Yaupon Ilex Vomitoria

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Yaupon Ilex vomitoria Secondary Names: Yaupon Holly Leaf Type: Evergreen Texas Native: Yes No Firewise: Yes No Tree Description: A thicket-forming shrub or small, multi-trunked tree to 25 feet tall and stems up to 6" in diameter, with a dense, conical or rounded crown of dark green foliage. Range/Site Description: Common on the fertile, moist soils of East Texas bottomlands, but also south to Matagorda Bay and west to the edge of the Edwards Plateau. Leaf: Simple, alternate, 1" to 2" long by 0.5" to 1" wide, oval, leathery, with blunt teeth along the margin. Leaves are glossy and dark green above, paler below, evergreen, and persistent for 2 to 3 years. Flower: Small, whitish, not showy; male and female owers are borne on separate plants. Fruit: A red, translucent, berry-like drupe, about 0.25" in diameter, on a short stalk, ripening in late fall and often produced in great abundance be the female plants. Bark: Light gray, smooth or leathery, sometimes developing thin scales and blotches on larger stems. Wood: Wood is of little commercial value except for fuel; plants are commonly sold in the nursery trade as a landscape specimen. Similar Species: Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) has opposite leaves and a spike of small, blue fruits. Interesting Facts: Yaupon leaves contains a small amount of caeine and can be steeped into a weak tea. They also have been used ceremonially by native Americans as a purgative called the "Black Drink,", thus providing the source for the Latin species name, 'vomitoria.' The berries are favored by several bird species. http://texastreeid.tamu.edu/.

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Yaupon Holly Culture and Pest Management for Tea Production and Ornamental Use1 Matthew A
ENY-2054 Yaupon Holly Culture and Pest Management for Tea Production and Ornamental Use1 Matthew A. Borden, Mark A. Wilhelm, and Adam G. Dale2 Yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria Aiton (Figure 1), is an ever- green woody plant native to the southeastern United States. The species is widely used as a landscape ornamental plant because it tolerates a wide range of soil and environmental conditions, is available in various forms, and is well-suited for Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ (https://edis.ifas.ufl. edu/topic_ffl) because it requires few inputs and attracts wildlife, especially native birds. Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in cultivating the plant for the Figure 1. Yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria. caffeinated beverages that can be made from its leaves. Credits: Jeff McMillian, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Although commonly called yaupon tea, it should be noted Illustration credit: Mary Vaux Walcott, North American Wild Flowers, vol. that the word “tea” properly refers to beverages produced 3 (1925) from the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Infusions made with all other plants, such as herbs and yaupon holly, are Yaupon holly typically blooms for several weeks between considered tisanes. For commercial growers and homeown- March and May with small white flowers, sometimes tinged ers to effectively grow and maintain yaupon holly for tea with pink. As with all Ilex species, yaupon holly is dioe- production or as an ornamental plant, it is important to cious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. be familiar with its pest susceptibility and management Male flowers are more abundant and produce pollen, while recommendations.
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The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex Vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens
The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens Paper presented at the 2011 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Jacksonville, Florida Shannon Tushingham1*, Matthew Palumbo2, Charles H. McNutt3, and Ulla Anderson4 1Department of Anthropology, Washington State University’ 2Department of Biology, University of Florida; 3Department of Anthropology, University of Memphis; 4Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Early historic accounts document widespread use of a purgative known as “the black drink”, a caffeinated ceremonial tea famous for its use in purification rituals by elite males. The beverage was prepared from roasted leaves and twigs of yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria), an evergreen shrub native to the southeastern coastal plain. Prehistoric use is poorly understood but often associated with shell cups found in mortuary contexts and the SECC. Our work, designed to track ancient use of psychoactive plants via Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry, includes identification of medicinal tea biomarkers, experimentation with brewing black drink, and residue extraction from pottery/shell specimens. Sampling included preparing and extracting a range of experimental vessels which served different functions in black drink cooking and consumption (cooking vessels, clay and shell cups), with extractions taken directly from the vessels and from tea residue on vessel interiors. Our findings suggest that chemical changes occur through the cooking process, but the presence of the biomarker caffeine remains stable and correlated the experimental vessels to the Ilex vomitoria plant in all but one case. We also describe the non‐destructive method we developed where alkaloid residues can be extracted directly from the matrix of prehistoric shell cups and pottery vessels through a sonication process.
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History and Status of the American Black Bear in Mississippi
History and status of the American black bear in Mississippi Stephanie L. Simek1,5, Jerrold L. Belant1, Brad W. Young2, Catherine Shropshire3, and Bruce D. Leopold4 1Carnivore Ecology Laboratory, Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA 2Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, 1505 Eastover Drive, Jackson, MS 39211, USA 3Mississippi Wildlife Federation, 517 Cobblestone Court, Suite 2, Madison, MS 39110, USA 4Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Box 9690, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA Abstract: Historically abundant throughout Mississippi, American black bears (Ursus americanus) have declined due to habitat loss and overharvest. By the early 1900s, the bear population was estimated at ,12 individuals, and Mississippi closed black bear hunting in 1932. However, habitat loss continued and by 1980 suitable habitat was estimated at 20% (20,234 km2) of historic levels (101,171 km2) with the decline continuing. Although black bear abundance is currently unknown, a recent increase in occurrence reports and documented reproduction suggests the population may be increasing. There have been 21 reported nuisance complaints since 2006, of which 7 were apiary damage. Additionally, 31 bear mortalities were reported since 1972; 80% were human caused. Government and private organizations have emphasized education on bear ecology and human–bear coexistence, while habitat restoration through land retirement programs (e.g.,
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Holly - Ilex Sp
Holly - Ilex sp. General Information: Available in both evergreen and deciduous species, holly is grown for its toothed glossy green leaves and its showy berries, which are red in most popular varieties, but can also be a showy yellow. Holly can range from under one foot to over 80, and is found in both temperate and tropical regions. Both male and female plants are needed for fruiting. Family: Aquifoliaceae Lighting: Can tolerate both sun and shade, although semi-shade is preferable in midsummer. Increased light tends to produce dense foliage. Temperature: In general, evergreen varieties are hardy to zone 7, deciduous varieties to zone 5. Most varieties will require some frost protection, and all varieties should be sheltered from strong or cold winds. Watering: Needs a fair amount of water, especially before fruit production. Holly can be badly damaged by draught. Reduce watering in winter. Likes misting, unless it is in full sun. Feeding: Every two weeks during growth, using half strength liquid plant food, or bonsai food. Pruning and wiring: Cut back new shoots to the one or two nodes closest to the trunk. Branches can be very brittle, so shaping is best done by pruning rather than wiring. If wiring must be done, it is best to wire in spring- summer, taking care to protect the bark. Leaf pruning to reduce leaf size is possible. Suitable for all sizes and styles, although the evergreen varieties do not take as well to broom style. Ilex asprella has a tendency towards horzontal growth which must be compensated for; Ilex vomitoria, on the other hand, has a strong inclination to grow upwards.
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Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa Grayensis Sp
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2013 Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee Nathan R. Noll East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Climate Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Noll, Nathan R., "Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1204. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1204 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee ___________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology ___________________________ by Nathan R. Noll August 2013 ___________________________ Dr. Yu-Sheng (Christopher) Liu, Chair Dr. Tim McDowell Dr. Foster Levy Keywords: Nyssa, Endocarp, Gray Fossil Site, Miocene, Pliocene, Karst ABSTRACT Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp.
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Native Plants of Accomack and Northampton Plant Accommack and Northampton Natives!
Native Plants of Accomack and Northampton Plant Accommack and Northampton Natives! For the purposes of this guide, plants native to Virginia’s Eastern Shore - Accomack and Northampton counties - are those that have been part of the local ecology prior to John Smith’s landing and are adapted to the Shore’s local soils and climate conditions, resulting in many benefits to the region, its residents and migratory birds. The Eastern Shore native plants featured in this guide were selected because they are attractive, relatively easy for the home gardener to acquire, easy to maintain, and offer various benefits to wildlife and the environment. This guide to Accomack and Northampton native plants is being provided through the “Plant ES Natives” campaign, initiated by the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program through its Virginia Seaside Heritage Program, and developed with the assistance of a planning team representing the following partners: Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay Barrier Islands Center Eastern Shore Environmental Education Council Eastern Shore Soil and Water Conservation District Maplewood Gardens The Nature Conservancy University of Virginia Anheuser Busch Coastal Research Center The “Plant ES Natives” campaign Virginia Cooperative Extension logo depicts a branch of Downy Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation - Eastern Shore Regional Office Serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) Virginia Department of Environmental Quality - Office of Environmental Education and a Scarlet Tanager, a migratory Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries songbird which needs the berries Virginia Master Gardeners and insects provided by this and Virginia Master Naturalists other Eastern Shore native plants to fuel their long journey. The Shore is To learn more visit - www.deq.virginia.gov/coastal/go-native.html.
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Blue Elderberry
The bark was used to treat nightmares where the YAUPON patient sees ghosts and talks during sleep. Sore eyes were treated with eyewash made by scraping off the Ilex vomitoria Ait. inner bark and boiling it in water for several hours. plant symbol = ILVO The wood was used to make arrows and ramrods that were used in hunting and fishing. In addition to Contributed By: USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data trading Yaupon with nearby neighbors, Native Center American tribes in the Southeastern United States probably increased the distribution of yaupon. There is evidence that they transplanted and cared for the trees (see Hammett 1992 for references). Wildlife: The showy red berries of yaupon attract wildlife and are an important food for many songbirds, gamebirds and waterfowl. Bluebirds, catbirds, mockingbirds, robins, yellow-shafted flickers, red-naped sapsuckers, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, white-throated sparrows and cedar waxwings are among the many songbirds that feed on the berries. Florida ducks, black ducks, mourning © William S. Justice doves, ruffed grouse, bobwhite quail and wild turkeys @ PLANTS also consume the berries. Armadillos, black bears, Caution: Poisonous plant-berries can cause nausea, gray foxes, western foxes, raccoons and skunks eat vomiting, and diarrhea. the fruits. White-tailed deer browse the foliage and twigs. The evergreen nature of the yaupon is important to wildlife as it provides cover during the Alternate names Yaupon holly, cassena, cassina, cassine, evergreen winter months. cassena, evergreen holly, Indian blackdrink, Christmas berry Status Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s Uses Ethnobotanic: Most if not all of the Native American current status (e.g.
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Yaupon Holly, and the Species Name Dense Screens of Foliage and the Female Plant Refers to This Quality of the Leaves and Fruits
Wildflower Spot – January 2017 John Clayton Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society and pollution. This holly grows in any soil, and likes full sun or partial shade. From coastal Ilex vomitoria Virginia west to Missouri, south to Florida and By Helen Hamilton, Past-president of the John Clayton YauponChapter, VNPS Holly Texas, yaupon grows in low woodland edges, Thefields Native and marshy Americans spots. brewed a strong “black This native evergreen shrub or small tree drink,” used in ceremonies to cause vomiting or may be oval to rounded in shape and single- to act as a purgative. The leaves were probably stemmed or clump-forming. Yaupon can form those of Yaupon Holly, and the species name dense screens of foliage and the female plant refers to this quality of the leaves and fruits. The produces outstanding berries. The leaves are dried leaves have the highest caffeine content of small, dark green and glossy with wavy edges. any North American plant. screen or tall hedge to contrast with bold plants. The fine-textured foliage makes it a perfect and other songbirds after several freeze-thaw From late summer through winter the graceful cycles.Seeds are v eaten by cedar waxwing, mockingbird branches are lined with copious scarlet berries. Plant the female in a sunny location for good fruit production; the male trees can go in dark spots where you need While male and female plants are neededfoliage to for fill fruit in blank set, this spaces. species is cross-fertile with other hollies. Holly can be trimmed to produce aAn thick excellent screen.
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Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from the Genus Ilex, A
nutrients Review Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds from the Genus Ilex, a Source of Traditional Caffeinated Beverages Ren-You Gan † , Dan Zhang †, Min Wang and Harold Corke * Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] (R.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (M.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-3420-6880 † These authors equally contributed to this paper. Received: 10 October 2018; Accepted: 1 November 2018; Published: 5 November 2018 Abstract: Tea and coffee are caffeinated beverages commonly consumed around the world in daily life. Tea from Camellia sinensis is widely available and is a good source of caffeine and other bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and carotenoids). Other tea-like beverages, such as those from the genus Ilex, the large-leaved Kudingcha (Ilex latifolia Thunb and Ilex kudingcha C.J. Tseng), Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil), Yaupon Holly (Ilex vomitoria), and Guayusa (Ilex guayusa Loes) are also traditional drinks, with lesser overall usage, but have attracted much recent attention and have been subjected to further study. This review summarizes the distribution, composition, and health benefits of caffeinated beverages from the genus Ilex. Plants of this genus mainly contain polyphenols and alkaloids, and show diverse health benefits, which, as well as supporting their further popularization as beverages, may also lead to potential applications in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical industries. Keywords: kudingcha; yerba mate; yaupon holly; guayusa; caffeine; polyphenols 1. Introduction Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a member of a group of compounds known as purine alkaloids [1], occurs naturally in plants used to make beverages such as coffee and tea, and is added in the formulation of many soft drinks.
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Creek Trail & Nature Guide
Nature guide developed by Steven Tinsley as a Boy Scouts of America, Eagle Scout Project in conjunction with the Bald Head Island Conservancy and the North Carolina Coastal Resources Commission. Creek Trail & The Trees of Bald Head Island Nature Guide 1. THE YAUPON HOLLY (Ilex vomitoria) is a species of Holly large and spreading: typical open-grown trees reach 15 meters that is native to southeastern North (45 feet) in height, but may span nearly 50 meters. The branch- America. The word yaupon was de- es frequently support other plant species such as Ball Moss, rived from its Catawban name, yopún, Spanish Moss, Resurrection Fern, and Mistletoe. They can a form of the word yop, meaning “tree”. withstand occasional floods and hurricanes, and are resistant to Yaupon Holly is an evergreen shrub or salt spray and moderate soil salinity. small tree reaching 5–9 meters tall, with smooth, light gray bark. The flowers are white with four- 5. THE RED CEDAR (Juniperus virginiana) is a species of Juni lobed pedals. The fruit is small round, shiny, and red (occasion- per native to eastern North America from ally yellow) containing four pits, which are dispersed by birds southeastern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico eating the fruit. and east of the Great Plains. It is a dense slow-growing evergreen tree that may never 2. THE SABAL PALM (Sabal palmetto) is native to the south become more than a bush in poor soil con- eastern United States, Cuba, and the Baha- ditions. The bark is reddish-brown and peels mas. It is the state tree of Florida and the off in narrow strips.
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Illustration Sources
APPENDIX ONE ILLUSTRATION SOURCES REF. CODE ABR Abrams, L. 1923–1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific states. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. ADD Addisonia. 1916–1964. New York Botanical Garden, New York. Reprinted with permission from Addisonia, vol. 18, plate 579, Copyright © 1933, The New York Botanical Garden. ANDAnderson, E. and Woodson, R.E. 1935. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the United States. Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Reprinted with permission of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University. ANN Hollingworth A. 2005. Original illustrations. Published herein by the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth. Artist: Anne Hollingworth. ANO Anonymous. 1821. Medical botany. E. Cox and Sons, London. ARM Annual Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 1889–1912. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. BA1 Bailey, L.H. 1914–1917. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. The Macmillan Company, New York. BA2 Bailey, L.H. and Bailey, E.Z. 1976. Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada. Revised and expanded by the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. Reprinted with permission from William Crepet and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium. Cornell University. BA3 Bailey, L.H. 1900–1902. Cyclopedia of American horticulture. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. BB2 Britton, N.L. and Brown, A. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British posses- sions. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. BEA Beal, E.O. and Thieret, J.W. 1986. Aquatic and wetland plants of Kentucky. Kentucky Nature Preserves Commission, Frankfort. Reprinted with permission of Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission.
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Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants 3 Table 1
orth Carolina’s native plants provide well-adapted food and cover for ronmental conditions to those in N North Carolina’s native animals, and a well-planned landscape of this state. native plants can help you attract a diversity of wildlife to your property. Native • Some exotics are planted inten- North Carolina plants also are well-suited to the state’s soils and climate and tionally as lawn or garden orna- require relatively little upkeep, once established on an appropriate site. mentals or as plants to attract However, the spread of exotic plants poses a threat to native plants and wildlife, but other exotic plants animals of North Carolina. This publication describes the problems associated were introduced accidentally. with some exotic plants and presents a detailed list of native plants that may be used in place of these foreign ornamentals to attract wildlife to your property. • Many exotic species become naturalized, which means they are able to survive, spread, and reproduce on their own. • Approximately 25 percent of the plants growing wild in the United States are naturalized exotics, some of which have become invasive, that is, they grow unabatedly where native plants otherwise would occur. Invasive exotic plants are those that pose the greatest risk to the native plants and animals of North Carolina. Competitors, American goldfinches commonly feed on the seeds of orange coneflower in the fall diseases, and insects control a and winter. Photo by Chris Moorman plant’s growth and dispersal in its native range. Over thousands of Why use native plants? North America before European years, natural checks and balances settlement.
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