[ f d. D. M d J. W k
i i j
F
rom : C hapter 2 5 in T he Soc al S hap ng o Tec hnolog e ac Ke n ie an a cman (B c ingham K: O pen
y , z u , U
d
n
d ]
999 ) )
ni e rsity Pre ss 2 e ition
U v , 1 ,
Cold war and white heat: the origins and meanings of packet switching
Jan e t A bbate
f h h f h f f h h h
i i i i
O
all t e tec n c al nno at o n e at e d n t e ARPANET o e nne o t e In te net e a t e
v s u r r ru r r r s
, , p p
k h k h
i i i i i i
o t c e le b ated wa ac e t w tc n Pac e t w tc n wa an e x e e n tal e en cont o e al
m s r s s g . s g s r m v r v rs
p p ,
h f k h h
i i i i i
e t o d o t an t t n d ata ac o a net wo It o one n t cla e d t at t wo ld nc e a e t e
m r r sm g r ss r . s r s m u r s
p p
f f f
i i i i i i i i i i
e c e n c e l a b l t and e e d o d ata co n c at o n b t t wa t e c o lex t o le e nt
y r y s mmu s u s q u m m m
, p , p p ,
h h h k h
i
an d o e ex e t a e d t at t e t ec n e w o ld ne e wo In dee d o ne e a on t e A RPA NET
s m r s rgu qu u v r r . r s
p ,
h f f h h h h
i i i i i i
be ca e t e oc o o c at ten t on w t n t e c o t e c e n ce c o n t wa t at t wa
m us s mu m u r s mmu y s s
p
h f f f h f f k h h f f k
i i i i i i
t e t la e - c ale oo o t e e a b l t o ac e t w tc n T e cc e l e o ac et
rs rg s r s y s g . su ss u us
p p p
h h h k h f h h
i i i i
w tc n n t e ARPA NET and ot e e a l net wo a e d t e wa o t e tec n e '
s g r r y r s v y r qu s
p
h f h h k h
i i i i i i
w de e ad ad o t o n and at t e e n d o t e t wen t e t cen t ac e t w tc n d o n ate
s r u ry s g m s
p p , p
k
i i
n e two n ac t ce
r g r .
p
f k h h h
i i i i i
T o an c o te o e onal ac e t w tc n a e a t o a e o b o t e c n cal ad an ta e
m y m u r r ss s s g rs v v u s v g s
p p , p pp
h f h h
i i i i i
o e alte nat e e t o d o t an tt n d ata and t e a e tended to t e at t w de e ad
v r r v m s r r sm g y v r s s r
, p
f h f h h f k
i
ad o t o n a a nat al e lt o t e e ad an ta e In act o we e t e cc e o ac e t
s ur r su s v g s . v r su ss
p , , p
h h h
i i i i i
w tc n wa n ot a t o at c : t ad t o be o c all c on t ct e d o an e a t e e wa n o
s g s u m s y s ru . F r m y y rs r s
h k h h f h h
i i i i i i i
c on e n o n w at ac e t w t c n act all wa - w at t de n n c a acte t c we e w at
s su s s g u y s s g r r s s r
p ,
ff h h f h h h
i i i i i
ad anta e t o e e d o w t o ld be le e n ted e o e t e t e c n e co ld ac e e
v g s r s u m m . B r q u u v
, p
h f h h
i i i i i i i i i
le t ac n t e e e o dat a c o n cat on act t o ne o e t at t t o o n e nt ad to
g m y y s m mu s r rs r v s r s
p , p p p
k h h k h k h
i i i i i
w o ld w o b a all n t e e o ce t o b ld de o n t at o n ac e t w t c n n e two T e
u r y m rs g r s u r s u m s r s g r s .
p
h f h k h h
i i i i i i i
w de d a t n t e o tc o e o t e e e a l ac e t w tc n e x e e nt de on t at e t at
s r y u m s s r y s g r m s m s r s
p p p
h ff h f f h f
iz i i i i
t e c once t co ld be e al e d n e d e e n t w a an d t at a o be n a t a t o wa d
u r v ry r ys r r m g s r g r r
p , ,
f h h f k h
i i i i i
at te o e o tec nolo w n n n o t t e ' cc e ' o ac e t w tc n d e e n ded e at l o n
m r su r r gy g u su ss s g gr y
p , p p
h
i i
ow t w a nte e ted
s r r .
p
k h h k
i i i i i i
Pac e t w tc n w a n e n ted nde e n den tl b t wo co t e e e a c e wo n n e
s g s v y y m u r r s r rs r g v ry
p p
ff h h
i i i i i
d e e nt conte xt : Pa l a an at t e Rand Co o at o n n A e c a and Do nald Da e at t e
r s u B r r r m r v s
p
h h f h
i i i i i
9 60;
Nat o nal P c al La bo ato n En land a an w a t e t to e x lo e t e dea a o n d 1
ys r ry g . B r s rs r r u
p ,
h h f k h f
i i i i i i
Da e c a e w t own e on o ac e t w t c n a e w e a late an d b e e n tl
v s m u s v rs s g y rs r su s q u y
p p
f k h k f k
i i i i i
le a n e d o a an ' o wo Da e w a n t e n tal n a n o n t e n owle d e o ac e t
r B r s r r r . v s s s rum ss g g
p p p
h h h h h h f
i i i
w tc n t at e an d a an ad de e lo e d t o Law e nce Ro be t w o o e aw t e c e at o n o
s g B r v r r s v rs r
p ,
h h f k h h
i i i i i i
t e A RPA NET o we e w le a an' an d Da e ' e on o ac e t w t c n ad o e ba c
. H v r B r s v s s v rs s s g s m s
p
h h f h f k h h
i i i i i i i i i i i
t e c n cal la t e t e conc e t o n o w at d e n e d ac e t w tc n and w at t wa o od
s m r s r s s g s g
, p p
f f f h f h ff h h
i i i i i
o w e e e d e e nt c o t d e e nce wa d e to t e t o n ol t cal e e t at
r r v ry r . Mu s r s u s r g r ssu r s
p p
h h h
i i i i i
w e e b o t to be a o n c o t n e e a c n t a n and t e Un t e d St ate La e c o te
r r ug r m u g r s r Br s . rg m u r
p p
h f f
j i i i i
o e c t n bot c o nt e w e e d e e lo e d n a c ontex t o o e n e n t n d n and cont ol an d
r s u r s r v g v r m u g r
p p ,
h h
i i i i i
n at o nal le ade aw c o t e a a t ate c tec n olo t at wa t al t o n o tan t
rs s m u rs s s r g gy s v u rsu g m r
p p p
h ff f h
i i i i i i i i
ol t cal o al t n t e e d e e n t ol c conte xt o t e Un ted Stat e and Un ted K n d o
g s . Bu v ry r y s s g m
p p ,
k h k ff f k h
i i i i i i i
ac e t w tc n t oo o n d e e nt e an n o a an Da e an d Ro be t Pac e t w t c n w a
s g r m gs r B r v s r s . s g s
p ,
1 | P a g e
h f h f
i i i i i i i
n e e ad o ted o n t e ba o e l tec n c al c te a b t alwa be ca e t tte d n to a b o ade
v r s s u r y r r u y s us r r
p p ,
h f h k h
i i i
o c o -te c n c al nde tand n o o w d ata net wo co ld a nd o ld be e d
s u rs g r s u s u u s .
NETWORKING DR STRANGELOVE: THE COLD WAR ROOTS OF PACKET SWITCHING IN THE
UNITED STATES
h h k k
i i i i i
9 6
In 1 4 o e t e at e ac o t e Un t e d Stat e e e n ted St anle K b c ' b ll an t blac
m v r s r ss s r s y u r s r
, p
f lo v h f h h h h h h
i i i i i
c o e d o cold wa a an o a T e l t o o o l t e d a e o
t
m y r r r S ra ng e e . m ug um r us g g s r us
p , D , ,
f f h f h
i i i i i i
o ble o A e c an d e e n ce t at e t : t e ln e a b l t o co n cat on c an nel to
r m r m r s r g s s vu r y mmu s s
p
k h h h k h h h
i i i i i i j
d t o n b a So e t attac w c t a e t e n a a la ble t w e n t e w e e nee ded
sru y v m g m m u v u s y r
p ,
h h f k
i i i i i i
o t In t e o e a c ot c a o ce co an de na e d Jac D R e e t n o t o n a
m s . m v sy r r mm r m . r s s m
, p p p
h k f
i i i
n c le a o loca t b n o n a t at e o t all a e d d e t ct o n c alle d 'Plan R ' Plan R -
u r u s y v g s r gy mu u y ssu r s ru .
