Geology of the Prater and Vansant Quadrangles, Virginia Commonwealth of Virgin Ia

VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52

GEOLOGY OF THE PRATER AND VANSANT QUADRANGLES, VIRGINIA

Jack E. Nolde and Martin L. Mitchell with sections on subsurface stratigraphy and gas resources by Joan K. Polzin

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGIN IA

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert c. Milici, commissioner of Mineral Resources and state Geologist

CHARLOTTESVI LLE, VI RGINIA 1984 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52

GEOLOGY OF THE PRATER AND VANSANT QUADRANGLES, VI RGINIA

Jack E. Nolde and Martin L. Mitchell with sections on subsurface stratigraphy and gas resources by Joan K. Polzin

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert c. Milici, commissioner of Mineral Resources and state Geologist

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGI NIA 1984 COVER PHOTO: Jewell Coal and Coke Company coking operation on Dismal Creek in northeast Vansant quadrangle (photo by J.H. Grantham). VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52

GEOLOGY OF THE PRATER AND

VANSANT QUADRANGLES, VIRG I NIA

Jack E. Nolde and Martin L. Mitchell with sections on subsurface stratigraphy and gas resources by Joan K. Polzin

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES Robert C. Milici, Commissioner of Mineral Resources and State Geologist

CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 1984 DEPARTM ENT OF CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Richmond, Virginia

FRED W. WALKER, Director JERALD F. MOORE, Deputy Director

BOARD

HENRY T. N. GRAVES, Chairman, Luray ADOLF U. HONKALA, Vice Chairman, Midlothian FRANK ARMSTRONG. III. Winchester RICK E. BURNELL, Virginia Beach GWENDOLYN JO M. CARLBERG, Alexandria WILBUR S. DOYLE, Martinsville BRUCE B. GRAY, Waverly MILDRED LAYNE, Williamsburg JOHN E. MUNSEY, Grundy JAMES RONCAGLIONE, Vienna CLINTON V. TURNER, Richmond JEANNE B. WHITMAN, Pulaski

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA DEPARTMENTOF PURCHASE AND SUPPLY RICHMOND

1 984

Portions of this publication may be quoted if credit is given to the Virginia Division of Mineral Resources. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Nolde,J. E. and Mitchell, M. L., 1984, Geology of the Prater and Vansant quadrangles, Virginia: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 52,28 p. CONTENTS

Page

Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian rocks...... """"""2

Alluvium

i .'...... r...... ' ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, -$iffff$ ', ,i ' ,, ,,, .,... .li Appendixes I. Active underground coal mines in Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... 17 II. Sample numbers, bed names, thickness, and ranks of coal samples in Prater and Vansant 19 I[|. Proximate and ultimate analyses, heat content, forms of sulfur, free-swelling index, and ash fusion temperature determinations for 33 coal samples in Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... 2l IV. Summary of gas wells drilled in the Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... 25 ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures Page 1. Index map showing location of Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... 1 2. Columnar section of subsurface rocks, Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... 2 3. Columnar seetion of surface rocks, Prater and Vansant quadrang1es...... 4 4. Marine shale zone of the Norton Formation. 4 5. Trough cross-beds in Council Sandstone Member..... 5 6. Typical feldspathic sandstone unit of the Norton Formation. .. 6 7. Siructure ma-p, base of Kennedy coal bed..... 7 8. Joint orientations in the Prater and Vansant quadrangl€s...... ,...... 8 9. Folded and sheared strata associated with the Russell Fork fault. 8 10. Exposure of Little Pawpaw fault, Pawpaw Creek... 9 11. Exposure of Little Pawpaw fault, near Cannady.... I 12. Folding associated with Little Pawpaw fau1t...... 9

15. Synthetic-antithetic faults in the Splash Dam coal bed...... 10

Plate Geologic map of Prater and Vansant quadrangles...... In pocket GEOLOGY OF THE PRATER AND VANSANT QUADRANGLES, VIRGINIA Jack E. Nolde and Martin L. Mitchell with sections on subsurface stratigraphy and gas resources by Joan K. Polzin

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

Prater and Vansant quadrangles comprise an The Prater and Vansant quadrangles (Plate) are area of 116 square miles in Buehanan and located in south-central Buchanan and a portion Dickenson counties, Virginia. The quadrangles are of north-central Dickenson counties and have a located within the Appalachian Plateau provinee eombined area of 116.5 square miles. They are and are underlaiir by strata of Pennsylvanian age bounded by 37"07'30" and 37"15'N latitude and 82o that have a gentle, northwest regional dip. and 82o15'W longitude (Figure 1). The quadrangles The surfaee rocks, of Iower to Middle Pennsyl- lie entirely within the Appalachian Plateaus vanian age, are represented by the Norton For- physiographic province. Topographically the area mation, Gladeville Sandstone, and Wise.Formation. is characterized by steeply-sloping ridges and V- These formations, for the most part, are relatively shaped valleys. The maximum and minimum persistent beds of sandstone with interbedded elevations are 2583 feet and 1070 feet respectively. siltstones, elaystones, coal, and thin limestones. The earliest detailed geological work published Important named units of the Norton Formation for this area, Hinds (1916, 1918) and Giles (1921), include the Council and the McClure sandstones. described the general stratigraphy, structure, arrd Strata beneath the Norton Formation include. coal resources of the study area. Miller (1974) in descending order: Lee, Pocahontas, Bluestone, diseussed the Upper Mississippian and Lower Hinton, Bluefield, Greenbrier, Maccrady, Price, Pennsylvanian stratigraphy in southwest Virginia. and Chattanooga firrmations. These formations, Field work on this project began in the summer which range in age from Iower Pennsylvanian to of 1981 and was completed in 1982. Mapping was Lower Mississippian-Upper Devonian, consist of done on U. S. Geologieal Survey topographic maps sandstones and siltstones with some coal beds, at a scale of 1:24,000. Detailed mapping of Prater limestones, and shales. quadrangle is by M. L. Mitchell and M. S. Morris; The Pennsylvanian strata at the surface are Vansant quadrangle is by J. H. Grantham and J. locally covered by alluvium and colluvium of E. Nolde. The sections on subsurface stratigraphy Quaternary(?) age. In addition, mine waste and gas resources are by J. K. Polzin. This study material commonly eovers some valley slopes was performed by the Virginia Division of Mineral adjacent to surface-mined areas, underground Resources under Contract 14-08-001-40045 of the mines, and preparation plants. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division. The Prater and Vansant quadrangles are characterized by a gentle northwestward regional dip. Principal structural features include the Russell Fork fault and Little Pawpaw fault, located in southwest and western Prater quadrangle. Dip anomalies reflect local structures. Surface joints show northwest-northeast orthogonal sets. Coal is the dominant mineral resource. Twenty D I CK ENSON named coal beds crop out in Prater and Vansant COUNTY quadrangles and seven of these beds, the Raven no. l, Kennedy, Lower Banner, Splash Dam, Hagy, Blair, and Eagle, have been exploited commercially on a large scale. Natural gas is produced from sandstone, limestone, and siltstone at various stratigraphic inter- vals. Current production is mainly from the "Berea" Figure 1. Index map showing the location of the horizon in both quadrangles. Prater and Vansant 7.5 minute quadrangles. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

SUBSURFACE STRATIGRAPHY (Kepferle, 1981; Miller, 1973). The Big Stone Gap Member (Stose, 1924) of the Chattanooga Shale The subsurface rocks examined for this study are (Hayes, 1891") consists of dark gray to black, in ascending order: Chattanooga Shale, Price commonly carbonaceous, shale and siltstone with Formation, Maccrady Shale, Greenbrier Lime- a small amount of light to medium gray sandy stone, Bluefield, Hinton, Bluestone, Pocahontas, siltstone and a smaller amount of sandstone. In the and Lee formations (Figure 2). Well samples and Prater quadrangle the Big Stone Gap is predom- related information are in the Repository at the inantly blaek shale, and in the Vansant quadrangle Virginia Division of Mineral Resources in it is predominantly siltstone and sandy siltstone. Charlottesville. In some places the lower member of the Chatta- nooga is greatly thickened by folding and faulting associated with the Pine Mountain overthrust Uppen DnvoHrlN To Lownn MrssrssrppreN (Miller, 1973). The "Berea" horizon of informal Svsrnu drillerfs usage, may be correlated with the Bedford Shale unit (Kepferle et a\.,1981; Roen, 1981) within Chattanooga Shale the upper one-third to one-half of the Big Stone Gap Member of the Chattanooga Shale (Figure 2). The Chattanooga Shale ranges from 1,900 to This "Berea" horizon ranges from a medium gray 2,200 feet in thickness, compared to 900 feet at its to grayish brown sandy siltstone to a soft, carbo- type location at Big Stone Gap in Wise County naceous black shale. It is the major gas producing horizon of these quadrangles and in Buchanan FORMATION THI CK- or NESS County (DeWitt, 1981). MEM BER '(feet)

LOWNN MISSISSIPPIAN SYSTEM Solf sonds Pocoh on ios Price Formation For m ol ion (Campbell, 1893) eonfor- Blueslone The Price Formation For motion mably overlies the Big Stone Gap and consists of medium dark gray, calcareous siltstone with To I lery interbedded light gray, slightly caleareous sand- Sondslone Rovencliff sond Member stone. Sandstone is more abundant in the Vansant .9 o quadrangle than in the Prater quadrangle. E o lL UPpnn MIssrsstPPIAN SYSTEM o Formation = Maccrady

o The Macerady Formation (Stose, 1913), a o Blu€field distinctive marker, is a grayish red to moderate Fo r molion red, soft shale. It thins in a westerly direction, is uneonformably truncated by overlying beds (Youse, 1964), and is locally absent (Figure 2). Greenbrier Li mestone Greenbrier Limestone

lnj un sond The Greenbrier Limestone (Rogers, 1879) uncon- formably overlies the Macerady Formation and is We ir sond the youngest of the major gas producing zones in the area of this report. The Greenbrier is predominantly a slightly fossiliferous, dark gray, brownish gray, or very light gray micritic limestone, with a few interbedded sparite and oolitic zones. There ' noi to scole are three oolitie zones in the Vansant quadrangle Figure 2. Columnar seetion of subsurface rocks. and one in the Prater quadrangle. There are beds PUBLICATION 52

of shale, siltstone, and argillaceous limestone consists of light gray, fine- to medium-grained, throughout the formation. Anhydrite was observed moderately sorted sandstone which is interbedded in well cuttings from the lower 40 feet of the with medium to dark gray siltstone and coal. The formation in the Vansant quadrangle. sandstone is commonly feldspathic, and in plaees silty and quartzose. Silty sandstones occur near the Bluefield Formation Lee-Pocahontas boundary. The Pocahontas Forma- tion contains the Poeahontas no. 6, 5, 4, 3, and The Bluefield Formation (Campbell, 1896), a occasionally 2 and 1 coal beds. The low sulfur, transitional unit between the Greenbrier and coking, Pocahontas no. 3 is commercially the most Hinton formations, is composed of light to dark important in the area. The Pocahontas intertongues gray siltstone, calcareous siltstone, with a few with both the lower Lee and the Bluestone interbeds of limestone and sandstone. The lime- formations as they thin northwestward across the stone content increases downward in the formation. atea,

Hinton Formation Lee Formation

The highly variable Hinton Formation (Camp- The Lee Formation (Campbell, 1893) contains bell and Mendenhall, 1896) is composed of inter- two elean, very light gray orthoquartzite members bedded gray, grayish red, and greenish gray shale that intertongue with light to medium gray, and siltstone with minor amounts of calcareous feldspathic sandstone, siltstone, and coal. The siltstone and/or limestone. Three distinctive orthoquartzites contain a few quartz pebbles, and lithologic members are recognizable in this area. in some areas the rock is conglomeratic. The The basal quartzose Stony Gap Sandstone Member sandstone units have been used by various workers (Reger, 1926) intertongues with siltstone and shales to subdivide the Lee. The Middlesboro Member of and is split locally into two or three units. The Little Englund (1979) is the most prominent and exten- Stone Gap Member (Miller, 1964; Avis Limestone sive member of the Lee Formation in Southwest of Reger, 1926), a kqy marker bed, underlies the Virginia, but in Prater and Vansant quadrangles Tallery Sandstone Member and is a medium gray, the lower and upper tongues of the Middlesboro fossiliferous, micrite. The Tallery Sandstone were designated lower and middle quartzarenite Member (Reger, 1926) is a clean, very light gray members of the Lee by Miller (1974). The upper sandstone, commonly confused with the stratigra- orthoquartzite member is not present in the phically higher Princeton Formation (Campbell subsurface. and Mendenhall, 1896), which is not present in this Beginning with the upper orthoquartzite area (Englund, 1979,). Both the Tallery and the member, these three members progressively Princeton have been referred to by the informal tongue out to the southeast until in the southeas- driller's term "Ravencliff," but the term was ternmost portion of Vansant quadrangle, none of originally intended for the Princeton Formation. the three are present (Miller, Lg74).In the gas tests the coal beds observed in and just above the Lee Bluestone Formation are the Raven, Jawbone/Tiller, the Seaboard coal beds, the Horsepen coal beds, and the War Creek. The Bluestone Formation (Campbell, 1896) is composed of light to medium gray and grayish red siltstone, with small amounts of greenish gray shale, limestone and sandstone. Some of the lower Bluestone contain coal lamina- sandstones of the SURFACE STRATIGRAPHY tions. The lowermost member of the Bluestone, the (Reger,1926), is a carbonaceous, locally Pride Shale The surface rocks of Prater and Vansant pyritic and micaeeous dark gray shale which quadrangles include approximately 1,290 feet of grades laterally and downward into a dark gray Lower to Middle Pennsylvanian sedimentary strata siltstone. (Figure 3) which are overlain loeally by a thin cover of Quaternary(?) sediments. These surface rocks are Lownn PnNNSyLvANIAN Svsrnna represented by the Norton Formation, Gladeville Sandstone, and Wise Formation and consistof coal, Pocahontas Formation clay shale, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and a few marine zones containing thin limestone lenses The Pocahontas Formation (Campbell, 1896) (Figure 4). VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Sndsione, lightg.ay, wealheG grayish{range. lin€to mdr!m gBrnd, g€d6 into @dy sond, c@e ag de@it al be. ma$ive, l@ry crNHdd Fms hnch6 or clire. (14

Shale. daft olivegmyto black,lffilly silty Contaifls madne to atictd marine to$ls. (&12 n.) tul.(2wln.)

