Die Statthalter Der Römischen Provinzen Von 60 Bis 50 Vor Christus –

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Die Statthalter Der Römischen Provinzen Von 60 Bis 50 Vor Christus – Die Statthalter der römischen Provinzen von 60 bis 50 vor Christus – Politisches Handeln in einem Jahrzehnt der Krise Dissertation zur Erlangung des philosophischen Doktorgrades an der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Frank Goldmann aus Holzminden Göttingen 2012 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gustav-Adolf Lehmann 2. Gutachter: apl. Prof. Dr. Friedemann Quaß Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12. 07.2005 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Die Krise der späten römischen Republik und die Desintegration der Nobilität 1 1.2 Politisches Handeln und Herrschaftspraxis römischer Statthalter von der coitio der potentes bis zum Ausbruch des Bürgerkrieges 11 2. Aulus Gabinius 21 2.1 Der cursus honorum des Gabinius bis zum Consulat 21 2.2 Das Consulat des Gabinius im Jahr 58 27 2.3 Gabinius als Proconsul von Syria in den Jahren 57 bis 54 37 2.3.1 Feldzüge in Iudaea, gegen die Parther und nach Ägypten 37 2.3.1.1 Die Erhebungen des Alexander und Aristobulos in Iudaea 37 2.3.1.2 Der Plan eines Partherfeldzuges 41 2.3.1.3 Die Rückführung des Ptolemaios nach Ägypten 43 2.3.1.4 Die zweite Erhebung Alexanders 54 2.3.2 Das Verhältnis zu Provinzialen und Publicanen 55 2.3.3 Die Übergabe der Provinz an Crassus 61 2.4 Die Rückkehr des Gabinius nach Rom - Prozesse und Exil 63 3. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther 75 3.1 Der cursus honorum des Lentulus Spinther bis zum Consulat 75 3.2 Das Consulat des Lentulus Spinther im Jahr 57 77 3.3 Lentulus Spinther als Proconsul von Cilicia in den Jahren 56 bis 53 79 3.3.1 Die 'ägyptische Frage' 79 3.3.2 Lentulus imperator 87 3.3.3 Das Verhältnis zu Provinzialen und Publicanen 87 3.4 Lentulus Spinthers Rückkehr nach Rom - Warten auf den Triumph 88 4. Die Statthalter der Jahre 60-50 v.Chr. 91 4.1 L. Aelius Tubero 91 4.2 M. Aemilius M. f. Scaurus 91 4.3 L. Afranius A. f. 99 4.4 T. Ampius T. f. Balbus 104 4.5 Q. Ancharius Q. f. 107 4.6 C. Antonius M. f. 108 4.7 L. Apuleius Saturninus 118 4.8 M. Atius Balbus 119 4.9 P. Attius Varus 119 4.10 M. Aurelius M. f. Cotta 120 4.11 C. Caecilius Cornutus 120 4.12 Q. Caecilius Q. f. Metellus Nepos 121 4.13 Q. Caecilius Q. f. Metellus Pius Scipio 132 4.14 L. Caecilius L. f. Rufus 140 4.15 M. Calidius Q. f. 142 4.16 M. Calpurnius C. f. Bibulus 143 4.17 L. Calpurnius L. f. Piso Caesoninus 154 4.18 C. Cassius Longinus 162 4.19 Ap. Claudius Ap. f. Pulcher 163 4.20 C. Claudius Ap. f. Pulcher 169 2 4.21 C. Considius C. f. Longus 170 4.22 L. Cornelius (?) Culleolus 171 4.23 Cn. Cornelius P. f. Lentulus Marcellinus 172 4.24 C. Cosconius C. f. 176 4.25 C. Fabius M. f. (Hadrianus?) 177 4.26 T. Furfanius Postumus 177 4.27 L. Marcius L. f. Philippus 178 4.28 C. Memmius L. f. 179 4.29 Q. Minucius Q. f. Thermus 186 4.30 M. Nonius Sufenas 188 4.31 C. Octavius C. f. 189 4.32 C. Papirius Carbo 192 4.33 Q. Pompeius Q. f. Rufus 193 4.34 C. Pomptinus 194 4.35 Sex. Quinctilius Varus 197 4.36 C. Septimius T. f. 198 4.37 P. Silius 199 4.38 Cn. (?) Tremelius Scrofa 199 4.39 M. Tullius M. f. Cicero 201 4.40 Q. Tullius M. f. Cicero 209 4.41 Q. Valerius Q. f. Orca 218 4.42 C. Vergilius (C. f. Balbus) 218 4.43 T. Vettius Sabinus 221 5. Schlussbetrachtung 222 5.1 Wohin? – die Vorbereitung der Statthalterschaft 222 5.2 Gloria und pecunia – die Feldzüge der Statthalter 223 5.3 Gefangen im Netz der Bindungen – die Statthalter zwischen Steuerpächtern, Standesgenossen und Fürsorgepflicht 224 5.4 Im Schatten der Dynasten – der Einfluss der potentes 227 5.5 Rei publicae causa – Allgemein-Orientierung oder Eigeninteressen? 