beloved children of Christ, let us praise the Lord our God with our words and deeds for He brought us into existence, He created heavens and earth, mankind, nations and peoples. We read in the Holy Scripture that in the beginning people were one nation and spoke one language – “Now the whole earth was one language and one speech” (Genesis 11.1). However, after having destroyed the Tower of Babel, the Lord‟s will was to have many nations with many languages on earth. So it was that primordial nations were formed and upon each of them was bestowed their own part of the earth called “homeland” or “Motherland”. People had an obligation to take care of it, defend it from enemies. First kingdoms were formed and people were compatriots to each other; they were also neighbours and friends. Fidelity and self-sacrifice to the people‟s good were the two virtues, well- pleasing to the Lord for they were fruit of love, and God is love as the Holy Scripture proclaims: “Greater love has no one than this, than to lay down one‟s life for his friends” (John 15.13).
    [Show full text]