Sndslone, lighl 96y, wslheB grayish{ranS graind, pay edd (nqnrn6 69 oestr ai msiw l@llv crosHdd. LMllv @nhrns lhinly planar Hdd inteMls and swd silty shale Ms &nch and clifl lome.0c1afi.) @1, vsdable lhickns. bul F6i$ent. LMlly conlainsffd clayFdings. (26 in.)

tu|, lmliy abpnl. (N2 in.) tu|.(1Win.)

Lyons?c@lH 8 8. tu|,lenlbulai 9ene6lly clag and impure. (G19 in.) hrchEter cml M 9 9. hl, usually lhin. (&31 in )

10. Snd$one, ligil g€y,wlheBgrayish-Fllow,tinetomdrum gmid, rcivq l@lly cr()Mdd. kplly conhins finets gmad thin ph.ar ffi inbryal at @ LGlly mnbins *d sifry shale laye6. &nch lomer (&110 ff.)

11 @1, usually rhin or a&nt, asseiatd wilh FBistenr daB

Hagyc@iH 12 12. tul (1242 in.) 13. Sndore, Fllowish€Ey to gByish{Enge. mdilm to 13 c@e gaind; @dy sotu, mdium to wry coae graind lag @rcii at @i mNiw l@lly with spae clNHg &nch and alifliorer. (&1Sff.) Spla$dam cGl H 14 14. @1, @ntainsclay Fdings. (1m in.)

thin 15 15. Sndstone, sme &npton 6+13, Eomes or 9€d6 into silbtone to the wt(141@ fr ) UpFr &nnerc@lH 16 16. @1, usually thin or abnl, mnbins swd padings 17 I)ffit.(G6rn.)I)ffit.(q6in.) 17. Clay$one, l@lly li$ile, lighl€By to oliw gray, lGll! conbins thin limGtone lens. plant fosils, and backish- waler or ma6h

Ksndy ridscoalH 21 21. hl, usuallylhin oraenr {c7 in ) paning Lownn PpuNsvr,vANIAN Svsreu Ksndy c@l H 22 2. C6l, bright, knlly conbins shale in middle ot H highly sh€d and toldd in vicinity ol Rusll Fo* iault 11+72 in.\ McClurc$ndstoneMem&r 23 A.L Sndstone, mdium lighl gEy lo yellowish€ray, wswsthetr gnysrange, rine lo. c@e gmind, mNire, I crNHdd. Usualry a cliffo.ldgeiomer (eU n.) Lower Norton Formation

24. tu|, usuallythin oraeni (Gain.) Campbell (1893) defined the Norton Formation pawFwiau( Q25. hr,shsrd in vicinty ot Linb (rF3/ In ) as all strata between the top of the Lee Formation

ft hl, usually lhin orabFd (m in ) and the base of the Gladeville Sandstone. In eastern 27. Snd$one, yellowish{€y, iine lo mdium gmind, portion Norton lmlly crNHdd, wilh sidede Fbbl6. Clifi or Buchanan County the of the romer.(4110fr.) 28. CGI highly sh€rd and toldd in vicinity ol Busll Formation below the Kennedy coal bed is equiv- rault. (1eC in.) alent to the New River Formation of West Virginia

4. tu|,lmlly thin orabsnt (e10 n ) (Meissner and Miller, 1981) and is informally S. tu|, lGlly wilh lhin crayey (&24 if J Fdings. termed the lower Norton Formation in the present @ncilSndstone Mem&r 31 Snddone, mdium lighl gray, reatheG grayish{range, to mdium gaind, lhickly Hdd, lo€jly crcsH report. The thickness of the lower Norton Forma- contains sidsite ndul6 (@ ft .) 32. Coar.l@llythin orarnt (1&S in.) tion ranges from 300 to 600 feet and generally averages about 400 feet. lfficoNcrouenrrrcsANDSroNE fic*"sro".o^sno.. { rnoeseouroenv In ascending order it contains generally the .oo. *r"oot.o .o*. uNcoNFoBMrw ffi "o*o"ao". Fl following coals: Tiller, Jawbone, Raven nos. 1, 2, - srLTsroNE carcraeous rrurenvar ? puNr Fossr' s L:l 1,..:.1 3, and the Aily. The lowest exposed unit in the lower E SHELL FO$ILS Norton Formation is the Tiller coal bed which is overlain by the Council Sandstone Member (Miller Figure 3. Columnar section of surface rocks. and Meissner, 1977). This coal crops out along VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

LORVA' ON, MEMBFF A\D BEO LITHO-OGY

$ndslone,hghtqray wealhe6grayrsh{Gnqe I netomd um grarnd 9€d6 nlo @dy sond c@e lag depos( al ba* masrre, @lly crosddd Fdms &nches or c ft h)

Sha e dad olve g.ay to blacN @lly e ty Contarns abundanl manne ro resrncrd manne losls (&12 h ) tul (2M n)

kndslone €hl gay w4lhe6graysh{range hne graind, pily sodd coaw6 nd lag deFs[ at bs masNe lm ly crN Hdd L@lly conErns finrrlrarnd lhinlv olanar Hdd htervals and several silry shale Ms &nch and clifi former (1Glm fr) @l,variable lhrcknN butF6stent L@lly ciay Fd!.gs (2+s n )

tu|, l@lly aed (G32 rn ) Coal (1W In )

8 @1, lenLicular generally clayey and impure (e1S in ) 9 @l u$ally thrn (&31 in ) z z l0 SndsLone lghtgray wealheGgrayrsh yellow, finelomdiom grarnd frNire, l@lly c.NHdd, lGlly conlarns he. I graind lhrn planar Hdd nrervalal bae LMlly conrarns e€ral silry layeE (&110 z shale &nch lormer fr ) z

s l1 @l usually thrn orabsenr as@rard wth F6rstef l

12 C@l 11242 t. ) Sndslo^e /ellowishgray ro gmysr

14 @l contarns clay Fdrnqs (]H In )

15 $ndstone sme desriphon 6 #r3 komes thrn o. into silbbne to the w6L (141m fr) 16 tulGl uslallvusla[y thrn or aMnl onbrns *veral oad nqsnor where o@al (06 rn ) 17 ClaFlone lMlly isile, lqhlaay lo olre gray lGlly @nbrns thrn limGtone ie.s plant losils a.d bracksh wale. o. maBhnrellng brval€ lNis Figure 4. Dark gray marine or brackish water @1, usually lhrn o. (M In 18 aenl ) clayshale of the upper Norton Formation, contain- 19 $ndstone sme desnpron as #r3 (sr@ n ) ing thin localized algal limestone lenses. Locality is on & Coa usoally thrn or ab*nt, cor€laton acros Bustl Russell Prater Creek in north-central Prater taull E qu6nonable (Gl0 In ) quadrangle; sh, shale; ls, limestone.

C@l !s!aly lhrnorabenr (e7 . ) Lownn PnNNSyt vANIAN Svsturl Ccl bnghL, @lry conrarns shae Fdrng n mddle ol H hrghly sh€d and loldd in vcrnrly ol Rusll Fo& faul 11+72 in ) $ndstone, mdrum lghl gray lo yellowish{ray wethe^ graysh{range, lne lo c@e graind, mNrve, i crosHdd Usually a clitr or ldge rormer (41@ ft) Lower Norton Formation

24. tul usualy lhrn orab€nl (GA r. ) Campbell (1893) defined the Norton Formation

I 25. @l shead In vronity olLrftle Pawpaw ta! I (1&37 h as all strata between the top of the Lee Formation )

6. tu|, uslally lhrn orab*nt (&m . ) and the base of the Gladeville Sandstone. In eastern 21 tundslone yellowEhlray Ln€ to mdruh grarnd Buchanan County portion of Norton l€ailY cr6Hdd, wlh sdenle Fbb6 C rfr or the the

24. C@l hrgh y sh€rd and ioidd n vcrnrly ol Fusll Formation below the Kennedy coal bed is equiv- rault (1G32 in ) alent to the New River Formation of West Virginia n @l o@rrythrnorab$nl (e10 n) (Meissner and Miller, 1981) and is informally s tu|,l@lly wfi thrn cayey (e24 rn ) Fdrngs termed the lower Norton Formation in the present 31 qndslo.e mdrum I q'l gray weatheB grdy'sh orange ro mdrum grar.d lh ckly Mdd ro€ry cro$Hdd report. The thickness of the lower Norton Forma- conlanssdente nodul6 (4@ fi ) p Coal @lly thrn ora&nl (1FS n ) tion ranges from 300 to 600 feet and generally averalles about 400 feet. Ico*c.ore"'r'cso"os.o". flcu"sroreo"s*oue { recreseounoanr In ascending order it contains generally the ! so*osto"a E .oo. *rroor.o =o^. -_ uNcoNFoRMrw following coals: Tiller, Jawbone, Raven nos. l, 2, piulossls LllsrLrsro\E l::.lcaLcaRLousrNrERvAL I 3, and the Aily. The lowest exposed unit in the lower : SHELL FOSSILS Norton Formation is the Tiller coal bed which is overlain by the Council Sandstone Member (Miller Figure 3. Columnar section of surface rocks. and Meissner, 1977). This coal crops out along PUBLICATION 52