h h h h f
i i i i i i i i
w c allow R e t o c c e n t t e e d e nt' a t o t t o dec la e wa - e c c all
s r r umv r s s u r y r r s s y
pp p p
f f h
i i i i i i
d e ned t o co e n ate o a w a t e a l e n co and c ont o l an d co n cat o n A t e
s g m s r r m ur mm r mmu s . s
p ,
h h h k
i iz i i i i i i i
o e d a at e t lan a d l deal nce t allow R e to la nc a ' e t al ato ' attac
m v r m s s s r y s s r u r ry
, p , p p
)
h h f k h h f
i i i i i i i
e e n t o n o So e t t t e a act all occ e d In e al t a t e l ' d c la e t ate
v ug v rs s r s u y u rr . r y ( s m s s m r s s
,
h f h h f h f h
i i i i i
t e a o ce n e e ad an c t ate In act t e a o ce wa at t t e e x lo n a e
r r v r y su s r gy . r r s s m r g v ry
, p
h ff h
i i i i i i
o ble : b ld n a c o n c at on te t at wo ld be a ble to d e e nt o l t on t o t e
r m u g mmu s sy s m u r s u
p
k h
i i i
o e c o and an d cont o l ' e an e n e attac an d t a n ta n '
r r mm r . su rv v my us m
p , p
h h f
i i i iz
9 60
o ble b t e e a l 1 T e n e e d o ' a ble c o n c at on ' wa a e ne all e co n e d
r m y r y s r su rv v mmu s s g r y r g
p ,
h h h f h k k
i i i i i i
an d a o n t o e nte nt on ol n t w a a e ea c e at t e US a o c e ' e e t n - tan
m g s s v g s r s r r r r s r m r
, p
h h f h f h
i i i i
9 6
t e Rand Co o at o n o nde d b t e a o ce n 1 4 a an o t o wt o o e at on e e a c
r r . F u y r r s u gr r s r s r
p p
)
f f f h
i i i i
e n t wa e o t n t ate d n Wo ld Wa II Rand o RAND an ac o n o Re e a c and De e lo
m s r s r r ( r r y m r s r v
, , p
f h h
i i i i i
o t co a non- o at o n ded cated to e e a c on l t a t ate and tec n olo Ran d wa
r r r r s r m ry s r gy gy . s
p p
f f h f h h h
i i i i i
a l n ded b cont ac t o t e a o ce t o t e e d ot e o e n e nt a e nc e a
r m r y u y r s r m r r ug s rv r g v r m g s s
, p
h h h f h h
i i i i i i i
w e ll T e co o at on att act e d talented nd t o a co b nat on o ala e e lat e
. r r r m s r ug m g s r s r v
p ,
f h h h f h h h
i i i i i
a tono o e e a c e an d t e c ance to c ont b t e to o l c d e c o n o t e e t
u my r r s r rs r u y s s g s
, p
i
o t anc e
m r .
p
i j i i
9 5 9
In 1 a o n e n nee na e d Pa l a an o n e d Ran d' c o t e c e nce d e a t e nt
y u g g r m u B r s m u r s r m .
p p
f h
i i i
I e e d n a co o ate c lt e oc e d n le - n ded l on t e c old wa a an oon d e e lo ed
mm rs r r u ur us s g m y r B r s v
p p ,
h h h f h f
i i i i i i i
an n te e t n a ble co n c at o n w c e e lt w o ld dec e a e t e t e t at o n o
r s surv v mmu s u r s m
, p
h f k
i i i i i
l t a le ade to la nc a e -e t e t t e :
m ry rs u r m v rs s r
p p
f
d d
S a n SS R w il in a i i n l a a llis i is s il s s s ... I s a i
B o
t h t h h t t t t h t t
e U U e re bu g r r gg e r uc e r b c m e y e m e r eg c
d d d
w a p ns a n a n n l s s s l s i a l n n s a lia
o o o o o o o o
t t t h t h t t t
e c mm c r y em c u be m re urv v b e e e c u ry ' re ry
,
f
d d d
a pa ili l a ll w i w i s a n a n a a a n s ill n i n a s a l p s i i n.
o o o o o o o
t t t t t t h t tt t t t t
c b y c u be e r c k u c m re b e
;
f
d
is w a s n a w ll a s i l n p a s l n is a n ni a i ns n w s a
B o o o o o o o
t t h t h t t t t t
u y e b e c c e bec u e g ce c mm u c e rk
,
d
a i w l ln a l a n n a l s i a a . T a w a s is s . H a
o o
t h t t t t t tt h t t h
me e re ex re me y v u er b e b e urv v e c k e ue e re
f
d d
s a n s s i a i n w a s a la a s i a l ni a i n s s .
o o o o o o
t t t t t h t t
m g e r u u cre e by e ck urv v b e c mmu c y e m
h h f h f h
i i i i i i i
a an wa a ble t o e x lo e t d e a w t o t an e x l c t cont act o t e a o ce n ce Ran d ad
B r s r s u r r m r r s
p p ,
f f h h h
i i j
a c on de a ble a o nt o o e n-e nde d nd n t at e e a c e c o ld e t o e o e c t t e
s r m u u g r s r rs u u s ursu r s y
p p p
h f
i
d e e e d e le ant t o t e A e can d e e n e c once n
m r v m r s r s .
2 | P a g e
h f h
i i i i i i i
9 59
a an be an n 1 w t a lan o a n al c o n cat on te t at co ld t an t a
B r g r m m mmu s sys m u r sm
p
/
f h h
i i i i
G
le ' o No o' e a e o t e e dent to t e co ande n A ad o b oad ca t
s m g m s s g r m r s mm rs u s g M r r s s .
p p
h h ff h h h h
i i i i i i i i i
W e n a an e e nted t d e a t o l t a o ce o we e t e e d at el n t e d t at t e
B r r s s m ry rs v r y mm y s s y
p , ,
h k h
i i i i
960
n e e ded e ate c o n cat on ca ac t So e w e nt bac to t e d aw n boa d and e n t 1 -
gr r mmu s y . r g r s
p p
f f h h h h
i i i i i i i i i i
2
o lat n d e a o a n e w t e t at wo ld c o b ne a b l t w t c o n c at o n
rmu g s r sys m u m surv v y g mmu s
h
i i i i i i
c a ac t a an e n o ned a t e t at wo ld allow l ta e onnel t o c a on o d na
y . B r v s sys m u m ry rs rry r r y
p p
f
i i i i i i
o ce c on e at on o e tele t e ac le o lo w- e e d co te te nal n de w a t e
v v rs s r u s y s m r s m u r rm s u r r m
p , , p p
i i
c ond t on
s .
h k h h
i i i i i i
T e e t o t n e w t e w a a tec n e a an c alled 'd t b ted c o n c at o n ' In a
y s sys m s qu B r s r u mmu s .
h h h k h
i i i i i i
c on e nt onal c o n cat on te c a t e tele o ne n e two w t c n c oncen t ated
v mmu s sy s m su s r s g s r
p ,
h h f f f h h ff f
i i i i i i i i i i
an d e a c cal C all o t to a local o c e t e n to a e o nal o nat onal w t c n o ce
r r . s g rs r g r s g
,
h h h ff
i i
t e nee d to conne ct be o nd t e local a e a Eac e conne ct e d t o onl o ne lo cal o ce and
y y r . u s r s y
,
h ff f h h f f
i i i i i
e ac o ce e e a la e n be o e T e an t at de t o n a n le local o c e wo ld
s rv s rg um r us rs . s m s s r y g s g u
ff f h k h
i i
c t o an e o t e netwo cont a t a d t b t e d te wo ld a e an
u m y u s rs r m r . By r s s r u sy s m u v m y
,
h k h h h k h
i i i i
w tc n node an d an l n at tac e d t o e ac node S c e d ndanc wo ld a e t a de t o
s g s m y s . u r u y u m r r
ff k
i
c t o e c e t o net wo e
u s rv r us rs .
h f k f
i i i i
a an d e c be d t n ew t e o n e two n a e e o e le e n e o t calle d O
t t
B r s r s y r s r s v r r s n r u e d
p p D is ib
)
o o f h h h
i i i i i
C 2 5
o o e d t e a all e e nt o w c own n e 1
t
mmu n a n . H s r s sy s m ( sm s gm s s F gur .
ic i p s p
f f h h h h
i i i
c on ted o a e t o e e al n d ed w t c n n ode e ac c onnec ted t o o t e nod e b to
s s s s v r u r s g s r s y u
, p
h h h f h h
i i i i i i
o d e d t e e t l n e T e e w a al o a e t o e e al n d e d lt le x n t at o n t at
r v g s . r s s s s v r u r mu g s s
p p
f h h k h
i i i i
n te ace betwee n t e e an d t e net wo Eac lt lex n t at on wo ld be conne ct e d to
r us rs r . mu g s u
p
h h h h h
i i i i i i
02
t wo o t e e w tc n node an d to 1 4 e w t d ata t e nal o d tal t e le one T e
r r s g s u u s rs rm s r g s .
p p
h h h h h k
i i i i i
o t at t e e ne co ld not w tc n wa d t b t e d a o n all t e nod e n t e n e t wo
s my u s g s s r u m g s r
,
h h k f k h
i i i
d a ble t e w ole net wo b ta e t n a e w o tan t cent e T o a e t e te e e n o e
s r y rg g m r r s . m sys m v m r
p
h f h k
i i
a an lanne d t o locate t e n ode n a e a e ote o t e n e two e nc e e c e
B r s r s r m r m r us rs s s ur
p , ,
h h
i i i i i i i i
lat on c e nt e w e e c on de ed l ta ta e t o and e de n e d t e lt le x n tat on
u r s r s r m ry rg s s g mu g s s
p p , p
h f h h k
i i i i i
w t a w d e a n o exce c a ac t on t e a t on t at e ne attac wo ld ca e o e
m rg ss y ssu m my s u u s s m
p , p
f f h h
i i i i
e nt to a l e al o adde d l ta e at e c a c e to a and a
m . H s m ry ur s su s ry q u gr y
p p p
/
h h h f
i i i
e - e e ced e nce te t at wo ld allo w -le e l e t o t e a e o lo we - o t
r m r sys m u g v us rs m ss g s r m r r r y
p p p p
le e l e
v us rs .
h h h h k h k h
i i i
T o o e t e d ata t o t e n e two a an ada t e d a tec n e n own a ' e a e w t c n '
m v r u g r B r q u s m ss g s g
, p
f h f h h
i i i i i
o ' to e and o w a d' w t c n A co on e xa le o e a e w tc n t e o tal te
r s r r r s g . mm m m ss g s g s s sy s m .
p p
)
h h h h
i i i i i i i
In a e a e w tc n t e e ac e a e c a a le t te la be le d w t t o n an d
m ss g s g sys m m ss g (su s r s s r g
,
h f h h h k h
i i i i
d e t n at o n add e e an d t t e n a e d o node t o node t o t e n e two T e
s r ss s s ss r m r ug r .