227 5.6 Zwischen Triumph und Exil – die Rückkehr der Statthalter nach Rom 228 5.7 Der status rei publicae – "lebensfähig" oder dem Untergang geweiht? 230 6. Literaturverzeichnis 232 7. Siglenverzeichnis 255 1 1. EINLEITUNG 1.1 Die Krise der späten römischen Republik und die Desintegration der No- bilität Ein Gemeinwesen und eine Gesellschaft in der Krise, im Übergang von oligarchi- scher zu monarchischer Herrschaft - die späte römische Republik scheint ein gut geeignetes Exempel für die Fragen und Forschungen der Historiker zu sein, die gerade Krisenprozesse und Übergangszeiten als besonders aussagekräftige Epo- chen schätzen. Betrachtet man zudem die für die Antike einzigartige Quellenfülle, insbesondere für die letzten 30 Jahre der res publica libera, die wir hauptsächlich dem Werk eines einzigen Mannes, Cicero, verdanken1, stimmt es nicht verwun- derlich, dass sich Generationen von Althistorikern seit Mommsen immer wieder intensiv mit dieser Epoche des Umbruchs beschäftigt haben und dies wohl auch noch weiterhin tun werden. Denn obwohl die Quellen seit langem bekannt sind und kaum neue Zeugnisse hinzutreten, werden Ursachen, Beginn, Ausmaß und Erscheinungsformen der Krise bis heute heftig diskutiert. Seit Theodor Mommsen das vierte Buch des zweiten Bandes seiner 'Römischen Geschichte', das die Zeit von den Gracchen bis Sulla umfasste, mit dem Titel "Die Revolution" versah, etablierte sich der Begriff als Epochenbezeichnung für die späte römische Republik von 133 bis 312. Da jedoch auch Begrifflichkeiten wie 'Revolution' zeitbedingt sind und sich wandeln können3, manifestierte sich mehr als 80 Jahre nach der erstmaligen Verwendung des Begriffs für die römische Ge- schichte Kritik, die zunächst in knapper Form von Matthias Gelzer vorgetragen wurde. Gelzer stellte klar heraus, dass Mommsens Revolutionsbegriff - wie das politische Denken seiner Zeit insgesamt - "im Banne der durch die große französi- sche Revolution heraufgeführten Begriffswelt" stand und kritisierte, dass von Mommsen benutzte Begriffe wie 'Revolution', 'Junker', 'Demokraten' oder 'Volks- partei' eine Aktualität suggerieren, "die der Erkenntnis der wirklichen römischen _________________________ 1 Da unsere Sicht dieser Zeit so maßgeblich von der des nobilis Cicero bestimmt wird, der als homo novus die Interessen und Maximen seines neuen Standes, der Nobilität, besonders vehe- ment vertrat, und auch die meisten anderen Quellen die Vorstellungen der Führungsschichten wiedergeben, war es richtig und notwendig, den Blick von den Herrschenden weg auf die Unter- schichten zu richten. Ob es jedoch nötig ist, dies in Form einer 'Anklageschrift' gegen Cicero zu tun, wie W. WILL, Der römische Mob. Soziale Konflikte in der späten Republik, Darmstadt 1991, es sich augenscheinlich vorgenommen hat, sei dahingestellt. - Zum Komplex 'soziale Kon- flikte' s.u. Anm. 29. 2 Alle Jahreszahlen beziehen sich, soweit nicht anders angegeben, auf die Zeit vor Christi Geburt. 