Mrnolo PnNnsvlvANIAN SYsrnu

Upper Norton Formation

Meissner and Miller (1981) regard the Norton Formation, above the Kennedy coal bed in southeastern and eastern Buchanan County, as being equivalent to the Kanawha Formation of West Virginia. The base of the Kanawha is designated by the first appear ance of Neuropteris gi,gantea and the last occurrence of. I'aWnopteris hoeruinghause (Gillespie and Pfefferkorn, 1979). In the Vansant quadrangle, Neu,ropteris gigantea occurs above the Kennedy coal indicating that the upper part of the Figure 5. Trough cross beds in the Council Norton may be equivalent to the Kanawha. The Sandstone Member of the lower Norton Formation. upper part of the Norton Formation in the Prater Locality is on Dismal Creek in northeastern and Vansant quadrangles contains about 45 Vansant quadrangle (photo by J.H. Grantham). percent more sandstone than the lower portion. The upper Norton Formation ranges in thickness Levisa Fork and Dismal Creek inVansant quad- from about 370 to 580 feet and contains seven rangle. The Council Sandstone ranges in ihickness named coals: the Kennedy, Big Fork-Puncheon from 40to80 feet. Lithologically,the sandstone is Camp,Iower Banner, Upper Banner, Splash Dam, predominantly fine to medium grained, medium Hagy, and Norton coals. The Kennedy, Splash Dam, light gray, and feldspathic, with bedding ranging and Hagy coals are the major coal beds in the from a few inches to two feet thick. The bedding Vansant and Prater quadrangles and are widely shows large, cross-stratifications which traverse persistent and usually of minable thickness. The the unit from top to bottom in a horizontal direction upper Norton occasionally includes coarsening- for several hundred feet (Figure 5). upward sequences of clay shale to siltstone to The Jawbone coal, which oceurs just above the sandstone. These unnamed sandstones are typically Council Sandstone, is generally 18 inches thiek and feldspathic, moderate yellowish-brown to grayish- has been mapped throughout northern Vansant orange, medium'to coarse grained, fairly well quadrangle. Between the Jawbone and McClure sorted, and have a silica cement. The quartz grains Sandstone Member is a siltstone-coal interval have moderate sphericity and are very angular to which includes some intertonguing sandstones. subrounded. The most abundant accessory miner- This interval contains in ascending order: the als are feldspar and mica; traces of heavy minerals Raven no. 1, Raven no. 2, Raven no. 3, and the Aily are present. The lower portion of these sandstones coals and consists chiefly of dark gray siltstone. may contain abundant limonite-geothite concre- In eastern Vansant quadrangle the Raven no. 1 or tions, clay lag pebbles and siderite lag pebbles. Raven no. 2 coal may be underlain by massive These sandstones are massive in outcrop and may sandstone. This sandstone is fine to medium locally contain abundant trough cross-beds. Their grained, yellowish-gray and locally cross bedded. basal contacts may be gradational but are most The Aily coal bed is generally thin or absent. commonly sharp (Figure 6). The McClure Sandstone Member is 40 to 100 feet Carbonate rocks occur within siltstone units in thick and unconformable at the base. In most the upper Norton section. They occur usually as instances the McClure is a yellowish-gray to concretions or, more rarely, as thin discrete beds. medium gray, fine- to coarse-grained, moderately Concretions range in size from microscopic well sorted, feldspathic sandstone with silica dimensions up to 19 inches long and 4 inches thick. cement. The quartz grains have moderate spheric- Small siderite concretions may occur scattered ity and are angular to subrounded. The most throughout a siltstone unit or may be concentrated common accessories are mica and heaw minerals. along bedding planes. Individual concretions may The McClure, which weathers grayish-orange and coalesce to form thin discontinuous stringers. in places shows liesegang bandings, is massive in A limestone bed crops out on Turkey Pen Branch outcrop and locally contains low-angle planar and of Vansant quadrangle. This thin limestone is a trough cross-beds. The lower one foot contains a dark gray micrite that weathers to a very distin- poorly-sorted basal lag deposit eonsisting of siderite guishable pale brown. The bed is up to 17 inches and clay pebbles. thick, fairly uniform, and continuous, although it PUBLICATION 52

Mroor,p PoNNSvt vANIAN SYsrnu

Upper Norton Formation

Meissner and Miller (1981) regard the Norton Formation, above the Kennedy coal bed in southeastern and eastern Buchanan County, as being equivalent to the Kanawha Formation of West Virginia. The base of the Kanawha is designated by the first appear ance of Neuropteris g'igantea and the last occurrence of. Lyginopteris hoeninghause (Gillespie and Pfefferkorn, 1979). In the Vansant quadrangle, Neuropteris gti'gantea occurs above the Kennedy coal indicating that the upper part of the Figure 5. Trough cross beds in the Council Norton may be equivalent to the Kanawha. The Sandstone Member of the lower Norton Formation. upper part of the Norton Formation in the Prater Locality is on Dismal Creek in northeastern and Vansant quadrangles contains about 45 Vansant quadrangle (photo by J.H. Grantham). percent more sandstone than the lower portion. The upper Norton Formation ranges in thickness Levisa Fork and Dismal Creek inVansant quad- from about 370 to 580 feet and contains seven rangle. The Council Sandstone ranges in thickness named coals: the Kennedy, Big Fork-Puncheon from 40to80 feet. Lithologically,the sandstone is Camp, Lower Banner, Upper Banner, Splash Dam, predominantly fine to medium grained, medium Hagy, and Norton coals. The Kennedy, Splash Dam, light gray, and feldspathic, with bedding ranging and Hagy coals are the major coal beds in the from a few inches to two feet thick. The bedding Vansant and Prater quadrangles and are widely shows large, cross-stratifications which traverse persistent and usually of minable thickness. The the unit from top to bottom in a horizontal direction upper Norton occasionally includes coarsening- for several hundred feet (Figure 5). upward sequences of clay shale to siltstone to The Jawbone coal, which occurs just above the sandstone. These unnamed sandstones are typically Council Sandstone, is generally 18 inches thick and feldspathic, moderate yellowish-brown to grayish- has been mapped throughout northern Vansant orange, medium'to coarse grained, fairly well quadrangle. Between the Jawbone and McClure sorted, and have a silica cement. The quartz grains Sandstone Member is a siltstone-coal interval have moderate sphericity and are very angular to which includes some intertonguing sandstones. subrounded. The most abundant accessory miner- This interval contains in ascending order: the als are feldspar and mica; traces of heavy minerals Raven no. 1, Raven no. 2, Raven no. 3, and the Aily are present. The lower portion of these sandstones coals and consists chiefly of dark gray siltstone. may contain abundant limonite-geothite concre- In eastern Vansant quadrangle the Raven no. 1 or tions, clay lag pebbles and siderite lag pebbles. Raven no. 2 coal may be underlain by massive These sandstones are massive in outcrop and may sandstone. This sandstone is fine to medium locally contain abundant trough cross-beds. Their grained, yellowish-gray and locally cross bedded. basal contacts may be gradational but are most The Aily coal bed is generally thin or absent. commonly sharp (Figure 6). The McClure Sandstone Member is 40 to 100 feet Carbonate rocks occur within siltstone units in thick and unconformable at the base. In most the upper Norton section. They occur usually as instances the McClure is a yellowish-gray to concretions or, more rarely, as thin diserete beds. medium gray, fine- to coarse-grained, moderately Concretions range in size from microscopic well sorted, feldspathic sandstone with silica dimensions up to 19 inches long and 4 inches thick. cement. The quartz grains have moderate spheric- Small siderite concretions may occur scattered ity and are angular to subrounded. The most throughout a siltstone unit or may be concentrated common accessories are mica and heavy minerals. along bedding planes. Individual concretions may The MeClure, which weathers grayish-orange and coalesce to form thin discontinuous stringers. in places shows liesegang bandings, is massive in A limestone bed crops out on Turkey Pen Branch outcrop and locally contains low-angle planar and of Vansant quadrangle. This thin limestone is a trough cross-beds. The lower one foot contains a dark gray micrite that weathers to a very distin- poorly-sorted basal lag deposit consisting of siderite guishable pale brown. The bed is up to 17 inches and clay pebbles. thick, fairly uniform, and continuous, although it VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

the designated type area near Wise (Miller, 1969). Throughout the area of this report the Gladeville is a feldspathic sandstone instead of the moderately quartzose sandstone described in the type area. The Gladeville Sandstone in Prater and Vansant quadrangles is a medium gray to orangish-gray, fine- to medium- grained, moderately well sorted, massive, feldspathic sandstone with mica, clay, heaw minerals, and some carbonaceous matter. The sandstone locally contains a thin planar-bedded sequence 10 to 12 feet thick at the base and may locally contain several 1- to 3-foot-thick silty clay shale layers. The Gladeville Sandstone is moderately resistant where found along intermediate ridge elevations or in fresh exposures along high walls of surface Figure 6. Typical feldspathic sandstone unit of the mines, but may be less resistant and friable where Norton Formation, exhibiting sharp and irregular it occupies high ridge tops. In Vansant quadrangle basal contact. Arrows point to the two strongly the Gladeville crops out on Baldwin Mountain, developed joint sets charaeteristic of many of these Turkey Pen Ridge, and some of the other high sandstones. Iocality is on Fryingpan Creek in ridges. It crops out along the higher ridges in southeastern Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; cly central Prater quadrangle and almost continuously slst, clayey siltstone. throughout the northwestern third of the quadrangle. may grade laterally into large concretions. The limestone may release a strong hydrogen sulfide Wise Formation odor upon fracturing. Fossils are rare and are more eommon in the underlying and overlying siltstone. The term Wise Formation was applied by This bed is of interest in making interpretations Campbell (f893) to a sequence of sandstone, of depositional environments but is neither laterally siltstone, shale, and many coal beds between the extensive or thick enough to be mappable. "Key Rock" (Gladeville Sandstone) and the Harlan A marine zone occurs in the Prater and Vansant Sandstone exposed in Wise County. Within the quadrangles about 3 feet above the Lower Banner study area the basal part of the Wise Formation coal bed. The zone is characterized by a dark gray, is typically finer grained than the underlying sandy, thin-bedded siltstone and clay shale, which Gladeville and upper Norton Formation. This contains Wi,lkingi,a and Edmondio. This marine interval may be described as a zone consisting of zone is of insufficient thickness to be mappable in silty claystones, shaly siltstones, siltstones, localized the quadrangles. sandstone bodies. and at least five.coal beds. The Wise does, however, contain two major sandstone units within the study area: A 100 to 120 foot thick massive, light gray to yellowish-gray, fine- to Gladeville Sandstone medium-grained, feldspathic sandstone imme- diately above the Eagle coal bed and a light gray The Gladeville Sandstone was named by Camp- to yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, bell (1893) for exposures of "massive sandstone or feldspathic sandstone, 120 feetor more in thickness, conglomerate" with thicknesses of 75 to 120 feet 80 to 120 feet above the Clintwood coal bed. The near Gladeville (now Wise) in Wise County. The sandstone above the Clintwood coal is the hfghest identification of the Gladeville in this report is mapped unit within the two quadrangles, and its based on correlations to the type area made by thickness is incomplete because of erosion. previous workers (Giles, 1921; Miller and Meissner, Marine and restricted marine fossils, mainly 1977) and in particular on the correlations used L'i,ngula, Orbiculoid,ea, Chonetes, Auiculopecten, by Hinds (1916, f918). There is still some doubt and ostracods (Geisinidae forms) occur in olive-gray concerning the correlation, but the term Gladeville claystone about 33 feet above the Clintwood coal is used. near the Grundy airport. This zone may be In the Prater and Vansant quadrangles, the equivalent to the Cannelton Limestone of White Gladeville is lithologically different from that of (1885). VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

the designated type area near Wise (Miller, 1969). Throughout the area of this report the Gladeville is a feldspathic sandstone instead of the moderately quartzose sandstone described in the type area. The Gladeville Sandstone in Prater and Vansant quadrangles is a medium gray to orangish-gray, fine- to medium- grained, moderately well sorted, massive, feldspathic sandstone with mica, clay, heavy minerals, and some carbonaceous matter. The sandstone locally contains a thin planar-bedded sequence 10 to 12 feet thick at the base and may locally contain several 1- to 3-foot-thick silty clay shale layers. The Gladeville Sandstone is moderately resistant where found along intermediate ridge elevations or in fresh exposures along high walls of surface Figure 6. Typical feldspathic sandstone unit of the mines, but may be less resistant and friable where Norton Formation, exhibiting sharp and irregular it occupies high ridge tops. In Vansant quadrangle basal contact. Arrows point to the two strongly the Gladeville crops out on Baldwin Mountain, developed joint sets characteristic of many of these Turkey Pen Ridge, and some of the other high sandstones. Locality is on Fryingpan Creek in ridges. It crops out along the higher ridges in southeastern Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; cly central Prater quadrangle and almost continuously slst, clayey siltstone. throughout the northwestern third of the quadrangle. may grade laterally into large concretions. The limestone may release a strong hydrogen sulfide Wise Formation odor upon fracturing. Fossils are rare and are more common in the underlying and overlying siltstone. The term Wise Formation was applied by This bed is of interest in making interpretations Campbell (1893) to a sequence of sandstone, of depositional environments but is neither laterally siltstone, shale, and many coal beds between the extensive or thick enough to be mappable. "Key Rock" (Gladeville Sandstone) and the Harlan A marine zone occurs in the Prater and Vansant Sandstone exposed in Wise County. Within the quadrangles about 3 feet above the Lower Banner study area the basal part of the Wise Formation coal bed. The zone is characterized by a dark gray, is typically finer grained than the underlying sandy, thin-bedded siltstone and clay shale, which Gladeville and upper Norton Formation. This contains Wilkingia and Edmondia. This marine interval may be described as a zone consisting of zone is of insufficient thickness to be mappable in silty claystones, shaly siltstones, siltstones, localized the quadrangles. sandstone bodies, and at least five.coal beds. The Wise does, however, contain two major sandstone units within the study area: A 100 to 120 foot thick massive, light gray to yellowish-gray, fine- to Gladeville Sandstone medium-grained, feldspathic sandstone imme- diately above the Eagle coal bed and a light gray The Gladeville Sandstone \Mas named by Camp- to yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-grained, bell (1893) for exposures of "massive sandstone or feldspathic sandstone, 120 feet or more in thickness, conglomerate" with thicknesses of 75 to 120 feet 80 to 120 feet above the Clintwood coal bed. The near Gladeville (now Wise) in Wise County. The sandstone above the Clintwood coal is the hfghest identification of the Gladeville in this report is mapped unit within the two quadrangles, and its based on correlations to the type area made by thickness is incomplete because of erosion. previous workers (Giles, 1921; Miller and Meissner, Marine and restricted marine fossils, mainly 1977) and in particular on the correlations used Lingula, Orbiculoidea, Chonetes, Auiculopecten, by Hinds (1916, 1918). There is still some doubt and ostracods (Geisinidae forms) occur in olive-gray concerning the correlation, but the term Gladeville claystone about 33 feet above the Clintwood coal is used. near the Grundy airport. This zone may be In the Prater and Vansant quadrangles, the equivalent to the Cannelton Limestone of White Gladeville is lithologically different from that of (1885). PUBTICATION 52

