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Universidade De São Paulo Escola De Artes, Ciências E Humanidades Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Mudança Social E Participação Política UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO ESCOLA DE ARTES, CIÊNCIAS E HUMANIDADES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MUDANÇA SOCIAL E PARTICIPAÇÃO POLÍTICA BABEL HAJJAR Para ler a guerra na Síria: a construção do consenso na cobertura da mídia global São Paulo 2016 BABEL HAJJAR Para ler a guerra na Síria: a construção do consenso na cobertura da mídia global Versão corrigida Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Mudança Social e Participação Política. Versão corrigida contendo as alterações solicitadas pela comissão julgadora em 21 de outubro de 2016. A versão original encontra-se em acervo reservado na Biblioteca da EACH/USP e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP (BDTD), de acordo com a Resolução CoPGr 6018, de 13 de outubro de 2011. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Dennis de Oliveira São Paulo 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. CATALOGAÇÃO-NA-PUBLICAÇÃO (Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades. Biblioteca) Hajjar, Babel Para ler a guerra na Síria : a construção do consenso na cobertura da mídia global / Babel Hajjar ; orientador, Dennis de Oliveira. – São Paulo, 2016 159 f.: il Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) - Programa de Pós- Graduação em Mudança Social e Participação Política, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo Versão corrigida 1. Comunicação de massa. 2. Síria. 3. Guerra. 4. Comunicação comparada. 5. Geopolítica. I. Oliveira, Dennis de, orient. II. Título CDD 22.ed. – 302.2 Nome: HAJJAR, Babel Título: Para ler a guerra na Síria: a construção do consenso na cobertura da mídia global Dissertação apresentada à Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mudança Social e Participação Política. Aprovado em: 21 / 10 / 2016 Banca Examinadora Prof. Dr. Vitor Souza Lima Blotta Universidade de São Paulo. Escola de Comunicação e Artes Prof. Dr. Salem Hikmat Nasser Fundação Getúlio Vargas – Direito Prof. Dr. Camilo Onoda Luiz Caldas Universidade São Judas Tadeu Para meu pai, Hanna (in memoriam), que teve que partir para lutar por uma Síria melhor; Para os pais dele, meus avós Issa e Nagibe (in memoriam) - privados de seu filho, por ele esperaram; Para minha mãe, Claude, pelo amor às causas e por enfrentar tudo para ser quem é; Para meus avós Yourghaki (in memoriam) e Laurice, que foram expulsos duas vezes de terras que já foram Síria, deixando tudo e todos para trás; Para meus tios Súria, Saad e Aliçar, por saberem o que é pertencer a dois mundos; Para Saumar, meu irmão, meu melhor amigo nesta jornada; Para minha filha, Júlia, que nunca sejamos, em vida, privados um do outro, e que sejamos livres sempre, para ir e voltar; Para Rejane, minha esposa e amiga, por muito mais do que cabe aqui, mas principalmente pelo amor. Agradecimentos Agradeço imensamente ao professor Dennis de Oliveira, por ter aceitado me orientar, sem me conhecer profundamente ainda, me dando muita força e acreditando em mim. Sem dúvida foi e será sempre uma referência: um intelectual apaixonado, que se permite o afeto, que abraça a luta. Aos professores doutores que aceitaram compor a minha banca, Salem Hikmat Nasser, Vitor Souza Lima Blotta. e Camilo Onoda Luiz Caldas, os três enriqueceram demais este trabalho com suas inestimáveis contribuições. Muito obrigado. Agradeço à Rejane, minha esposa, pelo incentivo de anos ao meu retorno aos estudos, pelas dicas, pelas leituras e sugestões, por abrir os caminhos acadêmicos para mim, e por me ajudar muito na finalização deste trabalho, com conselhos e leituras variadas sobre o que é o mundo acadêmico, e com o apoio fundamental nas análises quantitativas e estatísticas. À minha filha Júlia, por me colocar para cima nas horas em que duvidei de mim. E às duas, por serem tanta vida em minha vida, e por suportarem meus humores. À minha mãe, Claude, por toda a experiência de uma era nacionalista árabe muito produtiva, compartilhada em casa, uma sabedoria rara e sem preço. Ao meu irmão Saumar, pelas diversas horas de discussão sobre a guerra na Síria, e por compartilhar comigo o aspecto único de não sermos totalmente sírios, nem totalmente brasileiros, em uma medida que só poderia ocorrer na nossa casa, no nosso tempo. Somos frutos de uma diáspora um tanto específica. Aos dois, Mãe e Irmão, por terem lido meus textos e dado contribuições com seus valiosos conhecimentos sobre esta guerra e seus aspectos estruturais e conjunturais. À minha avó, Laurice, pelas histórias da sua vida anterior à imigração, que exigiram muita coragem; e pelas histórias a partir da imigração, que exigiram mais coragem e geraram muito amor. Aos professores, colegas e amigos do GEPSIPOLIM e do PROMUSPP, que me acolheram e com quem as trocas sempre foram muito ricas, dos quais destaco o Prof. Alessandro Soares da Silva, que contribuiu para esta dissertação suas observações, sempre muito pertinentes. Por último, mas inestimável para mim, foi estar perto dos professores, amigos colegas, todos guerreiros, da Rede Quilombação, por me ensinarem muito, principalmente como se trava o bom combate. RESUMO HAJJAR, Babel. Para ler a guerra na Síria: a construção do consenso na cobertura da mídia global. 