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Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner
“Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner Notes on the Yuezhi – Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology By Hans Loeschner Professor Michael Fedorov provided a rejoinder1 with respect to several statements in the article2 “A new Oesho/Shiva image of Sasanian ‘Peroz’ taking power in the northern part of the Kushan empire”. In the rejoinder Michael Fedorov states: “The Chinese chronicles are quite unequivocal and explicit: Bactria was conquered by the Ta-Yüeh-chih! And it were the Ta-Yüeh-chih who split the booty between five hsi-hou or rather five Ta-Yüeh-chih tribes ruled by those hsi-hou (yabgus) who created five yabguates with capitals in Ho-mo, Shuang-mi, Hu-tsao, Po-mo, Kao-fu”. He concludes the rejoinder with words of W.W. Tarn3: “The new theory, which makes the five Yüeh- chih princes (the Kushan chief being one) five Saka princes of Bactria conquered by the Yüeh- chih, throws the plain account of the Hou Han shu overboard. The theory is one more unhappy offshoot of the elementary blunder which started the belief in a Saka conquest of Greek Bactria”.1 With respect to the ethnical allocation of the five hsi-hou Laszlo Torday provides an analysis with a result which is in contrast to the statement of Michael Fedorov: “As to the kings of K’ang- chü or Ta Yüeh-shih, those chiefs of foreign tribes who acknowledged their supremacy were described in the Han Shu as “lesser kings” or hsi-hou. … The hsi-hou (and their fellow tribespeople) were ethnically as different from the Yüeh-shih and K’ang-chü as were the hou… from the Han. -
Note on the Historical Results Deducible from Recent Discoveries in Afghanistan Henry Thoby Prinsep
University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1844 Note on the historical results deducible from recent discoveries in Afghanistan Henry Thoby Prinsep Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Prinsep, Henry Thoby Note on the historical results deducible from recent discoveries in Afghanistan. London: W.H. Allen and Co., 1844. vi, 124 page, 17 plates This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE ON THE f HISTORICAL RESULTS, DISCOVERIES IN AFGBANI8TAN. H. T. PRINSEP, ESP. LONDON: WM. H. ALLEN AND CO., 7, LEADENHALL STmET. - 1844. W. I.ICW19 AND SON, PRINTERS, PINCH-LANE, LONDON. PREFACE. THE Public are not unacquainted vith the fact, that dis- coveries of much interest have recently been made ia the regions of Central Asia, which were the seat of Greelr do- minion for some hundred years after their conquest byAlex- ander. These discoveries are principally, but not entirely, nunismatic, and have revealed the names of sovereigns of Greek race, and of their Scythian, and Pa~thiansuccessors, of none of whom is any mention to be found in the extant histories of the East or West. There has also been opencd to the curious, through these coins, a lan- guage, the existence of which was hithcrto unknown, and which must have been the vernacular dialect of some of the regions in which the Grecian colonies were established. -
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art
Rienjang and Stewart (eds) Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Since the beginning of Gandhāran studies in the nineteenth century, chronology has been one of the most significant challenges to the understanding of Gandhāran art. Many other ancient societies, including those of Greece and Rome, have left a wealth of textual sources which have put their fundamental chronological frameworks beyond doubt. In the absence of such sources on a similar scale, even the historical eras cited on inscribed Gandhāran works of art have been hard to place. Few sculptures have such inscriptions and the majority lack any record of find-spot or even general provenance. Those known to have been found at particular sites were sometimes moved and reused in antiquity. Consequently, the provisional dates assigned to extant Gandhāran sculptures have sometimes differed by centuries, while the narrative of artistic development remains doubtful and inconsistent. Building upon the most recent, cross-disciplinary research, debate and excavation, this volume reinforces a new consensus about the chronology of Gandhāra, bringing the history of Gandhāran art into sharper focus than ever. By considering this tradition in its wider context, alongside contemporary Indian art and subsequent developments in Central Asia, the authors also open up fresh questions and problems which a new phase of research will need to address. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art is the first publication of the Gandhāra Connections project at the University of Oxford’s Classical Art Research Centre, which has been supported by the Bagri Foundation and the Neil Kreitman Foundation. -
Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha)
Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Ihsan Ali Muhammad Naeem Qazi Hazara University Mansehra NWFP – Pakistan 2008 Uploaded by [email protected] © Copy Rights reserved in favour of Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Editors: Ihsan Ali* Muhammad Naeem Qazi** Price: US $ 20/- Title: Gandharan Sculptures in the Peshawar Museum (Life Story of Buddha) Frontispiece: Buddha Visiting Kashyapa Printed at: Khyber Printers, Small Industrial Estate, Kohat Road, Peshawar – Pakistan. Tel: (++92-91) 2325196 Fax: (++92-91) 5272407 E-mail: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan Website: hu.edu.pk E-mail: [email protected] * Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Currently Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, NWFP – Pakistan ** Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan CONTRIBUTORS 1. Prof. Dr. Ihsan Ali, Vice Chancellor Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan 2. Muhammad Naeem Qazi, Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 3. Ihsanullah Jan, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 4. Muhammad Ashfaq, University Museum, Hazara University 5. Syed Ayaz Ali Shah, Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 6. Abdul Hameed Chitrali, Lecturer, Department of Cultural Heritage & Tourism Management, Hazara University 7. Muhammad Imran Khan, Archaeologist, Charsadda, Pakistan 8. Muhammad Haroon, Archaeologist, Mardan, Pakistan III ABBREVIATIONS A.D.F.C. Archaeology Department, Frontier Circle A.S.I. Archaeological Survery of India A.S.I.A.R. Archaeological Survery of India, Annual Report D.G.A. Director General of Archaeology E.G.A.C. Exhibition of the German Art Council I.G.P. Inspector General Police IsMEO Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente P.M. -
Posthumous Azes Coins in Stupa Deposits from Ancient Afghanistan
Posthumous Azes Coins In stupa deposits from ancient Afghanistan ONS 2 March 2013 ‘Donation of Śivarakṣita, son of Mujavada, offered with relics of the Lord, in honour of all buddhas’ Deposits from Bimaran 2 stupa with the gold casket and Posthumous Azes coins Courtesy of Piers Baker Shevaki Stupa, Kabul Courtesy of Piers Baker Shevaki Stupa from afar Courtesy of Piers Baker Guldara Stupa, Kabul The ‘Indo-Scythians’ kings and satraps in coin sequences (Based on Errington & Curtis 2007) Kings Satraps Basileos / Maharaja Satrap, Strategos / Chatrap Maues (c.75-65BC) Kharahostes (early 1st AD) Vonones (c.65-50BC) Zeionises (c.AD30-50) Spalyrises (c.50-40BC) Rajavula Azes I (c.46-1BC) Aspavarma (c.AD33-64)* Azilises (c.1BC-AD16) * With the name ‘Azes’ on the obverse Azes II (c.16-30AD) Indo-Scythian coins from Buddhist sites in ancient Pakistan and Afghanistan (Based on Errington 1999/2000) Swat Darunta/Jalalabad/ Peshawar Hadda Taxila Posthumous Azes Maues c.75-65BC Azilises c.1BC-AD16 Zeionises c.AD30-50 Vonones c.65-50BC Azes II c.AD16-30 Rajavula Azes I c.46-1BC Kharahostes early 1st AD Aspavarma c.AD33-64 Pontic to Central Asian steppes Iranian Plateau Arabia Nomadic and sedentary groups living in areas extending from the Pontic to Central Asian steppes during the first millennium BC ‘Σκυϑοι’ in Greek sources / ‘Sakas’ in Iranian sources ‘Śakas’ in Indian sources / ‘Sai’ or ‘Se’ in Chinese sources Three types of Sakas according to the Naqš-i-Rustam inscription of Darius I Sakas ‘who are across the sea’ (Saka Paradraya) The Pontic steppe -
Gandhara: an Appriasal of Its Meanings and History
Mr. Tauqeer Ahmad Warraich GANDHARA: AN APPRIASAL OF ITS MEANINGS AND HISTORY Gandhara---Meaning: The word Gandhara makes its first appearance in the oldest religious literature of South Asia, i-e, Rig-veda (Griffeth 1968:652), which is generally thought to have approximately been composed between 1500 to 1000 BC (Basham 1963:31). So for as the meanings of the world Gandhara is concerned it is often translated as ‘the land of fragrance’------- taking “gand” as fragrance and “hara” the land. Thus, the composite form of the word Gandhara suggests “a country or piece of land the soil of which yielded abundant fragrance and because of this quality it, apparently, came to be known as Gandhara ‘the land of fragrance’. In the Vedic and -Puranic literaute the Gandhara is frequently referred to as “Uttara” (northern) country, inhabited by gandharas (Raposn 1955:26). Moreover, kien-to-lo of the Chinese pilgrims is also identified as Gandhara (Cuningham 1924:55). The measurement of its boundaries are however for the first time described only by Xuan Zang (Beal 1969:55). Thus, the country of kien-to-lo measures 1000 li east to west and 800 li form north to west. This measurement corresponds with present valley of Peshawar as it is marked by Jalalabad hills on its west and eastern limits by river Sindhu, Swat and Burner hills on northern, and Kala Bagh hills on southern sides, respectively (Cunningham 1924:55). It seems that the term Gandhara is not unusual in the region as we have other nomenclatures on the same pattern such as Nagarahara, Pothohara (or correctly Pithohara), Vanahara etc, which are stretching to western and eastern sides of Gandhara. -