QuernnNanY(?) Svsrnu The overburden material consists predominantly of siltstone and some sandstone blocks which have Alluvium and Colluvium Deposits been removed to expose the eoal bed. Where more than one coal bed is mined, the surface mining The alluvium of the floodplains of the present process is repeated to remove lower-lying over- Levisa Fork and Russell Fork and their tributaries burden. The mine waste material is characterized consists of gravel, sand, and silt. These deposits by clay shale or bone and small fragments of coal. are mostly light brown to grayish-brown. Collu- These piles are found at several of sites throughout vium is widespread in the Prater and Vansant the area. Also associated with the spoil piles are quadrangles. Although most of the colluvial angular limestone blocks. These limestone blocks material is derived from finer-grained rock types, are a part of the reclamation proeedure and are small, medium, and even large blocks of feldspathic dumped along the valley slopes below the surface sandstone are often present. This material has mine to add to slope stability. The blocks may aid moved downslope by mass movement. It is found as a buffer to the surface and ground water systems along the base of steep slopes and may interfinger by reacting with possible acidic drainage from the with the alluvial deposits along the outer margins dumps. of the floodplains. The maximum thicknesses of the alluvial and colluvial deposits are unknown. STRUCTURE Mine Dumps In general the structure of Prater and Vansant quadrangle areas is dominated by a northwest- Spoil piles are associated with surface and dipping homocline. This regional dip is interrupted underground mines and preparation plants. These by northwest-trending faults in the western and piles are composed of excavated overburden and the southwestern portion of the Prater quadrangle waste associated with the actual miningof the coal. (Figure 7). Structure eontours on Figure 7 are

I I /ne ** ttPm! ,/,/('{r"*/, ,/ , r-"\\.//-!

x COAL OU16@ 40 cdTouF tlTERv& . CORE HOLE

. KENNEoy HoRrzoN (ca!fiiill.9r.f"qf "^- Figure 7. Structural contour map for the top of the Kennedy coal bed in the Prater and Vansant quadrangles; LPF, Little Pawpaw fault; RFF, Russell Fork fault. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES placed on top of the Kennedy coal and show the the southwestern corner of the quadrangle. As elevation of this coal bed. Because all the major previously described in the literature (Wentworth, coal beds in this area are parallel to subparallel, L92l), the Russell Fork fault is a high angle, right- this structure applies in a general way to the other lateral, strike slip fault. Englund (f971) and Miller coals. (L974) estimated the strike slip along the fault to be 4 miles. Strata bordering the Russell Fork fault Jorurs have been locally deformed into a gently rolling pattern, making throw variable along the fault. The Joints, present at the surface in sandstone throw is approximately 80 feet, down on the (Figure 8), siltstone, and coal (cleat), are generally northeast side, at the southernmost exposure of the considered to be extension fractures, because most fault (at Sportsman Lake) and approximately 160 of them have vertical to near-vertical dips. feet2.I miles northwest of this locality. Significant However, scattered joints dip at angles as low as deformation of strata seems to be restricted to a 50 degrees, a feature more commonly characteristic zone several hundred feet wide on each side of the of shear joints in flat-lying beds. Compilation of fault (Figure 9). the strike directions for the joints and cleats Another high angle, right-lateral, strike slip indicates orthogonal sets (Figure 8). The rose fault, with minor throw, the Little Pawpaw fault diagram shows that the rock joints have two (Figures 10 and 11), traverses the Prater quadran- predominantbearings. The primary setof this joint gle from the south-central border to the northwest system strikes about N35'W; the secondary set corner. The fault trends roughly parallel to the strikes about N53'E. The trend of the primary Buchanan-Dickenson county line and the Russell joints is more northerly near the Little Pawpaw Fork fault (N20'W). It occupies the major drainage and Russell Fork faults, where it is roughly N20'W. valleys of Russell Fork, Little Pawpaw Creek, and Excellent examples of jointing are afforded in Greenbriar Creek. Maximum throw along the the irregularly-spaced face and butt cleats of coal Little Pawpaw is approximately 20 feet, down on beds. 'The face cleat, which corresponds to the the northeast side, in southern Prater quadrangle, primary joints, is exceedingly well developed and and the throw has been measured as 12 feet in a has very smooth, bright surfaces. The butt cleats, mine in the Splash Dam coal bed underlying the which correspond to the secondary joints, are also northwest corner of the quadrangle (Dan Manweil- well developed. The face cleat strikes roughly er, personal communication, 1983). Strike slip N48"W: and the butt cleat strikes about N43'E. along the fault has been estimated as 0.2 to 0.3 The spacing between the cleats ranges up to one- miles. Like the Russell Fork fault, significant quarter inch. deformation along the Little Pawpaw fault is restricted to a zone several hundred feet wide Faulrs

The Russell Fork fault is the most significant structural feature in Prater and Vansant quadrangles. The fault crosses the southern boundary of Prater quadrangle near Sportsman Lake and is exposed in four places along Fryingpan Creek in

Figure 9. Folded and sheared strata associated with the Russell Fork fault. The trace of the fault is just to the right of this'view, occupying the stream bed or axis of the valley. Locality is approximately Figure 8. Rose diagrams showing orientations of 2800 feet northwest of Sportsrpan Lake in south- a) rock joints and b) coal eleats in the Prater and western Prater quadrangle; Qc, colluvium; ss, Vansant quadrangles. sandstone; cly slst, clayey siltstone. VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES placed on top of the Kennedy coal and show the the southwestern corner of the quadrangle. As elevation of this coal bed. Because all the major previously described in the literature (Wentworth, coal beds in this area are parallel to subparallel, l92I'), the Russell Fork fault is a high angle, right- this structure applies in a general way to the other lateral, strike slip fault. Englund (1971) and Miller coals. (1974) estimated the strike slip along the fault to be 4 miles. Strata bordering the Russell Fork fault JoINrs have been locally deformed into a gently rolling pattern, making throw variable along the fault. The Joints, present at the surface in sandstone throw is approximately 80 feet, down on the (Figure 8), siltstone, and coal (cleat), are generally northeast side, at the southernmost exposure of the considered to be extension fractures. because most fault (at Sportsman Lake) and approximately 160 of them have vertical to near-vertical dips. feet2.l miles northwest of this locality. Significant However, scattered joints dip at angles as low as deformation of strata seems to be restricted to a 50 degrees, a feature more commonly characteristic zone several hundred feet wide on each side of the of shear joints in flat-lying beds. Compilation of fault (Figure 9). the strike directions for the joints and cleats Another high angle, right-lateral, strike slip indicates orthogonal sets (Figure 8). The rose fault, with minor throw, the Little Pawpaw fault diagram shows that the rock joints have two (Figures 10 and 11), traverses the Prater quadran- predominant bearings. The primary set of this joint gle from the south-central border to the northwest system strikes about N35'W; the secondary set corner. The fault trends roughly parallel to the strikes about N53'E. The trend of the primary Buchanan-Dickenson county line and the Russell joints is more northerly near the Little Pawpaw Fork fault (N20'W). It occupies the major drainage and Russell Fork faults, where it is roughly N20'W. valleys of Russell Fork, Little Pawpaw Creek, and Excellent examples of jointing are afforded in Greenbriar Creek. Maximum throw along the the irregularly-spaced face and butt cleats of coal Little Pawpaw is approximately 20 feet, down on beds. The face cleat, which corresponds to the the northeast side, in southern Prater quadrangle, primary joints, is exceedingly well developed and and the throw has been measured as 12 feet in a has very smooth, bright surfaces. The butt cleats, mine in the Splash Dam coal bed underlying the which correspond to the secondary joints, are also northwest corner of the quadrangle (Dan Manweil- well developed. The face cleat strikes roughly er, personal communication, 1983). Strike slip N48"W; and the butt cleat strikes about N43'E. along the fault has been estimated as 0.2 to 0.3 The spacing between the cleats ranges up to one- miles. Like the Russell Fork fault, significant quarter inch. deformation along the Little Pawpaw fault is restricted to a zone several hundred feet wide FRulrs

Figure 9. Folded and sheared strata associated with the Russell Fork fault. The trace of the fault is just to the right of this view, occupying the stream S bed or axis of the valley. Locality is approximately Figure 8. Rose diagrams showing orientations of 2800 feet northwest of Sportsman Lake in south- a) rock joints and b) coal cleats in the Prater and western Prater quadrangle; Qc, colluvium; ss, Vansant quadrangles. sandstone; cly slst, clayey siltstone. PUBLICATION 52

Figure 10. Exposure of the Little Pawpaw fault on Pawpaw Creek approximately 1000 feet east of Cannady in central Prater quadrangle. The trace of the fault is accentuated by pulverized coal which has been smeared along the fault plane; ss, sandstone; slst, siltstone.

Figure 12. Localized folding of strata associated with the Little Pawpaw fault. Locality is approximately 1000 feet east of Cannady in central Prater quadrangle.

(Figure 12). A smaller fault is exposed in a roadcut of State Road 605 approximately 1300 feet due west of the Little Pawpaw fault near the community of Cannady in Prater quadrangle. This fault is roughly parallel to, and similar in nature to, the Little Pawpaw fault. Close association with the Little Pawpaw fault suggests that this similar feature is either a splay fault, or that the Little Pawpaw fault is actually a fault zone rather than a single continuous fault. The highly weathered nature of the exposure prevented determinatin of the throw along the fault. There is a minor high angle, normal fault(Figure 13) trending northwest with approximately 3.5 feet of throw in a high wall above the Clintwood coal near the Grundy airport in the northeastern corner of Prater quadrangle. Two high angle, normal faults, that are down- Figure 11. Exposure of the Little Pawpaw fault thrown on the southeast side (Figure 14), and trend exhibiting closely spaced joint pattern and highly N45'E cross the Norfolk and Western Railway sheared nature of adjacent rock. Locality is about 1000 feet southeast of Vansant. The eastern- approximately 1400 feet north of Cannady in most fault has a maximum throw of 2.5 feet and central Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; slst, the western fault a throw of 1.5 feet as evidenced siltstone. in the Jawbone coal. PUBLICATION 52

Figure 12. Loealized folding of strata associated with the Little Pawpaw fault. Locality is approximately 1000 feet east of Cannady in central Prater quadrangle.

(Figure I2). A smaller fault is exposed in a roadcut of State Road 605 approximately 1300 feet due west of the Little Pawpaw fault near the community of Cannady in Prater quadrangle. This fault is roughly parallel to, and similar in nature to, the Little Pawpaw fault. Close association with the Little Pawpaw fault suggests that this similar feature is either a splay fault, or that the Little Pawpaw fault is actually a fault zone rather than a single continuous fault. The highly weathered nature of the exposure prevented determinatin of the throw along the fault. There is a minor high angle, normal fault (Figure 13) trending northwest with approximately 3.5 feet of throw in a high wall above the Clintwood coal near the Grundy airport in the northeastern corner of Prater quadrangle. Two high angle, normal faults, that are down- Figure 11. Exposure of the Little Pawpaw fault thrown on the southeast side (Figure 14), and trend exhibiting closely spaced joint pattern and highly N45"E cross the Norfolk and Western Railway sheared nature of adjacent rock. Locality is about 1000 feet southeast of Vansant. The eastern- approximately 1400 feet north of Cannady in most fault has a maximum throw of 2.5 feet and central Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; slst, the western fault a throw of 1.5 feet as evidenced siltstone. in the Jawbone coal. l0 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Faults were also observed within several coal beds. These faults have a synthetic-antithetic relationship similar to those described by Harris and Milici (1977). The Splash Dam coal bed (Figure 15) exhibits this type of faulting in the Prater quadrangle. This type of faulting was also found in the Kennedy coal bed on Baldwin Branch in Vansant quadrangle.