, p
)
h h f f h f
i i i
e a e a e te o a l t o e d at e ac n ode c a a o t o c e nt l t e c an be o wa d ed
m ss g s r m r r y s r (su s s u y r r
p p
h h f h h f
i i i i i i
t o t e n e xt node o t e nal de t nat on Eac c ce e node e t e add e n o at on t o
r s . su ss v u s s r ss rm
h f h h h
i i i i
93 0
d e te ne t e nex t te o t e o t e In t e 1 e a e w t c n be an t o be e d n
rm s r u . s m ss g s g g u s
p ,
h h h
i i i i i
t e le a t e w t e a e be n t o e d o n a e ta e at e ac nte e d at e t at on
gr sys ms m ss g s g s r r rm s
p , p p p
f h f h h
i i i i i
be o e be n t an t ted to t e ne xt t at o n At t t e e a e we e w tc e d an all b
r g r sm s . rs m ss g s r s m u y y
h h h h f f
i i
960
t e tele a o e ato b t n t e 1 tele a o c e be an to e co te to to e an d
gr r rs u s gr s g u s m u rs s r
p p , p p
h
o t e t e e a e
r u m ss g s .
3 | P a g e
h h h ff h
i i i i i
T e o t al an d t e le a te ad o ted e a e w t c n be ca e t wa o e e c e nt t an
s gr sy s ms m ss g s g u s s m r
p p p
f
i i i i i
t an t t n e a e o le t te d e ct l o o c e t o de t nat on Le t te a e t o e d
r sm g m ss g s r rs r y r m s ur s . rs r s r
ff h h f h h
i i i
t e o a l at a o t o ce o t at a la e n be can be at e e d o e ac d e l e o te In t e
m r r y s s rg um r g r r v ry r u .
p p
f h h h h f f f f
i i i
c a e o t e t e le a e a e w tc n al o add e e d t e o ble o ne e n t a c lo w o n
s gr m ss g s g s r ss r m u v r
p , p
h h f ff h h
i i i i i i
t e e x e n e lon -d t anc e tele a l ne I t a c wa l t t e l n e wo ld be nde e d an d
s v g s gr s . r s g s u u rus
p p ,
h h h h f h h k
i i i i
;
t e e xc e ca ac t wa ted on t e ot e and t e l ne we e o e loaded t e e w o ld be a
ss y s r s r v r r u r s
p , ,
h f h h
i i i i i
t at o e o t e e a e w o ld be lo t St o n t e e a e at nte e d ate tat on ad e t
s m m ss g s u s . r g m ss g s rm s s m
h f f f f h h
i i i i i
o ble to e e n -o t t e t a c low : a l ne wa b e a e co ld be to e d at t e w tc
ss v u r s usy m ss g s u s r s
p ,
h f h h h ff h h
i i i i i i i i
nt l t e l ne wa e e In t w a e a e w tc n nc e a e d t e e c e n c and e n ce t e
u s r . s y m ss g s g r s y
,
f h
i i i
e c ono o lon -d tan c e t e le a t an o n
my g s gr r sm ss .
, p
h ff f f h h h h
i i i i i i
a an a ec ated t e e c e n c o e e d b e a e w tc n b t e al o aw t e tec n e a
B r r y r y m ss g s g u s s qu s
pp ,
k h h h
i i i i i i
a wa t o a e t e o e a ble S n ce t e n ode act n de enden tl n o ce n t e
y m s sys m m r surv v . s y r ss g
p p
4 | P a g e
h h h
i
e a e and t e e a e no e - et o t e betwee n n ode t e n ode can ada t t o c an n
m ss g s r r r s r u s s s g g
p , p
k h h h f h
i i i i i i i i i
c ond t on b c n t e be t o te at an e n o e nt … T nc e a e t e a b l t o t e
s y g s r u y g v m m . s r s s y
p
k h f
i i i i
te t o e an attac n ce t e n ode can e - o te e a e a o n d n on- nc t o n n a t
sy s m surv v s s r r u m ss g s r u u g r s
, p
f h k h h h
iz i i i j i
o t e n e two a an e al e d t at a b l t d e e n ded on o e t an t a n e d n dan t
r . B r r surv v y m r u s v g r u
p
k h k f h k f f
i i i i i i i
;
l n t e node t be a ble t o a e e o t o e e xt a l n : 'S a b l t a n ct on o
s s mus m us s r s u rv v y s u
h f h f h k h
i i i i i i iz i i
w tc n lex b l t ' T e e o e o o e d net wo wo ld be c a ac te e d b d t b t ed
s g y . r r s r s r u r r y s r u
, p p
k
i i i i
o t e n a w e ll a d t b ted l n
r u g s s s r u s .
Departures from other contemporary systems
h f h h
i i i i i i i
a an wa n ot t e t to o o e e t e e a e w tc n o a ble co n c at on
B r s rs r s r m ss g s g r su rv v mmu s
p p
h h f h
i i i i
te t o t e l ta ot t e o t e al e ad ex ted o we e n de e lo e n t an d t e e
sy s ms m ry . B y s sys m r y s r r v m r
p p ,
k h
i i i i i i
960
w a one la e - c ale d t b t e d c o n cat on net wo be n c on t ct e d n t e e a l 1
s rg s s r u mmu s r g s ru r y s .
h h k f h f h
i i
O O
T w a t e AUT V N net wo d e ned and o e ated o t e De e n e De a t e n t b t e US
s s r s g r r s r m y
, p p
h h h h k
i i i i i
96
t e le one ant AT &T In 1 1 AT &T ad o d e d t e a w t a co n c at on n e two
g . r v rmy mmu s r
p p
)
h k h k
i i i i i i i i
9 63
c alle d SCA N Sw tc e d C c t A to at c Ne t wo and n 1 t e o ded a la net wo
( r u u m r y r v s m r r
, p
/ /
f h f h f
i i i i i
O
o t e a o ce c alled N RAD ADS No t A e can A De e n e Co an d A t o at c D al
r r r ( r m r r s mm u m
)
h h f h h h h h
i i i i i i i i
Sw tc n T e De e n e Co n c at o n A e n c w c w a c a ed w t c oo d nat n t e
g . s mmu s g y s rg r g
,
f h h h h
i i i i i i i i
o o n o co n cat o n e ce t o o t t e a e d e ce dec ded to n te at e t e e
r v s mmu s s rv s r u g u rm s rv s gr s
p ,
k
i i i i i
O O O
n e two nto a n e w t e calle d C NUS AUT V N Cont nen tal Un t e d St ate A to at c V o ce
r s sy s m ( s u m
)
k h h
i i i i i i
O O
Ne two AUT V N w a n ot a e a e w t c n te b t at e a ec al l t a o c e
r . s m ss g s g sy s m u r r s m ry v
p
k h f h h k h
i i i i i i
O O
n e two t at w a b lt o n t o o t e e x t n c l an tele one netwo AUT V N ad t e n
r s u s g v r .
p p
h
i i i i i
96
l 1 4 w tc n n ode an d ca e on l n e n A
r . s g s m
p
h h ff f f
i i i i i i
O O
W le AUT V N w a an e xa oac d e e d o le o d t b t e d c o n c at on a an ' a
s m r r r m s r u mmu s B r s
p pp ,
h h h h h h
i i i i i
O O
AT &T' n t wo c c al wa t alt o AUT V N a d n ode d t b t e d t o o t t e
s ru y s . F rs ug s s r u r u g u
,
f h h
i i i
te cont o l o t o e node wa conc e nt ated n a n le o e at on c e nt e w e e o e ato
sy s m r s s s r s g r s r r r rs
, p , p
h ff f f f
i i i i i i
o n t o e d wa n n l t an al e d t a c le e l an d c ont o lle d te o e at o n I t a c
m r r g g s ys r v s r sy s m r s . r
, , p
h k h
i
n e e ded t o be e - o t e d t w a done an all : o e ato at t e c ont o l cen t e w o ld a e t e
r r u s m u y r rs r r u m
, p
h h h h h h
i i i i i i i
d e c o n an d t e n contac t t e o e at o at t e w tc n node w t n t ct on to c an e
s r rs s g s s ru s g
p
k f
i i
o t e In a an' n e two c ont ol w a ll d t b ted a n ote d a bo e No d e wo ld be
r u s . B r s r r s u y s r u s v . s u
, ,
f h h
i i i i i i i i
n d d all e o n ble o d e te n n o te and w o ld d o o a t o at c all w t o t an
v u y r s s r rm g r u s u s u m y u u m
p , ,
h h k h k
i i i i i i i i i i i i
n te e n t o n : 'T e n tell e n ce e e d to w tc n al t o n l n at t e l n n ode and
rv g r q u r s s g s surv v g s s s
o f h h
iz i i
at o ne o a e w c e nt al e d w tc n c e nte ' Cle a l c a te wo ld be o e
t
n r r s g rs . r y su sy s m u m r
h h h f
i i i i i
a ble t an one de e nde nt on a n le o e at on cen t e w c a an noted ' o a n l e
su rv v s g r s r B r rms s g
p p , , , ,
h h
i i
e at t act e ta e t n t e t e on cle a e a'
v ry r v rg rm u r r .
h f h h h h
i i i i i i
…T e e e e nt o a an' te wo ld w tc n and t an o n t e c nolo to t e
r q u r m s B r s sy s m u u s s g r sm ss gy r
p
h h h
i i i i i i i
l t o t nde tan da ble t at c onte o a e x e t e ac ted ce t call t o cla T e
m s s s u rs m r ry r s r s y s ms .