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Departments of Archaeology and History (joint) By Paul Wilson Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2020 This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. 1 Abstract: The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads The Kushans were a major historical power on the ancient Silk Roads, although their influence has been greatly overshadowed by that of China, Rome and Parthia. That the Kushans are so little known raises many questions about the empire they built and the role they played in the political and cultural dynamics of the period, particularly the emerging Silk Roads network. Despite building an empire to rival any in the ancient world, conventional accounts have often portrayed the Kushans as outsiders, and judged them merely in the context of neighbouring ‘superior’ powers. By examining the materials from a uniquely Kushan perspective, new light will be cast on this key Central Asian society, the empire they constructed and the impact they had across the region. Previous studies have tended to focus, often in isolation, on either the archaeological evidence available or the historical literary sources, whereas this thesis will combine understanding and assessments from both fields to produce a fuller, more deeply considered, profile. -
Numismatic Evidence and the Date of Kaniṣka I ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Joe Cribb
Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p7-34. Archaeopress Archaeology. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P7-34. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017 Edited by Wannaporn Rienjang Peter Stewart Archaeopress Archaeology Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p7-34. Archaeopress Archaeology. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P7-34. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 855 2 ISBN 978 1 78491 856 9 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Rienjang W. (ed.) 2018. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art. p7-34. Archaeopress Archaeology. DOI: 10.32028/9781784918552P7-34. Contents Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Note on orthography ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii Contributors �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������iii -
The Fall of the Greco-Bactrians, Sakas and Indo-Parthians Richard N. Frye
The Fall of the Greco-Bactrians, Sakas and Indo-Parthians Richard N. Frye About the year 130 B. C. nomads from Central Asia overran the Greek realms in Bactria. From Classical and Chinese sources we presume that the principal actors in this event were the Yuezhi at the head of a nomadic confederacy comprising Sakas, As (Asianoi in Greek) and other tribes. From the Chinese traveler Jang chien, as reported in the Shih ji and the annals of the former Han dynasty, we may reconstruct the political picture of the entire region about the year 130 B.C. as follows: in the area of Samarkand to Chach (Tashkent) was a kingdom called Kang ju by the Chinese. In northern Bactria the Yuezhi ruled over settled Greeks and Bactrians, while to the south of the Oxus river possibly some Greek principalities owed vassal allegiance to the Yuezhi. Presumably the Sakas who preceded the Yuezhi were moving southwards toward India. Two Parthian kings (Phraates, died c. 128 B.C. and Artabanus II, c. 123 B.C.) lost their lives in warfare against the Sakas, after which the Sakas established their rule in Sistan. But under the Parthian king Mithradates II (c. 123-87 B.C.) Parthian rule was asserted over various lands of eastern Iran, present Afghanistan and extending into India. How long Parthian rule was maintained is unknown. Dates of local rulers who struck coins and the areas they controlled are difficult to determine, but it seems that princes designated as Indo-Parthians, and others who were Sakas, ruled small kingdoms from Sistan to the Punjab in the first century B.C. -