Folos

The geologic strueture of the study area is shown in Figure 7. the structure eontour datum is the Figure 13. Exposure of high angle, normal fault horizon of the Kennedy coal. In general, strata in the high wall of an abandoned surface mine in within the quadrangle areas exhibit a homoclinal the Clintwood coal bed, 2500 feet west of Grundy dip of approximately 35 to 70 feet per mile to the Airport. Vertical offset is 3.5 feet; slty sh, silty northwest. Slight variations exist in this regional shale; ss, sandstone; sh, shale. trend in the form of very gently and broad folds. Strata dipping as much as 8 degrees to the northwest have been measured in the Murphy area of south-central Prater quadrangle. COAL GEOLOGY

Coal has been mined in the study area for about 75 years. Early production was from drift mines located in the Norton Formation. At present, coal is produced by driftmines in the Norton Formation, surface mines in the Norton and Wise formations, and deep shaft mines in the Pocahontas Formation. The Pocahontas no. 3 coal, a low volatile bituminous coal, lies at depth and is produced from foir shaft mines that extend to depths of approximately 1300 Figure 14. Exposure of high angle, normal fauft along feet. The deep mines are owned by Island Creek railway cut near Vansant. At this locale, the Jawbone Coal Company, and are located near the mouth of coal bed has been vertically displaced approximately Dismal Creek, and at Deskins, Skeggs, and l .5 feet. Vansant. Medium to high volatile A bituminous coal (Meissner, 1978) is mined from the Norton and Wise formations. The many underground mines and surface mines in the area produce from the Raven sM stLTsToNE .. no. 1, Kennedy, Iower Banner, Splash Dam, and CLAYEY SILTSTONE Hagy coals of the Norton Formation or from the Blair and Eagle coals of the Wise Formation. At places, as surface mining nears completion, additional coal is removed by large horizontal augers that bore into the exposed coal at the base ooA of the highwall for an average of 180 feet, or by mines. t shortlived underground ^; Roof and floor conditions in the surface and Figure 15. Outcrop exhibiting offset and deforma- underground mines are variable. Generally the coal tion of the Splash Dam coal bed and adjacent strata beds are overlain by a clay shale or siltstone. bv (A) synthetic and (B) antithetic faults. Locality Massive sandstones occassionally are found above is approximately 500 feet east of Pilgrams Home the coal, increasing the cost of removal by surface Church on Russell Prater Creek in north-central methods. Coal mine floors are commonly rooted Prater quadrangle. sandy siltstones. l0 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Folos

The geologic structure of the study area is shown in Figure 7. the structure contour datum is the Figure 13. Exposure of high angle, normal fault horizon of the Kennedy coal. In general, strata in the high wall of an abandoned surface mine in within the quadrangle areas exhibit a homoclinal the Clintwood coal bed, 2500 feet west of Grundy dip of approximately 35 to 70 feet per mile to the Airport. Vertical offset is 3.5 feet; slty sh, silty northwest. Slight variations exist in this regional shale; ss, sandstone; sh, shale. trend in the form of very gently and broad folds. Strata dipping as much as 8 degrees to the northwest have been measured in the Murphy area of south-central Prater quadrangle. COAL GEOLOGY

Coal has been mined in the study area for about 75 years. Early production was from drift mines located in the Norton Formation. At present, coal is produced by drift mines in the Norton Formation, surface mines in the Norton and Wise formations, and deep shaft mines in the Pocahontas Formation. The Pocahontas no. 3 coal, a low volatile bituminous coal, lies at depth and is produced from foiir shaft mines that extend to depths of approximately 1300 Figure 14. Exposure of high angle, normal fauft along feet. The deep mines are owned by Island Creek railway cut near Vansant. At this locale, the Jawbone Coal Company, and are located near the mouth of coal bed has been vertically displaced approximately Dismal Creek, and at Deskins, Skeggs, and 1.5 feet. Vansant. Medium to high volatile A bituminous coal (Meissner, 1978) is mined from the Norton and Wise formations. The many underground mines and surface mines in the area produce from the Raven no. 1, Kennedy, Lower Banner, Splash Dam, and Hagy coals of the Norton Formation or from the Blair and Eagle coals of the Wise Formation. At places, as surface mining nears completion, additional coal is removed by large horizontal augers that bore into the exposed eoal at the base of the highwall for an average of 180 feet, or by A^^ shortlived underground mines. Roof and floor conditions in the surface and Figure 15. Outcrop exhibiting offset and deforma- underground mines are variable. Generally the coal tion of the Splash Dam coal bed and adjacent strata beds are overlain by a clay shale or siltstone. bv (A) synthetic and (B) antithetic faults. Locality Massive sandstones occassionally are found above is approximately 500 feet east of Pilgrams Home the coal, increasing the cost of removal by surface Church on Russell Prater Creek in north-central methods. Coal mine floors are commonly rooted Prater quadrangle. sandy siltstones. PUBLICATION 52 ll

Poc^q.HoNrls Fonu^a.rroN Coam the Lee-New River section, are generally 6 to 12 inches persistent. Within the study area there are four Pocahontas thick and locally few very (less inches) beds coals. In ascending order they are: Pocahontas no. A thin than 4 eoal oceur in the interval between the Upper Seaboard 3, no. 4, no. 5, and no. 6 (Miller, 1974). The Pocahontas no. 3 is the most important metallur- and Tiller eoal of the Norton Formation. They are not known approach minable thickness gical coal of the rebort area. It is a low sulfur. low to within the study area. volatile bituminous coal and ranges from 4 to 14 feet thick. The coal contains partings, some discontinuous, composed of bone and gray clay shale and range from 1 to 16 inches thick. Pocahontas no. NonroN Fonu.e,uon Coam 3 is overlain by as mueh as several feet of dark gray clay shale above which is a light gray, sandy The oldest coal exposed in Prater and Vansant clay shale that grades to a thick, medium gray, quadrangles is the Tiller coal bed of the Norton fine-grained sandstone. The coal is underlain by Formation which is eommonly 18 to 36 inches thick medium gray clay shale to medium gray, fine- but may be locally thinner or absent. The Tiller grained sandstone. crops out along the Levisa Fork and Dismal Creek The Pocahontas no. 4, no. 5, and no. 6 are low in northeastern Vansant quadrangle. sulfur, medium to low volatile bituminous coals of The Jawbone (Ratliff) coal bed commonly lies highly variable thickness, but frequently less than above the Council Sandstone, is generally a good 2 feet thick. This irregularity and difficulty in quality coal averaging 18 inches thick, and crops mining has virtually eliminated them from out along Levisa Fork and Big Prater Creek. The commercial considerations within the report area. coal contains a fairly persistent one-inch clay shale or bone parting between one and three inches above the base. The Jawbone Rider coal bed, found along Lns-Nnw Rrvpn Fonulrox Cou,s the Levisa Fork just east of Vansant, lies 15 to 35 feet above the Jawbone and averages 9 inches thick. There are seven named Lee-New River coals in The Raven no. I (Garden Hole, Raven Reii-Ash, this area. In ascending order they are: Lower or Jewell) coal bed is approximately 80 feet above Horsepen, War Creek, Middle Horsepen, Upper the Jawbone. It has been surface mined along Right Horsepen, Lower Seaboard, Greasy Creek, and Fork near Rowe where it attains a maximum Upper Seaboard. thickness of 32 inches, and has been prospected in Within the eores studied, the Lower Horsepen the Deel and Deskins area. The only active coal ranges between I and 3 feet thick, and appears underground mine in the Raven no. 1 is located to be quite extensive. The War Creek eoal, an just south of Vansant where the coal averages 30 important marker for the Lee Formation averages inches thick. The Raven no. L erops out for a short 2.5 feet thick and is areally the most extensive. This distance atthe intersection of Fryingpan Creek and coal normally occurs between the middle and lower Priest Fork in the southwestern corner of Prater qaartz arenites (Miller, L974\. The coal occassion- quadrangle. At this locale it is 31 inches thick, and ally has one to three dark gray elay shale partings because of its proximity to the Russell Fork fault which range from 3 to 11 inches thick. The War is cut by numerous thrust fault-like shear surfaces. Creek coal is generally overlain by up to several The coal crops out at the town of Murphy in south- tens of feet of dark gray siltstone and underlain central Prater quadrangle, where it is l0 inches by a dark gray siltstone grading into a fine- to thick. medium-grained sandstone. The Middle and Upper The Raven no. 2 eoal bed oceurs 40 to 80 feet Horsepen coals occur about 75 feet apart and 90 above the Raven no. I coal bed. The Raven no. 2 to 170 feet above the War Creek coal. These beds coal averages 24 inches thiek and was observed are relatively thin, generally 2 to L2 inches, but around Deel, Deskins, Dismal Creek, Hurricane are loeally up to 2 feet thick in the northeast corner Creek, and Skeggs in the Vansant quadrangle. The of the study area. only area where the Raven no. 2 has been surface The Iower and Middle Seaboard coals are fairly mined is in long Branch, where it is 30 inches persistent, but are not major coals in the Lee-New thick and split by a 13 ineh elaystone parting. In River formations. As indicated in core drill holes the southwest corner of Prater quadrangle the in the report area, they range between two and Raven no. 2 ranges from 8 to 26 inches in thickness six inches thick. The Greasy Creek and Upper and erops out along Fryingpan Creek. This Seaboard eoals, which occur in the upper part of significant variability in thickness results from t2 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES deformation of the coal by the Russell Fork fault The Big Fork coal bed, as mapped north of the and can be observed in several outcrops along the Russell Fork fault in the Prater and Vansant creek. quadrangles, lies 85 to 160 feet above the Kennedy The Raven no. 3 eoal bed is 40 to 90 feet above coal bed. The Big Fork coal occupies approximately the Raven No. 2. In the Vansant quadrangle, it the same stratigraphic position as the Puncheon has been prospected along Crooked Branch, where Camp coals (which are mapped south of the Russell it has a maximum thickness of 23 inches and has Fork fault only) but is not necessarily correlative been surface mined southeast of Deel. The Raven with those coals. The Big Fork coal, absent no. 3 coal crops out approximately 60 feet above throughout most of the Prater and Vansant the Raven no. 2 along Fryingpan Creek in Prater quadrangles, reaches a maximum thickness of 10 quadrangle and there it is 18 to 25 inehes thick. inches in this area. The Raven no. 3 was briefly mined on Laurel The Iower Banner (Cary) coal bed lies 120 to Branch in southernmost Prater quadrangle, where 210 feet above the Kennedy coal bed. The Lower it is 37 inches in thickness but is absent within Banner is economically important in the eastern a distance of several hundred feet from the portal. part of Vansant quadrangle where it has been The coal here contains abundant thrust faults, extensively surface mined and ranges up to 44 presumably because of its proximity to the Little inches thick. The coal is thinner or absent Pawpaw fault. throughout the Prater quadrangle; attaining a The Aily coal bed oceurs 40 to 110 feet below maximum thickness of 20 inches. the Kennedy coal. The Aily crops out along Crooked The Upper Banner coal bed is ?0 to 120 feet above Braneh, Iong Branch, Robinson Fork, and in the the lower Banner coal and, has been mined for Dismal Creek area in the Vansant quadrangle and household fuel. In the Vansant quadrangle it was along Fryingpan Creek, Russell Fork, Fox Creek, observed in the Youngs Ridge area where it has and Little Fox Creek in the Prater quadrangle. a maximum thickness of 20 inches. Elsewhere in It is very thin or absent throughout most of the the quadrangle the coal is thin or absent. The Upper area, although locally it may be as much as 20 Banner eoal is observed in sparsely scattered inches thick. outcrops throughout much of Prater quadrangle The Kennedy (Widow Kennedy, Grundy, or and is lenticular in certain areas. The Upper Harris) coal bed commonly lies a few feet above Banner averages ll inches thick in the Prater the McClure Sandstone Member. The coal is 14 to quadrangle but thickens from south to north within 72 inches thick, bright and clean, with occasional the quadrangle, locally reaching a maximum bone or clay shale partings. The Kennedy is overlain thickness of 26 inches in the War Fork area. by up to several feet of dark gray siltstone above The Spash Dam coal bed is 60 to 100 feet above which is a thick sequence of lighter gray siltstone. the Upper Banner coal bed and occurs 30 feetabove The coal is generally underlain by a light gray a prominent sandstone unit in the Vansant siltstone. The coal has been extensively under- quadrangle and in the eastern portion ofthe Prater ground mined (Appendix I) in the Vansant quadrangle. The Splash Dam is being surface quadrangle; surface mines and augered areas are mined in the Youngs Ridge and Boyd Ridge areas also in evidence. With the exception of small mines of the Vansant quadrangle. In the southeastern for household fuel, the Kennedy coal has been mined portion of the Prater quadrangle the Splash Dam only in the southwestern corner of the Prater coal has been surface mined above Laurel Braneh quadrangle, mainly southwest of the Russell Fork and Little Fox Creek, where it averages 37 inches fault. Though it is generally absent, there may be in thickness. In northeastern Prater quadrangle the a rider bed up to 7 inches thick and L2 to 25 feet Splash Dam is represented by a lower coal bed 7 above the Kennedy coal. This Kennedy Rider bed to 35 inches thick and upper eoal bed 51o28 inches is commonly impure and contains several partings. thick. They are separated by 6 to 40 feet of siltv The Puncheon Camp no. 2 coal bed is 120 to 160 claystone and clayey siltstone. Two underground feet above the Kennedy coal south of the Russell mines in the Splash Dam coal are in operation on Fork fault. Although thick and extensively mined Poplar and Little Prater creeks of northeastern south of Prater quadrangle in parts of Duty Prater quadrangle. Also, several underground quadrangle (Miller and Meissner, 1978), the only Splash Dam mines located in the adjacent Haysi evidence of the Puncheon Camp no. 2 coal in the quadrangle have extended their operations into the Prater quadrangle is a thin coal bloom and several Wolfpen Branch area of northwest Prater caved prospect pits above Fryingpan Creek quadrangle. southwest of the Russell Fork fault. The highest persistent coal in the Norton PUBLICATION 52 l3