3 Vgl. A. HEUSS, Rivoluzione: relatività del concetto, in: DERS., GS I, 572-577, bes. 572f., der die heutige Vielschichtigkeit des Revolutionsbegriffs von 'Revolution der Mode', 'Kulturrevolution' bis zu 'industrieller' und 'neolithischer Revolution' herausstreicht. - Zu den verschiedenen Konzeptualisierungen von 'Römischer Revolution' vgl. E. TORNOW, Der Revolutionsbegriff und die späte römische Republik - eine Studie zur deutschen Geschichtsschreibung im 19. und 20. Jh. (EH III 111), Frankfurt/M. u.a. 1978. - Das Verständnis von Revolution bei R. SYME, The 2 Roman Revolution, Oxford 1939, 1952 (=SYME, Roman Revolution) ist zu wenig präzisiert und thematisiert, als dass an dieser Stelle näher darauf eingegangen werden müsste. Zur Wirkungs- geschichte von Symes Werk besonders in der deutschen Fachwissenschaft vgl. G. ALFÖLDY, Sir Ronald Syme, "Die römische Revolution" und die deutsche Althistorie (SHAW, Philos.- Hist.Klasse 1983/1), Heidelberg 1983. 2 Zustände wenig förderlich sind"4. 15 Jahre nach Gelzer vertiefte Alfred Heuß die Zweifel an der Angemessenheit des Revolutionsbegriffs für die späte römische Republik, wollte ihn jedoch trotz aller von ihm selbst aufgezeigten Mängel und obwohl auch er die Epoche nicht als Zeit der 'Partei'- und 'Klassenkämpfe' sah, beibehalten, da er zur Charakterisierung der Einheit dieser Epoche der am besten brauchbare sei5. Nachdem Christian Meier für die späte römische Republik den Begriff der "Krise ohne Alternative" geprägt hatte6, entstanden zahlreiche Bei- _________________________ 4 M. GELZER, Cn. Pompeius Strabo und der Aufstieg seines Sohnes Magnus, in: DERS., Kleine Schriften II, 106-138, hier: 106. Der Aufsatz stammt aus dem Jahr 1941 und stellt, soweit ich sehe, die erste klare Kritik an Mommsens Revolutionsbegriff dar, nachdem Gelzer bereits 1912 in seiner epochemachenden Studie über 'Die Nobilität der römischen Republik' dessen rechtspo- sitivistisch bestimmter Sicht Roms, wie sie im 'Römischen Staatsrecht' ihr Manifest fand, seine eigene entgegengesetzt hatte, s. M. GELZER, Die Nobilität der römischen Republik, in: DERS., Kleine Schriften I, 17-135 (=GELZER, Nobilität). - Unser heutiges Verständnis des politischen Systems der römischen Republik wurde maßgeblich von den Forschungen dieser beiden Ge- lehrten beeinflusst. Wollte Gelzer auch bewusst ein neues Verständnis der römischen Republik gegen Mommsen etablieren, so zeigt sich doch heute aus der Distanz, dass sich ihre Ansätze nicht gegenseitig ausschließen, sondern vielmehr ergänzen. Zeichnete Mommsen in seinem Bild vom römischen Staat die Seite der staatlichen Institutionen und des Rechts, wobei er die soge- nannten sozialen Institutionen weitgehend unbeachtet ließ bzw. sogar bewusst ausgrenzte, er- hellte Gelzer die Struktur des politischen Systems und der regierenden Gesellschaft der Republik anhand der Bedeutung der 'Nah- und Treueverhältnisse', der personalen Verbindungen und Ab- hängigkeiten (s.u. Anm. 21). Eine kritische Weiterentwicklung dieser beiden grundlegenden Betrachtungsweisen wurde geleistet von J. BLEICKEN, Lex publica. Gesetz und Recht in der rö- mischen Republik, Berlin/New York 1975 (=BLEICKEN, Lex publica), der in Auseinanderset- zung mit Mommsen den Stellenwert und Einsatz von Gesetzen und Recht in der römischen Re- publik neu bestimmte, und CHR. MEIER, Res publica amissa. Eine Studie zu Verfassung und Ge- schichte der späten römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1966, Frankfurt/M. 21980, ND 1988 (=MEIER, Res publica amissa), der die politische Krise der Republik unter besonderer Beachtung des 'Bindungswesens' darstellte.
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