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Dynamics in the History of Religion Editor-in-Chief Volkhard Krech Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Advisory Board Jan Assmann – Christopher Beckwith – Rémi Brague José Casanova – Angelos Chaniotis – Peter Schäfer Peter Skilling – Guy Stroumsa – Boudewijn Walraven VOLUME 2 Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia By Jason Neelis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the cc-by-nc License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Detail of the Śibi Jātaka in a petroglyph from Shatial, northern Pakistan (from Ditte Bandini-König and Gérard Fussman, Die Felsbildstation Shatial. Materialien zur Archäologie der Nordgebiete Pakistans 2. Mainz: P. von Zabern, 1997, plate Vb). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neelis, Jason Emmanuel. Early Buddhist transmission and trade networks : mobility and exchange within and beyond the northwestern borderlands of South Asia / By Jason Neelis. p. cm. — (Dynamics in the history of religion ; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18159-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Buddhist geography—Asia. 2. Trade routes—Asia—History. 3. Buddhists—Travel—Asia. I. Title. II. Series. BQ270.N44 2010 294.3’7209021—dc22 2010028032 ISSN 1878-8106 ISBN 978 90 04 18159 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
December 1999 I Vol 1 I Issue Date: 12/12/99 9:53:51 AM Pacific Standard Time From: [email protected] (Nazi1) To: [email protected]
Subj: Lemar-Aftaab I www.afghanmagazlne.com I October - December 1999 I Vol 1 I Issue Date: 12/12/99 9:53:51 AM Pacific Standard Time From: [email protected] (Nazi1) To: [email protected] Symposium on the Heritage of Afghanistan "If you do not respect the people of your past, how can you respect the people of your present?"- -Dr. Zemaryalai Tarzi (October 15th, 1999, Pasaneda, California) By Flouran Wali Oct. -Dec. 1999 I Lemar-Aftaab The Pacific Asia Museum, in conjunction with the International Committee for the Sal..ation of the Cultural Heritage of Afghanistan (ICSCHA), presented a symposium called "A Prospecti-.e Review of the History and Archaeology of Afghanistan from Glory to Plunder" on October 15 and 16 in Pasadena, California. The two day slmposium, attended by o-.er fifty people, was part of the ongoing efforts of both organizations to raise awareness about Afghanistan's rich culture as well as the wlnerability of Afghanistan's cultural treasures. It emphasized past and present archaeology and the current destruction of cultural objects and places. The symposium featured internationally recognized scholars who had conducted extensi-.e research or excavations in Afghanistan throughout the latter part of this century. Professor David Bivar from the Society for South Asian Studies, British Academy presented "The Significance of Numismatic Studies for Ancient and Modem Afghanistan" which centered on the history of coinage. Dr. Da1.1dMcDowall, Society of South Asian Studies, British Academy, presented "The Rise of Kushan Empire - Masters of the Silk Road: The Important Numismatic E1.1dencefrom Afghanistan." Dr. -
Indo6hellen Ic C Ultural Transactions
The K R Cama Oriental Institute, INDO-HELLENIC CULTURAL TRANSACTIONS Mumbai 2020 INDO-HELLENIC CULTURAL TRANSACTIONS Edited by Radhika Seshan THE K R CAMA ORIENTAL INSTITUTE Mumbai 2020 Between Hind and Hellas: the Bactrian Bridgehead (with an Appendix on Indo-Hellenic Interactions) by Burzine Waghmar IN PIAM MEMORIAM ADRIANI DAVIDI HUGONIS BIVAR (1926-2015) MAGISTRI INDO -IRANICI Bactrian, in this cyclopaedic survey,* refers to the inhabitants, Greek βάκτιριοι, βακτριανοί, Old Indian balhika-, báhlika-, v/bāhlīka- (Atharvaveda 5:22:4, 6, 8, Rāmāyaṇa 2:68, Mahābhārata 2:27, Bṛhat-saṁhitā 18:6), Aramaic bḥtry, Syriac adj. bḥtry’, Khotanese ba’līya (apud Sims-Williams), Sogdian βγtyk, βxtyk and Bactrian βαγδδιγο (de la Vaissière apud Sims-Willams); and their eastern Middle Iranian language spoken in the region called Bactria, Greek βακτρία βακτριανή, Latin Bactriana, Elamo-Old Persian pá-ak-ši-iš, Elamite ba-ik-tur-ri-iš, ba-ak-tar-ri-iš, Akkadian ba-aḫ-tar, Aramaic bḥtry, Median *bāxtri-, Old Iranian *baxθrī-, Proto-Bactrian *bāxδī-, Old Persian *bāxçi- (apud Gnoli), nom. sg. *bāxçīš (apud Witzel), nom. sg. bāxtriš, Avestan *bāxəδrī-, *bāxδriš (apud Humbach), bāxδī-, nom. sg. bāxδiš, acc. sg. bāxδīm(cā) (Vīdēvdād 1.6-7), Vedic bā̆ hli-, bā̆ lhi, Classical Sanskrit bāhlīka bhāṣā ‘Bactrian language’ (Nāṭyaśāstra XVII), Buddhist Sanskrit bāhulaka-, bāhūlaka-, Khotanese bāhulaka-, Pahlavi b’ḥl (Bundahišn 31.10), baxl, New Persian and Arabic balkh, Christian Sogdian bhl, Armenian bahl, bałx, Tibetan bag-lo, bag-la; Chinese variants boluo < Early Middle Chinese *bak-la, boti < Early Middle Chinese *bak-dɛj, baiti < Early Middle Chinese *baɨjk, Pašto bākhtar, Tajik бохтар, located in modern north-central Afghānistān, namely, the plain between the Hindu Kuš and both banks of the upper and partially middle Oxus valley or present-day Āmū Daryā.