Formation is the Hagy coal bed which lies 80 to 130 feet above the Splash Dam coal. It ranges from 12to 42 inches in thickness and averages 31 inches thick. The Hagy coal has been extensively mined along the west-central portion of the Vansant quadrangle and throughout all but the southwbst quadrant of the Prater quadrangle. The Hagy coal has been exploited by a combination of older underground mines and more recent surface mines and is the most widely developed coal in the Prater quadrangles. The Norton coal bed lies 60 to 100 feet above the Hagy coal bed. It is usually thin or absent in both quadrangles, but may locally attain a thickness of 15 !o 24 inches. The Norton coal is Figure 16. Outcrop of the Eagle coal bed have a the uppermost coal encountered within the Norton thickness of 91 inches. Massive sandstone unit Formation and is at present not economically exhibiting crossbedding can be observed directly important in the Prater and Vansant quadrangles. above the coal. Locality is on Butcherknife Fork in northwestern Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; Wrsn FonnaATroN Co,us cly slst, clayey siltstone.

Formation is the Hagy coal bed which lies 80 to 130 feet above the Splash Dam coal. It ranges from 12to 42 inches in thickness and averages 31 inches thick. The Hagy coal has been extensively mined along the west-central portion of the Vansant quadrangle and throughout all but the southwbst quadrant of the Prater quadrangle. The Hagy coal has been exploited by a combination of older underground mines and more recent surface mines and is the most widely developed coal in the Prater quadrangles. The Norton coal bed lies 60 to 100 feet above the Hagy coal bed. It is usually thin or absent in both quadrangles, but may locally attain a thickness of 15 to 24 inches. The Norton coal is Figure 16. Outcrop of the Eagle coal bed have a the uppermost coal encountered within the Norton thickness of 91 inches. Massive sandstone unit Formation and is at present not economically exhibiting crossbedding can be observed directly important in the Prater and Vansant quadrangles. above the coal. Locality is on Butcherknife Fork in northwestern Prater quadrangle; ss, sandstone; Wrsp FonuATIoN Coam cly slst, clayey siltstone.

The Dorchester (Glamorgan) coal bed, the oldest (Figure 16). It was observed as a split seam at coal within the Wise Formation, occurs 200 to 240 several sites in northwestern Prater quadrangle. feet above the Hagy coal bed. The Dorchester, The Eagle coal has been extensively surface mined which lies on or a few feet above the Gladeville throughout the northern third of the Prater Sandstone, is 18 to 31 inches thick. Except for two quadrangle, where it is commonly removed in small surface mines above Looney Fork in the conjunction with the Blair coal. Its large thickness Vansant quadrangle and a small surface mine together with its widespread extent make the Eagle above Greenbriar Creek in Prater quadrangle, the coal an economically important coal bed in the Dorchester is currently of little economic interest Prater quadrangle at present. within the area. The Dorchester is evidenced by The Clintwood'is the youngest coal bed exposed numerous prospect pits around Big Rock Branch within the area. It lies 140 to 180 feet above the and Georges Hollow in the Vansant quadrangle and Eagle coal and ranges from 28 to 48 inches thick. by numerous prospect pits and isolated outcrops The Clintwood occupies the higher ridge tops in throughout the northern third of the Prater the northernmost quarter of the Prater quadrangle. quadrangle. The Dorchester attains its maximum It has been surface mined in the northeast corner observed thickness of 31 inches above Greenbriar of the quadrangle. The Grundy airport is located Creek in north-central Prater quadrangle. on an abandoned Clintwood coal bench. The Lyons (?) coal bed is 18 to 40 feet above the Dorchester coal. It is normally absent but may occur as lenses 7 to 19 inches thick in parts of CoxINc OponltloNs northern Prater quadrangle and on Turkey Pen Ridge in Vansant quadrangle. The Jewell Coal and Coke Company, at its plant The Blair coal bed lies 65 to 110 feet above the just north of the intersection of U. S. Highway 460 Gladeville Sandstone. This coal ranges from 19 to and State Road 628 in northeastern Vansant 60 inches thick. The Blair coal has been surface quadrangle, has carbonized Virginia coal blends mined around Boyd Ridge and Turkey Pen Ridge. since January, 1963 and is the only coke plant in The Blair has been extensively mined by under- operation in Virginia. The Kennedy coal forms the ground, auger, and surface mining methods principal charge, with additions of the Jawbone, throughout the northern third of the Prater Raven no. 1, Splash Dam, or other coals, depending quadrangle. In places, there is a 13- to 32-inch- on requirements of the firm's clients. thick Blair Rider coal bed 30 to 60 feet above the Thirty-three coal samples, 15 from Prater Blair. quadrangle and 18 from Vansant quadrangle, have The Eagle coal bed is about 45 to 80 feet above been collected by Division personnel (Appendix II the Blair coal and ranges from24to 95 inches thick and III). Sampling procedures and analysis t4 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES procedures are deseribed in Henderson, Oman and evaluated by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. Results Coleman (1981) and the U. S. Geological Survey's from the testing of two samples (R-2556, R-2557) National Coal Resourees Data System (NCRDS). by the Norris Metallurga Research Laboratory Additional analysis results for major, minor and indicate that the material is potentially suitable trace elements may be found in the NCRDS. for lightweight aggregate (Johnson, 1966). In the past sand for local use was pumped from NATURAL GAS Sportsman Lake along Virginia Highway 80 in the southern part of the Prater quadrangle in Dick- Natural gas occurs in the Prater and Vansant enson County. Sand was formerly pumped at quadrangles in'commerical amounts in rock of several localities from the Russell Fork west of the Mississippian age. Drilling in the Prater quadran- boundary of the Prater quadrangle near Birchleaf. gle began in 1950 and in the Vansant quadrangle Presently, Howard L. Daniels Sand Company is in 1948. Twenty-seven tests have been drilled in producing both eonstruetion and mine traction the area (Appendix IV). Total depths for wells in sand just north of Birehleaf in Dickenson County. both quadrangles range from 4500 feet to 7296teet (Figure 16). The gas occurs in several formations or zones REFERENCES that are often referred to by informal driller's terms. Driller's terms used in this area include Campbell, M. R., 1893, Geologly of the Big Stone "Ravencliff' (Princeton sandstone and/or Tallery Gap coal field of Virginia and Kentueky: U. Sandstone Member), "Maxon sands" (Stony Gap S. Geol. Survey Bull. 111, 106 p. Member of Hinton Formation), "Big Lime" 1896, Description ofthe Pocahontas sheet (Greenbrier Limestone), "Injun" or "Red Injun" (Virginia-West Virginia): U. S. Geol. Survey (Maccrady Shale), "Weir" (Price) and "Berea" Geol. Atlas, Folio 12. (Bedford equivalent in the upper third of the big Campbell, M.R., and Mendenhall, W.C., 1896, U. Stone Gap Member). All of the above units have S. Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept.: no. 17, pt. 2, p. yielded gas in this area except the Maccrady. The 473-51t. principal production or drilling target is the Dow, W. G., 1977, Petroleum source beds on "Berea" in the upper part of the Chattanooga Shale. continental slopes and rises, irz GeologT of The Devonian blaek shales, rich in organic continental margins: American Assoc. Petro- detritus, are considered the principal source beds leum Geol. Short course, Series no. 5. for natural gas in this area of the Appalachian DeWitt, W. Jr., 1981, Revision of the areal extent basin. Migration along bedding and through of the New Albany, Chattanooga, and Ohio systems of joints and fractures transmits gas to Shales in Kentucky,inChatta"nooga and Ohio adjacent and/or interbedded gray shale and shales of the Southern Appalachian basin: U. siltstone units and overlying sandstone, limestone, S. Geol. Survey (Cincinnati) Field Trip No. or sandy siltstone reservoir rocks (Dow 1977, 3,361 p. DeWitt, 1981). Englund, K. J., 1974, Sandstone distribution The Greenbrier Limestone yields gas from oolitic, patterns in the Pocahontas Formation of dolomitic, and sandy zones. In places sandy zones southwest Virginia and southern West Vir- above and below the Greenbrier may serve as ginia: Geol. Soc. America Special Paper 148. reservoirs (Youse, 1964, Wilpolt and Marden 1959). Englund, K. J., 1979, The Mississippian and Pipeline delivery for Buchanan County began in Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) systems in the 1952, with gas transmitted to major pipelines in United States - Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Kentueky and West Virginia. Gas is used within Prof. Paper 1110-C, p. C1-C21. the county for local industry. In 1981 Buehanan Fulmer, B. T., 1980, Summary of oil and gas County had 80,027 feet of developmental drilling, development: unpublished manuscript. 294 producing wells, and produced 3,636,885 MCF 1981, Dept. Labor and Ind. of gas valued at $3.50/MCF (Fulmer 80-82). L982, Virginia review, natural gas production ap L2% over 1980: Northeast Oil p.74-75. OTHER MINERAL RESOURCES Reporter, Annual Review, Giles, A.W., 1921, The geology and coal resourees Shale and siltstone exposures in the Norton of Dickenson County, Virginia: Virginia Geol. Formation along Virginia Highway 83 just west Survey Bull.21, 224p. and 1.5 miles e6t of Prater have been sampled Gillespie, W. H. and Pfefferkorn, H. W., 1979, by the Viiginia Division of Mineral Resources and Distribution of commonly occurring plant PUBLICATION 52 l5