, p p p
h h h h h
i i i i i i i i i
e n nee n AT &T' Lon L n e d o n w c an t e lon d t anc e tele one e c e and t e
g rs s g s v s r g s s rv
, p
f h h h
i i i i
O O
AUT V N t e ten ded t o be a l a o nl w t an alo e tec n olo an d t e w e e ce t cal
s ys m m r y gu gy y r s
, , p
f h h k h
i i i i i i
o a an ' c la t at an all-d tal t e c o ld t an c e nd t e w e ll- nown l tat on o n t e
B r s ms g sys m u r s m s
f k
i
n be o l n e c all
um r s r . p
5 | P a g e
f h h h h
i i i i
a an' t e d e a ted o t ad t onal t e le one c o an act c e n ot e w a t at o w
B r s sys m r r m r m y r r ys s
p p p p
h ff f h h h
i i i i i i i i
t e e e ct o c old w a l t a con de at on o n d e n a t on o n t anc e t e one
r m ry s r s s s g ssu m s . F r s
p , p
h f h h k h
i i i i i i
c o an t e d to n c e a e t e e l a b l t o t e t e a a w o le b a n e ac co o nen t a
m y r r s r y sys m s y m g m s
p p
f f h h
i i i i i i i
e l a ble a o ble an d o an add t onal e e w o ld o de c o t e e w t l n e t at w e e
r s ss r u r v m u r u s rs s r
p , p p
h h k h
i i i i i i
e c all cond t one d to a e lo w e o ate a an c o e n tead t o a e d o w t lowe - al t
s y v rr r r s . B r s s m r qu y
p
k f f
i i i i i
c o n c at on l n an d t o o de e d n dan t c o one nt to co e n ate o a l e
mmu s s r v r u m s m s r u r s .
p p p
f h k h
i i i i i i i
C ond t one d l ne wo ld be t oo e x e n e o a te w t o an l n an d n an c a e t e
s u s v r sy s m s m y s y s
p , ,
f
i i i i i i i i i i
e l a b l t o nd d al co o nen t c o ld n ot be c o nte d on n w a t e cond t on A a an
r y v u m s u u r m s . s B r
p
h k h h
i i i i i
o b e e d 'Re l a b l t and aw e o at e a e e conda T e net wo t be b lt w t t e
s rv y r rr r r s r s ry . r mu s u
,
f h
i
e x e ct at o n o e a da a e an wa '
vy m g y y . p
Packet switching in Baran's system
k h f
i i i i i i i i
a an' o o e d net wo be an a a d t b t e d e a e w tc n te n al n no at on
B r s r s r g s s r u m ss g s g sy s m . H s v
p p
h h k h h
i i i i i i i
w a to alte e a e w tc n to c e ate a n ew tec n e : ac e t w t c n A e a e n
s r m ss g s g r qu s g . m ss g s
p
h f h h f h h
i i i iz
te co ld be an t n o d t e d eec to co t e dat a b t t e act t at t e e
sy s m u y g r m g s m u r u s
p p ,
f f h h
i i i i i i
e a e we e all e nt n d t al o - a a e e o b n a n be o ' b t ' - e ant t at t e
m ss g s r s g rm s s r s ry u m rs r s m
h h h f
i i i i i
o o e d t at at e t an e n d n lat ed n n e w w a a an n o at o n c o ld be an
r s r r s g u ys . B r rm u m
p p p
h f f h k
i i i i iz i i iz
e a e o ld be d ded n to xed - e n t e a e o a n e ac o t e net wo
m ss g s s u v s u s m ss g s v ry g s s r ss r
,
h h k h h h k
i i i
t at e c alled ' e a e bloc ' T e lt - le x n t at o n t at c onnect e d e to t e net wo
m ss g s . mu g s s us rs r
p
f f k f h
i i i i i i i i
02
w o ld be e on ble o d d n o t o n e a e nto n o bloc o 1 4 b t A o t
u r s s r v g u g g m ss g s u rm s s . s r
p
k h
i i i i
e a e co ld be e n t a a n le bloc w le lo n e e a e w o ld e e lt le e a e
m ss g u s s s g g r m ss g s u r q u r mu m ss g
, p
k h h k h h f h f h
i i i
bloc T e lt le xe w o ld ad d t o e ac bloc a ead e t at e c e d t e ad d e e o t e
s . mu r u r s r ss s
p p
h f h h
i i i i i i i i
e n d n an d e ce n a t e a well a ot e con t o l n o at o n T e w tc n n ode w o ld e
s g r v g r s s s r r rm . s g s u u s
p
h h f h h k h k
i i i i i i i
;
t e e ade n o at on t o det e ne w at o t e e ac blo c o ld t a e to t de t nat on nc e
r rm rm r u s u s s s
h k h ff k h h
i i i i
e ac blo c w a o t e d n de e nde ntl t e d e e n t blo c t at ade a n le e a e t
s r u y r s m u s g m ss g m g
p , p
f f h h k h h h
i i i i i
be e n t on d e e n t o t e W e n t e bloc e ac e d t e de t nat on t e local lt le xe
s r r u s . s r r s mu r
, p
h h f f h k h k f h
i i i
w o ld t t e e ade n o at o n o e ac blo c an d e a e ble t e bloc to o t e
u s r r rm r m r ss m s rm
p
k f
i i
c o le te e a e a an' e a e bloc d ea wo ld e e nt all be w del ad o ted o c o t e
m m ss g . B r s m ss g u v u y y r m u r
p p p
k h h k k h h
i
n e two In t e e lat e te t e e a e bloc wo ld be calle d ' ac e t ' an d t e tec n e
r s . s r sy s ms m ss g s u s q u
p ,
k k h
i i
w o ld be c o e n own a ac e t w t c n
u m s s g .
p
f h k h f
i i i i i i i i i
o all t e e nt al n can ce t e dec on to t an t d ata a ac e t wa n ot t e o nal oc
F r s v u s g s r sm s s s r g u s
, p
f k h f h
i i i i
o a an ' w o A t e t tle o e le e n o l e te de c t o n O
t t
B r s r . s s v v um sy s m s r n r u e d
p , Dis ib
o o h h h f k h
i i i i i i i i i
C
nd cate e be an w t t e d e a o b ld n a d t b t e d net wo an dea t at
t
mmu n a n s g u g s r u r
ic i s, , ,
h f h k
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
ad al e ad be e n den t e d w t a b l t b e o le wo n n l ta co n c at o n In
r y su rv v y y r g m ry mmu s .
p p
h h f k h h h
i i i i
d e c b n t e t e a an t e nded t o t e t e d e a o l n e d n dan c at e t an o t e
s r g sys m B r s r ss r u y r r r
, ,
h k h h h f h h f
i i i
e le e nt c a ac e t w tc n t a e d e e lo e d t e det a l o t e te t e e o
m s su s s g . Bu s v s sy s m us
p p ,
k f h h h f f h
i i
e a e bloc e e e d a a n da e ntal e le e nt t e t e e w o te t e nal ol e o t e
m ss g s m rg s u m m . By m r v u m
h h h h f h f h h
i i
e e a an ad c an e d t e na e e e d to e e t o t e te to e lect t e new e a :
s r s B r g m u s r r sy s m r m s s
, p
h h f f h h
i i i i i i i i
'W le e a n t e d a t o t conc l d n n be t be c a e e den t t at a d t n ct and
r r g r s u g um r m v s
p p ,
f h h h h h
i i i i i i i i
e c c te w a be n de c be d w c we a e n ow c o e n t o call t e " D t b t e d Ada t e
s sy s m s g s r v s s r u v
p , p
k k h f h f h
i i i i i i i i
e a e loc Ne two " n o de t o d t n t o t e ow n e t o o t e d t b t e d
M ss g B r r r s gu s r m gr g s r s r u
,
k h h k h h
?
i i i i i
n e two and te ' W at t e n wa o o t ant a bo t ac e t w tc n W at d d t ean
r s sy s ms . s s m r u s g m
, , p p
h
?
i
t o a an an d o n o
B r s s s rs p
6 | P a g e
h k h h h
i i i i
Note t at t an t t n ac e t at e t an co le te e a e o e d c e ta n c o t o n t e
r sm g s r r m m ss g s m s r s s
p , p , p
h f h f h k f
i i i i i
te T e n te ace co t e ad to e o t e w o o d d n e ' o t o n e a e
sy s m . r m u rs r rm r v g us rs u g g m ss g s
p p
k k h h h f
i i i i i
n to ac e t an d e a e bl n n co n ac e t n to e a e T e e w a al o t e o e e ad o
s r ss m g m g s m ss g s . r s s v r
p p
h f h h k h h
i i i i i
a n to nc l d e ad d e an d con t o l n o at on w t e ac ac e t at e t an once e
v g u r ss r rm (r r r
p p
)
h h h f h h h k
i i i
e a e w c n c e a e d t e a o n t o d ata t at ad t o be t an t ted o e t e net wo An d
m ss g r s m u r sm v r r .
