[ f d. D. M d J. W k i i j F rom : C hapter 2 5 in T he Soc al S hap ng o Tec hnolog e ac Ke n ie an a cman (B c ingham K: O pen y , z u , U d n d ] 999 ) ) ni e rsity Pre ss 2 e ition U v , 1 , Cold war and white heat: the origins and meanings of packet switching Jan e t A bbate f h h f h f f h h h i i i i O all t e tec n c al nno at o n e at e d n t e ARPANET o e nne o t e In te net e a t e v s u r r ru r r r s , , p p k h k h i i i i i i o t c e le b ated wa ac e t w tc n Pac e t w tc n wa an e x e e n tal e en cont o e al m s r s s g . s g s r m v r v rs p p , h f k h h i i i i i e t o d o t an t t n d ata ac o a net wo It o one n t cla e d t at t wo ld nc e a e t e m r r sm g r ss r . s r s m u r s p p f f f i i i i i i i i i i e c e n c e l a b l t and e e d o d ata co n c at o n b t t wa t e c o lex t o le e nt y r y s mmu s u s q u m m m , p , p p , h h h k h i an d o e ex e t a e d t at t e t ec n e w o ld ne e wo In dee d o ne e a on t e A RPA NET s m r s rgu qu u v r r . r s p , h f f h h h h i i i i i i be ca e t e oc o o c at ten t on w t n t e c o t e c e n ce c o n t wa t at t wa m us s mu m u r s mmu y s s p h f f f h f f k h h f f k i i i i i i t e t la e - c ale oo o t e e a b l t o ac e t w tc n T e cc e l e o ac et rs rg s r s y s g . su ss u us p p p h h h k h f h h i i i i w tc n n t e ARPA NET and ot e e a l net wo a e d t e wa o t e tec n e ' s g r r y r s v y r qu s p h f h h k h i i i i i i w de e ad ad o t o n and at t e e n d o t e t wen t e t cen t ac e t w tc n d o n ate s r u ry s g m s p p , p k i i n e two n ac t ce r g r . p f k h h h i i i i i T o an c o te o e onal ac e t w tc n a e a t o a e o b o t e c n cal ad an ta e m y m u r r ss s s g rs v v u s v g s p p , p pp h f h h i i i i i o e alte nat e e t o d o t an tt n d ata and t e a e tended to t e at t w de e ad v r r v m s r r sm g y v r s s r , p f h f h h f k i ad o t o n a a nat al e lt o t e e ad an ta e In act o we e t e cc e o ac e t s ur r su s v g s . v r su ss p , , p h h h i i i i i w tc n wa n ot a t o at c : t ad t o be o c all c on t ct e d o an e a t e e wa n o s g s u m s y s ru . F r m y y rs r s h k h h f h h i i i i i i i c on e n o n w at ac e t w t c n act all wa - w at t de n n c a acte t c we e w at s su s s g u y s s g r r s s r p , ff h h f h h h i i i i i ad anta e t o e e d o w t o ld be le e n ted e o e t e t e c n e co ld ac e e v g s r s u m m . B r q u u v , p h f h h i i i i i i i i i le t ac n t e e e o dat a c o n cat on act t o ne o e t at t t o o n e nt ad to g m y y s m mu s r rs r v s r s p , p p p k h h k h k h i i i i i w o ld w o b a all n t e e o ce t o b ld de o n t at o n ac e t w t c n n e two T e u r y m rs g r s u r s u m s r s g r s . p h f h k h h i i i i i i i w de d a t n t e o tc o e o t e e e a l ac e t w tc n e x e e nt de on t at e t at s r y u m s s r y s g r m s m s r s p p p h ff h f f h f iz i i i i t e c once t co ld be e al e d n e d e e n t w a an d t at a o be n a t a t o wa d u r v ry r ys r r m g s r g r r p , , f h h f k h i i i i i at te o e o tec nolo w n n n o t t e ' cc e ' o ac e t w tc n d e e n ded e at l o n m r su r r gy g u su ss s g gr y p , p p h i i ow t w a nte e ted s r r . p k h h k i i i i i i Pac e t w tc n w a n e n ted nde e n den tl b t wo co t e e e a c e wo n n e s g s v y y m u r r s r rs r g v ry p p ff h h i i i i i d e e nt conte xt : Pa l a an at t e Rand co o at o n n A e c a and do nald da e at t e r s u B r r r m r v s p h h f h i i i i i 9 60; Nat o nal P c al La bo ato n En land a an w a t e t to e x lo e t e dea a o n d 1 ys r ry g . B r s rs r r u p , h h f k h f i i i i i i da e c a e w t own e on o ac e t w t c n a e w e a late an d b e e n tl v s m u s v rs s g y rs r su s q u y p p f k h k f k i i i i i le a n e d o a an ' o wo da e w a n t e n tal n a n o n t e n owle d e o ac e t r B r s r r r .