megafossils in the proposed Pennsylvanian Tazewell, and Buchanan counties, Virginia: System stratotype, iz Englund, K.J., Arndt, U. S. Geol. Survey Geologie Quadrangle Map H. H., and Henry, T. W., eds., Proposed GQ-1542. Pennsylvanian stratotype - Virginia and West Miller, M. S., 1974, Stratigraphy and coal beds of Virginia: American Geol. Inst. Guidebook Upper Mississippian and Lower Pennsylvan- Series No. 1, p.87-96. ian rocks in southwestern Virginia: Virginia Harris, A. G., Harris, L. D., and Epstein, J., 1978, Division of Mineral Resources Bull. 84, 211 Oil and gas data from Paleozoic rocks in the p. Appalachian basin: Maps for assessing hydro- Miller, R. L., 1964, The Little Stone Gap Member carbon potential and thermal maturity of the Hinton Formation (Mississipian) in (conodont color alteration isograds): U.S. Geol. Southwest Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Survey Map 1-917-E. Paper 501-8, p. B39-B42. Harris, L.D. and Milici, R. C.,1977, Charaeteristics 1965, Geologic map of the Big Stone Gap of thin-skinned style of deformation in the quadrangle, Wise County, Virginia: U. S. southern Appalachians, and potential hydro- Geol. Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ- carbon traps: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424. 1018,40 p. Pennsylvanian formations of south- Hayes, C. W., 1891, The overthrust faults of the west Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1280, southern Appalachians: Geol. Soc. America p. 11-18. Bull., vol. 2, p. l4l-154. -,1969, Where and why of Pine Mountain Henderson, J. A., Jr., Oman, C. S., and Coleman, and other major fault planes, Virginia, S. L., 1981, Analyses of eoal samples collected Kentucky, and Tennessee: American Jour. of 1975-1977: Virginia Division of Mineral -,1973,Science, Cooper vol. 273-4. Resourees Pub. 33, 135 p. Miller, R. L., and Meissner, C. R., Jr., 1977, Geologic Henderson, J. A., Jr., Wilkes, G. P., Bragg, L., and map of the Big A Mountain quadrangle, Oman, C. S., Analyses of coal samples Buchanan and Russell counties, Virginia: U. collected L97.9-1982: Virginia Divison of S. Geol. Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ- Mineral Resources manuscript. 1350. Hinds, H., 1916, The eoal resources of the Clintwood Mitchell, M. L., Morris, M. S., Polzin, J. K., Nolde, and Bucu quadrangles, Virginia: Virginia J.8., and Grantham, J. H., L982, Stratigrapic Geol. Survey Bull. 12,206p. cross sections for the Upper Mississippian- 1918, The geology and coal resources of Middle Pennsylvanian units of Buchanan and Buchanan County, Virginia: Virginia Geol. Dickenson counties, southwest Virginia: Survey Bull. 18, 278p. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Pub. Johnson, S. S., and others, 1966, Analyses of elay, 42. shale, and related materials - southwestern Potter, P. E., Maynard, J. 8., and W. A. Pryor, counties: Virginia Division of Mineral Resour- 1980, Sedimentolory of shale: New York, ces Mineral Resources Report 6, 186 p. Springer-Verlag, 307 p. Kepferle, R. C., Potter, P. 8., and W. A. Pryor, Reger, D. B., 1926, Mercer, Monroe, and Summers 1981, Stratigraphy of the Chattanooga Shale counties; West .VirginiaGeol:"Survey Rept., (Upper Devonian and lower Mississippian) 296 p. in vicinity of Big Stone Gap, Wise County, Roen, John B. 1981, Regional stratigraphy of the Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1499, 20 Upper Devonian blaek shales in the Appal- p. achian basin, in Chattanooga and Ohio shales Maynard, J. Barry, 1981, Some geochemieal of the southern Appalachian basin: U. S. Geol. properties of the Devonian-Mississippian Survey (Cincinnati) Field Trip No. 3, 361 p. Shale sequence, in Chattanooga and Ohio Rogers, W. 8., 1879, Virginia and West Virginia, shales of the southern Appalachian basin: U. 'i,n Macflaflane, James, An American geolog- S. Geol. Survey (Cincinnati) Field Trip No. ieal railway guide: New York, D. Appleton 3,361 p. and Company,219 p. Meissner, C. R., Jr., 1978, Geologic map of the Duty Stose, G. W., 1913, Geology of the salt and rypsum quadrangle, Dickenson, Russell, and Bucha- deposits of southwestern Virginia: U. S. Geol. nan eounties, Virginia: U. S. Geol. Survey Survey Bull. 530, pp. 232-256. Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1458. 1924, The black shale of southwestern Meissner, C. R., Jr., and Miller, R. L., 1981. Geologic Virginia: Jour. Geology, v. 32, no. 4, p. 311- map of the Honaker quadrangle, Russell, 315. l6 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Youse, A. C., 1964, Gas producing zones in the Greenbrier (Mississippian) Limestone, southern West Virginia and eastern Kentueky: American Assoe. of Petroleum Geol. Bull., v. 48, No.4. Wentworth, C. K., L921, Russell Fork fault of southwest Virginia: Jour. Geology, v. 29, p. 35r-369. White, I. C., 1885, Resume of work of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Great Kanawha Valley during the summer of 1884: The Virginias, v. 6, p. 8-15. Wilpolt, R. H. and Marden, D. W., 1959, Geology and oil and gas possibilities of Upper Missis- sippian rocks of southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, and eastern Ken- tucky: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1072-K. p.587- 656. PUBLICATION 52 17

Appendix I. Active or intermittently active underground mines in the Pratef and Vansant quadrangles as of January, 1983.1

Coal bed Averagethickness,inches Iocation

PRATER QUADRANGLE Kennedy 25 Rock Lick Splash Dam 32 Little Prater Creek Hagy 3l Poplar Creek Hagy 33 Poplar Creek Hagv 37 Russell Prater Creek Hagy 28 Dick Braneh Blair 36 Poplar Gap Eagle (?) 70 West of Grundy Airport

VANSANT QUADRANGLE Pocahontas No. 3 Dismal Creek Pocahontas No.3 Vansant Pocahontas No. 3 Deskins Pocahontas No. 3 Skeggs Raven No. 1 30 sBehind VP #6 Kennedy 34 Big Rock Braneh Kennedy g2 Mill Branch Kennedy 32 Little Garden (Left Fork) Kennedy 28 Skeggs Branch Kennedy 30 Street Branch Kennedy 32 Robinson Fork Kennedy 38 North Branch (Left Fork) Kennedy 38 Whitt Branch Kennedy 622 Rosin Camp Branch Hagv 36 New Camp Branch Hagy 34 Looney Fork llnformation presented is subject to change, as mines open and close, as coal is mined out, etc. zcontains a 60-inch parting slsland Creek Coal Co., Virginia Pocahontas No. 6 mine l8 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52 l9

Appendix II. Sample number, bed name, thickness, and r,ank of coal samples from Prater and Vansant quadrangles.

Sanple lft.rrber Coal Bed lttri-clcness Rank

!13!95-0uadrangle- R-6894 Eagle 3.44 ft.. (41.3 in.) hvAb R-6895 Dorctester 2.7 ft. (32.4 in.) hvAb R-6897 Blaj-r (I-orcr Bench) I..2 ft. (14.4 in. ) hvAh R-5898 Blair (Upper Bench) L.77 f|L. (21.2 in.) hvAb R-5906 Dorchester (I"o^rer Bench) 7.2 fr. (14.4 in.) hvAb R-6907 Dorctrester (t&eer eench) 0.89 ft. (1,0.7 in.) hvl'b R-7862 IGnnedy 3.45 ft. (41.4 in.) lffAb R-8483 Blair (Lolrer Bench) L.4 ft. (15.8 in. ) m\& R-8484 BLair (UF,per Bench) 1.6 ft. (19.2 iJI.) hvAb R-8485 IIa$/ 3.25 f:u. (39.0 in.) mv,c R-8489 Hagy 1.9 fr. (22.8 in.) mvlc R-8502 Hagy 2.3 ft. (27.6 in.) mtb R-8517 Itagy 3.55 ft. (42.6 in.) mvlo R-8538 Blair 3.1 fr. (37.2 h.) hvAb R-8539 Dorchester 2.7 ft. (32.4 in.) hvAb

Vansant Qtradrangle

R-6882 Pocahontas No. 3 5.7 ft. (68.4 irl.) hrlc R-6883 Pocahontas }io. 3. 5.7 ft. (68.4 in.) 1vl3 R-5895 Splash Dam 0.94 ft. (11..3 irt. ) nvb R-6899 Eagle (ttrper Bench) 2.64 fr'. (31.7 in.) hvAb R-6900 B1air (Iolrer Bench) 1.43 ft. (17.2 in.) m\b R-6901 B1air (tbper Bench) 1.4 fr. (15.8 ir.) mvlc R-6902 Dorchester 2.78 fl-. (33.4 in.) rvlc R-8477 Pocahontas No. 3 5.2 ft. (62.4 in.) lvlc R-8478 Pocatpntas No. 3 5.4 ft. (64.8 in.) lv:c R-8479 Pocalrontas No. 3 4.65 ft. (55.8 in.) 1vb R-8481 Pocahontas No. 3 3.9 ft. (46.8 irr.) hd] R-8487 IIa$/ 3.1 '"ft. (3?;2 'in. ) mvb R-8503 IGnnedy tt&per Bench) 2.4 fr. (28.8 in.) mvlc jJl.) R-8504 ibnnedy (Iower Bench) 2.8 ft. (33.6 mvb R-8518 Xenreay 2.25 fL. (27.0 in.) mvlc (27.6 mvlc R-8519 IGrrnedy 2.3 ft. ijl.l (32.4 mvb n-esaz Kennedy 2.'7 ft. in. ) (37.2 mvlc R-8543 Dorchester 3.1 ft. in.)

h/b Icr'rvolatile bitrfi[inous coal

mvlc l,ledir.urrvolatile bitr-rninous coal hvAb High-volatile A bih:rninous coal 20 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52 2l

Appendix III a. Proximate and ultimate analysis, heat value, forms of sulfur, free-swelling index, and ash-fusion temperature determinations for 15 bituminous coal samples fromthe Prater quadrangle.

[A11 analyses e>

Proxijr|ate Arnlysis Ultjlnate Arnlysis

Volatile Fixed Sanple lftnber lbisture Matter Carbon Ash bfarogen Carbon Nitrogen Oqrgen Sulfur R-68e4 66.1 6.2 5.1 79.0 L.4 7.5 .7 69.3 4.8 82.8 1.5 3.6 .7 1-l ii,i 74.r 9:l 5.1 88.6 1.6 3.8 .8 R-68e6 65.0 1.9 5.4 83.8 t.7 5.1 L.2 66.4 5.3 85.6 t.7 4.3 7.2 :: ii.i 67.7 ll 5.4 87.3 1.8 4.4 t.2

R-68e7 52.9 19 .3 4.5 68.1 1.3 5.1 ',__2 54.3 4.3 69.8 1.3 4.0 ii.l 67.6 '3_1 5.4 87.r L.7 5.0

R-68e8 59. 3 8.2 5.3 77.4 1.5 6.3 ?:i 6L.0 5.1 79.6 1.5 3.9 il:,i 66.5 3_1 5.6 87.0 r.7 4.3

R-6e06 63.4 5.0 5.1 81 .7 1.5 5.7 .9 65.0 5.0 83.7 1.5 3.7 .9 1-l- ii'-1, 68.5 l_1 5.2 88.2 1.6 3.9 1.0 25.9 51.5 20.2 4.5 66.8 L.2 6.7 .6 ?:! 26.5 52.8 2Q.7- 4.3 68 .4 t.2 4.7 .6 33. 5 66.5 s.5 86.3 1.6 5.9 .8

P.-7862 1.38 20.76 55.29 22.57 4. 10 64.56 1.19 6.84 0.74 2L.O5 55.05 22.89 4.00 65.47 1.20 5.69 0.75 27.30 '12.70 5. L9 84.90 1.56 7.38 0.97

R-8483 27.53 62.23 2.59 5. 31 78.75 7.42 10 .80 1.13 !:2u 29.81 67.39 4.82 85.27 t-.54 4.34 I.23 30 .67 59.33 190 4.96 87.73 1 .58 4.46 I.27

R-8484 31.08 63.52 2.27 4.95 81.99 L.72 7.7L 1.35 32.O8 6s. 58 4.75 84.64 1.77 5.10 1 .40 :i' 32.85 67.L7 '--|n 4.86 46.67 r. .81 5.23 L.43

R-8485 27.28 60.L2 9.76 4.87 75.5r 1.44 6.36 2.06 28.07 61 .89 4.69 77.72 1 .48 3.95 2.L2 f.i 31 .20 68.80 '9:1n 5.2L 85.40 I .55 4.38 2.36

R-8489 27.03 65.70 5. 66 4.79 80.89 1.48 5.98 L.20 27.47 66.77 4.69 82.2L 1.50 4.62 L.22 1_l' 29.L5 70. 85 2_!', 4.98 87.23 1 .59 4.91 r.29

R-8502 t.:. 24.98 59. 9L 13.78 4.55 74.58 1 .43 2.72 2.94 25.32 50.71 L3.97 4.46 75 .59 1.45 1 .55 2.98 29.43 70.57 5. 18 87 .86 1.69 1.81 3.46

R-851 7 25.90 64.27 7.22 4.98 80 .02 L.46 5.40 o.92 ':2' 26.60 65.99 4.82 82.r7 1.50 3. 15 0.95 28.73 7L.27 !_2', 5.2L 88 .75 r.62 3.39 1.03

R-8538 1. J5 30 .82 62.1.1 5.72 5. -t4 80.73 I.27 5.67 1.47 3L.24 62.96 5.06 81 .84 L.29 4.52 1.49 33. 16 66.84 3:30 5.37 86 .88 r..37 4 .80 1.58

R-8539 29.O4 62.4L 7.11 5.06 80 .02 1.34 5.64 0.83 :.nn 29.46 63.33 4.97 81 .19 1.36 4.43 0.84 3L.75 68.25 !_?' 5. 36 87.50 L.47 4.76 0 .91 99 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

tbat of Ccrrbustion Forms of Sulfirr Ash Fbsion Tre[q)eratures Fo Air-dried Ftee S,tel-Iing Initial Softening Fluid Sarple tiwber Btu/1b I.oss Sulfate Pyritic Onganic Index Defornation fUrperature lurperature

R-6894 13,930 0 .01 0.06 0.68 ,r_::t 14 ,600 0.01. 0.06 0.71 ''_:2_' ':!:' \5,620 t_1 0 .01 0 .07 0 .76 t_t