,
k f k ff h h h
i i i i i i i
n ce ac e t o a n le e a e c o ld ta e d e e nt o te to t e d e t n at on t e t
s s r m s g m ss g u r r u s r s y m g
p ,
f h h h h h f h h
i i i i i i
a e o t o e e n ce w c e ant t at t e e ad to be o on o e a e bl n t e n t e
rr v u s q u m r r v s s r r ss m g m
, p
f h h f
i i i
o e o de All o t ad e t e t e o e co le x an d e e n ted o e o o t n t e o
r r r r . s m sys m m r m r s m r r u s r
p p p p p p
f h h h f h k h
i i i i i i
a l e o a an t e e c o t w e e o t we e d b be l e t at ac e t w tc n wo ld o l e
ur . F r B r s s s r u g y s s g u s v
, p
f f h
i
o e e n o ble and o t o e nda e n tal oal o t e t e
s m r ss g r ms su r s m u m g s sy s m .
p p pp
k h ff f f
i i i i i i i
Pac e t w tc n o e ed a a e t o be ne t a an w a d e te ned to e all n e x e n e
s g r v r y s . B r s rm u s sm s v
, p
f h h h h h h h h h
i i i i
c o t e o t e at e t an t e e o ne e ad e e n n ot e e a e w t c n
m u rs r s sys m r r ug s s r m ss g s g
p ,
h h h f h h h h
i i i i
te and e w a a wa e t at e n t e t ate o t e a t at t e t e t e w t c n co te
sy s ms s r g v s r m s g m u rs
, , , p
h h f f k
i i i i i i iz
w o ld a e to be le n o de t o be bo t a t an d n e x e n e U n xed- e ac e t
u v s m r r s s v . s g s s
p p p
f h f h h h f h h k
i i i i i i i i i
l e d t e d e n o t e w tc n node Anot e ad anta e o t e l t a w a t at b e a n
s m s g s g . r v g r m ry s r g
p
k h f f h k
i i i i i i
e a e nto ac e t and e nd n t e alon d e e n t o t e t o t e de t nat on w o ld a e
m ss g s s s g m g r r u s r s u m
p
h f h
i i i i i
t a de o e n e e t o e a e d o o n a con e at o n t t e b e t ote nt al e wa d w a
r r r my s s v s r v rs . Bu gg s r r s
p p p
f f f f
i i i i i i iz
e c e n t and le x ble t an on o d ata ' o t o t an tl ' w ote a an ' t anda d e d dat a
r sm ss . M s m r y r B r s r
p , ,
k h h ff h
i i i i i i i
^ ]
bloc e t an lt aneo e e ac w t w del d e e nt bandw dt e e e n t t o
s rm m y s mu us u s rs y r r qu r m s
p ,
h k f k h
i i i
e c ono c all a e a b oad - band n e two ade o a e d dat a ate l n ' In o t e w o d
m y s r r r m u v r r s . r r s
p ,
k h f f f f h h f
i i i i i i i i
ac e t w tc n allo wed a o e e c e n t o o lt le x n t e a n o a n le
s g m r rm mu g s r g s g
p p ,
h
i i
c o n c at on c an nel be t wee n an e
mmu s m y u s rs .
k h f h k
i i i i i
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r F r gr B r s ss ssm s g r u r s s
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h h h h h h
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h h f h h h f
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s g r u s r rs s
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u ry s g r ss s s r y r s s r s m m s .
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, p p p
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t e w te e at o t e ol t o n' W e n La bo ca e t o o we n t e 1 4 e n e al e lect o n
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f h h
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at e al te t n N P L t be ca e n ol e d n c o t n n 1 4 w e n a tea at t e la bo at o
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m g r v m u r q u s r . v s s us u
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s v s m u g gy g v r m s s us
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p
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,
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m u r r rm r m . s m
p ,
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g g rm s s m s r m m u r s r r u s r s
p p p ,
h f h f f
i i i i i i
o wn c on e n e n ce o n t e ca e o co e c al t e - a n e c e t o o e acce to
v r s mm r m s r g s rv s r ss
, ,
h h
i i i i
c t o e o e a w de e o a c a e a D tant t e nal co ld be c onne ct e d to t e c o te
us m rs v r g gr r . s rm s u m u r
p p
h k h
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n d al- t e le one l n an d ode b t lo n - d t an ce tele one conne ct o n w e e e
u s g u s m ms u g s s r v ry
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f h f f
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e x e n e an d o d ata t an on t e we e al o ne c e nt C o te e a e a n oted
s v r r sm ss y r s . m u r m ss g s s
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8 | P a g e
h f
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r r m urs s g us s s m u r u s rs r y r
, p , p p
h h h f h h h h f
i i i i i i
t e le one conne ct on t at w e e dle c o t e t e T e co t o c o n c at o n t
s r mu m . g s mmu s u
p p
k k f h f f h h h h
i i i i i i i i i
e e on e to w o c l ac c n t e e - e ndl al t o w c t e a n ad
r ssur us rs r q u y s r g u s r r y qu y r m s r g
p ,
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be e n n e n ted n t e t lac e
v rs .
p
h f h h h
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Da e wa e a e en o e aw a e o t e c o t e t an A e can colle a e In ta n
v s s r s v m r r s ssu s m r gu s . Br
p p ,
k h f f h h
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nl e n A e ca t e e wa no lat ate o lo cal tele o ne call Al o w le A e c an
u m r r s r r s . s m r
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e e a c e t e nde d to t n n t e o acad e c c o t n w e e e n o all ac ce e d t e
r s r rs rms m m u g r u s rs rm y ss
p ,
h f h h f h
i i i i i
ac n e o a e lat e l o t d t anc e t a n ad a la e e cen ta e o e w o e
m r m r v y s r s Br rg r r g us rs s
, p
f h
i i i i i i
c o t e acc e ca e o d tan t co e c al t e Da e ad a lon - t and n n te e t n
m u r ss m r m s mm r sys ms . v s g s g r s
p
h h h h h h
i i i i i i
w tc n t e c n e and a e t o t a bo t t e d ata co n cat on o ble t occ e d t o
s g q u s s ug u mmu s r m u rr
, p ,
h h h h h f f k h h
i i i i i i i
t at a new a o ac t o w t c n t o e a o l t o n e n e w t at e a e w tc n
m r s g m g r s u . H m ss g s g
p p
h h k ff f h h
i i i i i i
w a e d n t e tele a t e to a e e c ent e o l ne and e be l e e d t at b ad a t n
s u s gr sys m m us s v y g
p , p
h h h h k
i i i i i i i i i
t t e c n e t o c o te c o n cat on e c o ld ac e e la e cono e L e a an
s q u m u r mmu s u v s m r m s . B r
p ,
f k h h h f f
i i i i i
Da e ca e o a bac o n d n co t n at e t an co n cat on o e e lt ee to
v s m r m gr u m u g r r mmu s s r
p , ,
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e t a tec n e t at d e a ted o t ad t o nal co n cat on tec n e b t too
su gg s qu r r m r mmu s qu s u
p
f h
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ad anta e o ad anc e n c o t e t ec nolo Da e o o e d d d n e a e nto
v g v s m u r gy . v s r s v g m ss g s
p p p
k h k f h h
iz i iz i i
t anda d- e d ' ac e t ' an d a n a n e two o c o t e e d w t c n n ode t at w o ld e
s r s s v g r m u r s g s u us
p , p
f k h h k f h
i i i i i i
n o at o n c a e d n ac e t e ade to o te t e ac e t to and o t e - a n c o t e
rm rr rs r u s r m m s r g m u rs .
p p p
h h k h
i i i i
e c alle d t t e c n e ' ac e t w tc n '
H s q u s g . p
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k h k h h
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L e a an Da e aw t at ac et- w tc n w o ld allow an e t o a e a c o n cat on
B r v s s s g u m y u s rs s r mmu s
, p
k f f h h f f f f f k h h
i i i i i i i i i i
l n e c e ntl t e w ante d t at e c e n c o a d e e nt o e Pac e t w t c n n
u r y . Bu y r r s . s g s
p p ,
h f h
i i i i i i i i iz
e w w o ld be t e c o n c at on e ale n t o t e a n : t wo ld ax e acce to a
v u mmu s q u v m s r g u m m ss
,
f f
i i i i i
o de a o da ble n te ac t e c o t n c a ce e o c e n o de t o
r v r r v m u g . s r r s ur r r
p p
h k f h f k h h h
i i i i i i i i
9 66
Da e e e n ted n etwo dea bl cl o t e t t e at a tal n a c 1 w c wa
v s r s s r s u y r rs m M r s
, p p
h f
i i i i i i i i i
e n t a t call ece ed b an a d e nc e o e o le act e n co t n t e le co n c at o n and
us s y r v y u v m u g mmu s
p p p , ,
h f h f h h f f h
i i i i i i
t e l ta It wa o ne o t e latte an atte ndee o t e t n t o De e n ce w o a e
m ry . s r r m Br s M s ry g v
, ,
h h k h h f
i i i i i i i
Da e t e n new t at ac e t w tc n ad al e ad been n e nte d a e w e a ea l e b
v s su r r s g s s g r y v y rs r r y
p p
h h h f h h k h
i i i i i
an A e can none ot e t an Pa l a an T e act t at t e l ta an new a bo t t e a l e
m r r u B r . m ry m u s r r
,
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i i i i i i
d e e lo e nt w e n Da e e l d d not n de c o e t e e d e e n t c ontext n w c
v m v s ms u rs r s v ry r s
p
k h h f h
i i i i i i i
ac e t w t c n e ol e d n t e two c o nt e a an' o e o t conc e n ad be e n a b l t
s g v v u r s . B r s r m s r surv v y
p ,
h h h f k k
i i i i i i i
w c w a nde l ned b e o te l e ' a d ' ' al o ' 't a e t' 'attac le e l' and ' o ba b l t
s u r y s u s rms r s v s rg v r y
, , , p
f k h h h h h
i i i i i i i i i
o ll' n de c b n t e o t le c ond t o n n d e w c te w a e x e cted t o o e ate
s r g s s u r s sy s m s r .
p p
h h h v k h k h k
i i i i
Da e o n t e ot e an d d d n o t ac e t w tc n a a wa t o a e t e n e two
v s r e w s g s y m r
, , i p
f h h h h h k h
i i i
;
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su rv v r r g B r mm g y r s r
h h h h f
i i i i i i
c on de e d a e n ot nee ded n a c l e n o n e nt' In t e ad e t o t t e e n nee d wa o
s r r v v r m . s u g r ss g s r
, p
k h h f h h
i i i i
a net wo t at c o ld e e t e e o co e c al t e - a n e ce T e La bo
r u s rv us rs mm r m s r g s rv s . u r
f h ff f
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o e n e n t e c c all w ante d t o e d e ct e e a c and d e e lo e n t e o t awa o l t a
g v r m s y r r r s r v m r s y r m m ry
p p
h h h h h
j i i i i i i i i i i i
o e c t and towa d c l an n d t Da e a e d t conc e n w c e d e nt n lan t o
r s r v u s ry . v s s r s r s v s
p , p
f h h
i i i i i i i
e b ne e to nd o t t e dat a c o n cat on e e e nt It al o o w n
su rv y u s ss s u r mmu r q u r m s . s s s u
p
ff k h h f k h
i i i
Da e ' e o t to a e t e te e a t o e In o o al o a n at o nal n e two e
v s s r s m sy s m sy us . s r s r r
p p
h f h k k h f
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t e e d t at 'A t e a e e e nt we t e e n nd con t antl t o a e t e e o
s r ss ur r m r qu r m mus m s y s m us p
9 | P a g e
h f h h h
i i j i i i
t e t e le o le o b E e n t o t e e a co n c at on te and a c o t e
sys m s m r s m s . v u g r s mmu sy s m m u r
p p p
h h
i i i i
o e at n t e t e e t be a ble to n o e t e co le x t e '
r g sys m us r mus g r m s .
p p
h f f k h f h f h h
i i i i i i i
T e a n be n e t o ac e t w t c n o t t e o t e wa t at t w o ld b n down t e
m s g r s y sys m s u r g
p p
f f f h k h h h
i i i i i i i
c o t o d ata c o n c at on Da e o n d t e e an n n ac e t w tc n owe e t at
s mmu s . v s u u r r m gs s g v r
p , ,
f h f k f h
i i i i i i i i i
d e e d o - on o a c o e c al net wo e ce o n t anc e o ne o t e e t Da e
r v r m s v s mm r r s rv . F r s m r s v s
,
k h h h h f h k
i i i i i i i
aw n ac e t w tc n wa t at t e l e d ac e e a ne n ac ce t o t e n e two In an
s s g s v r ss ss r .
p p
h h h f h
i i i i i i
o d n a e a e w t c n t e e ac e a e ad to be e n t n t e n t e t be o e t e next
r ry m ss g s g sys m m ss g s s r y r
,
k h k
i i i i i i
e a e co ld be n In a ac e t w tc n te e w o ld ta e t n t an t t n o t on
m ss g u g . s g sy s m us rs u ur s r sm g r s
p , p
f h f h h h
i i i i i i i i i
o t e e a e n t e d on lt le x n I a e ad a o t e a e c a a n le
r m ss g s us g m v s mu g . us r s r m ss g su s s g
p ,
f h h h h f k h
i i i i i
c o an d o a t e - a n t e t e w o le e a e co ld be e n t n t e t ac e t w le
mm r m s r g sys m m ss g u s rs
, p ,
k h h h h
i i i
lo n e e a e w o ld ta e e e al t e lot to t an t T e e w t t e o t e a e
g r m ss g s u s v r m s s r sm . us r s r m ss g
h h h h k f f
i i i i i i i
w o ld n ot a e to wa t be n d e w t lon e a e T n d o a ne w a a o at e
u v u s rs g m ss g s . s r ss s r r
p p p
f h h h
i i
o a te w e e co te w e e e n o d na e o le ' e e da n eed at e t an
r sy s m r m u rs r s rv g r ry s v ry y s r r
p p p ,
f h h h h h
i i i i
t an t t n l e -o -de at e a e t o a c o an d e a c
r sm g r m ss g s r u g mm r r y .
h k h h f
i i i i i i
od c t Da e al o be l e e d t at ac e t w t c n tec nolo c o ld t e l be c o e a co e c al
r u v s s v s g gy u s m mm r
, p p
h h h
i i i i iz i i
9 65
an d t cont b te d e c tl t o W l o n' o o a l lan t o e tal e t e t econo In a 1
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otot t o a e t e e n e al Po t c e P b ld a e o a n at o nal ac e t w tc n n e two
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o o o
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v s g r . v s v s r
p
h h h k h h h
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w c o o e d net w o w o ld be t e onl n c o n cat on t e Rat e e aw
s r s r u y surv v g mmu s sys m . r s
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a wo ld n w c ac et w tc n n e two w o ld nee d t o co e t e w t o t e c o n c at on
r s g r s u m r mmu s
p p
h h h
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te t o att act an d e e t e b ne e and a w o ld n w c t a n wo ld nee d t o
sy s ms r s rv u s ss u s r r Br u
,
h h h ff
i i i i i
c o e te w t t e Un t e d Stat e an d ot e co n t e to o e n no at e co te o d ct
m s r u r s r v v m u r r u s .
p p p
h f k h k h
i i i i i
96 5
In De c e be 1 Da e o o e d t e dea o a n at o nal ac e t w tc n n e two t at w o ld
m r v s r s s g r u
p p p
h k
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o d e lo w-co t dat a c o n c at on ac o ta n e e n o ned t e net wo a o d n a
r v s mmu s r ss Br . H v s r s r v g
p p
f
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n be o e c e to b ne an d e c e at o nal e n cl d n e ote d ata oce n o n t -
um r s rv s u s ss r r us rs u g r m r ss g
, p , p
f f h
i i i i i
o - ale t an act on d ata ba e e e e o te c ont o l o ac ne and e e n o n-l ne be t t n In
s r s s s q u r s r m r m s v g .
, , ,
h h k f h h h k h
i i i i i j i i i i
c e e a bac bone o c a ac t t ele one l n e w o ld l n a o c t e n t e Un t e d
s s m g y s u m r s
, p p
h k h h h
i i i i
;
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g m r s r mu s m s s u g s
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n e a l a ed n dan t a a an' te L e a an owe e t e N PL o d e ned t e net wo
r y s r u s B r s sys m . B r v r gr u s g r
, , p
h h h k
i i i i i i i i i i
w t a d na c d t b ted o t e n t e w t e ac node a n o t e n dec on
y m s r u r u g sys m m g r u g s s
, ,
h k h
i i i i i
n de e nde ntl acco d n to c e nt cond t o n n t e n e two T e node wo ld be c onnec ted b
y r g u rr s r . s u y
p ,
h h h f f
i i i i i i i
- e e d t e le one l ne o a t o o d e a t e o n e t e o n te act e c o t n U e
g s s s s r v s r s s m s r r v m u g . s r s
p p p p p
h h h h h f
i i i i i
w o ld attac t e co t e t e n al an d nte t o t e n ode t o d e d c ated n te ace
u r m u rs rm s r rs s r ug r
p , , p
i
c o t e at local t e
m u rs s s . p
10 | P a g e
h h f f h
i i i i i i
Da e w a con n ced t at t e t e o d ata co n cat o n n a t ct e e wa o o n
v s s v y mmu s r s ru ur s r s g
p p p
k h f
i i i i i i i i
w o ld be nece a t o e e ta n c o e t t e n t e n o at on a e o we e NPL d d not
u ss ry Br m v rm g . H v r
p p ,
h h h h k h h
i i i i i
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v r s u r s r u r y u su rg r s . s u r y g
h h h h h k h h h
i i
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t o t e P w c an t e n at o nal o t al an d tele o ne netwo b t t e ana e t e e ad
r s r s u m g rs r
p p ,
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g r r s mmu s . s q u v s s y
,
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b ld a all o tot e net wo c alle d t e a 1 at e t an t e n at o nw de te e ad
u sm r y r M r r r sy s m
p p , ,
o o e d …
r s .
p p
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: PACKET SWITCHING AND THE ARPANET
h h k h h h f
i i i i i i
a an an d Da e ad bot e n one d n at o nw de n e two t at wo ld e t e new tec n e o
B r v s v s r s u us q u
k h h h f h h f
i i i iz i i
ac e t w tc n b t n e t e o ne ad be e n a ble t o ll eal e t o al In tead t e t la e -
s g u r u y r s g . s rs rg
p , ,
)
k h k h h
i i i j
c ale ac e t w tc n net wo wo ld be b lt b t e Ad an ced Re e a c P o e c t A e n c A RPA
s s g r u u y v s r r s g y ( .
p
h f h k h k f h h k
i i i
T e de n o t n e two w o ld d aw on t e wo o bot a an and Da e b t t e n e two '
s g s r u r r B r v s u r s
,
h h f h k h h
i i i i i i i
b ld e ad t e o wn on o w at ac e t w tc n c o ld ac e e
u rs r v s s g u v .
p
f h h h
i i
o ARPA w a one o an n e w A e can c e nc e and tec n olo e n t e t at ad been t ed
r m s m y m r s gy v u r s
p p
h k h h
i i i i i i i
9 58
b t e c old wa o n d e d n 1 n e t n la n c A RPA' o n t o on e to t e So e t S
y r . F u r s u u s m ss s s v
, p p
f h k h h f h
i i i i j i i i i i
o e a n can t o e c t t at e e t e US a e ad o t l t a al b n e e a c
r m s s g r s s m ry r v s y u rsu g r s r
p p p p
f f h f
i i i i i i
;
ad anc e n d e e n e - e late d eld A RPA a all a e nc w t n o la bo at o e o t o wn A RPA
v s r s . s sm g y r r s s
ff h h
j i i i i i
o e ct e n t d one b acade c t a n t at e and an a e b t t e ac t al e e a c and de e lo
r s m s y m s m g u u r s r v
p , p
h f
i i iz i i i
an d nd t cont acto T e a e nc eco n e d e e n b c t c o t o od an a e e nt and
us ry r rs . g y s r g v y r s r s g m g m
f h h h f
i i i i i
e nt o n e w tec n olo e a d de e lo an d a ad o e n ota ble cc e e n t an e n t
m g s r v s s m su ss s r s rr g s
p p ,
h h h
i i i
ate e ct o t e c nolo e to t e a e d e ce an d t e
r v s r . g s rm s rv s
p
f f h f
j i i i i
9 6 2
In 1 ARPA… be c a e a a o n de o c o t e c e nc e n t e Un t e d St ate o t e n e xc eed n
m m r u r m u r s s g
p ,
f f f h f f f
i i i i i i i i i i
O O
n e t n d n b n c ant a o nt IPT In o at o n P o ce n T e c n e c e [one o
u v rs y u g y s g m u s . ( rm r ss g q u s
)
f f f h h f h h f
j i i i i i i
96 2 ]
o e c t o c e o n ded n 1 a be e n t e d n o c e be n d e e al t e o tan t a e a o
r s u s r v g r s v r m r r s
p p
h h h f h
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
c o t n e e a c n t e Un t e d State nc l d n a c a t c al nte ll e nce t e - a n
m u g r s r s u g gr s r g m s r g
p , p , ,
k
i i
o e at n t e an d net wo n
r g sys ms r g .
p ,
f f h f h h h h f h
i i i i i i
ARPA' nd n o ba c e ea c tte d n w t t e lo o o L ndon Jo n o n '
s u g s r s r s y y s s
p p
h h f f h
i i i i i i
ad n t at on P e den t Jo n on a d o cat e d t e e o a e nc n d t o o t ba c e e a c n
m s r . r s s v u s g y u s su r s r s r
p p
h h f f
i i i i i i i i i
96 5
n e t e n a Se t e be 1 e o t o c a b n e t No t n t at n d n b a o e de al
u v rs s m r m m s . g u g y v r u s r
p
h f h h h h
i i i i i i i
a e n c e ade a bo t t wo-t d o total n e t e e a c e n d n e a d t at t one
g s m u u r s u v rs y r s r s g s s m y
p p ,
h h f h h h h
i i i
o ld be e d to e ta bl 'c e at e cen te o e xc e lle n ce' t o o t t e nat on e e d e ac
s u us s s r v rs r ug u . H urg
h k h h
i i
o e n e n t a e n c e n a e d n e e a c t o ta e 'all act c al e a e t o t e n t e n t e
g v r m g y g g r s r r m sur s ... s r g
p
h h h
i i i i i i i i
n t t t on w e e e ea c now o e o n and t o e l add t o nal n t t t o n to be co e o e
s u s r r s r g s s u s m m r
, p
f f f h h h f h
i i i i i i i
e e c t e cente o teac n and e e a c ' Jo n o n e c call d d not w ant to l t e e a c at
v rs r g r s r . s s y m r s r
p
h h
i i i j i i i i
t e e cen t e to on-o e nte d o e c t : 'Unde t ol c o e o t w ll be o ded
s r s m ss r r s r s y m r su r r v
p p pp p
h h h h f
i i i i i i i i i
nde te w c e t e n e t and t e n e t at o w de c o e o n a cont a ted
u r rms g v u v rs y v s g r r s r qu ry s r s
p ,
h h h f f
i i i i i j
w t l e c c n a o wl d e n ed o e c t
g y s rr y r s .
p , p
f h h f f h h
i
A e w o nt late t e De a t e nt o De e n e e onded to Jo n on' c all w t a lan to c e ate
m s r r m s r s s s r
p p p
f f h h h
i i i i i
'c e nte o e xcelle nc e ' n d e e nc e - e lated e e a c Acc o d n to t lan 'Eac new n e t
rs r r s r . r g s u v rs y
p ,
11 | P a g e
h h f h
i i i
o a o ld e e nt a t lat n c alle n e to ac lt an d t d e nt and at t e a e t e
r gr m s u r s s mu g g u y s u s s m m
p p , ,
k f f
i i i i i
O
c ont b t e to ba c n o wle d e n eeded o ol n o ble n nat onal d e e n e ' IPT c e at ed
r u s g r s v g r ms s . r
p
h h
i i i i i i i
e e al c o t n e ea c cent e n la e ant to n e t e c a IT Ca n e e
s v r m u g r s r r s g v g rg gr s u v rs s su s M r g
p , ,
h f h h f f h
i i i
e llon an d UCLA t e e nd o t e dec ade ARPA ad n ded a a e t o t e - a n
M . By u v r y m s r g
,
h h h
i i i i i i
c o t e located at n e t e and o t e c o t n e e a c te ac o t e Un t e d Stat e
m u rs u v rs s r m u g r s r s s r ss s .
p p
h f k h h
i i
T e o e o t o o e d net wo - t e ARPA NET - w a to conne ct t e e c atte e d c o t n
ur s s r s r s s s r m u g
p p p p p
i
t e
s s .
h h h
j i i
T e ARPANET o e c t w a ana e d b Law e nc e Ro be t a co te c e nt t w o ad
r s m g y r r s m u r s s
p , p
k f
i i i i j i i i
966
c ond ct e d net wo n e x e e nt at IT ' L nc oln La bo at o e be o e o n n A RPA n 1
u r g r m s M s r r s r g .
p
h k h
i i i i i i
Ro be t ad a andate t o b ld a la e - cale lt - co te n e two b t e d d not n t all
r s m u rg s mu m u r r u y
, p ,
h f f h h h h f h
i i i i i i i
a e a dea o ow t o ld be done e con d e e d a n a o co te e t a bl a
v rm s s u . H s r v g rs m u rs s s
p p
h h h h h h
i i i
c onnec t o n n o d na tele o ne call w e ne e t e nee d e d t o exc an e d ata a e t od e
u s g r ry s v r y g m
p ,
h h h h h f h
i i i i i i
ad e lo e d n e a l e ex e e n t t t e c o t o lon -d tan ce tele one
m y s r r r m s . Bu g s g s
p p p
h h h h
i i i i i i i i
c onnec t o n ade t o t o n e e o b t e l e x e n e Ro be t al o wo e d t at t e
s m s s m r v y s v . r s s rr
p p p
h f
i i i i i i
o d n a o ne e ce wo ld be n acc e ta bl one t o t an o n e o an d l ne a l e
r ry s rv u u y r r sm ss rr rs ur s .
p p p
h h h f h f k h h
i i
Alt o e wa awa e o t e c once t o ac e t w t c n Ro be t wa not e ow t o
ug s r s g r s s su r
p p ,
k
i i i
le e n t t n a la e net wo
m m rg r .
p
h h
i i i i i i i
G
W t t e e e t ll n e ol e d Ro be t atte nde d a co t n o n at l n b
s ssu s s u r s v r s m u g s ym s u m urg
, p p ,
k h h
i i i
O 9 6
e e n t ARPA' t e ntat e net wo n T e nne e e n ct o be 1 7 w e e e wa to lan Ro e
r s s v r g ss r r s s . g r
, , p p
f h f h f
i i i
e e n ted a a e Sc antle b o N PL al o and Ro be t e a d o t e t t e a bo t Da e '
r s r u ry r m s r s r r rs m u v s s
p p p ,
k h h k h k f f f
i i i i
ac e t w tc n d e a and t e on o n wo o n t e a I A t e wa d a n be o con e e nce
s g s g g r M r . r r s um r r
p ,
h k f h
i i i i
at ten dee at e e d to d c n e two d e n n o all and Sc antle b and colle a e
s g r s u ss r s g rm y ury s gu s
,
k h ff h
i i i i i i
ad ocated ac e t w tc n a a ol t o n t o Ro be t ' con ce n a bo t l ne e c e nc T e N P L
v s g s s u r s s r s u y .
p
f f f f h h
i i i i i i
o n l e nc e d a n be o A e c an co te c e n t t n a o o t e new t e c n e and
gr u u um r m r m u r s s s v u r q u
p , p
h k h f h f k
i i i i
t e ad o ted Da e ' t e ' ac e t w tc n ' t o e e to t t e o net wo Ro be t al o
y v s s rm s g r r s y r . r s s
p p p
f f h h
i i i i
ad o ted o e e c c a e ct o t e NPL d e n o n t anc e Ro be t ad lanne d to e
s m s s s s g . F r s r s u s
p p p , p
h h k h f h
i i
e lat e lo w- e e d t e le o ne l ne to c onnec t t e n e two n ode e lat e e calle d t at a t e t e
r v s s r s . H r r r
p p
h h h h k f h
i i i i i
e e ntat e ' N PL e e nt all n t w t e a n a bo t t e t n bac an d o t I
r s v s s r g m rgu g u g r . . .
p p
f h h h f h
i i
c oncl ded o t o e a e n t t at w de ban dw dt w o ld be e l' T e A RPA NET al o
u r m s rgum s r s u us u . s
k f f h h f f
j i i i
o e ct w a n de w a e d a ac e t o at la t o NPL' A te t e A RPA NET t e o olt
r s u r y u s rm s m r s . r rm B
p p ,
k h h h h k
i i i
e ane and Ne w an w c wa awa d e d t e a n c ont act to b ld t e netwo n ode
B r m s r m r u r s
,
h h
i i i
c ont n e d t o nte act w t t e N PL o
u r gr u .
p
h f h h
i i i i
a an al o be c a e d ect l n ol e d n t e e a l ta e o lan n n t e A RPA NET Scan tle b ad
B r s m r y v v r y s g s g . ury
p
f k f h f
i i i
G
e e e d Ro be t t o a an' e a l e wo an d oon a te e t n o atl n b Ro be t e ad
r rr r s B r s r r r s r s r ur r m u rg r s r
,
o o h k f
i i i i
C
a an' O e wo ld lat e de c be t a a nd o e e lat on :
t t t
B r s n r u e d mmun a n . H u r s r s s r v
D is ib ic i s
‘ h k f h
dde nl I lea n e d o w t o o t e ac e t ' So e o t e A RPANET c ont act o w e e al e ad aw a e
su y r r u s . m r rs r r y r
p
f k h h h
i i i i i i
96
o a an' w o and ad e d t n t e own e e a c Ro be t ec t ed a an n 1 7 t o ad e
B r s r us r r s r . r s r ru B r v s
h k h
i i i i i i i
t e A RPA NET lan n n o a bo t d t b ted co n cat o n and ac e t w tc n
g g r u u s r u mmu s s g .
p p p
h h h h f h
i
T o t e e a o e nc o nte Ro be t and ot e e be o t e A RPA NET o w e e
r ug s v r us u rs r s r m m rs gr u r
, p
h h f h h
i i i i
e x o e d t o t e d e a and t e c n e o bot a an and Da e and be c a e c on n ced t at
s s q u s B r v s m v
p ,
k h k h f f h
i i i i i i i
ac e t w tc n an d d t b t e d n e two n wo ld be bo t e a ble and de a ble o t e
s g s r u r g u s s r r p
12 | P a g e
h h k f f f h k
i i i i
ARPANET T e new t e c n e o e d t o a e o e e c e nt e o t e net wo ' lon -
. qu r m s m m r u s r s g
p
k h h f h
i i i i i i
d tan ce c o n c at on l n a well a e n an ce t e t e ' a b l t to e co e o t e
s mmu s s s s sys m s y r v r r m
f h k h
i i i i
e e nt a l e t at an e x e e ntal netwo w o ld e l e nco nte At t e a e t e
q u m ur s r m r u sur y u r . s m m
p p ,
h k h h h ff
i i i i i i i
owe e ac e t w t c n w a t ll an n o e n tec n e t at wo ld be d c lt to le e nt
v r s g s s u r v qu u u m m
, p p p
f h k h h f
i i i i
cc e ll T e dec on to e l o ac e t w tc n on c a la e c ale e le c ted ARPA'
su ss u y . s m y s g su rg s r s
p p
h h k h f k h ff f f
i i i i i i i
c o t e nt to - e e a c : t wo e d t e a -o w o ld be n ot o nl e at e e c e n c
mm m g r s r s r r y u y gr r y
, p
h f f
i i i i i i i i
an d e d ne n t e ARPANET t e l b t al o a n c ant ad anc e n c o t e c e nt t '
rugg ss s u s s g v m u r s s s
, p
f k h ff h
i i i i
nde tan d n o net wo o e t e an d tec n e ARPA ana e co ld a o d - nde e d ad
u rs g r r r s qu s . m g rs u r
p p ,
h k f h h h f f h h h f
i i i
a an dat e - t o t n e xt a a antl to a o t e e t a -o at e t an t e a e t
m r v g y m r g s y r r s s
, p
i
n e t e n t
v s m .
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF PACKET SWITCHING
h h h h h h
j i i i
T e t e e o e c t o n o e d b Rand N PL and ARPA ad c n co o n n t e a oac to
r r s s s r y mu mm r r
p p , , pp
k h ff h h h
i i i i
ac e t w tc n b t al o o e c c al d e e nce t at e l e d t e ARPANET la a o e
s g u s s m ru r s y m r
p , p p
f h h h h h
i i i i i
e n d n and n l e n t al o le t an t e ot e Da e a an and Ro be t e ac ad e t ec n cal
u r g u r rs . v s B r r s m
,
h f h h h h f
i i i i i i i
c o ce ba e d o n e c c lo cal conce n an d t e e x tent t o w c t e te we e n l e nt al
s s s r s r sy s ms r u
p ,
h h h h h h
i i
a an' te ad d e e n ded n a t o n w e t e o t e a e d t o e conc e n o n tan ce
B r s sy s m r r rs s r s r s . F r s
p p ,
h f h h h h h
i i i i i
an e le e nt t at we e e c call ada ted t o t e cold w a t e at n cl d n t e e
m y m s r s y r r u g v ry g
p p ,
f h f f h f
i i i i
le e l o e d n dan c t e lo cat on o n ode aw a o lat o n cen t e o an d t e n te at on o
v s r u y s y r m u r s gr
, p p ,
/
f h f h h
i i i i i i i i
e cedence e at e nto t e t e d e n None o t e e c o t to a c c a a b l t e and
r ur s sys m s g . s ry r r y gr s
p p p p p
f h f h h
i i i i i i
e at e w a ad o ted b Da e o Ro be t n e t e o w o w a c once n e d w t a b l t
u r s s y v s r r s r m s r surv v y .
p ,
h h h f h f f h
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O
n t e ot e an d a e c t o a an' t e t at w o ld be e l n a a e t o t at o n - c
r s s B r s sys m u u s u v r y s u s su
, p
h h ff k h f h
i i i i i i i i i i i i
a - e e d t an on ad a t e o t e n an d e c e n t ac e t w t c n d d n d a o e n
s g s r sm ss v r u g s g – m
p , p p
lat e te
r sy s ms .. ..
h h h h
i i i i i i
… In bot t e Un ted St ate and t e Un t e d K n d o co t n tec nolo e be ca e ol c
s g m m u g g s m y
, p p
h h
i i i i i i i i
9 60
n t e nt n t e 1 In t a n nte e nt on n t e c o te nd t w a e e n a a bo l
s ru m s s . Br rv m u r us ry s s s sym
, p
f h f h
i iz i i i
o t e La bo Pa t ' co t e nt to o de n at o n a well a an e n n e o econo c o wt
u r r y s mm m m r s s g m gr
,
h h f f f h
i i i i
od c t o n In t e an d t e o e n e nt ade e o t to n d e e a c an d coo d n ate nd t al
r u . g v r m m r s u r s r r us r
p
h h f
i i i
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s r ss s s s r g r
p , p ,
h f h h k h
iz i i i
e e a c wa e ne o l nde d t o o an at o n l e Ran d an d ARPA In bo t c o nt e
r s r s g r us y u r ug rg s . u r s
,
k f f
i i i i i i iz i i i
n co te netwo n o t e n o n d t n d d al and o an at o n nte e ted n
ursu g m u r r g u v u s rg s r s
p p
h k
j i j i i
n e ce a to o n o e n e nt- on o e d o e c t o to e e nt t e w o a e on e t o
ss ry g v r m s s r r s r r s r r s r s s v
p p p p
i i
c onte o a o l t c al a e nda …
m r ry g s .
p p
h f h k h h
i i i i i
T e ac t t at ac e t w tc n ad to be n te at e d nto local ac t ce and c once n le d to e
s g gr r s r s v ry
p p
ff h h k f k k
i i j i i i i
d e e nt o tc o e n t e t e e n e two o e ct So e o n o ac e t n e two n w e e e a e
r u m s r r r s . m v s s r g r s r
p p
h f h
i i
t o le e nt o e t n e d o t to be a be tte atc o e ol n c o t e t ec n olo and
m m s m ur u r m r v v g m u r gy
p , p ,
k k
i iz i i i i j i
o e w e e o e att act e t o o an at on n a o t o n t o o n o n e two o e c t a n
s m r m r r v rg s s s s r r r s . M g
p p p
k h k f h h h h h
i i j i i i i i i
ac e t w tc n w o wa n ot t a at te o a n t e t t e c n c al d e a : t al o e e d t e
s g r s us m r v g r g s r q u r
p
h f h h h f f
i i i i i
O
t e n on e nt nl a t e t e A RPA NET e e nte d a l ble e x a le o a c ce l
r g v r m . y r r s g y v s m su ss u
p p
k h f h h
i i i i i i i
ac e t w tc n te d d t co e t o be e e n a a e l -e d e ntl e o tec n e T e
s g sy s m m s s s v y su r r qu .
p p
f h h k h
i i i
cc e o t e ARPA NET a a e d e e n ded on ac e t w tc n b t t c o ld e all be a e d
su ss m y v s g u u q u y rgu
p p ,
h h f k h h
i i
t at t e c ce o ac e t w t c n de e nde d on t e A RPANET
su ss s g .
p p
13 | P a g e