2016. 135 fls. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) – Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Versão corrigida. Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar grupos de mídia ocidentais e não ocidentais no que diz respeito à guerra na Síria, em curso desde 2011, no rastro das chamadas “primaveras árabes”. Foi realizada uma analises de conteúdo, quantitativa e qualitativa, seguindo parâmetros de Herman e Chomsky em A manipulação do Público (2003), porém adaptados à mídia global. Na divisão dos veículos, utilizou-se o conceito de mídias do fluxo dominante e do contra fluxo, para ilustrar a posição dos grupos analisados em relação ao atual panorama global da mídia. Os resultados apontaram para uma cobertura global da guerra na Síria polarizada, alinhada com interesses geopolíticos, e com maior unidade no Ocidente. Como conclusão, a hegemonia dos conglomerados ocidentais midiáticos ou o fluxo dominante da mídia global ditou a pauta mundial sobre a crise na Síria, em um espaço de disputa com as mídias no contra fluxo. Estas vão buscando expor melhor seus interesses e os de seus países, à medida que a guerra na Síria começa a afetá-los. Síria. Primavera Árabe. Mídia global. Geopolítica. Consenso. ABSTRACT HAJJAR, Babel. To read the war in Syria: building consensus in the coverage of global media. 2016. 135. Thesis (M.Sc.) - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 2016. Revised version. This study aimed to compare Western media groups and non-Western regarding to the war in Syria, ongoing since 2011, in the wake of the so-called "arab spring". An content analysis, quantitative and qualitative was conducted following Herman and Chomsky parameters in Manufacturing Consent (2003), but adapted to the global media. In the groups division, we used the concept of media dominant flow and contra flow (THUSSU, 2007), to illustrate the position of the groups analyzed in relation to the current global panorama of the media. The results showed an overall coverage of the war in polarized Syria, in line with geopolitical interests and greater unity in the West. In conclusion, the Western media hegemony promoted by media Western conglomerates in a dominant flow of global media, dictated an agenda on the Syria crisis, in a space of content with the media in contra flow. These will seeking to better expose their interests and those of their countries, as far as the war in Syria begins to affect them. Syria. Arab Spring. Global media. Geopolitics. Consent. SUMÁRIO 1. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................. 9 2. SÍRIA, DA INDEPENDÊNCIA À GUERRA (1946 A 2011) .................................. 15 2.1. A CONJUNTURA INTERNACIONAL ...................................................................... 15 2.2. A SÍRIA ANTERIOR À GUERRA ............................................................................. 17 2.3. PARA LER A SÍRIA: TEORIAS DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS ............... 18 2.4. NACIONALISMO ÁRABE, INDEPENDÊNCIA E O PARTIDO BAATH .............. 20 2.5. O GOVERNO DE HAFEZ AL ASSAD, DE 1970 A 1999 ......................................... 30 2.6. O GOVERNO DE BASHAR AL-ASSAD, A PARTIR DE 2000 ............................... 35 2.7. AS REAÇÕES DO GOVERNO SÍRIO, PARA ALÉM DA REPRESSÃO ................ 49 2.8. AS OPOSIÇÕES SÍRIAS ............................................................................................. 50 2.9. OS ATORES REGIONAIS .......................................................................................... 59 3. MÍDIA HEGEMÔNICA E A REPRESENTAÇÃO ÁRABE ................................. 60 3.1. DO JORNALISMO REVOLUCIONÁRIO AOS CONGLOMERADOS MIDIÁTICOS ............................................................................................................... 61 3.2. A MÍDIA HEGEMÔNICA ........................................................................................... 67 3.3. O ÁRABE CLICHÊ: AS SIMPLIFICAÇÕES QUE ALIMENTAM OS CONSENSOS ..............................................................................................................
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