Cognella Antiquities Series The Roman Republic A HISTORY FOR STUDENTS Joseph McAlhany University of Connecticut SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher David Miano, Senior Specialist Acquisitions Editor Michelle Piehl, Senior Project Editor Abbey Hastings, Production Editor Emely Villavicencio, Senior Graphic Designer Trey Soto, Licensing Coordinator Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2022 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including pho- tocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at
[email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image: Jean-Paul Laurens, “La Mort de Caton d'Utique,” 1863. All Livy excerpts were translated from Livy, Ab Urbe Condita. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 Brief Contents Foreword xiii Chapter 1: Last Things First: Of Kings and Consuls 1 Chapter 2: Origin Stories: The Birth of the Roman Republic 29 Chapter 3: Growing Pains: Plebeians and Other Problems 55 Chapter 4: Rome Rising: The Fourth Century 81 Chapter 5: Troubles Next Door: Rome in the Mediterranean 105 Chapter 6: “Our Sea”: Rome Conquers the Mediterranean 133 Chapter 7: When Did the End Begin? 157 Chapter 8: All Roads Lead to War: Commanders and Corruption 181 Chapter 9: Rome Versus Rome 205 Chapter 10: The Rise of Pompey 229 Chapter 11: Caesar in Charge 251 Chapter 12: The Republic Is Dead.