R-6896 15,040 0.02 0.29 0.87 l-5, 360 0.02 0.30 0.89 ':::'" ':::'" ':::'" 15,660 t_t 0.02 0.30 0.91 l_t

R-6897 L2,090 o.02 0.15 0.56 ,r_7:' ,r_:t 12,410 0.02 0.15 0.57 ':2-:' 15,47O t_t 0.03 0.19 0.72 l_l

R-6898 13,870 t- I 0.09 0.41 0.73 on ,r_::t t,_?_:t ,r-..:t 14,270 0.09 0.42 0.75 15,590 ::: 0.10 0.45 0.8.2 :::

R-6906 14,570 r-tr 0.01 0.28 0.57 14,930 0.01 0.29 0.58 ':::'" ':::'" '::i" 15,740 :-- 0.01 0.30 0.62 t_l

R-6907 11,910 r.f, 0 .01 0.t2 0.50 ,,-:-' 12,2lA 0 .01 0.12 0.51 ':190" ':::'" 15,390 ::: 0 .01 0.16 0.65 l_l

R-7862 11,698 0.05 0.24 0.45 ,:::, 11,861 0.05 a.24 0.46 '::i' ':::* 1q 24, l_l' 0.06 0.31 0.60 l_l

R-8483 13 ,895 o.Jz 0.17 0.29 0.67 ,,_::, 15,046 0.18 0.32 0.73 ',_!_?t ':1-:' 15,480 ::: 0.19 0.33 0.75 t_l

R-8484 l-4 ,689 0.09 0.49 0.78 ,,_::, 15,153 0.09 0.s1 0.80 '_!_2_o l.5,527 _:_ 0.09 o.si o.B2 l_l "_!_?_" R-8485 13,449 0.22 1.13 0.71 ,r_::, ,::t ,,_::t 13,842 0.23 1"-L7 0.72 15, 387 l_l' 1.30 0.80 l_l

R-8489 14, 1"80 0 .05 0 .23 0 .92 o.v ,r_::t ,:::, ,:::, 14,4r2 0.05 0.23 0 .94 15,292 l_1' 0.0s o.24 1.00 :::

R-8502 13,392 0.08 2.o7 0.79 ,,_::, ,r_::t 13,572 0.08 2.lo 0.80 L5,775 l_l' 0.09 2.44 0.93 l_l "_1_:t R-8517 14 ,065 ,-.|, 0.11 0.2t 0.\2 ,,_::, 14,441 n 11 o.22 0.24 ::: '':_!_' 15,597 0.r2 0.62 0.67 "_:t R-8538 !4,426 0.01 0.70 0.76 AE ,:::a 2,060 74,624 ?_2', 0.01 0.71 0.77 ':::' L5,)24 0.01 0.75 0.82 ::_ :::

R-8539 \4,394 0.10 0.06 0.67 t-5 ,,_?10 ,'-,-!o 14,604 9:90 0.10 0.06 0.68 ':1!-o 15,739 0.11- 0.06 0.74 -:: 2E

Appendix III b. Proximate and ultimate analysis, heat value, forms of sulfur, free-swelling index, and ash-fusion temperature determinations for 18 bituminous coal samples from the Vansant quadrangle

[A11 analyses except Btu/lb, free-sr,elling inclex and ash-fusion tefiperatures are in percent. Fbr each saflple nnrber' the analyses are presented three uays: first, as-received; second, npisture free; and third, noiltgre and ash free. Ash fusion t€n[Eratures of 2800G neans greater t]un 2800oF.1

Proxinate Analvsis Ultirnate Analysis

Volatile Fixed Sarple t{irnber lbisture Matter Carbon Ash HydroSen Nitrogen Oqzgen Sulfur

R-6882 15. 3 67.5 16.0 4 .0 74.8 1.0 3.3 .9 !_? 15. 5 68.3 L6.2 3.9 75.7 1.0 2.3 .9 18 .5 81.5 4.7 90.3 L.2 2.7 1.1 R-6883 .o L7.6 69.2 12.4 4.0 78.4 L.0 3.3 o 17.7 69.8 I2.5 3.9 79 .0 1.0 2.6 a 20.3 79.7 4.5 90.3 L.2 3.0 1.0

R-68es 25.0 64 .8 6.8 4.9 79.3 12 6.0 1.6 25.9 67.L 7.O 4.7 82.L 1.3 3.1 L- t l_1 27.8 72.2 5.0 88.3 L.4 2A 1.8

R-68ee 27.6 67.0 2.9 5.2 82.5 7.1 .9 28.3 68.7 3.0 5.0 84.6 I.4 5.0 .9 :_i 2e.2 70. I 5.2 87.2 1-.5 5.2 1.0

R-6900 ,--| 25.1 s6.2 17 .0 4.6 7L.4 1.3 4.7 1.0 25.5 57.2 AA 72.6 t-.3 3.2 1.0 30.9 69.1 '!:1 5.4 87.8 1:6 3.9 7.2

R-6901- 25.6 49.3 20.0 4 .6 64.3 L.2 8.6 L.2 51.9 2r.I a.J o/.o 1.3 4.3 1.3 34.2 65.8 5.4 85.8 1.5 5.4 1.6

R-6e02 2L.5 42.7 3I.7 3.9 54 .4 1.0 7 .5 1.3 !:! 22.4 44.5 33.1 3.6 56.'7 1.0 4.0 1.4 33.5 66.5 5.4 84.7 1.6 6.0 2.0

R-8477 18.2s 68.31 t2.20 3.99 78.73 1.09 3.29 0.70 18.48 69.16 1,2.36 3.90 79.77 1.10 2.23 0.70 !_1 21.09 7.8.91 4.4s 90.95 r.26 2.54 0.80 R-8478 18.81 70.03 10.02 4.16 79.69 1.14 4.15 0.84 19.03 70.84 10.13 4.08 B0.61 1.15 3. r.7 0 .85 l_l' 21. 18 '78 .82 4.54 89.70 L. ZY 3.52 0.95 R-8479 20.30 73.94 4.20 4.s6 85.24 1.17 4.27 0.56 llu 20.62 75.12 4.26 4.45 86.59 r..19 2.94 0 .57 21.54 78.46 4.65 90.44 r.24 3.07 0.60 R-8481 18.05 76.86 3.64 4.2g as-76 7.17 4.48 0.66 1_1t 18.31 78.00 3.69 4.19 87.02 1.19 3.24 0.67 19.01 80.99 4.35 90.39 1.24 3.35 0.70 R-8487 z.ot 24.06 62.58 10.49 4.79 76.32 1.38 5.53 1.39 24.77 64.43 10.80 4.46 78.s8 t.42 3.r7 1.43 27.77 72.23 5.16 88.09 I .59 3.s6 1.60 R-8s03 24.79 70.47 3.08 4.84 84.93 7.70 4.51 0.94 llu 25.21 71,.66 3.13 4.73 86.36 1.73 3.09 0.96 26.03 73.97 4.88 89.15 1.79 3 . r-9 0.99 R-8504 23.60 69.47 5.28 4.96 83.91 I.52 3.72 0.61 19u 24.00 70.64 5.36 4.86 8s.32 I E' 2.30 0.62 25.36 74.64 5.14 90.16 r..63 2.4I 0.66

R-8518 25.23 66.99 4.68 5.03 81.59 1 .54 6.42 0.74 ]_10 26.03 69.14 4.83 4.83 84.20 1.59 3.78 0.77 27.35 72.65 5.08 88.47 r.67 3.97 0.81

R-8519 25.28 66.97 4.34 5.I7 82.08 1 .60 6.01 0.80 l:1' 26.17 69.34 4.49 4.98 84.98 1 .66 3.10 0.82 27.40 72.60 5.18 88.98 t.74 3.24 0.86

R-8542 L.2 I 24.12 69 .O7 5 .54 4 . 89 82 .'75 1 .55 4 .53 0.74 24.43 69.96 5.61 4.81 83.82 r.57 3.44 0.75 25.88 '74.t2 5.10 88.80 r.65 3.65 0.79 R-8543 r. 3z 24.56 53.69 20.43 4.11 68.48 1.23 5.12 0.63 24.89 54.41 20.70 4.01 69.40 1.25 4.00 0.64 31.39 58.61 5.06 87.51 1.58 5.04 0.8r. 24 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Ibat of Ocnbustion Forms of Sulfirr Ash fusion llanperatr:rres Fo Air-dried Fbee $ellhg Initial Softenjng Fluj-d Saple ltu6er Btu/lb Ioss Sulfate grritic Organic Inde)< Defonmtion Tefiperature Te$perature R-5882 72,84O 0.01 a.26 0.50 12t990 0.01 0.26 0.6r. ''_!_?_u ':::'" ':1'" 15,500 :T 0.01 0.31 o.72 l_l R-6883 ].,3,410 0.01 0.38 o.47 ,:::t 13,580 0.01 0.38 0.47 ':_:' ':1' 15,520 :T 0.01 0.44 0.54 :: R-6895 14,080 0.02 0.71 0.91 L4,570 0.02 0.73 0. 94 'i:* '_31'" 'i:* !5,670 ?: o.02 0.79 1 .01 :: R-6899 t4,720 0.01 0.19 0.65 ,r_:j, ,::* 15,100 0.01 0.19 0.67 ':::'" 15,560 t: 0.01 0.20 0.69 t_t R-6900 L2,690 0.02 0.49 0.50 ,r_::t ,r_:t L2;e10 0.02 0.50 0.51 15,6L0 l_l 0.02 0.60 0.62 :: "_?_' R-6901 Ll,450 0.15 0.49 0.52 1,925 ,,_::, 121O6Ot 0.15 0.52 0.55 ''_!_:' 15.29O l_l 0.20 0.55 0.69 t_l -:: R-6902 9,700 0.02 0.76 0.53 2,800c 10, l-1.0 0.02 0.79 0.55 ':1* ':::'" 15,110 1: 0.03 1.18 0.83 t_l ::: R-8477 L3,52O 0.o2 0.19 0.49 ,--1 ,r_:t ,r_::, L3,690 0.02 0.19 0.49 'i:' 15,620 l_l' 0.02 0.22 0.56

R-8478 13,894 0.04 0.28 o.52 ,:::, 14,054 0.04 0.28 0.53 :_1 ''_:2_', ':7' 15,638 l_l' 0.04 0.31 0.60 R-8479 74,668 0.04 0.05 0.47 ,::, ,::, ,::t 14 ,90L 0.04 0.05 0.48 !5,564 :_:' 0.04 0.05 0 .51 :_: R-8481 14,773 0.09 0.11 0.46 ,:::, ,:::t ,:::t 14,990 0.09 0.11. 0.47 15,555 ::' 0.09 0.11 0.50 t_l R-8487 13,430 0.14 0.60 0.65 ,r_:t ,r_::t ,::t 13,827 0.14 0.62 0.67 15,500 l_l' 0.16 0.70 0.74 :_:

R-8503 14,884 0.02 0.30 0.62 ,r_::, ,::t 15, 136 0.o2 0.30 0.64 ':!2o 75,625 :i' 0.02 0.31 0 .65 l_l R-8504 14,769 0.93 ' 0.03 0.08 0.50 ,:::* l-5,017 0.03 0.09 0.50 ':::'" ':1'" 15,868 ...- :: 0.03 0.10 0.53 l_l R-8518 14,422 0.03 0.11 0.60 ,::t ,:::, ,:::, 14 ,884 0.03 0.11 0.63 15,639 l_l' 0.03 0.t2 0.66 t_t R-8519 14,466 2.56 0.06 0.16 0.58 ,:::t ,:::, ,:::t 14,977 0.07 0.16 0.59 15,682 ::: 0.07 0.I7 0.62 l_t

R-8542 14,593 0.03 0.16 0.55 ,,_::, ,::a ,::?_, 14,780 0.03 0.16 0 .56 15,658 :_:' 0.03 0.17 0.59 l_l R-8543 12,043 0.01 0.08 0.54 ,:::* 2,800c !2,204 0.01 0.08 0.55 ':190" 15,390 l_l' 0.01 0.10 0.70 l_l PUBLICATION 52 ?5

c (D (D (D (D l-:- 6> 666>--- 6> 666> -'tC)o, o -lF H{-,r

S: €l r-'|t-{ C\f OO66 6A-f $<{IOIO IO cg!-l-ooor)O) @ 6F{ c{ ro 60 :l vl\(l vll-l-l- t-l- t-t.-t-t- l- t-t-t-l-t-t-

I la cgCll oo.O

I 26 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES PUBLICATION 52 27

INDEX Page

. .13 .10, 13

...... 5, 12 28 VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES