2210 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 Gordon R. Wade, Jr. Harley A. Butler Robert L. Herrington Lawrence Morgan Harry R. Waite Charles E . Whitaker James P. Wagner William F . Campbell, Francis Hingston William P. Moriarity Walter E. Waldie George E. Windsor, Larry F . Wahlers Jr. John R . Hoagland Gerald D. Morris Charles A. Waller Jr. Lowell A. Walker Ferdinando J. Capria Samuel V. Hooten Robert J. Mulligan Henry R . Walsh Robert F. Wolf Bernie J. Wallace Bert P. Chadd Robert M. Hooven Charles L. Mungle Granderson F . Charles W. Woods Robert T. Wallace Frederick W. Chad- Maurice V. Howard Charles R. Munson Walton. Jr. Leslie Yancy Henry L. Watson, Jr. Wick Lee J. Huffman Roy L. Myers, Jr. John R. Waterbury CharlesM. Carl V. Watts Normand J. Charest William M. Richard J. O'Brien Fred L. Weaver Yarrington John R. Watts Joseph G. Chisholm Humphreys Robert F. Okamoto RobertR. Wallace E. York Richard D. Webb Robert S. Collins W!lburn Ivy Michael 0 . O'Loughlin Wenkhe!mer Jan:es A. Zahm Thomas H. Weber Charles M. Chr!sten- Julius M. Jackson Robert H. Page Robert J. Weeks sen Joseph P. Jerabek Virginia. R. Painter Sammy N. Weeks Robert S. Collins Herman H. John John P. Pangrace Executive nominations confirmed by James M. Wheatley Robert M. Conley Dan C. Johnson Peter P. Panos the Senate January 29 (legislative day of Marvin A. Whitten Claude R. Cordell, Jr. George G. Johnson, Jr. W!lliam J. Parker, Jr. January 10), 1969: Earl K. W!les Leon R. Coxe John L. Johnson Gordon V. Parnell Leroy L. Wilson, Jr. Aaron H. Daniels John H. Kelley Mary E. Pease CoUNcn. OF ECONOMIC ADVISERS Donald L. Wise Edwin S. Davis Mark M. Kenney Charles D. Peck Paul W. McCracken, of Michigan, to be a Peter A. Woog Robert K. Davis Elmer R. Kimbro Clement S. Perreault member of the Council of Economic Advisers. Samuel J. Wood James 0. Dease Rex R. Kirkbride Thomas B . Perrone Hendrik S. Houthakker, of Massachusetts, James M. Woods Donald A. Debarge Edward A. Koss Len E. Pierce to be a member of the Counc!l of Economic James R. Wyatt, Jr. Thomas J. Dempsey Martin Kusturtn Michael P!etroforte Advisers. Theodore A. Young- Jack S. Deremer Ne!l B. La.belle Lynn M. Porter Herbert Stein, of Maryland, to be a member blood Beauv!n J. Deshotel Donald E. Lambert William H. Powers, Jr. of the Counc!l of Economic Advisers. William C. Lantz Virgil Rankin Donald L. Zumwalt James P . D!anton!s DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Walter H. Agee June R . Duberstein Albert L. Larson Robert C. Reedy Bobby G. Akers Raymond R. Ebner Gene D. Larson John E. Robertson Robert F. Froehlke, of Wisconsin, to be an Junior M. Albritton Wesley E. Eckley Robert J. Larson Robert A. Roche Assistant Secretary of Defense. Valentine P. Amico George W. Elliott Richard B . Latondre Charles B. Russell Barry James Shillito, of Ohio, to be an Wenceslao U. Aquino Stephen D. Ellsworth, Luke E. Littlepage Glen F. Salter Assistant Secretary of Defense. Robert L. Atkinson Jr. Warren G . Lltzburg Clifford C. Scheck Robert C. Seamans, Jr., of Massachusetts, James D. Bacon W!lliam T. Estes Jackson T. Love Robert T . Seek to be Secretary of the Air Force. John C. Bardon Frank H. Falkson Joseph W. Lucken- John V. Sisson John H . Chafee, of Rhode Island, to be Sec­ Odis L . Barrett Albert A. Feeley bach Theodore F . Sk!ll retary of the Navy. Bernard R. Barton Donald W. Felty Arthur T. Manuel, Jr. Ernest U. Smith OFFICE OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Angelo Battista Andrew C. Ferris Ernest L. Marble Frank R. Smith John B. Marks Jesse W. Smith George A. Lincoln, of Michigan, to be Direc­ George B. Bebout William J. Fitzgibbon: tor of the Office of Emergency Preparedness. Edward H. Bell Raymond 0 . Florence Charles A. L. Marlow Lucius T. Smith, Jr. James L. Bell Daniel E. Foiles Travis E. Martin Frank M. Spady CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Raymond L. Bernard Ray Fritz John H. Martinez Amos N. Sparks James E. Johnson, of Cal!forn!a, to be a. Edward J . Biedrzycki Leonard E. Gaede Gary R. Mayfield Jack G. Spence C!v!l Service Commissioner for the remainder Robert C. Bierman Thomas P . Gent Wllliam S. McClenl- John L. Stark of the term expiring March 1, 1971. than Wllliam A. Stokes Bertha P. Billeb Jack E. George MILITARY STAFF COMMI'ITEE, UNITED NATIONS William J. Bllleb Horton A. Glidewell Leason McCoy Kenneth C. Sullivan Ca rl L . Blum Raymond F. Golon Francis J. McDonald Robert P. Sullivan Lt. Gen. John W. Carpenter m, FR1647 Robert E. Blum Norbert B. Grabowski George N. Mcintyre Joseph M. Sweeney, Jr. (major general, Regular Air Force) , U.S. Air Charles C. Boger William F. Green Joseph A. Mcintyre James D. Taylor, Jr. Force, to be senior Air Force member, Military Bridgle E. Bolen Robert A. Green Patrick J. McTlernan J. T. Tenpenny Staff Committee, United Nations, under the Laurence B . Botts Leroy R. Greth Samuel S. Michaels, Ralph H. Th!emt provisions of section 711, tit le 10, of the Jr. Frank L. Thompson, United States Code. Kempereth D. Box William F. Gross Richard W. Miller Jr. Robert N. Boyd James F. Guenther Everett E. Millett William F. Trenary lNTHENAVY Egbert M. Brady Adan Guerra Luke B. Mills, Guilford D. Tunnell Vice Adm. Charles T. Booth II, U.S. Navy, Herbert R . Bratcher George R. Hammond Stanley S. Mina.to- Conrad B. Turney and Rear Adm. Paul P. Blackburn, Jr., U.S. John E. Brennan Curt A. Hanke ga.wa. Christopher Van Navy, for appointment to the grade of vice Francis E. Bridges Joseph B . Harbin John M. Mitchell Diver, Jr. admiral on the retired list, pursuant to title Charles H. Brittain Ivan K . Heinlein Donald E. Monnot Erwin G. Van Sickle 10, United States Code, section 5233.

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS DRAFT LAWS that only one out of every four eligible all fields poses a. real threat to the survival men is drafted. of our nation in a. highly technical age. I The obligation of every young man realize that a. letter from a graduate dean HON. TIM LEE CARTER to serve his country in time of need is on this matter can be read!ly Interpreted OF KENTUCKY either as expressing a. highly parochial in­ recognized by all loyal American citizens. terest or the thinking of a fuzzy-minded-in­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES However, undue interruption of educa­ tellectual, but serious reflection on the mat­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 tional careers could result in fewer ter Will Indicate that we have here a. prob­ trained scientists, engineers, and other lem Of the utmost Importance. None of us Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, many professional people so necessary to the In university circles have requested an out Members are receiving correspondence future development of our country. and out deferment of graduate students; from deans of graduate schools and from Today I received an exceptionally well­ what we have asked for is some arrangement graduate students throughout our land written letter from an eminent Kentucky whereby people could satisfy their military concerning students being drafted into obligations at times when their academic educator which explains the problems careers would not be destroyed. The present the military service during the term or of many of our graduate students. I arrangement is doing just that. Hardly a. day during a time when they are engaged commend it to the Members for their goes by but that two or three of our gradu­ in particularly important research. perusal: ate students are ordered to report for induc­ It seems to me that our present draft UNIVERSITY OF LoUISVII..LE, tion. Regardless of whether a student's re­ laws must be rewritten. I believe that a Louisville, Ky., January 21 , 1969. search project Is within a. few months of Congressman TIM LEE CARTER, completion or whether an additional few lottery system should be adopted and House Office Building, months would allow him to finish all his that each of our young men should be Wash ington, D .C . work, he can only be postponed unt!l the eligible for the draft during a 1-year DEAR CONGRESSMAN CARTER : Only a. matter end of the current term and then he ls otr period only, after which time he would of the gravest concern prompts me to write to the service. In the highly specialized stud­ be permitted to proceed with his edu­ you at a. time when I realize how extremely ies and research Involved in graduate edu­ cational training or to go into a profes­ busy you must be With all the problems cation, there ls grave doubt that such an in­ which the Congress faces. However, the pres­ terrupted career can be picked up again after sion or a trade, except in case of a na­ ent Selective Service situation and Its impact an absence of two years. tional emergency. It is a known fact on the production of advanced scholars in Three years a.go I lectured at Moscow State January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2211 University and saw the laboratories and based in export trailed at a value of $6.2 jobs open up in the so-called services Indus­ seminar rooms crowded to overflowing with tries. Thus the previously mentioned 8,500 bright, young graduate students in all fields million. Increase in industrial employment actually of study. I am sure that the Russians have One of the major coal companies pro­ should result in 14,450 other West Virginians an arrangement of compulsory m1lltary ducing in West Virginia, Eastern Asso­ finding gainful employment in service indus­ training, but it is synchronized with a stu­ ciated Coal Corp., estimates that when tries. Additional coal mining jobs have a dent's academic career so that he Is not hin­ four of its new mines reach full employ­ similar impact on the state's economy. dered In the pursuit of his graduate studies. ment late this year, $12 million annually Manufacturing employment ls usually di­ The evidence that we have at the present will be added in coal miners' wages and vided into two broad groupings known as time seems to Indicate that Russia Is pro­ durable goods and nondurable goods produc­ ducing three times as many graduate en­ fringe benefits to the State's economy. tion. Durable goods jobs showed an Increase gineers as we are and probably twice as many Millions more will be added by other coal of 7,500 (or 10.3 per cent) and Nondurable physicists and chemists. A simple extrapola­ producing companies. Goods had an Increase of 1,000 (or 1.9 per tion over the next ten years will Indicate Mr. President, the demand for coal cent) during the five year period ending with what a desperate situation this nation will continues to expand domestically and in calendar year 1967. face. If the present Selective Service arrange­ export-and the future will be brighter Average weekly earnings for workers, ln ment continues for another five years, a very as research and development create new durable goods during this period, increased serious scholarship gap will be Inevitable; from $106.27 to $118.80 (or 11.8 per cent and surely we are Ingenious enough to devise uses for coal in both gaseous and liquid nondurable goods weekly worker's earnings a system of universal national service which fuels. Over the years since I joined with rose from $102.06 In 1963 to $112.00 In 1967 will prevent this from happening. Senator Joseph O'Mahoney, of Wyoming, for a gain of 9.7 per cent. I, therefore, respectfully request that in in having Government research author­ Bituminous coal m1nlng jobs were 42,200 your deliberations you take this serious prob­ ized and funded by law, I have watched in 1963 as compared to 43,000 in 1967; aver­ lem Into consideration. It Is not a matter of with interest the building of the many age weekly pay In 1963 was $130.28 compared an Ivory tower group attempting to set up new uses for coal that are on the horizon to $156.31 in 1967 for a gain of 20 per cent. an Intellectual elite. It is rather an honest and the new methods being developed to Contract Construction employment was 18,- question of whether we can supply our coun­ 400 In 1963 and increased to 24,600 ln 1967, try with the type of people who are absolutely achieve those uses and others yet to a gain of 33.7 per cent while average weekly Indispensable If the future ls to be what come. pay went from $130.76 to $158.79 for an ln­ we all hope lt will be. With these expansions surely develop­ cre!Ule of 21.4 per cent. Thank you very much for your considera­ ing, coal's future remains bright, but only tion of this problem. if forthright steps are taken to attempt Foua NEW MINES WILL ADD $12 MILLION A Sincerely yours, to keep coal mine safety and the occupa­ YEAR PAYROLL JOHN A. DILLON, Jr., tional health of coal miners improving The West Virginia economy wm enjoy an Dean of the Graduate School. at least at the same pace that produc­ addition of $12 m illion a year in miners' tion is increasing, We need to act in this wages and fringe benefits when four new mines of Eastern Associated Coal Corp. reach INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, EXPORTS Congress to modernize Federal coal mine full employment late in 1969. INCREASES, WILL STRENGTHEN safety laws and to add to the body of laws This wlll raise to $47 mlllion annually the WEST VIRGINIA ECONOMY AND new provisions for the control of coal total wages and benefits earned by Eastern HOPEFULLY CREATE NEW JOBS dust in the interest of both improving Associated' employees of 12 mines in West mine safety and coal miners' health. Virginia and two others ln western Penn­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ sylvania. Additional new mines are under HON. JENNINGS RANDOLPH sent to have printed in the RECORD three consldel'a tlon. OF WEST VIRGINIA In developing the new mines, Eastern ls articles to which I have made reference­ adding about 50 per cent r.o its annual pro­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES articles which were in the Charleston duction. Eastern is the nation's sixth largest Wednesday, January 29, 1969 CW. Va.) Gazette-Mail, Sunday, January bituminous coal producer. 26, 1969. At full production and employment, the Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. President, re­ There being no objection, the articles four new Eastern mines will employ nearly ports on employment changes in West were ordered to be printed in the RECORD 1,200 miners. The mines are: Virginia during the past 5 years indicate as follows: Federal No. 2 mine in Monongalia County, a net gain of 8,500 jobs in manufacturing northern West Virginia. This mine went Into employment, 7,500 of them in durable NEW JOBS : EMPLOYMENT IN STATE INCREASING limited production just recently. When it goods industries for a 10.3-percent in­ SLOWLY DE.SPITE FAST TREND TOWARD AUTO- reaches full output late next year, the mine crease. The nondurables increased by MATION will employ approximately 500 men. Careful study of employment statistics for Harris No. 1 and No. 2 mines in Boone 1,000 jobs for a 1.9-percent advance dur­ the past five years indicates that the increas­ County, southern West Virginia. These mines ing the same period. At the same time, ing employment ln many West Virginia also are In limited production. When they average weekly earnings for durable plants, where no appreciable expansion has attain capacity a few months from now, they goods workers went up 11.8 percent from taken place, totals approximately 4,800 more will employ approximately 330 men. $106.27 to $118.80 and for workers in jobs. Additional employment, resulting from A new Keystone mine in Raleigh County, nondurable goods jobs the trend was up­ new installations and expansion of existing also southern West Virginia. This mine, at ward by 9.7 percent from $102.06 in 1963 plants, approximating 9,600 jobs added to the Stotesbury, will reach full production in late to $112 in 1967. above mentioned 4,800 jobs, projects a total 1969 and wlll employ 50 men of 14,400 jobs. The new Keystone mine will be part of Those statistics from an article in the While the obsolescence of older plants, and Eastern's Keystone complex, which also in­ Charleston CW. Va.) Gazette-Mail of shifting economic and market factors cludes mines at Keystone, McDowell County January 26, 1969, demonstrate the brought many new plants to West Virginia and Herndon, Wyoming County. healthy increases which have been tak­ last year, these same factorl! caused some of "Total demand for coal v.ill continue to ing place as West Virginia continued its our plants to leave the State. In addition, climb dramatically. This ls particularly true efforts to regain a place in the main­ automation and mechanization in industry in the electric ut111ty market. Coal markets stream of the Nation's healthy economy. continue to reduce the total number of avail­ can be significantly expanded In the future Indications, although not supported fully able jobs in certain existing Industrial facUl­ by development of process which convert as yet by firm statistical compilations, ties. coal to gaseous and liquid fuels," A. P . Box­ Loss of jobs in the state due to the above ley, Eastern president, said at the company's Point to an even better result for the mentioned factors approximate 5,900 over Pittsburgh headquarters. year 1968 and for a continuing uptrend the five year period. The State's net gain In "The long-term contracts now associated as this new year's economic pattern manufacturing employment was 8,500. with the bituminous coal industry, together develops. It is acknowledged that rarely is It postlble with its high pay scale, olfer steady employ­ other statistical data have demon­ for new industrial projects to start full scale ment at rewarding economic levels which strated a climb of West Virginia prod­ operations immediately upon completion of should attract men to our industry." ucts placed in the export market. Dur­ construction. Workers must be trained and ing the period from 1960 to 1966, exports "mechanical kinks have to be ironed out" EXPORTS TOP $215 MILLION, COAL STATE'S of manufactured products went up 52 before full and efficient employment Is at­ BIG PRODUCT tained. This is the so-called "start up" period The West Virginia Department of Com­ percent and the dollar value of manu­ and duration of this period will range from merce is vitally Interested in the State's ex­ factured products in export in 1966 alone six months to two years. port trade, and encourages the state's in­ reached $215.4 million, with mineral As a "rule of thumb" measurement, for dustries to engage In t he export field. products second at $185 million of value every one hundred basic industrial jobs The following Information on West Vir­ at mine mouth. Agricultural products added, about one hundred and seventy new ginia's export trade has been taken from the CXV--140-Part 2 2212 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 publication by the United States Department selec,tion of career dip}omat Robert Yost a.s thirst for justice's sake, for they shall be of Commerce, "Exports from West Vlri:lnia ambassador to the United Nations. filled." His life was marked by a remarkable 1966," which was published in April of 1968 It is seen age.in in the appolntment of variety o! activities and commitments. His and represents the most recent statistics on David Packard, head of Hewlett-Packard was a complex personality o! which vast the State's export business. electronics, as deputy secretary of defense areas remained unmapped even for people During 1966 West Virginia exported manu­ and scientist Robert C. Seamans, former who worked side by side with him for years. factured products having a dollar value of deputy chief of the National Aeronautics But With all this, even his most casual ac­ $215.4 million, mineral products with a dol­ and Space Administration, a.s secretary of quaintance was immediately aware of his lar value of 185 mlllion at mine mouth, and the Air Force. passion for justice-his concern for decency ai;:ricultura.l products valued at $6.4 million. It is apparent in the reappointment of the and dignity and fairness in human affairs. West Virginia. ranked 25th in total foreign skllled negotiator, Ellsworth Bunker, as am­ He supported many an unpopular cause, exports of manufactured products among bassador to South Vietnam and the selection and paid the price Without filnching. At one the 50 states during 1966. The dollar value, of Henry Cabot Lodge, former ambassador to stage of a particularly difficult controversy f.o.b. producing plants, was 215.4 million. the United Nations and two-time ambassador some years ago, it was necessary !or him to West Virginia's exports of manufactured to South Vietnam, as chief negotiator with change the phone number in his living quar­ products increased 52 per cent over the pe­ Hanoi in Paris. ters to escape the incessant flood of vicious riod from 1960 to 1966. The dollar value of Except for Lodge, these men are profes­ crank calls which made sleep impossible exports per capita. in 1966 was over $116. sionals in their fields, not politicians. Lodge, night after night. Only 17 states exported manufactured prod­ of late, by his considerable service in Viet­ Even the most imaginative and reckless of ucts with a higher dollar value per capita nam, the United Nations and West Germany, letterwriters and namecallers could not per­ than West Vlrglnla.. Considering neighboring has also become a professional. suade him to take one backward step from states, Kentucky had a dollar value per ca.pita In addition, President-elect Nixon has a. friend he admired or a. cause in which he of $92 and Maryland $75, while Pennsylvania, made it clear Secretary of State-designate believed. His convictions took him to Selma Ohio and Virginia were higher than West William Rogers was picked in considerable and to countless other frontiers of the cause Virginia With $136, $168 and $123 respec­ measure because o! his technical skill a,t of justice because his whole being left him tively. Two highly industrialized states lagged negotiating. no choice in the matter. behind West Virginia, New York With $107 Taken together, these appointments have Father John was a gifted educational and California with $113. significance. leader. Most of the 37 years of his priest­ Eighty-one per cent of the state's exports In his Defense and State Department se­ hood were involved one way or the other in in this classification consisted of chemical lections, Nixon is bringing the United States school work. He has left impressions and and allied products; primary metals; non­ closer to the British and Japanese systems. memories and Ideals With two generations of electrical machinery; stone, clay and glass In those countries, permanent undersecre­ seminarians and college students. His ad­ products. West Virginia. ranked fifth among taries provide continuity and great technical ministrative methods varied in orthodoxy all the states in exports of chemicals and skills at high levels of the government, re­ and predictability from one time and one allied products. The state was tenth in for­ gardless of the party in power. situation to another, but there was never any eign sales of stone, clay and glass products With some noted exceptions, the British question of the impact that was made. and eleventh in exports of primary metals. have been known over the centuries for their Administration in education or any other West Virginia's most significant mineral pragmatic approach to foreign and defense area can be a pretty chilling and dehuman­ export is bituminous coal and in 1966 the problems. izing kind of business. Salvation is not to be state led the nation, exporting 37 million In foreign affairs at this time, pragmatic round in trifilng demands for the abolition short tons; three-fourths of all United States professionalism may be just what is needed. o! all systems and structures. The answer bituminous coal exported during the year. For despite their doctrinaire fixations, which Father John understood superbly Is to The dollar value, at mine mouth, of bitu­ Leonid Brezhnev, Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse­ never let the systems and the structures ob­ minous coal exported was $185 million. tung are quite pragmatic men in their own struct your view and love of the people for West Virginia's farm exports were esti­ way, especially when faced With serious prob­ whose sake they are supposed to exist. mated at $6.4 million during fiscal 1965-66. lems. Despite his many long years in adminis­ Foreign sales accounted for 6 per cent of the Each of these men has an uncanny ab111ty trative work, office routine always remained state's ca.sh receipts from farm marketing to find doctrinaire reasons !or whatever prac­ something of a bore and very much of a cross during the same year. tical solutions they decide on. to him. What he really liked to do was to At present, all three are temporarily over­ talk to students-any time, anywhere, about extended and need some relaxation. anything. It is a comfort now to recall his But it wm take highly skilled, hard-headed pleasure in this most cherished of his ac­ CAREER MEN IN NIXON practical U.S. negotiators to winnow grain tivities this past year. The reorganization of ADMINISTRATION from the chaff and prevent the Unlted States the college la.st summer gave him the oppor­ from being "taken" by these experienced tunity for this on a scale which had not been opponents. possible for a number of years. HON. TIM LEE CARTER Father John's hunger and thirst for jus­ OF KENTUCKY tice, for human welfare, for the problems of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DEATH OF REV. JOHN LOFTUS, VICE the young, made him an inevitable subject for such standard labels as "liberal," "pro­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 PRESIDENT, BELLARMINE-URSU­ gressive," and a colorful variety of other less LINE COLLEGE, LOUISVILLE, KY. temperate terms. The best sense o! these Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, I have read labels was, o! course, fully justified. with interest an editorial from the Glas­ Not only in the civil rights field, but in gow (Ky.) Daily Times, presumably writ­ HON. MARLOW W. COOK ecumenism and in many other areas, he was ten by its publisher, Mr. Carroll Knicely. OF KENTUCKY indeed a bold pioneer. I suspect that some of Mr. Knicely is well known for his IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES his ecumenical and liturgical adventures in forthrightness and for his keen in­ past years caused many a shudder In the sight into political affairs. His paper Wednesday, January 29, 1969 Chancery Office. Time has vindicated most o! has been Democratic for 103 years. Mr. COOK. Mr. President, recently the his instincts and anticipations, but there is community of Louisville, Ky., lost a man an even more basic aspect of the matter. However, he has unhesitatingly endorsed Father John was a great tra

controlled bloc of votes behind a particular sional districts (or at the proper time utiliz­ trict Plan, an explanation 1s perhaps due as candidate than anything else. ing the existing congressional districts them­ to why this proposal, so simple and yet so The "winner-take-all" development has selves). effective, was not long ago adopted. resulted in the major defect 1n the present The presidential ticket receiving the most The answer is multiple. Much of it goes electoral system, the disproportionate power popular votes in each district would receive back to 3n Inherent and correct tendency on that some areas operating under the general one vote and the ticket obtaining the most the part of Americans to avoid changes, lt ticket system have in selecting the President. popular votes statewide would receive two at all possible, in the Constitution. In addi­ As it stands now, a presidential candidate electoral votes. Thus each voter tn the United tion, there was the question of equity under winning a state by a small margin takes all States would, in effect, have the same voting the district syst.em. of that state's electoral votes. The result has power and the right to vote for three elec­ During Senate debate on Electoral College been a concentration of presidential cam­ tors-no more, no less, regardless of where a reform in the 84th Congress when we were paigns in the large cities of key, pivotal states. voter may l!ve. These electors (or simply unit able to obtain a majority vote for a variation Such concentrated campaigns can control the votes In some variations of the plan) would of the District Plan, but not the necessary outcome of our nationwide elections, even be bound to cast their votes for the state's two-thirds required, the question was raised though they may represent the minority view winning presidential ticket. as to how equitable representative congres­ in the natlon as a whole. Viewed against t he background of the de­ sional districts, Instead of some obviously Of the 270 electoral votes necessary for fects in the present system, it is readily ap­ gerrymandered and others unequally repre­ elections, 267 are controlled by only 11 states. parent that this proposal is a "problem sented from a population standpoint, would Basically, however, the real power base is in solver." be provided. the major metropolitan center or centers in As I have indicated, the m ajor fault with To meet this criticism, the amendment was each of these states-New York City, Chicago, what we have now is the general ticket sys­ later redrawn to provide for the establish­ Detroit, etc. If the rest of New York State tem. And let me make it clear that this is ment of electoral districts to be composed of divides relatively evenly, a heavy vote for one not a phantom danger. "compact and contiguous territory, contain­ candidate in New York City can carry the In the last election, the possibility of a ing as nearly as practicable the number of entire state's 42 electoral votes into the camp deadlock in the electoral College received persons which entitled the states to one rep­ of that candidate. This in effect makes cap­ most of the publicity and few people realized resentative in the Congress." tive votes out of the remainder of the state's how close we came to having a minority Such language was, I believe, considered voters. President selected by the machines of big. fair and acceptable by those who earlier had city politics. The fact remains, however, that harbored some reservations as to the district The dangers in such a system are obvious. system. Subsequently, however, doubts were The invitation to vote fraud is inescapable. the shift of a few thousand votes in only three states-California, Illinois and New raised as to the enforceability of this pro­ By the same token, disproportionate cam­ vision. From a practical viewpoint, the ques­ paign contributions and expenditures gravi­ Jersey-would have changed the outcome in the Electoral College whlle leaving the popu­ tion was asked whether Congress would exer­ tate to these areas. It excludes from the office cise its power to refuse to count the elec­ of President all men, no matter how able and lar vote decision the same. Under the District Plan, this potential is toral votes not chosen in "compact and con­ outstanding they may be, unless they come tiguous" districts. from a state with a large bloc of electoral diminished almost to the point where it is non-existent. It would no longer be possible Of far greater importance was the question votes. The exceptions to the rule have been of Judicial enforcement. Serious doubts ex­ either vice presidents succeeding because of to transfer large blocs of electoral votes to one candidate or another simply on the basis isted as to whether the judicial branch the death of the President or candidates with could, or should, accept jurisctictlon of a case a large national followtng as a result of their of the statewide outcome. Each district elec­ toral vote would be a separate entity. No alleging malapportionment. The legal prece­ ~~;;:~w~~- other areas, such as President longer would the voter of a suburban district dents on judicial enforcement of districting see his vote become the unwilling captive of were not clear and, although many of us There are other drawbacks to the present the core city, or, conversely, that of a city felt that by placing the provisions in the system, although the general ticket "winner dweller find his vote cast with a slim m a­ United States Constitution we had overcome take all" ts unquestionably the worst. jority that may represent a more rural this hurdle, the doubt remained, even among Electors are not bound to vote for the interest. those who by this time bel!eved that the popular vote winner. This has not happened I might add that this reform proposal, had revised system was a fair and acceptable as often as many people bel!eve, only nine it been in effect in the last election, would method of reforming the electoral college. times since 1820. Two of these errant votes have eliminated in this instance the problem On March 26, 1962, the Supreme Court of however, have been cast in the last eight of the errant elector. One elector from North the United States handed down its historic years. If it were one time or one hundred decision in Baker vs. Carr. The result, of times, nevertheless, the principle remains Carolina pledged to Richard Nixon cast his course, was the important fact that the court the same and should be prohibited by a con­ vote for George Wallace Instead, because he held that legislative apportionment problems stitutional amendment so that tt will not said that he was nomlnat.ed as a district elec­ were within the jurisdiction of the federal occur again. tor and that his district went for Wallace. courts, that a justifiable cause of action ex­ After lengthy debate, Congress allowed his ists and that a voter within a district that Finally, there is a definite inequity tn the switched vot.e to stand. event of contingent elections. Under the is allegedly malapportioned has standing to existing provision of the Constitution if no Under the general ticket system, his was challenge such an arrangement. presumed to be a captive vote. Under the In the wake of its Baker vs. Carr opinion, candidate receives a majority of the el~ctoral district system there would have been no vote, the contest goes to the House of Repre­ the court has handed down additional deci­ sentatives. That body, however, votes by state question. He would not have been elected in sions spelling out further what has come and not by head. Each state must decide the first place. The Wallace elector would to be known as the "one man, one vote" have been and therefore no problem of put­ principle. One of these subsequent decisions, within itself and then cast a single vote. If ting conscience above loyalty would have the members of a state delega tion deadlock and from a practical viewpoint the one that the state cannot vote at all. ' arisen. The action of the North Carolina has had the greatest impact on the question elector clearly points out what is wrong with Pinpointing those areas that need changmg of electoral college reform, was Wesberry vs. the present syst.em and why the district plan Sanders which was rendered on Feb. 19, 1964. is only half the problem. Making the correct is needed. change is just as important. A step backwards Not only was this the first instance in or sidewards ts aft.er all no progress and tt Should the voters of a district express their which the court applied the "one man, one could be retrogressive. collective will, that decision should be final. vote" principle on a nation-wide basis, but S. J. Res. 12 assures this by removing any Three major alternatives have been pro­ the objects of its directive were the congres­ possibll!ty of a vot.e designated for one can­ sional districts rather than state legislative pOSed. The first and most feasible ts the dis­ didate being constitutionaly cast for another. trict plan. The others are the proportional districts. In fact, whether the court has acted It requires, through constitutional mandate, wisely In tampering with state and local ap­ system and the direct vote plan; the latter that each elector follow the instructions pro­ being the equivalent of killing a fly with portionment is stlll open to serious question. a shotgun. vided by the election results. As a result of Wesberry vs. Sanders, how­ Finally, we have the problem of a potential ever, great strides have been made over the THE DISTRICT PLAN contingent election. The present method ls last three years toward bringing congressional The District Plan, as encompassed In Sen­ as unfair to the large stat.es as the initial districts into line with "one man, one vote" a.te Joint Resolution 12, which I have intro­ election is to the small states. standards. In addition, legislation has been duced along with several other senators from Under the district plan proportionate introduced and ls well on the way to pas­ both parties and from all sections of the weight ls returned to the larger stat.es. In­ sage, which would establish minimum popu­ country, is relat ively simple and yet strikes stead of voting by state in the House of Rep­ lation standards for House districts. immediately at the critical problems. resentatives, the election is by both the This clearly points out that the judicial Under this proposed constitutional amend­ House and Senate, in joint session, with each and legislative branches have both accepted ment, each stat.e, as now, would be entitled member voting individually. This recognizes the proposLtion that congressional districts to a certain number of electoral votes de­ the valid arguments of the bigger states that should be equal and equitable In composi­ pending on how many congressmen the state they should have more authority in deter­ tion. This situation wlll eventually allow the is allotted plus two electoral votes for its mining the outcome should the electoral District Plan, in complete fairness, to evolve two senators. The state, however, would be vote be indecisive. back to the original and simpler plan of divided into districts comparable to congres- Before wrapping up the case for the Dis- using the concept of congressional di&trlcts. Januar y 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2219 Other plans, as I have indicated, have also CONGRESSMAN HORTON REPORTS m any of man's deepest aspirations can at been proposed. Toe one receiving the most ON THE NIXON INAUGURAL: A last be reallzed," the President told the na­ publicity has been the direct election plan. CALL TO PEACE AND GREATNESS tion. "The spiraling pace of change allows In my estimation, this is worse than the us to contemplate, within our own llfet!me, present system. advances that once would have taken cen­ In the first place, such a proposal is a di­ HON. ROBERT T. STAFFORD turies," he continued in an exciting forecast rect attack on our federal system of govern­ of the future's potential. ment and If such a plan were ever adopted, OF VERMONT The times are on the side of peace, Presi­ it would mean we have reneged on a promise IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES dent Nixon said because, for the first time, the people of the world want peace and their made to our forefathers, in particular those Wednesday, January 29, 1969 representing the smaller states. leaders fear war. When the Union was formed, the small Mr. STAFFORD. Mr. Speaker, I would In a moving summation of the problems states feared that the government would be like to call to the attention of my col­ besetting the land, the newly-Inaugurated dominated by the larger states. A compromise leagues the report on the inauguration President said: was reached whereby all sta.tes were guar­ of President Richard M. Nixon made re­ "We find ourselves rich in goods, but anteed equal representation in the Senate ragged In spirit; reaching with magnificent regardless of size while the House of Repre­ cently by the gentleman from New York precision for the moon, but falling into rau­ sentat ives would be determined by popula­ (Mr. HORTON). In reporting on this his­ cous discord here on earth. tion. This same guarantee and compromise toric event to his constituents, Mr. HOR­ "We are caught in war, wanting peace. was carried over to the allocation of electoral TON gives to all of us a vivid account of We are torn by division, wanting unity. We vote strength. the full meaning of President Nixon's in­ see around us empty lives, wanting fulfill­ Adoption of a direct vote plan would wipe augural address ment. We see tasks that need doing, waiting out this principle of equality of states. Fed­ The full report of the gentleman from for hands to do them." eralism, which is still the cornerstone of our New York (Mr. HORTON) is as follows: The problems constitute a crisis of the republican form of government, would be spirit, and call for an answer of the spirit, ignored. THE NIXON INAUGURAL: A CALL TO PEACE Mr. Nixon said. Going hand in hand with this problem is AND GREATNESS He put into words the yearning for domes­ the question of who supervises the election It was a moment which inevitably re­ tic and foreign peace that Americans feel so process if the states are ignored. If we are minded one of the past while at the same deeply. to be completely fair to citizens of all the time holding a summons to a greater role It was a simple call to lower our voices so states under a direct vote for President, the in the future. we can hear our words, for government to election laws and regulations should be uni­ To the thousands of people filling the strive to listen in new ways to all its citi­ form. The only body with jurisdiction to do Capitol Plaza and to the countless millions zens, an appeal to help the disadvantaged, to this is the federal government. who watched the event on television, the build on the legacy of the past to solve the In spite of denials by advocates of the inauguration of Richard M. Nixon as Presi­ problems of today. direct vote plan, it is clear that by adopting dent was a truly majestic ceremony, one There was no turning away from the past. it we would be setting ourselves on the road symbolizing our freedom and unity. The President made that clear when he said: to complete federallza.tion and centrallzat!on It was an event tied to the heritage of our "As we reach toward our hopes, our task is of our election machinery and process, a step country. It was a reassuring event giving to build on what has gone before-not turn­ many of us believe should not be taken. evidence to the world that peaceful change­ ing away from the old, but turning toward In addition, the direct vote plan, as well as that quadrennial "revolution" envisioned the new." the proportional proposal, poses a threat to by our Founding Fathers-was really pos­ But he did warn that we are approaching our traditional two-party system of govern­ sible. the llmits of what government can do--that ment. By recognizing the votes cast for all Certainly the new President was keenly the time is coming for problems to be met minor parties, It wm be impossible for any aware of this sense of history as he said: by the energies of the government and the candidate to receive a majority and fre­ "I ask you to share with me today the people working together. quently difficult even to receive a 40 per cent majesty of this moment. In the orderly trans­ "With these, we can build a great cathedral plurality. fer of power, we celebrate the unity that keeps of the spirit----each of us raising it one stone This not only sows the seeds of multi-party us free." at a time, as he reaches out to his neighbor, government with all the drawbacks so famil­ Mr. Nixon took the oath of office under helping, caring, doing," the President said. iar to the European system, but should a strained circumstances. More than h alf the There was a beautiful dream, a possible runoff election be necessary, it could be that country had voted for other candidates. dream, woven through the poetic phrases of Both houses of Congress remained in the the inaugural speech. the new President is not determined until control of the opposition party. December or even later, thus leaving him The President warned that no man can be llttle time to select and form his adminis­ His speech, however, went to the core fully free while his neighbor is not. tration. of the problems facing us. His words set His dream was that of an open world-a a course for the coming four years which world open to ideas, open to the exchange of In reality, arguments over the operation of could lead us out of a trouble period into goods and people, a world in which no people a direct vote system are moot because it a tranquil one. could never be adopted even if it were passed will live in angry isolation. In the historic place hallowed by the oaths And there was that all-encompassing by Congress, which is also highly doubtful. of his predecessors, enshrined by the memo­ Simple arithmetic argues against ratifica­ dream, the greatest dream, of peace. ries of national triumphs and tragedies, the The President's call for unity was a plea tion. Such a constitutional amendment new President sent forth a clear call to na­ would have to be approved by 38 state legis­ for peace. His challenge to find new answers tional unity, to the role of peacemaker. to meet the old, burgeoning problems was a latures. Any 13 state legislatures could defeat The inaugural scene was one that with ratification. summons to making peace. only a change in costume and principal fig­ For peace was surely the theme of this in­ As an example of the problems faced by a ures could well have been the inaugural of direct election plan in the state legislatures, augural speech. Lincoln, Jackson, Cleveland, Wilson, Hoover, Listen from time to time and ponder these let me cite statistics from the 1968 election. Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy­ Official returns now show that Massachusetts words, heard first on the gray and chilled any of the 30 Presidents to take the oath noontime at Capitol Plaza. These words are produced a m ajority of 702,379 votes for at the east portico of the Capitol since Jack­ Hubert Humphrey. On the other hand, 17 a challenge to bring out the very best in a son. good America: states ranging in size from Alaska to Wis­ The status of freedom surveyed the fes­ consin all went decisively for Richard Nixon "Let us take as our goal: where peace is tive scene from her majestic throne atop unknown, make It welcome; where peace is and yet their total majority for Nixon was the Capitol dome. Music and prayers were only 691,156. fragile, make it strong; where peace is tem­ offered in the overcast January day. And the porary, make it permanent." In practical polltlcal terms, this means words of the new President were in the tradi­ that 17 states with an aggregate electoral tion of many great men who had taken that vote of 84 would h ave their votes completely solemn oath at 45 previous inaugurals. cancelled out by one state representing only What President Nixon called "our summons JAMES P. GRIFFIN 14 electoral votes. The legislatures of these to great ness" is a ch allenge to Americans to 17 states and many others can recognize the fulfill the promise of a free land to give its fact that t h eir influence would be diminished best to m ake life good, spirit ually and physi­ HON. LESLIE C. ARENDS by a direct vote plan and for the most part, cally for all citizens. OF ILLINOIS accordingly, would not vote for a constit u­ Reviewing the accomplishments of this tional amendment providing for a direct vote century, the new President spoke of our ad­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for President. vances into space, enormous strides in Wednesday, January 29, 1969 If we truly want reform, and I believe science, industry and agriculture and the reform is needed, we must unite behind a sharing of our national abundance with the Mr. ARENDS. Mr. Speaker, for no less plan that is practical and possible of being world community. than 50 years James P. Griffin served on adopted. The only plan that fits that defini­ "Forces now are converging t h at m ake the staff of the House of Representa­ tion, in my estimation, ls the District Plan. possible, for the first time, the hope that tives. He was ow· Republican pair clerk CXV--141-Part 2 2220 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 when he retired in 1961. Happily, we were It shouldn't be! pllcation of available manpower and equip­ able to express to him upon his retire­ Water supply can take care of itself !f left ment to priority tasks. On the other hand, to do so. Not only need it not be a municipal from the viewpoint of providing the best ment our appreciation of the efficiency burden, but, freed to operate as a utlllty, wat.er service to the community, the inde­ with which he performed his duties. it can cont ribute to alleviating the burden pendent, nonpartisan board-particularly Flowers for the living are more mean­ on the same dollar basis as do taxpaying one that calls experienced business and pro­ ingful than for those who have departed. utilities. Give us our heads, say water sup­ fessional men of the community into its Jimmy Griffin is no longer with us. He ply men to their city fathers, and we'll get service---has a considerable advantage. died last week at the age of 75. I should off your backs. Such a board, in addition to putting at the like now to say for the RECORD what I was Approximately 75 per cent of the nation's disposal of the utility more management tal­ able to say to him personally at the time 20,000 water utllltles are owned by muni­ ent than it can usually afford to hire, per­ cipalities or other government entities. These mits the staff to focus its full attention on of his retirement, not only for myself but utilities differ from the regular departments the job at hand without concern as to the for the entire whip organization: "Well of government in being revenue-producing, political implications of its operations. And done, my true and faithful servant." in performing a proprietary rather than a just as the water utllity mana ger ls shielded There were many occasions when we governmental function. Where this distinc­ by the board from political concerns, the were able to arrange a pair for an absent tion ls recognized, and to the extent that it council, too, ls shielded by the board from Member, thanks solely to Jim's diligence ls, water departments have found it possible immediate responslblllty for politically un­ and thanks also to the high regard in to function as true utlllties, developing a popular policies (such as rate increases) 1n which he was held by the Members on separate identity and sense of purpose. direct proportion to the amount of power it The key to this recognition Iles in requir­ has delegated to the boa.rd. both sides of the political aisle. ing that water utilities be self-sufficient. As A water department can be a water utility, All of us will miss Jim Griffin. Even expressed in a 1965 policy statement of the but it too often isn't. In our special context, though retired he more or less regularly American Water Works Association: the difference between the water department visited Capitol Hill. He has now gone to "AWWA believes that the interests of the and the water utlllty ls the difference in ap­ his great reward, but he will live in the public and of individual customers of water proach to the overall business of supplying memory of all of us who were privileged supply systems serving the public can be water service to the public. to know him. served best by self-sustained, utlllty type The water department, as a member of the enterprises, adequately financed, and with city family, has the job of keeping safe water rates to the public and customers based on running through the ma.ins. Occasionally sound engineering and economic principles that ls where its assignment ends. More of­ QUESTIONS RAISED ON QUALITY OF ten, though, it ls called upon to read meters; NATION'S DRINKING WATER designed to avoid discrimination between classes of, or individual customers." sometimes to handle engineering; sometimes to take care of b!lllng and collections. It has Many cities have ma.de such self-sufficiency a job to do and it does it as well as it can be HON. J. CALEB BOGGS mandatory through charter provisions or have otherwise established water utility done with the facillties and men available. OF DELAWARE funds as "sacred." Elsewhere, utilities have Its revenues go into the city treasury. When IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES it needs new facllltles or equipment, it asks been required to opera,te on such a basis the city for the necessary money. Its success Wednesday, January 29, 1969 through revenue bonds. However the elfort ls or failure is not in its own hands. made, the kind of utility structure described Mr. BOGGS. Mr. President, on Janu­ The water utility, on the other hand, ls re­ by the association can, it feels, be realized sponsible for its total performance. It ls re­ ary 15, 1969, I inserted into the RECORD only if two basic steps are taken: quired to be self-sustaining. Its financial an article by David Peter Sachs, which (1) Adequate and equitable rates, based on health depends directly upon the policies es­ appeared in the November issue of Mc­ metered use and necessary fixed charges, that tablished by its own board and carried out by Call's magazine and which contended: will provide revenues sufficierut to cover all its own staff. It has an image of its own and operating, malntena.nce, and capital costs One out of every two Americans 1s drink­ its purpose is to provide the public all the must be established. Such rate schedules, water it needs, when and where it needs it, ing water of unknown quality or water that based on a proper analysis of costs would be may not measure up to federal standards. and to make that water not only safe, but designed to derive revenues from each cus­ of as high a qual!ty as technology permits Mr. Sachs went on to describe the sub­ tomer class, including municipal users, in ac­ and its customers are willing to pay for. standard conditions of some of our pub­ cordance with the cost of service to that Water ut!l!ties are not only willing, but lic water supplies and included a table class. anxious to meet the challenge of removing (2) Water utllity funds must be segregat.ed water supply from the list of urban prob­ purporting to rate the water supplies of from other municipal funds, accounted for lems. Their goal, as expressed through the many American cities. separately in accordance with a recognized American Water Works Association, ls to pro­ Since that time, a number of other system, and restricted in their use to water vide "Better Water for Americans," to provide publications have come across my desk, supply purposes. Such controls over the use improved water service through water sys­ many of them relating to the efforts of water utllity funds would of course, per­ tems that are self-sustained and adequate to water suppliers are taking to assure our mit the payment of reasonable charges for meet the growing needs of each community. people have clean, safe, drinking water. services rendered to the utility by other mu­ Water utlllties have not only accepted the nicipal departments and the payment of mu­ minimum safety standards of the U.S. Public Also, I have received a copy of mem­ nicipal taxes or a contribution of a reasonable Health Service, but have established goals of orandum from Assistant Surgeon Gen­ sum in lieu of taxes. quality far above these levels of potabllity. eral Charles C. Johnson, Jr., to the State The management structure of water utlll­ They feel that quality water service ls a na­ sanitary engineers, containing his ob­ ties varies widely. In many munlclpalitles, the tural extension of the quality standard of liv­ servations on the Sachs article. council votes directly on all utlllty policies, ing that all Americans now expect. And they Mr. President, in an effort to assure and, particularly in smaller communities, the believe that people can afford to pay for qual­ mayor or city manager himself acts as the ity water service without subsidy-federal, that all sides of the discussion over chief executive in their implementation. In state, or local. However much must be done drinking water are heard, I ask unani­ some, the water utility manager under the to meet the quality goals in any community, mous consent to have printed at this mayor or city manager ls responsible for the public's water blll wm still be lower than point in the RECORD the memorandum carrying out policy. And in others the public any other utlllty blll lt receives. from Dr. Johnson, a statement from works director or city manager ls often inter­ Weighted down as they are with worries the American Water Works Association, posed between the mayor rund the water util­ over crime, housing, pollution control, and an article in Nation's Cities, by Eric ity manager, integrating the water depart­ schools, traffic, training the hard-core unem­ ment into other city operations and making ployed, and meeting the welfare blll, we F. Johnson. separation of functions and their costs more would think that mayors, city managers, and There being no objection, the material complicated. At the other extreme, many mu­ other city officials would welcome the oppor­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, nicipalities have delegated the authority for tunity to give us our heads to get us off their as follows: policy formation to an independent board, backs! [From Nation's Cities] reta!nlng only a few veto and appointive powers. There, of oourse, the chief executive LET'S TuRN OUR WATER DEPARTMENTS INTO [From the American Water Works is the water utllity manager, responsible di­ Association] INDEPENDENT UTn.ITIES-Now ! rectly to the boo.rd. (By Eric F. Johnson) Each of these management structures has QUALITY GOALS FOR POTABLE WATER Public water supply, no doubt because of its advantages. Under each of them can be (Statement adopted by the Board of Di­ well-publicized inadequacies of service dur­ found good examples of efficient, self-suffi­ rectors on Jan. 28, 1968) ing recent drought years, as well as some cient operation. Direct council control over At the 1965 Annual Conference, the Water unfortunate criticism on !ts safety in a recent the water department usually permits better Quality Division voted to set up quality goals Presidential message, ls being counted as one coordination of its operations with those of for potable water, and guidelines for the goals of the municipal problems constituting the other departments in the municipal family to be established were derived. These actions urban crisis. and, in the smaller community, a better ap- subsequently were approved by the Executive January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2221

Committee o! the Association. An eleven­ RATIONALE OF GOALS In 1961, of 163 interstate supplies, 70 per member task group (now the Committee on T u rbidi ty cent contained less than 0.2 mg/ 1; • of the Water Quality Goals] was appointed, ex­ Today's consumer expects a sparkling, clear 100 largest cities, 94 contained less than 0.1 panding the group of four that had previ­ water. The goal o! less than 0.1 unit of mg/ !.' ously been working in this area and had turbidity insures satisfaction in this respect. Zinc published a set of ideal criteria for water There Is evidence that freedom from disease In concentrations of 5 mg/ I, a disagreeable quality in the November 1962 Journal.' organisms Is associated with freedom from taste may be noted. Zinc is undesirable In GUIDELINES turbidity, and that complete freedom from water passing through piping systems, as it The Committee on Water Quality Goals was taste and odor requires no less than such may aid corrosion. The states of Ohio and directed to set up realistic quality goals for clarity. Improved technology in the m odern North Dakota now limit zinc content to 1.0 the water industry-goals that would tend treatment processes make this a completely mg/ 1. In 1961, of 163 interstate supplies, 45 to raise the quality of the water delivered practical goal. per cent contained less than 1.0 mg/ t.• to the consumer by being at once in ac­ Nonjilterable resi d u e F i lterable residue cordance with advanced thinking and amena­ Water should be free of observable sus­ Low dissolved-solids content is desirable, ble to being grasped by nontechnical per­ pended particles or residue after settling. if one is to avoid precipitations in boilers or sonnel. They were not to be impract ical ob­ The goal indicates a virtually suspension­ other heating units, to reduce sludge 1n jectives, even though they were to be sub­ free state. freezing processes, and to reduce rings on stantially more exacting than existing USPHS Macroscopic and nuisance organism s utensils and precipitations on foods being Drinking Water Standards with respect to cooked. The stated limit of 200.0 mg/ I Is in aesthetic qualities. They were to be generally It is obvious that macroscopic organisms line with other goals stated herein. attainable by correct application of known such as larvae, crustacea, and numerous treatment processes and methods. algae that may affect appearance should not Carbon-chloroform extr act (CCE) It was recognized that the goals should be present. Nuisance organisms Inay affect This goal Is based on equipment design and not be static, but should be reviewed, and appearance, taste, or odor, perhaps only after procedures utilized by USPHS throughout revised if warranted, perhaps every 3 years. standing, heating, or freezing. They include, the early 1960's. Other designs need correla­ The water industry is constantly being !aced among others, the iron bacteria, sulfur bac­ tion with such units to determine relative with the problem of meeting rising esthetlc teria, and slime growths. adsorption efficiency to determine equivalent demands. At the same time, because of in­ Color goal values. Materials adsorbed on activated creasing population and industrialization, carbon are organic. Toxic substances recov­ the quality of water sources has deteriorated. Because of difficulty in matching the ered m ay Include chlorinated insecticides, ni­ colors of natural waters to the colors o! trat es, nitrobenzenes, aromatic ethers, and RESPONSIBILITY FOR APPLICATION standards, it Is suggested that, when diffi­ many others. Tastes and odors often InaY be Public water utilities should adopt quality culty is encountered, a photometric trans­ correlated with the amounts o! chloro!orm­ criteria against which they can gage the ef­ mittancy method should be employed. Color soluble materials present, these materials fectiveness of their day-to-day operations. o! less than 3 units will not be noticed, even h aving excessive odor thresholds. Most o! the Managers of a given system must decide In a filled bathtub, whereas color o! 5 units chloroform-soluble materials derive from whether the cost o! furnishing quality water may be noted by many. Fifty-five per cent of maninade wastes. Waters from sources re­ is warranted. The expense of approaching or 102 interstate waters in 1961 showed color of mote from concentrated industrial activities meeting the goals may be very high for some less than 3 units.• For the 100 largest cities or human populations usually show CCE systeIDS. For instance, removal of high dis­ in 1962, the median color was reported as 2 concentrations less than 0.04 mg/ I. Where solved-solids content or color may prove in­ units.• concentrations o! CCE of 0.2 mg/ I are found, ordinately expensive. Management, then, has Odor the taste and odor of the water is always to weigh the value of the benefits to be Odor is a nebulous characteristic, difficult poor.• In 1961, USPHS found the average CCE derived against the cost of producing the to quantify; agreement is seldom obtainable, In 139 cities to be 0.066 mg/ I. In 1962-63, the finer quality water. It may conclude that con­ as to the presence of odor or its character in average was 0.065 mg/ I.• In 1961, of 172 sup­ sumers are satisfied with water meeting goals a given potable water. The goal of water plies, 48 showed less than 0.05 mg; 1.1 less rigorous than those recommended here. utllities should be elimination of all odor. The industry has accomplished much in The presence of odor is to be evaluated by Carbon-alcohol extract (CAE) the areas of water treatment, control, pump­ difference before and after contact with car­ This requirement is supplementary to the ing, and delivery, but consumers Judge qual­ bon. Some Inaterials may be removed by preceding CCE. The proportion of materials ity at the tap, not at the souroe. Therefore, carbon only after treatment with a strong most commonly found is roughly in the pro­ gOOd consumer relations depend on maintain­ oxidant, which should be utilized when re­ portion Indicated by the limits stated for the ing high quality to the point o! delivery. The quired to demonstrate the difference. CCE and CAE. (See the comments on CCE.) goals stated herein are not merely for water Taste entering the distribution system. Methylene-blue-active substances The definition of a functionally Ideal water Taste is also a nebulous characteristic This classification replaces the designation is as follows: whose determination Is complicated by the of ABS previously in use. The change is re­ "Ideally, water delivered to the consumer variability of perception of individuals from quired because of changes In composition o! should be clear, colorless, tasteless, and odor­ day to day. It is generally agreed that all the new detergents. The analytic technique potable waters do have some taste. If the less. It should contain no pathogenic or­ used deterlnines not only ABS but also alkyl ganisms and be free from biological !orIDS taste Is mild and not offensive in character, most Individuals become accustomed to it. sulfates and related materials that react with which may be harmful to human health or methylene blue. esthetically objectionable. It should not con­ But water should be palatable to all; indi­ viduals first tasting any water should not be tain concentrations o! chemicals which may TABLE !.- POTABLE WATER QUALITY GOALS I be physiologically harmful, esthetically ob­ offended, and it should not be necessary that jectionable, or economically damaging. The one become acclimated to the taste to regard (Not a standard! water should not be corrosive or incrusting it as characteristic o! a good-quality water. to, or leave deposits on, water-conveying Aluminum Characteristic Goal structures through which it passes, or in At levels exceeding 0.05 mg/1, precipita­ which it may be retained, including pipes, tion may take place on standing, or in the Physical factors tanks, water heaters, and plumbing fixtures. distribution system. Turbidit y and nonfllter­ The water should be adequately protected able residue will be affected. by natural processes, or by treatment proc­ esses, which insure consistency In quality." Iron ~~~%~~7aile -residue::::: ::::::::::::: i:l ~~)i. Macroscopic and nuisance organisms _____ Not::: such :~:~ organisms. The Committee on Water Quality Goals With an iron content exceeding 0.05 mg/ 1, Color______less than 3 units. some color may develop, staining o! fixtures believes it should not set goals for items Odor------No odor. that primarily and principally concern may occur, and precipitates may form. The Taste ______No taste health, but should defer to USPHS and the magnitude of such phenomena are directly objectionable. medical profession. With respect to toxic sub­ proportional to the concentration of iron in stances, the USPHS Drinking Water Stand­ the water. Chemical factors (measured in mg/I) ards provide very broad safety factors, and Manganese the committee generally accepts these In concentrations o! only a few hundredths standards. This eliminated from considera­ milligrams per liter, manganese will cause tion such iteIDS as the following : Lead, buildup of coatings in distribution piping, barium, fluoride, arsenic, cyanide, sliver, which slough off. It causes staining of laun­ selenium, cadmium, chromium, nitrates and dry items In brown blotches and forms black nitrites, radium, strontium, phenolic com­ precipitates objectionable to consumers. pounds, organic phosphorus, chlorinated Carbo n-chloroform extract (CCE) ______less than 0.04. Copper ~iii~tCarbo n-alcohol ext•••••••••••••••••itract(CAE) ______~~filiELess than 0.10. hydrocarbons, boron, and uranyl ion. Copper content of 0.5 m g/ !, or less, in some M(~~t'J.'.'stue-active substances Less than 0.20. Footnotes at end o! article. soft waters, will cause staining of porcelain. 2222 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969

TABLE !.-POTABLE WATER QUALITY GOALS '-Con. Coupon tests being removed. Thus, some communities on [Not a standard] Coupon insertion in pipelines ls now the a provisional status when McCall's received recognized method for check.Ing on corrosion the t able last spring were back in good Characteristic Goal properties of vapors and gases. It has been standing when the article was published in used to a very limited extent in the field of November. It was our understanding, in fact, that the table would not be used. We found Corrosion and scaling factors water supply, where at least fifteen factors affect corrosivity. Coupons measure the com­ out otherwise only after the magazine was bined effects both additive and neutralizing, out. Hardness (as CaCO,) ______80 mg/1; a balance between deP- Our own staff also must share some criti­ osition and corrosion charac· of all the factors of corrosion, both known and unknown, including the physical factors cism. Providing McCall's with the requested teristics is necessa ry ; a level of lnforma';!on entailed the abstraction of sev­ 80 mg/1 seems be st, generally, of velocity and turbulence. Thus, coupons considering all the quality factors ; can provide valuable standards of com­ eral hundred items of data from our files into a tabular presentation. Apparently two however, for some supplies, a parison. Data on the use of coupons are stm goal of 90 or 100 mg/1 may be or three errors occurred in this process. I re­ limited. Present data indicate levels should be deemed desirable. gret this, as I regret that the McCall's staff Alka linity (as CaCO,) ______Change of not more than 1 mg/1 those stated in Table 1 as goals. One design of (decrease or increase in distribu­ coupon test equipment for water mains has sometimes interpreted the data they were tion system, or after 12 hr at provided in a manner which was not always 130 F in a closed plastic bottle, been published.' justified by the facts. followed by filtration). Coliform organisms Cnupon tests (incrusta- 90-day tests (incrustation on stain· I do not for a moment want to minimize lion and loss by corro· less steel not to exceed 0.05 Many water utllLties have adopted high the serious embarrassment to all of us, and sion) mg/sq cm ; loss by corrosion of standards of operation and their water sup­ in particular to the State and local author­ ~~Jo~~is~ j~o)~ not to exceed plies have shown only a fraction of one ities involved, which results when such inac­ coliform per liter over periods of many years. curacies occur. Nevertheless, I feel that the Municipalities tha.t have so raised their McCall's article, taken in its entirety, repre­ Bacteriologic factors bacteriologic quality far above the existing sents a valuable service to the public and standards have established much improved that its overall impact Is to describe a serious health conditions with respect to certain sig­ n ational problem whose dimensions are not Co~fii\~i~'.f:;~s:;,~a\~!n No col iform orga nisms. nificant illnesses, such as intestinal disturb­ widely enough appreciated. In the long run, techniques). ances. Modern disinfection control proce­ this article may well be beneficial to our com­ Coliform organisms (by Do. membrane filter dures are such that a practical goal can be mon cause of working towards the creation techniques). the destruction of all coliform organisms. of bet ter and safer public water supplies Gross beta activ ity throughout our Nation. For many years, we have discussed among Radiologic factors All evidence indicates the effects of radio­ ourselves and our professional colleagues the a.ctivity to be entirely harmful rather than urgent need for better public understanding Gross beta activity ______Less than 100 pc/1. beneficial. Therefore, it appears desirable to of water supply problems and for more re­ limit the intake of radioactivity as much as sources to step up our water supply pro­ possible. A goal of 100 pc/ 1 is well below the I For all health-related constituents not stated herein, these grams. This discussion must go beyond the goals shall require complete compliance with all recommended existing standards, yet it is several degrees confines of our professional affiliations if we and mandatory limits contained in current USPHS Drinking above present-day general levels. In 1961, of are to obtain the public support necessary Water Standard s. Unless other methods are indicated, analyses 136 potable water supplies tested, 132 showed to the accomplishment of our mutual goal. shall be made in conformance with the latest ed ition of Standard no more than 16 pc/ 1.2 of 100 largest cities, Methods of Examination of Water and Wastewater. And if the discussion is to be meaningful, we 92 showed less than 20 pc/ 1 in 1961.' In must of necessity frankly admit that there Hardness periods of bomb testing, natural waters have are deficiencies In our respective areas of It Is not Intended to imply that hardness of shown double this content; however, in pe­ endeavor. waters below BO mg/ I should be increased to riods free of bomb detonations, the natural I think, too, that we must begin to plan that content when corrosion can be otherwise ba.ckground in most areas is only about 10 and outline the programs that will be re­ controlled. To the average water consumer, pc/ 1, or one-tenth this goal. quired to meet our responsibilities over the hardness of 80-100 mg/1 is not objectionable. next few years. We must develop a better It is important that, whatever the goal DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCA· understanding of the health effects of trace chosen, the hardness should be maintained TION, AND WELFARE, minerals, organics, and biologics in water at a uniform level. Most important is the Washington, D .C., November 20, 1968. supplies as related to the total permissible degree of stab111ty attained. It has been fairly To: State Sanita ry Engineers, body burden of these materials from all en­ standard practice, for many years, to soften From: Administrator. vironmental sources. We must begin to to roughly 5 grains or 85 mg/ I hardness. The Subject: Public Water Supply. develop the technology needed to economi­ individual management, in choosing a stand­ A number of comments from Congressmen, cally remove contaminants from waters of ard, must consider that, the higher the State and local officials and others on the marginal quality so that new sources can be hardness, the greater the cost to individual article on Public Water Supplies, "Drink at used, for public water supplies. We must consumers; the less the hardness unless cor­ Your Own Risk," which appeared in the No­ develop systems to provide better data on rected, the greater the corrosion tendencies, vember, 1968, issue of McCall's magazine have public water supply quality and on the rela­ and the greater the relative cost for treat­ come to my attention. In an effort to clarify tionships between quality and health. ment. the position of the Consumer Protection and The full dedication and cooperation of all Alkalini ty Environmental Health Servir,e with regard to levels of government, combined with indus­ This goal Is a measure of alkalinity decrease this m atter, I a m pleased to t ake this oppor­ try and other private institutions, will be re­ or increase in the distribution system, and tunity to offer the following observations. quired to bring our public water supply also after 12 hr at 130°F in a closed plastic In April, 1968, a writer for McCall's ap­ programs up to the levels of effectiveness we bottle, followed by filtration. This goal is a proached representatives of the Public all recognize as necessary. Mr. Chris Hansen, simple determination, indicating in a prac­ Health Service about a proposed article on Commissioner of the Environmental Control tical way that the alkalinity is stable. The the status of the Nation's water supplies. As Administration, and I are counting on you maintenance of calcium carbonate stablllty is a n essential p art of its research on the arti­ and your colleagues in the States to contrib­ the most effective method of preventing cor­ cle, McCall's requested d ata on all interstate ute a major share to this effort. rosive action on iron water mains. Under­ water supplies, including deficiencies. The One element which will be of major im­ saturation will result in reactions causing r equested data were providf\d. The informa­ portance as we work together in the future iron pickup and development of red water. tion included a t able showing supplies classi­ ls rapid and effective communication. Judg· Oversaturat lon will result In carbonate dep­ fied as provisionally approved, with the ing by the reaction to the McCall's article, it osit ion in u t ensils, water heaters, household n ame, location, t ype of supply, and the sec­ Is apparent that some local officials were un­ piping, and even In water mains. The point t ion of the Drinking Water Sta ndards which aware of the data the States had supplied to of stability Is quite variable in dilierent wa­ t he supplies failed to meet. The special the Public Health Service concerning the ters, and even in water from a single source. classifications of water supply systems which quality of local water supplies. I will ask Various methods have been utilized to de­ appeared in the magazine, however, were de­ Commissioner Ha nsen to take appropriate termine the point of stab111ty, including the veloped solely by t he McCall's staff. steps to improve communications between Enslow stabilit y indicator, the Langelier in­ I would like to point out, to begin with, his administration and State and local dex, the Ryznar index, and Oxygen Deple­ that we had asked McCall's to refrain from authorities. publishing the table of communities, not As another step in Improving communica­ tion, the latt er three covering only a few of t hrough an y desire to withh old information tions, I am asking the Director of Public the m any chemical factors involved, none of but through concern over the possibility of Affairs in the Consumer Protection and En­ which suffice in practice, being only hypo­ inaccuracies. These t ables of provisional vironmental Health Service to make certain thetical Indicators. water suppliers are continually changing, that all public information specialists In wit h new communities being added periodi­ CPEHS inform State agencies of the public Footnotes at end of article. cally an d others, having met our standards, release of any information which is apt to January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2223 have a direct impact on State programs. Such an appalling lack of consolida­ Congressional action often has been Moreover, the field organization of CPEHS tion and coordination must be corrected. required to assure full and equitable de­ will strive to lnsure that our Federal efforts I know that if the proposed Program velopment of our western water re­ ln consumer protection and environmental sources. The 90th Congress, for example, health are carried out in the most effective Information Act is enacted, thousands m anner in concert with State and local of communities in the country would will long be remembered, as the Congress programs. receive Federal grants amounting to which passed one of the landmark bills CHARLES C . JOHNSON, Jr., many millions of dollars. These grants in the history of comprehensive water Assistant Surgeon General. would enable thousands of projects to be planning-the Colorado River Basin FOOTNOTES started and completed that are now only projects bill. It was my privilege to join 1 BEAN, E. L . Progress Report on water in the planning stage. with Members of both parties from Colo­ Quality Criteria. Jour. AWWA, 64: 1313 (Nov. As one of the many cosponsors of this rado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and 1962). measure and as a Member of the House, California in securing sufficient support • TAYLOR, F. B . Effectiveness of Water I commend Representative RoTH and his for this legislation. As we all know, it Quality Crit eria . Jour. AWWA, 64 :1313 (Nov. staff for this magnificent legislative con­ passed without substantial opposition. 1257 (Oct. 1962). tribution. I hope that every Member will This act not only will benefit all of the a 0U11FOR, C. N. & BECKER, E. Selected Data States of the Southwestern United States, on Publlc Supplles of the 100 Largest Cities join the other cosponsors and then vote in the United States, 1962. Jour. AWWA, for the proposed Program Information but the Nation as a whole will realize 56:236 (Mar. 1964). Act if it reaches the House floor. tremendous dividendS. It would require • Publtc Water Supplies of the 100 Largest The bill is one of the most practical pages to enumerate these national bene­ Cities in the United States. USGS Wa.ter Sup­ and valuable ever introduced for helping fits, but I will mention two which are of ply Paper No. 1918. US Govt. Printing Office, local, county, and State governments towering importance. Washington, D .C. (1962) . and should be passed during the 9lst The water requirement for eventual • Tentative Methods for Carbon Chloro­ Congress. development of vast deposits of oil shale form Extra.ct (COE) ln Water. Jour. AWWA, 54:223 (Feb. 1962). now seems assured. This will guarantee • Minutes of Advisory Committee on Use the national several centuries of plenti­ of USPHS Drinking Water Standards. Sep. BROTZMAN URGES AUTHORIZA­ ful carbon fuels and petrochemical by­ 24-25, 1965. TION FOR EAST SLOPE WATER products. DEVELOPMENT And vast new recreational areas will be developed, thanks t;o reservoirs which PROGRAM INFORMATION ACT will be built, and roads which will be HON. DONALD G. BROTZMAN opened. The Nation has few more press­ OF COLORADO ing requirements, insofar as its pursuit HON. EDWARD J. PATTEN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of a life of comfort and dignity for all OF NEW JERSEY Wednesday, January 29, 1969 of its citizens is concerned. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. BROTZMAN. Mr. Speaker, last But important as the Colorado River Wednesday, January 29, 1969 year in the 90th Congress my colleague Basin projects are, they concern only a portion of the water resources of the Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, a master from Colorado, the distinguished chair­ man of the House Interior and Insular West. This landmark legislation had a catalog containing all Federal-aid pro­ direct bearing on the watersheds which gram information would provide a wind­ Affairs Committee (Mr. AsPINALL) and I sponsored legislation t;o authorize the ultimately channel into the Gulf of Cali­ fall to many communities throughout fornia. Meanwhile, other great river sys­ the Nation. Bureau of Reclamation to conduct a feasibility study of the Front Range unit tems-some of them highly developed, Over $20 billion a year is spent by the some relatively undeveloped-must re­ U.S. Government for Federal aid, of the Missouri River Basin project. To­ day the gentleman from Colorado (Mr. ceive the attention of Congress in the but there is no coordinated system to years to come if we are to keep ahead help guide communities to the fundS. AsPINALL ) again has introduced this measure and I am pleased to join him as of our great national thirst for water. Under present conditions, it is almost The Front Range unit, when com­ impossible for any community to find a cosponsor. Basically, the Front Range unit study pleted, will facilitate the development out what Federal aid is available because and conservation of a portion of the of the duplication, redtape, and confu­ would consider the feasibility of con­ structing reservoirs and other facilities water resources of the South Platte River sion that exists. A remedy must be found. Basin in Colorado. The solution to the frustrating prob­ which would increase the supply of water for domestic and industrial use for such This study would investigate a num­ lem is to consolidate all Federal assist­ ber of possible reservoir projects on ance information. If this would be done, cities as Boulder, Longmont, Loveland, Fort Collins, Greeley, Estes Park, Broom­ Boulder, St. Vrain Creeks, and the Cache local, county, and State governments field, Lafayette, and Louisville, Colo. la Poudre River. Augmentation possibili­ would know exactly what U.S. grants and ties, improved re-use techniques for cut­ loans can be obtained, what require­ The budget submitted to Congress on January 16, 1969, includes $95,000 for ting losses from seepage and evapora­ ments have to be met, and how to apply such a feasibility study of the Front tion in existing canals, would be exam­ for the aid. Range unit, subject, of course, to con­ ined. Thanks to the brilliant work of our gressional authorization and appropria­ Flood control benefits to be derived­ colleague, the gentleman from Delaware, tions. while a secondary consideration-would WILLIAM v. RoTH, JR., it has been re­ As a nation, we are coming to the reali­ be defined. vealed that the $20 billion in Federal zation that our water resources are lim­ The water supply problems facing the assistance involves more than 1,000 pro­ ited. We are realizing that it is not only communities of northeastern Colorado grams. Examples of overlapping and du­ possible, but probable that our industrial, are severe. plication are many, Representative ROTH, agricultural, and domestic thirst will For example, despite extensive and ex­ the chief sponsor of the proposed legisla­ exhaust our supply of water, as we now pensive water supply facilities installed tion, has cited many, but I will list only know it. over the years by the two principal cities a few: In my own State of Colorado, and of Boulder County-Boulder and Long­ In the field of education, over 470 pro­ other States of the West and Southwest, mon~the Bureau of Reclamation says grams are operated by 25 different U.S. the limitation of water supplies has been their water requirements are assured for departments and agencies. recognized for decades. Small wars have no more than 15 years. And 15 years is a There are 112 programs that provide been fought over the possession of irri­ very short span in the context of city aid to the poor. gation water. Great court battles have planning. Seventy-four programs related to eco­ been waged between States over water The Bureau of Reclamation also indi­ nomic and business development. allocations. The States have been cates that three of the smaller commu­ Eight Cabinet units and 12 agencies wracked, at times, by arguments between nities of Boulder County-primarily take part in health programs. the urban and rural interests over who Broomfield, Lafayette, and Louisville­ Ten U.S. agencies in three departments should have the precious water in times probably will need additional water direct manpower programs. of drought. within 10 to 15 years. 2224 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 Mr. Speaker, I think the final para­ and I do not believe any constitutional of the human male or female genitals, pubic graph of the conclusions in a recon­ freedoms are being violated. area, or buttocks with less than a full opaque naissance report released by the Bureau Mr. Speaker, my bill would further re­ covering, the female breast with less than a 1967 fully opaque covering of any portion below of Reclamation in summarizes the move the appellate jurisdiction or. the the top of the nipple, or the depiction of situation with unusual terseness and factual issue of harmfulness to minors, covered m ale genitals in a discernibly turgid clarity. The report said: that is, whether a particular material or state. The reconnaissance investigation of water movie is "harmful to minors" as defined "(3) The term 'sexual conduct' means acts resource development in the St. Vrain Creek by the bill. What might be considered of masturbation, homosexuality, sexual inter­ basin reveals that full development in the "harmful to minors" in some areas might course, physical contact with a person's St. Vrain Creek basin, coupled with water not be considered such in other areas. I clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, or resources development plans for the Cache believe it would be beneficial to permit buttocks, or, in the case of a female, physical la Poudre River ... wlll not suffice to meet contact with her breast. the increasing demands of Boulder, Long­ varying decisions on this point in the dis­ " (4) The term 'sexual excitement' means mont, Ft. Colllns, Estes Park and Loveland. trict courts, and the Congress is within the condition of human or female genitals ln It ls apparent that full utlllzatlon of East­ its constitutional powers in so limiting a state of sexual stimulation or arousal. ern Slope sources, complemented by addi­ the appellate jurisdiction. " ( 5) The term 'sadomasochistic abuse' tional sources from outside the basin, wlll The flow of smut material to our youth means flagellation or torture by or upon a be needed to serve demands by 1995. is reaching alarming proportions. Our person clad in undergarments, a mask, or youth must be protected. With our mod­ bizarre costume, or the condition of being The report then recommended that: fettered, bound, or otherwise physically re­ Feaslblllty studies be lnltlated at the ern means of communications and trans­ strained on the part of one so clothed. earliest possible date to determine the most portation, it is almost impossible for par­ "(6) The term 'harmful to minors' means economical source of water to supply the ents to keep this type of material out of that quality of any description or representa­ needs of these Eastern Slope communities the hands of their children. Porno­ tion, in whatever form of nudity, sexual con­ directed toward determining the most eco­ graphic movies and obscene material can duct, sexual excitement, or sadomasochistic nomic and desirable order of development lead to antisocial behavior among our abuse, which- to keep pace with water needs. young people, and contributes to juve­ " (A) predominantly appeals to the pruri­ nile delinquency and all types of sordid ent, shameful, or morbid interest o! minors; The next move, Mr. Speaker, will be up "(B) ls patently offensive to prevailing to Congress. It is my hope that we can behavior. Examples of this degeneracy standards in the adult community as a whole assist the dynamic and growing com­ are found in national magazines and with respect to what ls suitable material for munities of my district and adjacent other periodicals and films. minors; and areas by authorizing the feasibility study I am hopeful that committee action "(C) ls utterly without redeeming social which is so urgently needed. can soon be taken on this prol)Osal so importance for minors. that the youth can be protected from the "(7) The term 'knowingly' means having ever-increasing smut traffic in this coun­ general knowledge of, or reason to know, try. or a belief or ground for belief which war­ A copy of the legislation with the co­ rants further inspection or inquiry of- ANTISMUT BILL " (A) the character and content of any sponsors follows: material described in subsection (a) which ls H.R. 5171 reasonably susceptible of examination by the A blll to prohibit the dissemination through defendant, and HON. CHARLES E. BENNETT interstate commerce or the malls of mate­ "(B) the age of the minor." OF FLORmA rials harmful to persons under the age of (b) The table of sections for chapter 71 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES eighteen years, and to restrict the ex.hlbl­ of title 18, United States Code, ls amended tlon of movies or other presentations harm­ by adding at the end the following new item: Wednesday, January 29, 1969 ful to such persons "1466. Exposing minors to harmful mate- Mr. BENNETT. Mr. Speaker, today I rials." Be t t enacted by the Senate and House SEC. 2. (a) The Supreme Court shall not of Representatives of the Uni ted States of am introducing a bill which I believe will have jurisdiction under section 1252 or 1253 America: in Congress assembled, be very effective in keeping pornographic That (a) of title 28, United States Code, to review any material out of the hands of minors and chapter 71 of title 18, United States Code, ls determination made under section 1466 of amended by adding at the end the following 1n keeping minors away from obscene title 18, United States Code, that any mate­ movies, because it is patterned after a new section: rial described in subsection (a) of that sec­ State statute that the Supreme Court "§ 1466. Exposing minors to harmful mate­ tion ls harmful to minors. has upheld. Under this legislation, it rials (b) The courts of appeal shall not have "(a) It shall be unlawful for any person jurisdiction under section 1291 or 1292 of would be a violation of Federal law to knowingly- title 28, United States Code, to review any knowingly sell, offer for sale, loan, de­ "(!) to sell, offer for sale, loan, or deliver determination made under section 1466 of liver, distribute, or provide to a minor in in interstate commerce or through the mails title 18, United States Code, that any mate­ interstate commerce or through the to any minor- rial described in subsection (a) of that sec­ mails material which is defined as " ( A) any picture, photograph, drawing, tion ls harmful to minors. "harmful to minors" under the bill. It sculpture, motion picture fllm, or similar SEc. 3. This Act and the amendments made would further be a Federal crime under visual representation or image of a person by this Act shall take effect on the sixtieth my bill knowingly exhibit a minor a or portion of the human body which depicts day after the date of the enactment of this to to nudity, sexual conduct, or sadomasochistic Act. motion picture, show, or presentation abuse and which ls harmful to minors; or which falls in the "harmful to minors" "(B) any book, pamphlet, magazine, COSPONSORS category. printed matter however reproduced, or sound recording which contains explicit and de­ Mr. BENNETT (for himself, Mr. ADAIR, Mr. For some time the Supreme Court has BARING, Mr. BLACKBURN, Mr. COUGHLIN, Mr. recognized that "obscenity is not within tailed verbal descriptions or narrative ac­ counts of sexual excitement, sexual conduct, DERWINSKI, Mr. DICKINSON, Mr. DONOHUE, Mr. the area of constitutionally protected or sadomasochistic abuse and which.taken EDWARDS of Louisiana, Mr. FISHER, Mr. GOOD­ speech or press." In April of last year the as a whole, ls harmful to minors, or LING, Mr. GRIFFIN, Mr. HALEY, Mr. l!BBERT, Mr. Supreme Court held in Ginsberg v. New "(2) to exhibit to a minor a motion pic­ HOSMER, Mr. KING, Mr. KYL, Mr. LUKENS, Mr. York (390 U.S. 629), that a New York ture, show, or other presentation whlch­ PuCINSKI, Mr. POAGE, Mr. RARICK, Mr. SCHNEE­ statute was constitutional which pro­ "(A) has moved in interstate commerce or BELI, Mr. SIKES, Mr. VIGORITO, and Mr. hibited the sale to persons under 17 years through the malls, WOLFF). of age of materials defined to be obscene "(B) depicts nudity, sexual conduct, or to them even though the same material sadomasochistic abuse, and "(C) ls harmful to minors. PROBE OF "PUEBLO" SEIZURE NOW might not be obscene to adults. My new "(b) Whoever violates this section shall bill is patterned after the New York be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned IN ORDER statute which was upheld in Ginsberg. It for not more than five years, or both for the would appear from the Court's decision first offense, and shall be fined not more than HON. HAROLD R. COLLIER $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than ten that this approach to the problem of OF Il.LINOIS keeping smut out of the hands of our years, or both, for any second or su,bsequent youth would be held constitutional. offense. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "(c) As used in this section- Wednesday, January 29, 1969 The Congress has the power under the .. ( 1) The term 'minor' means any person Constitution to regulate interstate com­ under the age of eighteen years. Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, under the merce. That is what this bill would do, "(2) The term 'nudity• means the showing leave to extend my remarks in the REC- January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2225 ORD, I include two editorials which ap­ Communists opened with testimony oy legitimate mining activity in the West­ peared in the Chicago Daily News and Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher, the ship's cap­ ern States. Those of us who have worked the Chicago Tribune regarding the tain, who spent 11 months 1n captivity with with him know that this is an uphill 82 shipmates. His story bears some distress­ battle but it is a battle which must be U.S.S. Pueblo. ing parallels to the disaster at Pearl Harbor I have personally forwarded a request more than 27 years ago, and again we have fought if this Nation is to remain free to the Committee on Armed Services to the dist inct impression that responsib111ty and strong. One of the major problems conduct a complete investigation of the rests, not With the forces on the scene, but that we face in fighting for the mining entire matter since there are circum­ with higher authority 1n Washington. industry is the lack of realization among stances surrounding the seizure and sub­ Capt. Bucher was given an old merchant the people of our Nation as to just how sequent release of its crew, and more re­ ship for conversion to an lnteillgence­ dependent we all are on minerals. cently the naval court of inquiry gatherlng vessel. He made repeated requests Mr. Rowland, who I am proud to say to the chief of naval operations for Im­ comes from Mariposa, Calif., a commu­ proceedings which need to be clarified. provements, especially a system to destroy I am in wholehearted accord with the the radar, sonar, and sophisticated elec­ nity in the heart of the mother lode min­ views expressed in both of these edito­ tronic equipment aboard on short notice. ing area, which I represent here in Con­ rials, and I believe that the vast majority He was denied all such requests on grounds gress made an excellent presentation on of the people of my district anc! the of time and money. this very issue summing it all up with country share this position. His armament consisted of two mounted the title: "All Activities of Mankind are The two editorials follow: .SO-caliber machine guns which were dif­ Dependent Upon the Mining Industry." ficult to bring to combat readiness and were Mr. Speaker, so that my colleagues [From the Chicago (Ill.) Dally News] manned by less than skllled gun crews. from throughout the country may benefit THE " PuEBLO" : SITTING DUCK There were 17 other hand weapons aboard. from Mr. Rowland's remarks, I insert The more we hear of Comdr. Lloyd M. To destroy confidential documents, he them at this point in the RECORD: Bucher's testimony, the greater grows the was supplied With an incinerator which mystery of how the U.S. Navy could have was not fuel-fed. It could consume paper ALL ACTIVITIES OF MANKIND ABE DEPENDENT put one of Its own ships In the situation of only after it had been shredded, and this UPON THE MINING INDUSTRY the Pueblo. A sitting duck with a broken could not be achieved rapidly under emer­ Abraham Lincoln's message to the miners wing would have had a better chance. gency conditions. There was no mechanical of the western states, given to Schuyler Col· The Pueblo, a merchant ship refitted for means of scuttling the ship. The only way fax who was preparing to leave for the Pa­ reconnaissance and surveillance purposes, to admit water to the hull was thru two cific Coast the day Lincoln was assassinated, had no defensive armament worth mention­ water cooling pipes, and if the ship had was, "I want you to take a message from me ing. It was once to have had 3-lnch guns, been flooded in this manner it would have to the miners whom you visit. I have very but It was decided their weight would swamp taken up to two and one-half hours to sink. large ideas of the mineral wealth of our na­ the ship. Instead, it got two SO-caliber ma­ Finally, when Comdr. Bucher was as­ tion. I believe it ls practically inexhaustible. chlneguns--about as useful as BB guns. signed to lntelllgence scanning 1n inter­ Tell the miners for me that I shall promote Comdr. Bucher said that he had considered national waters off a hostile coast, he was their interests to the utmost of my ab111ty; the posslblllty of capture, and had written informed that no help from American air­ because their prosperity ls the prosperity of a letter to the Navy Department proposing craft could be expected in the event of at­ the nation, and we shall prove in a very few that some kind of destruct system be In­ tack. He agreed With the navy court that years that we are indeed the treasury of the stalled In the electronics and cryptographic the chances of other forces coming to his world." IJncoln was a thinking person. areas of the ship. The proposal was rejected, aid were virtually nonexistent. As guest speaker at a mlnlng meeting in and when the time came he was left to do The Pueblo was taken With scant re­ Sacramento, California, in the early nineteen the job with axes and hammers. sistance while crew members used fire axes thirties, Governor Stephens opened his ad­ At Pearl Harbor on the way to his station, and sledge hammers--all that were avail­ dress With the followlng statement--"There Bucher said, he Inquired what would happen able to them-in an attempt to destroy are only two basic industries; they are Min­ !! h1s virtually unarmed ship came under at­ secret equipment. The ship has remained in ing and Agriculture. We might exist Without tack. He was told that both the Navy and communist custody ever since its seizure. mining but we would return to savagery al­ Air Force had "plans to react," but that In Certainly even this early in the hearing, most over-night. When these two basic indus­ the event of general war he could look for conducted before five admirals, it ls ap­ tries are in a healthy condition our economy no air assistance. He got none. parent that there were glaring faults of ls in a healthy condition." Comdr. Bucher said that he had not told omission in preparing the Pueblo for a Without mlnlng there would not, and h1s crew they could expect no air support hazardous reconnaissance mission. Inas­ could not be either industrial prosperity of because he didn't want to give them addi­ much as the captain had endeavored with any kind of progress of, by or for the human tional concern. One wonders what the luck­ all the force at his command to obtain race. less crewmen were told when they were as­ remedial action before putting to sea, the In order to verify the foregoing Irrefutable signed to the Pueblo. In all the circum­ fault rests in Washington with the naval statements it ls perhaps necessary to present stances, theirs was about as hazardous duty command. at least a partial analysis in considerable de­ as the Navy affords. As for Bucher, he was tail With reference to the various phases of told the risks were considered "mlnlmal"­ man's activities, but first let it be thoroughly and one wonders by what tortured logic that understood that it ls the Mining Industry conclusion was reached. ALLACTI~TIESOFMANKINDARE which produces the many and various types At any rate all such calculations went out DEPENDENT UPON THE MINING of minerals and metals used 1n all industrial the porthole when the U.S.S. Pueblo suddenly INDUSTRY activities of the human race. found Itself surrounded by North Korean Transportation: Transportation ls one of vessels bristling with guns big enough to the most Important of our dally needs and blast the Pueblo out of the water and fast HON. HAROLD T. JOHNSON activities, yet!! it were not for the Iron, lead, enough to make escape Impossible. zinc, copper, aluminum and other minerals In the circumstances, Comdr. Bucher OF CALIFORNIA produced by mlnlng, there would not, and seems to have done what he could: He took IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES could not be the hundreds of thousands of evasive action as the enemy commenced fir­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 automotive vehicles, nor the highways over ing, and directed the destruction of classi­ which they travel. It would be interesting to fied material. Bucher himself was wounded, Mr. JOHNSON of California. Mr. know the number of persons traveling the but remained In command until he judged Speaker, one of the most distinguished highways in an automobile who have ever further resistance futile, and surrendered. men in the mining industry of California realized that if it were not for the mining The evidence ls not yet complete, of course. industry they would have neither the auto­ But Sen. Richard B. Russell of the Senate is Mr. Lee Rowland who has served for mobile nor the highway. There would be no Armed Services Committee had heard enough many years as a mining engineer. At the Iron for the construction of the body and the this week to remark that the testimony Indi­ age of 84, Mr. Rowland's interest in this manufacture of springs, various gears, engine, cates "a tragic mixture of errors," and to say industry, which is truly critical to this drive shaft, wheels and other parts of auto­ that if the testimony holds up, "then some­ Nation's survival, remains active and ag­ motive vehicles; no lead, zinc, copper and one higher up In the line of command has gressive. He continues his mining opera­ aluminum for batteries, Wiring, trim, etc., been guilty of a very grave dereliction of tions and is also the energetic national and there would be no bulldozers, graders, duty." compressors, drlll1ng equipment or transpor­ We trust that the subject wlll be pursued president of the Western Mining Coun­ tation equipment With which to build and until the truth ls known. cil, an organization of mining industry maintain the thousands of miles of highways. spokesmen who are promoting the min- There would be no airborne equipment of (From the Chicago (Ill.) Tribune] ing industry. . any type for transportation of passengers or WHO SHOULD BE TRIED BY 0oURT MARTIAL? Throughout his career, Mr. Rowland materials and supplies. The investigation of the capture of the has given many speeches and written There would be no locomotives, railroad tntelllgence ship Pueblo by North Korean many papers in fighting to preserve the cars or the rails upon which trains travel: 2226 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Januar y 29, 1969 there would not and could not be any ocean flying to various sports festivals. There midwest state. Best estimates available going vessels such as passenger ships, freight would be no equipment or !acillties for ex­ indicate that at least 4.5 million, and carrying ships, warships or any other type of tinguishing fl.res in the National Forests or ship or boat and no bridges over st reams or recreational a reas. perhaps as many as 10 million people are other bOdles of water because all are com­ Mining : EVen the Mining Industry itself affected by the conflict. Reports from pletely dependent upon the removal of vari­ could not funct ion without the use of picks, relief experts on the scene vary, but it is ous minerals and metals from the earth by shovels, mine cars and rails, drills, pumps clear that vast numbers of civilians have the Mining Industry. and drilling equipment, hoisting equipment, been dying daily, particularly children Communication: Communication facilities underground mucking machines, ventilating afflicted by malnutrition. of all kinds would not and could not exist (as pipe and fans, ore treatment plants, trucks, As a result of the worldv1ride relief re­ we know them) because there would be no assaying chemicals, equipment and supplies, printing presses or paper to use in connection explosives and all other types of equipment, sponse, a large-scale relief effort has with the presses; n'l telephone or telegraph appliances, material and supplies used in been operating under the supervision of equipment; no radio or television sending connection with mining activities which are the International Commttt.ee of the Red stations or receiving equipment and no trans­ purchased throughout the United States­ Cross-ICRC-in cooperation with other portation for the distribution of newspapers and all of which are dependent upon the international relief agencies. Observers and other printed material. There would not Mining Industry. Some of the minerals and have noted a decline in infant mortality be the thousands of Post Offices throughout metals are being used !aster than they are due to the influx of protein foods, but it the nation and no buildings, equipment, being produced. This applies to gold espe­ is now feared that local carbohydrate material and supplies for the processing, cially which cannot be mined at a profit at a foods are being exhausted, which will handling and delivery of any kind of mail. fixed price of $35.00 per ounce, made All are dependent upon the minerals and mandatory during 1934'. lead to an intensification of the disaster. metals produced by the Mining Industry. To sum up the foregoing irrefutable facts­ THE RELIEF EFFORT Farming and other agricultural industries: there is not a single manufactured article In the areas under the control of the All agricultural products are very important that would be available for our use 1! it were Federal Government, food, medicine, and and necessary in connection with the ex­ not for the Mining Industry, therefore, the istence, activities and progress of mankind, stability of our national and world economy other relief supplies are stockpiled in yet those products are dependent upon the and all the progress that has been made, or and being distributed from Zagos, En­ minerals and metals produced by the Mining ever will be made by the human race-even ugu, Calabar and Agbor. Most of the Industry and without which there would not the discovery of America-bas been and will supplies for Biafra are being stockpiled be the necessary tools, equipment and fa­ continue to be completely dependent upon on the offshore islands of Fernando Po cilities to carry on such operations. There the extraction and processing of the min­ and Sao Tome for delivery by airlift. would be no farming and other agricultural erals and metals from the mineralized de­ As of the first of January, relief sup­ tools and equipment such as hoes, rakes, posits of the earth by the Mining Industry plies reaching Biafra totaled 3,000 to plows, harrows, mowing machines, cultivat­ no matter what type of governmental setup­ ing equipment, tractors, trucks, grain and Capitalistic, Republic, Communist, Socialist 4,000 tons per month. There are approxi­ food processing and packaging equipment; no or whatever. mately 260 relief personnel representing wire or other materials used for fencing; no Has the reader thought about this matter the ICRC and other relief organizations gardening or lawn too1s or equipment and no while enjoying the luxuries, comfort, travel, in Biafra. The ICRC estimates that it is saws, axes, sawmills, stackers and other recreational pursuits and the fact that it is feeding 850,000 persons in Biafra through equipment for the production and processing not a t all impractical so far as time is con­ its airlift from Fernando Po and 800,000 of lumber and other wood products, in fact cerned-to live in San Francisco and work persons in areas under Federal Govern­ there would be no lumbering Industry as we in Los Angeles as compared with ferry boat ment control. Additionally, joint church know it. transportation from Oakland to San Fran­ Food processing: There would be no fruit cisco during the early nineteen hundreds? aid, a group of religious organizations or other harvesting equipment, processing, Is it too much to hope that thinking peo­ including Caritas and Church World canning or bottling facilities and equipment ple may lend their support to those of us Service, have delivered considerable and no refrigeration equipment !or the who are selfishly endeavoring to protect the supplies of food into Biafra from Sao processing or food-and no transportation or rights of legitimate mining claim holders and Tome and estimate they are feeding labeling equipment !or distribution and the Mining Industry from the harassment of approximately 400,000 people in Biafra. labeling. government employees of the people and The United States has thus far made Educational institutions: There would be other organizations that have no concern for no educational institutions, buildings or about two-thirds of the global contribu­ the Importance ancl necessity of the Mining As equipment and facilities such as printed Industry? tion for relief in Nigeria-Biafra. of books, writing instruments or material, type­ In conclusion let me say that the necessi­ January 1, the U.S. Government has writers, adding machines and other equip­ ties In our everyday activities made available donated a total of $22.6 million in cash ment, even the desks and tables. by mining is of basic Importance and the and surplus food commodities. Of this Household appliances and equipment: vital concern of every individual, not Just total, $5.9 million in cash has been pro­ There would be no household appliances or to those of us engaged in or connected with vided to the International Red Cross. equipment of any ictnd, electrical or other­ mining or other extractive operations. A major part of the U.S. Government wise, such as washing machines, wringers, irons, vacuum cleaners, cook stoves, heaters, contribution to the ICRC is used for the motors, tableware, crockery, organs, pianos the chartering of aircraft for the airlift and all other types of musical instruments, to Biafra. On December 27 the U.S. Gov­ television or radio equipment, furniture of CONCURRENT RESOLUTION ON ernment announced that it was making any kind or type, clocks, refrigerators, wiring NIGERIA-BIAFRA available for the airlift to Biafra four for bringing in electricity for lighting and surplus C-976 cargo aircraft to the ICRC appliance and equipment operation, or any and an additional four to the American and all other household items used by man­ HON. LEE H. HAMIL TON voluntary agencies participating in joint kind. OF INDIANA Clothing: There would be no clothing gar­ church aid. ments including buttons and shoe laces, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Of the total U.S. Government contri­ shoes, hats or other wearing apparel, articles Wednesday, January 29, 1969 bution, $15.6 million in surplus food­ of personal adornment including watches dried milk, bulgur wheat, and high-pro­ and jewelry of all kinds-all are either manu­ Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, as one tein blended food products totaling over factured by equipment constructed from, or of 87 cosponsors of the concurrent reso­ 51,000 tons-have been donated to volun­ made of the minerals and metals prOduced lution expressing the sense of the Con­ tary relief agencies. The Catholic Relief and made available by the Mining Industry. gress that the President should act to Services is receiving $5.6 million of these Sports a nd recreation: There would be increase significantly the amount of sur­ no stadium for field or other sporting events foods; UNICEF, $6.2 million; Church such as bas eball, football, hockey, tennis and plus food stocks and relief moneys for the World Service, $3.6 million; and World 1,he Olympic Games or other types of sports assistance of civilians affected by the Ni­ Food Program, $161,000. The U.S. Gov­ as we know them including hunting and fish­ gerian-Biafran conflict, I wish to sup­ ernment also has paid overseas transport ing. No golf balls, baseballs or bats, hockey port passage of the proposed resolution costs of the relief supplies donated by sticks and pucks or the type of protective through the following remarks. accredited American voluntary agencies. clothing worn by the players, and no ice THE RELIEF PROBLEM or roller ska tes. No guns of any kind !or The private American voluntary orga­ hunting or target shooting and no fishing The area in Nigeria requiring relief in­ nizations have made substantial dona­ poles, reels, lines or other equipment and cludes the former eastern region, which tions of food and other supplies totaling again-no transportation to hunting and proclaimed itself the Republic of Biafra more than $4.1 million as of January 1 fishing locations or crossing the ocean or in May 1967, and certain areas of the on behalf of the relief effort. January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2227

THE RELIEF IMPASSE wholesale famine in Nigeria. Former The Safety First Club is now ma.king Despite proposed safeguards, the Bi­ President Johnson consistently backed preparations to mark Its 13th anniversary on February 13, 1969, the exact date of its afrans have consistently opposed the sur­ efforts by the OAU and the ICRC to founding. face relief corridors the Federal Military bring about agreement on the opening The prominence or the leaders from various Government has offered. Most observers of land and air relief corridors to the walks of llfe a.ffllia.ted with the orga.niza.tlon, view surface transport as the only means needy in Biafra. He has appealed to the the traffic authorities who serve as members of conveying adequate supplies to the parties to set aside the political issues of of the Advisory Board, the traffic safety needy in Biafra. The Federal Govern­ the war in the interest of reaching agree­ statutes to which the organization lent its ment was initially opposed to the air cor­ ment on relief. The former President efforts prior to their adoption, the calibre of publicly backed the December 21 appeal speakers who address the club meetings--a.11 ridors preferred by the Biafrans because indicate that the Safety First Club of Mary­ of concern that they would be used to to both sides by the Emperor of Ethiopia land has played a. leading role in Maryland's bring in military supplies as well. In Sep­ for a 7-day truce. traffic safety sphere !or over a. dozen yea.rs. tember the Federal Military Government CONCLUSION made a temporary agreement with the OFFICERS On September 10, 1968, President Nix­ President: Berna.rd Potts. ICRC for regular daylight airlifts but on stated: Executive Vice-President: Maurice R. the Biafran authorities refused to accept Until now efforts to relieve the Blafran Shochatt. last. people have been thwarted by the desire of Senior Vice-President: David Gordon. The most recent example is 500 tons of the Central Government of Nigeria to pursue First Vice-President: Phlllp Kershner. foods collected in the New York area total and unconditional victory and by the Second Vice-President: W. A. Duffy. and loaded aboard the Norwegian fear of the Ibo people that surrender means Third Vice-President: Benjamin G. Caplan. freighter Farra on January 12. In addi­ wholesale atrocities and genocide. But geno­ Treasurer: Samuel Matz. tion, the Farra will carry 347 tons of cide is what is taking place right now-And Assistant Treasurer: Morris La.sover. goods and medicines from Israel, Britain, starvation ls the grim reaper. This ls not the Counsel: Sidney B. Needle. time to stand on ceremony and to go through Chairman of Admlnlstra.tive Boa.rd: Mau­ and the Netherlands as well as 2,000 channels or to observe the diplomatic nice­ rice Cardin. more tons of food donated by CARE, and ties .. .. The destruction of an entire people Vice-Chairman of Admln1stra.t1ve Boa.rd: the National Catholic Welfare Organi­ is an Immoral objective, even in the most Dr. Stanley Z. Felsenberg. zation to Sao Tome. The food and medi­ moral of wars. It can never be justified, it Chairman of Executive Committee: J. 0. cines will then be flown to Biafra. can never be condoned.... The time is long Shuger. In early November the Federal Mili­ past for the wringing of hands about what Vice-Chairman of Executive Committee: ls going on. While America is not the world's S. Sylvan Farber. tary Government told the ICRC that it Chairman of Board of Trustees: Wlllla.m would agree to daytime relief flights to policeman, let us at least a.ct as the world's conscience in this matter of life and death J . Rya.n. Uli if no arms flights occur at the same for millions. Vice-Chairman of Board of Trustees: Paul time. The Biafran authorities responded Huddles. that daytime flights could occur only if With only 200 tons of food a day reach­ ADMINISTRATIVE BOARD the relief agencies created an airstrip to ing a people whose minimum relief needs Ph111p Baron. receive them. If both parties continue to are estimated at 2,000 tons a day, it is Postmaster Warren M. Bloomberg. disagree over badly needed air and sur­ obvious that much needs to be done. I Paul Caplan. believe that the United States must find Sydney H. Cohen. face relief corridors, one of the most ter­ Calvin C. Eisenberg. rible famines in modern times appears a way to bring relief to those in need Leon Finglass. inevitable. without directly involving our country in Mitchell Gould. On January 13 the International Com­ the war itself. Jule Greenspun. mittee of the Red Cross hinted it would Thus, as a cosponsor of this concur­ Jerome I. Gula.ck. have to consider ending its relief work rent resolution, I call upon the President Richard G. Hunter. in Nigeria should it continue to be pre­ to significantly increase U.S. relief as­ Harvey C. Kasoff. vented from aiding Biafra. A week be­ sistance to Nigeria-Biafra. Hubert S. Kasoff. Paul Kemper. fore, the ICRC halted its airlift to Biafra By passing the proposed concurrent Dr. Leo Klein. because Equatorial Guinea banned the resolution, the Congress will give public Herbert H. Levy. carrying of motor fuel on the ICRC support to increased Presidential efforts Byron Mlllenson. planes. The ICRC is now negotiating to meet the human needs of those caught Bernard Morton. with Caritas, the Roman Catholic Inter­ in the Nigeria-Biafra conflict. Judge Joseph I. Pa.per. national Aid Organization, to fly in the Allen Qullle. fuel needed for Red Cross trucks as a Delegate Richard Rynd. stopgap solution. Milton Schwartz. SAFETY FIRST CLUB'S YEAR-ROUND I. Marshall Seidler. U.S. POLICY DRIVE TO TRIM TRAFFIC TOLL Norman R. Shor. Because humanitarian, political, and Judge Edgar P . Silver. Inilitary factors are interwoven, it has HON. GEORGE H. FALLON Delegate Allen B. Spector. been the policy of the U.S. Government Milton A. Stuck. OF MARYLAND Paul Tatelbaum. to avoid political-military involvement Stanley S. Ullman. by channeling support for the interna­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tional relief effort through the nonpoliti­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE cal ICRC and those agencies, including Edward Borow. Mr. FALLON. Mr. Speaker, the Safety Delegate Benjamin L. Cardin. UNICEF, operating under its aegis. Both First Club of Maryland, a citizens' orga­ Jerome S. Cardin. the Federal Government of Nigeria and nization crusading for safety on our Delegate Isaiah Dixon, Jr. the Organization for African Unity­ streets and highways, has established an Judge Paul A. Dor!. OAU-have taken the position that all excellent record for itself during the past Reuben Fedderman. international relief efforts should be co­ 12 years. Headquarters of the group are Robert J. Footlick. ordinated through the ICRC. located in Baltimore, Md. Cong. Samuel N. Friedel. The feasibility and probable effective­ Sena.tor Carl L. Friedler. With the Safety First Club now pre­ Richard W. Goswellen. ness of a possible referral of the problem paring for its 13th anniversary, it is R. Harry Harris. to the U.N. General Assembly has been fitting to call attention, in the CONGRES­ Delegate Leonard S. Jacobson. strongly influenced by the views of the SIONAL RECORD, to the work of this fine John D. Leak. Secretary General and the African states group, as described in an article orig­ Morton Levinstein. that the matter should continue to be inally published in the Baltimore Beacon Dr. Louis M. London. dealt with by the OAU under chapter of January 1969: Daniel Needle. VIII of the U.N. Charter. If the Assem­ Mose Ottenheimer, 2nd. SAFETY FIRST CLUB'S YEAR-ROUND DRIVE To Theodore J. PhUllps. bly were prepared to take up the mat­ TRIM TRAFFIC TOLL Robert A. Plnkner. ter, it has been U.S. policy that the The Safety First Club of Maryland, co­ Charles W. Purcell. United States would cooperate fully in !ounded February 13, 1956, by J. 0. Shuger, Sylvan H. Sack. seeking U.N. action. Pa.st President (1956-62), and Maurice R . Joseph R. Sallese. No political consideration is of greater Shochatt, Executive Vice-President, crusades David Seidman. importance than the prevention of for safety on our streets and highways. Rube Sho!er. 2228 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 Senator Melvin A. Stelnoerg. truck, or other automotive vehicle, releases Virginia, and the City of South Boston. In U.S. Marshal Frank Udotf. the brake and steps on the gas, that each one fact, this corporation and its dexterous and Al Weinstein. of them is part of that group called every­ skillful personnel are already a very impor­ Philip Willen. body; and tha t it Is highly essential for them tant part of this splendid locality. We regard Among its various activities, the Safety to operate that vehicle with utmost care, them as our own. First Club of Maryland: that they may not snuff out either their own Virginia is quite fortunate in the great in­ Received a National Sa fety Council Trophy lives or the lives of innocent victims.'• dustrial growth and development which we 1n 1959 "for outstanding contributions to have experienced in the past several years. It tl'aflic safety." This was a national award 1s due not only to the foresight and the limited to the Safety First Club and 10 other activity of our Chambers of Commerce and organizations throughout the entire country. CONGRESSMAN TUCK WELCOMES our industrial committees, but is due to the Received a Certificate of Appreciation WESTINGHOUSE AND COMMENDS exemplary government which we have pro­ from the National Safety Council and the VIRGINIA ELECTRIC & POWER CO. vided and With which we are blessed here in Advertising Council "in grateful appreciation this grand old Commonwealth. We have en­ for help given in the 1960 Stop Accidents joyed, and will continue to enjoy, splendid Campaign . . . A campaign designed in the HON. W. C. (DAN) DANIEL labor-management relations. Although I do public interest to save lives and thereby OF VIRGINIA not have at band the exact figures for the make America a safer place in which to live." present year, I do know that in recent years IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the record will show that there is probably The Safety First Club campaigned tor Wednesday, January 29, 1969 fewer strikes and work stoppages in Virginia several years for the adoption of a statute than in any of our neighboring states or our specifying that Driver Educa tion courses be Mr. DANIEL of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, sister Southern states. At the same time, our offered in Maryland's public high schools. in 1961 the Commonwealth of Virginia people have had full employment and are Bill was approved by Maryland Legislature adopted an aggressive policy of encour­ blessed with satisfactory hourly, daily or and signed by Governor Tawes on April 24, aging the upgrading of existing industry weekly wages. 1961. Governor Tawes subsequently declared: and of actively seeking new industry. A We are del1ghted to have these industries "The major credit for the adoption of the principal purpose for the adoption of here. We have fair management-labor rela,. Driver Education bill belongs to the Safety this policy was to create additional jobs tions laws in Virginia, but best of all we are First Club of Maryland because of its inspired blessed by the fact that those employed in leadership and vigorous and effective cam­ for the young people graduating from industry here desire to see Virginia progress paigning for this safety education measure." our high schools, technical colleges, and along the best Unes of safe and sane better­ institutions of hlgher learning. The in­ ment. We are greatly indebted to the officers and directors of the Westinghouse Corpora­ Since its inception twelve years ago, the dustrial and business leaders of America have invested millions of dollars in tion for the establishment of this plant in Safety First Club of Maryland has worked Halifax County. diligently for the adoption of traflic safety plants and equipment in the Common­ We are also proud o! our other industries legislation to help reduce accidents on our wealth since that time. and our public service corporations such as highways. The organization has advocated: Westinghouse broke ground for a the two splendid railroads that serve this Employment of Meter Maids. transformer plant in Halifax County, community; and particularly the Virgin1a Point System. near South Boston, Va., on November 9, Electric and Power Company serving approxi­ Seat Belts. 1967. The plant currently employs 213, mately % of the Commonwealth of Virg1n1a. Refiectorized motor vehicle tags. with a projected employment of 450 This organization has probably done more Installation of devices on motor vehicles to stimulate the growth of industry in Vir­ to eliminate air pollution from this source. within the next 12 to 18 months. We are ginia than any other group. My public duties Adoption and enforcement of a Pedestrian proud to have this new corporate citizen throughout the years have enabled me to ob­ Safety Program in Baltimore City. in the district which I have the honor serve closely the methods o! the operations Annual grant be made available by the to represent. Through the leadership conducted by the oflicials o! VEPCO. I know State of Maryland to study, in depth, reasons provided by Mr. Ellis Cox, plant man­ that these gentlemen who manage this com­ for traflic accidents. ager, and the dedicated employees, the pany are devoted and dedicated to the high­ State Accident Control Records Bureau­ est public service and interest. The manage­ establlshed several years ago, and a valuable first transformer was delivered to the Virginia Electric & Power Co. on Decem­ ment of these organizations to which I have instrument in the field of itraflic safety. referred has done much to enhance the cul­ CompUlsory chemical tests for drivers ber 19, 1968. At the ceremonies recogniz­ tural, economical, and educational develop­ "under the influence." ing this milestone, former Governor and ment o! the people o! our State. We are Laminated photographs on drivers' regis­ then Congressman William M. Tuck de­ delighted to have their representatives here tration cards. livered an address which it is my pleas­ amongst us today. We have cooperated With Re-examination of drivers every four years. ure to insert in the CONGRESSIONAL them 100 per cent and I am convinced that Regula tions for motorcycles and motor­ RECORD : we Will continue to cooperate With them to cycle operators. the end that this fine Southside Virgin1a REMARKS OF CONGRESSMAN WILLIAM M. 'l'UCK, Expansion of driver education programs. community may maintain in the future a de­ AT THE DEDICATION CEREMONIES OF THE Many of these recommendations have been sirable balance between industry and agri­ WESTINGHOUSE TRANSFORMER PLANT IN adopted; others have not. The Safety First culture and may give full employment to the Club has learned through experience that SOUTH BOSTON, VA., DEcEMBER 19, 1968 people of this region. campaigning successfully for traflic safety Ladies and Gentlemen: It 1s a genuine I thank you very much. legislation is a long and arduous task. privilege and pleasure for me to be here with you on this auspicious occasion when the The Safety First Club believes that traflic first transformer produced by the Westing­ supervision and control belong in the sphere house Plant at South Boston is being turned of duly-constituted experts and authorities; out and del1vered to the Virginia Electric THE DETERIORATING SITUATION but, nevertheless, such groups as the Safety and Power Company. IN THE MIDDLE EAST First Club of Maryland can render services I appreciate the fact that my friend, Ellis through planned and consistent safety pro­ Cox, could still introduce me as Congressman grams, campaigns and activities aimed at from the Fifth Congressional District of Vir­ HON. JAMES C. CORMAN helping to reduce our mounting traflic toll. ginia. I am Just a temporary Congressman OF CALIFORNIA Safety First Club's major objectives are: and I am getting more temporary every day. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1. Help reduce traflic fatalities and injuries. Although I enjoyed my associations in 2. Stress the importance of traflic safety Washington, I look forward to leaving the Wednesday, January 29, 1969 among our youth. confusion and dissension existing there and Mr. CORMAN. Mr. Speaker, I share 3. Work for the passage and enforcement to returning to this picturesque and tranquil of statutes aiming to reduce our tragic traffic Southside Virginia community where I can the apprehensions of many of my con­ toll. enjoy the pleasure of a closer association stituents of the 22d District of Califor­ 4. Give proper recognition to the deserving with my friends after such a long and some­ nia about the deteriorating situation in for attainments in the field of traflic safety. what tempestuous career as a publ1c official. the Middle East, and what we feel is a . . . I hope that when I am relieved of the heavy failure on the part of the United Nations In an article published in the Congres­ burdens and responsib111ties, as well as the to examine recent events there in their sional Record, Congressman Samuel N. time-consuming duties, of the oflice of Con­ total context. Friedel stated: gressman that I will be enabled to see more We are disturbed that the United The Safety First Club of Maryland ad­ of you and I trust that you will not hesitate vocates that "Safety Is Everybody's Problem." to command me freely and fully to assist in States concurred in a Security Council How I wish that it might be possible to in­ every appropriate manner in all community resolution which can only be viewed as st111 this thought in consciousness of every projects. a one-sided condemnation of Israel for man and woman, boy and girl, who lays a We are delighted to have the great West­ recent acts on her part. The December hand on the steering wheel of an automobile, inghouse Corporation in Halifax County, 31 resolution, the catalyst of which was January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2229 the Beirut bombing raids by Israel, U.N. resolution will encourage the Arabs But when she saw that "the same agita­ failed to take account of the very real to intensify their terrorism, secure in tors who were at Colum.bia were 1n Chicago" at the Democratic National Convention last threat to the survival of Israel caused the knowledge that a sympathetic Se­ summer, Mrs. Green decided it was time by activities of various Arab Nations curity Council will protect them by tor Congress to re-examine the law. surrounding Israel and including activi­ threatening anyone who tries to resist "If a person on a college campus is not ties originating in Lebanon. them. I share the fear that the Soviet there to gain a college education, he does If we are sincere in our pursuit of an Union will exploit the censure of Israel not have a right to an education" paid for honorable Arab-Israel peace, and I be­ to whip up international opinion against by taxpayers, Mrs. Green said in an inter­ lieve we are, then we must profit from Israel and to intensify pressures for a view. She sees the question of supporting mistakes of the past, on our part and on Soviet-dictated settlement which would demonstrators with Federal aid as part of the part of the United Nations. In 1956 force Israel to withdraw from occupied a larger issue raised by recent studies of and 1957 our Government exerted great territories without requiring the Arab higher education: "That every quallfled pressure on Israel to withdraw its forces States to enter into a genuine peace with student Is entitled to an education." from the Sinai. To the later regret of her. Congress should determine who is "qual­ President Eisenhower, promises made at We owe it to ourselves and to the Uied" for support by taxpayers, she said. the time were not fulfilled and they were Special programs that encourage minority Arabs and the Israelis to take strong students to enter college by lowering admis­ breached-to Israel's severe disadvan­ measures to curb terrorism and to bring sions standards should also be studied, Mrs. tage. Arabs and Jews to the peace table. Green said. Since that time Israel's survival has She said she has heard that some of been continually threatened by constant these students cannot read or write. raids into her land by Arab guerrillas, Although no higher education laws are guerrillas operating from states that CAMPUS RIOTS up for renewal this year, Mrs. Green be­ lieves "it's high time we took a look" at have maintained a state of war with Is­ the Federal programs. rael for 20 years and which harbor and HON. TIM LEE CARTER College students, faculty and administra­ officially encourage terrorism. OF KENTUCKY tors as well as sociologists and other ex­ One need only look at the events perts will be called to appear before the which precipitated the 6-day war of 1967 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES subcommittee. Details of the hearings have to realize the injustice of the recent Wednesday, January 29, 1969 not been worked out because new mem­ bers have not been assigned to the sub­ U.N. condemnation. Mr. CARTER. Mr. Speaker, I wish to committee yet. In May of 1967 Egyptian troops call the attention of my colleagues to an massed on Israel's borders with article which appeared this morning in more than 100,000 reservists. Nasser im­ the Washington Post, expressing some of posed a blockade against Israel ships the thinking of the distinguished lady to the Red Sea through the Gulf of from Oregon, Representative EDITH AMEND FEED GRAIN ACT OF 1965 Aqaba; he dared Israel to go to war over GREEN. the move knowing well that the gulf was It is recognized by all Members that HON. JOHN M. ZWACH an international water and the lifeblood this lady's knowledge of our educational OF MINNESOTA of Israel. Harassment from Syrian raids programs is superior. I commend to you IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE'S continued on Israel's borders. Incredi­ her thoughts and recommendations con­ bly, Secretary General U Thant chose cerning those student.5 who are recipients Wednesday, January 29, 1969 that time to withdraw U.N. security of Federal loans and at the same time Mr. ZWACH. Mr. Speaker, I have in­ forces from the area. are disrupting orderly campus proce­ troduced a bill today to provide the same Since the cease-fire after the 6-day dures. I also commend the distinguished statutory right for feed grains producers war, there have been 1,002 incidents of gentlewoman upon her forthrightness to receive prepayment for cooperation in guerrilla attacks against Israel with more and I support the premise that no student feed grain control programs that cotton than 259 Israelis killed and 1,005 who incites rebellion on our campuses and tobacco enjoy. wounded-many of them civilians. Even should receive our taxpayers' money in The fact that these producers have had since the December 31 U.N. resolution the form of grants or loans. some chance of receiving this in the past condemning Israel, six more Israelis have The article follows: was only because my colleague from Min­ been killed by terrorist attacks. CAMPUS RIOTS IRK REPRESENTATIVE GREEN nesota was able to amend the original Throughout all this, the Arab States (By Ellen Hoffman) Feed Grain Act of 1965, to give discre­ have maintained their boycotts and Students who disrupt college campuses tionary authority to the Secretary of blockades. The United States, a Nation should not receive Federal aid for their ed­ Agriculture. My bill makes it mandatory, which understands well the importance ucation, Rep. Edith Green (D-Ore.) said effective with the passage of this bill. of freedom of the seas, should appre­ yesterday. The cost of producing com today is in ciate the significance to Israel of Arab "I'm sick and tired of a minority ... mak­ the neighborhood of $40 to $60 an acre. attempts to blockade international ing it impossible for the majority who want to attend classes" to do so, Mrs. Green, With farm credit facilities being taxed waterways. We should likewise under­ chairman of the House subcommittee on to the hilt, and with the high interest stand the implications of the hijacking higher education, said. rates that now prevail, farmers have a of planes. When Arab terrorists from As a result, she plans to hold hearings very definite need for receiving some pre­ Beirut attacked an El Al plane in Athens next month to take "a total look at high­ payment at the time of signing the con­ with machine guns and Molotov cock­ er education," focusing on campus dis­ tract to curtail their production. tails, they killed an innocent passenger, orders. It is significant to note that the out­ wounded another, and endangered the Mrs. Green believes that other members of Congress "feel much more strongly than going administration, in its budget that lives of 49 others, including American they did last year" about denying aid to was submitted to us on January 15, spe­ citizens. demonstrators because of continuing cam­ cifically eliminated all prepayment for Israel, a nation fighting for her life, pus unrest. feed grains in 1970, and cutback one­ made clear to the Arab governments Last year, Congress authorized college ad­ half of the prepayments for this year. supporting the terrorists that she was ministrators to withdraw Federal loans and Thus if farmers do not receive their full prepared to defend her skylanes to the scholarships from students who disrupt one-half payment this year, it can truth­ campuses. Mrs. Green said she wants to outside world, and that she would not find out how often funds have actually fully be said that it was because of the allow her enemies to isolate and strangle been cut off. recommendation of President Johnson. her. "We are faced with the fact that we have This is a bookkeeping trick of an out­ It must be made clear that Israel's romantic revolutionaries, anarchists who going administration-it does not save Beirut air response came after she had are simply out to destroy" the colleges and any money-it only transfers the finan­ complained to the U.N. Security Council universities in which they are enrolled, cial transaction from one fiscal year to following the El Al plane attack, and Mrs. Green said. another. Therefore, it becomes only a po­ Before the rioting at Columbia Univer­ after she received a silent and indifferent sity in the spring of 1967, Mrs. Green re­ litical trick to try to deceive farmers into response from this world body. called, she preferred to leave decisions on blaming this on the newly elected Presi­ Mr. Speaker, I share the fear of many Federal aid completely up to campus ad­ dent and Secretary of Agriculture. of my colleagues in the House that the ministrators. It would seem folly to have to come up 2230 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Januar y 29, 1969 with emergency funding programs for " PuEBLO": ORGANIZATIONAL FAILURE reluctance to speak out on major issues. many of our farmers later this year­ (By C. L. Dancey) The consistency with which he insisted when it may be largely avoided by simply The bystander focus on the court of in­ on "telling it like it is" was, in my judg­ passing this bill now. quiry into the Pueblo Incident is n aturally ment, a very refreshing quality during and instinctively on the personality, the per­ sonal trials, and the performance of Com­ the years he headed the Office of mander Bucher-but that ls not the key role Education. of the court. I was pleased to read in the New York "PUEBLO": ORGANIZATIONAL The key role, and one suspects the major Times recently that Dr. Howe's depar­ FAILURE problem ln this event, ls not an lndlvtdual ture from Federal service has not pre­ or personal assessment, but a review of the vented him from continuing to speak his organizational structure and over-all systems mind on the issues with which he is HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL used. A system which failed, whether Com­ familiar. I refer to a letter to the editor of OF ILLINOIS mander Bucher failed in any respect or not the Times of January 19 in which Dr. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in his place in that system. His place in it put him in a pretty horrible Howe gives the new Secretary of Health, Wednesday, January 29, 1969 situation which was hardly his sole responsi­ Education, and Welfare some good advice Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, many of bllity. Nor was it his task alone to extricate on the subject of law and order as it re­ himself. lates to school desegregation. my constituents have phoned me while As far as the Commander, himsel!, is con­ home in the district or written me after For the benefit of my colleagues who cerned, the only thing that he has testified to may not have read Dr. Howe's letter, I reading and hearing press accounts of which is professionally shocking is his com­ the naval board of inquiry's investiga­ ment that he never thought about or con­ include it at this point in the RECORD: tion of the Pueblo affair. I find there is sidered the possibil1ty of being attacked. [From the New York Times, Jan. 19, 1969) considerable misunderstanding among (This ls belied somewhat by his request for FINCH'S ALTERNATIVES "destruct" equipment.) the general public as to just what the ASHLAND, N .H ., issues are. It's quite natural, I think, for SHOULD DESTRUCT AUTOMATICALLY January 11, 1969. emotions to be aroused when one such Nevertheless, it was a strange answer, be­ To the EDITOR : cause in military doctrine which must cer­ Your Jan. 11 issue reports that Secretary­ as Commander Bucher, who has under­ designate Robert H. Finch of Health, Educa­ finds him­ tainly be taught as basic to every officer the gone such a trying experience, very first automatic responslb111ty of every tion and Welfare is considering alternatives self put on the pan, so to speak, and unit commander ls to provide for the "local to the Withholding of Federal funds in school asked to undergo the kind of interroga­ security" of his unit. districts where desegregation is an issue. tion that is reported from the naval One suspects that the larger question may Certainly every effort should be made by board of inquiry. I have made the point be, however, how his security was to be pro­ Federal officials to work with local school that from what disclosures have been tected Within the over-all m111tary setup in authorities to desegregate the schools With­ the areas where he operated. out depriving children of the benefit of Fed­ made thus far, it would seem that Com­ eral programs. The outgoing Administration is And at this point lt appears that nothing mander Bucher headed for a court­ whatever existed of that nature. has made much effort and has achieved some martial, but I certainly don't mean by It would begin to look as if the favorite progress in bringing about voluntary com­ saying this that I believe this is what game of the "Whiz Kids" who took charge of pliance With the law. he deserves by any stretch of the imagi­ the admirals and generals in recent years But the record clearly shows that volun­ nation. was to bypass the regular military establish­ tary compliance is not likely to be success­ The Navy inquiry is limited in scope ment and play With intelligence operations ful unless backed up by the willingness to and special operations themselves. use the legal procedure to Withhold funds to matters wholly within the jurisdic­ in places where racial discrimination con­ tion of the Navy, but it's quite possible If such was again the case in the opera­ tions of the Pueblo, the very people who tinues. Indeed, the mere suggestion by Mr. that other branches of the Department might have and should have been responsible Finch that he is considering using other of Defense shared in responsibility for for both its operations and its protection were methods Will almost certainly encourage the policies and conditions under which left on the outside of the whole deal, in no those currently practicing discrimination in the ship operated. I don't think this will position to plan, to be prepared, or to ac­ the schools to continue it untU he clari:tl.es ever be disclosed fully unless we have cept responsib111ty for a prompt reaction. his views. Mr. Finch needs to remember some facts an appropriate committee from the Con­ SYSTEM CONFUSED as he makes up his mind about these mat­ gress conduct our own independent in­ Washington is a very long way off, and un­ ters: vestigation and airing of the facts. Ul­ less the area people have a responsible part Title VI of the Clvll Rights Act requires timately blame will have to be fixed, but to play it is already too late to prepare sys­ the Withholding of Federal funds from any it is quite obvious to me at this juncture tems when something happens. That prepa­ grantee practicing discrimination on the that we cannot permit Commander ration needs to have been made in advance. basis of race; even lf Federal funds are With­ Bucher alone to shoulder this respon­ It is hardly a coincidence that confusion held, school districts h ave a constitutional has surrounded two ships of the Pueblo type, obligation enforceable in the courts to cease sibility. It is quite understandable that the Pueblo and the Liberty, at opposite ends discriminatory practice; the courts have the Navy should want to know from a of the world, With tragic consequences in firinly upheld the principles embodied in the captain of one of its ships why he turned both cases. H.E.W. guidelines for school desegregation. it over to a foreign power without firing One cannot help but suspect that there is The incoming Secretary of H.E.W. can do a shot and what options were available something basically wrong With the organiza­ the new Administration and the cause of law to Commander Bucher, notwithstanding tion structure and systems by which these and order a service by making it clear that his being shortchanged topside so far as special operations are controlled-and that he intends to enforce the law, even if it ls it arises from the recent tendency of clv111an not very popular In some quarters. If the law defensive weapons were concerned, air brain boys to enjoy the freedom of bypassing is not enforced by those whose duty lt is to cover, sea support, and adequate destruct professional Inilitary establishment and "go do so, what can we say to those who choose equipment aboard for disposing of the it alone." to disobey laws which are not agreeable to secret and sensitive equipment aboard. This is a dangerous practice indeed and them? Over and above this concern, we as Mem­ unfair to its victims. It should have been HAROLD HOWE 2d. bers of Congress want to know and I abandoned after the Bay of Pigs-where lt think the American public is deserving began. It seems to be a continuing disaster. of knowing just who were those responsi­ ble in varying degrees for nakedly ex­ "HOOSIER," A WORD WITH A HIS­ posing this ship and making those de­ TORY ALL AROUND IT cisions which obviously led to this most LAW AND ORDER AND THE SCHOOLS sorry chapter in our naval history. HON. JOHN T. MYERS Mr. Chuck Dancey, editor of the Peoria HON. WILLIAM D. FORD OF I N DIANA Journal Star and himself a colonel in OF MICHIGAN IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Marine Corps Reserves, makes a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES good point in his editorial of January Wednesday, January 29, 1969 27 entitled: " Pueblo: Organizational Wednesday, January 29, 1969 Mr. MYERS. Mr. Speaker, the term Failure" and I, Mr. Speaker, include the Mr. WILLIAM D. FORD. Mr. Speaker, "Hoosier'' is one of the most distinctive full text of that editorial at this point former Commissioner of Education Har­ of all State nicknames. As a native of in the RECORD: old Howe has never been noted for his the Hoosier State, I am well aware of the January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2231

continuing discussion about the possible FEW CHALLENGERS It is prooao1e that a large proportion of origins of the nickname. Because of the Few dared to say that Mike wasn't a very the Census respondents answer the long many inquiries, I believe the following remarkable fellow, nor did they argue about form questions such as those dealing with explanation is especially worthy of re­ the prowess of hls 100 boatmen. Most rlver­ sources of Income, employment record and production: men agreed that Mike was something they bathroom faclllties without considering didn't want to get tangled up with, yet were them unduly personal. "Hoosn:a,'' A WORD WITH A HISTORY ALL his friends. Mike roared, boasted, fought, and But on the other hand, there are also AROUND IT raced up and down the length of the Ohio Americans who object bitterly to giving this Since the Indiana centennial of 1916, his­ and Mississippi Rivers from the close of the information, particularly under threat of torians, teachers, and research scholars have American Revolution to 1821. "Then,'' says punishment. In recent years as the growth of been delving into pioneer archives seeking an idolatrous historian, "to use the words government and the urbanization of society the origin of the distinctive nickname: of Mark Twain, he moved westward with the have Increasingly infringed on the individual "Hoosier." It is a term of dignity and char­ jug of empire." citizen's privacy and the area in which he acter, they conclude, and applies to anyone Wandering ahead of the tide of settlers, can freely make his own decisions, this ob­ native to Indiana or who is a resident within Mike accompanied a fur-trading expedition jection has gained increasing weight. the State's borders. up the Missouri River, and met h is death at Americans have become painfully aware of Specifically, the scholars have concluded a lonely post near the Yellowstone in the the steady loss of privacy, and this awareness the word Hoosier means: An important call­ winter of 1822-23. has stimulated a determination among many er, and a dignified, self-reliant person. citizens to protest vigorously against further But reports In the files of the Indiana His­ encroachment. This determination ls re­ torical Society disclose there are three schools flected in laws and rulings against electronic of thought concerning the manner in which surveillance and wiretapping as well as the the word might have been born, perhaps COMPROMISE ON CENSUS measure to remove the compulsory provision between 1810 to 1830, and got into common from the long Census form. usage. The question then becomes a matter of AN IMPORTANT CALLER HON. GEORGE BUSH weighing the undoubted benefits to govern­ There are many claimants for "who's OF TEXAS ment and business that are furnished by the hyer?" said to have been hallooed by a cabin IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES form against the growing opposition by citi­ settler to a wayfarer on horseback, or vice zens and lawmakers who feel the use of com­ versa, during territorial times. The traveler, Wednesday, January 29, 1969 pulsion ls unwarranted in gaining these according to a poem written in 1830 by John Mr. BUSH. Mr. Speaker, the gentle­ benefits. Can the benefit be gained without Finley, titled "The Hoosier Nest,'' proved to the compulsion? man from Ohio, the Honorable JACKSON Rep. Betts and the supporters of his bill be an important caller and a fine gentleman. E. BETTS, has labored long and hard for Novelists of Indiana's later golden age of say that it can. By the provisions of the Betts literature, including Lew Wallace, of Ben the passage of a bill to limit the ques­ bill, answering the long form would be volun­ Hur fame, and Booth Tarkington, liked the tions of the decennial census to six and tary, not compulsory. He contends that, since idea of "who's hyer?" becoming In time to remove the criminal penalties for fail­ the long form ls used only for one fourth "Hoosier,'' and meaning important caller or ure to answer the questions. A good in­ of the Census interviews, census takers friendly traveler. dication of the support this bill has should be able to gather the necessary data The second school gives the word mllitary from those respondents who do not object within the House is evidenced by the fact to giving it. The compulsory feature would dignity-from hussar. that 86 Members have already sponsored It ls said Colonel Lehmanowski, a Polish apply only to the few basic questions. hussar of the Napoleonic wars, appeared so this bill in this Congress. Recently the This approach would appear to be a com­ resplendent in his uniform of military braid Dallas Morning News published an edi­ promise that could give the benefits to gov­ and decoration during a sojourn across the torial that indicates the kind of support ernment and business without producing the new State of Indiana that he inspired coon­ the bill has across the country and I in­ backlash from those who bitterly object to skin-capped riflemen of the frontier militia clude it in the RECORD at this time: answering these questions against their will. The area in which the individual Is free to to glorify themselves as hussars, which they COMPROMISE ON CENSUS pronounced "Hoosier." The scholars declare mind his own affairs and make his own de­ that in the war with Mexico and long after The Census Bureau's Jong questionnaire, cisions ls shrinking, and to an extent this the Civil War all parade soldiers in Indiana backed by the power of compulsion to force cannot be avoided in our modern inter­ were called Hoosiers. a proportion of respondents to answer, ls dependent society. But as Pilrsonal autonomy The poet, James Whitcomb Rlley, believed again the subject of legislative battle. becomes more limited, that which remains either of these legends could have been the In this session of Congress, the attack on becomes more precious to the individual and true source of Indiana's nickname, blllt in the compulsory feature of this long form is ls therefore more vigorously defended. his lyceum recitals he pointed out that much being led by Rep. Jackson Betts. In the past, The Betts bill may be able to preserve one of Indiana's speech, quality talk, and slang similar attempts have been made to elim­ small fraction of that autonomy. It ls worth stemmed from a southern Immigration. inate this feature by Rep. George Bush of a try. Texas and others who feel that the threat o! THE THIRD SCHOOL fine or jail should not be used to elicit what The third school suspects this southern many believe to be personal information. STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE group of immigrants gave the word "Hoosier" The question is one of benefits and dis­ PATSY T . MINK RELATING TO to Indiana, and remarks that It was popular­ advantages, compllcated by such sensitive ized by rlverman Mike Fink from Pittsburgh. issues as the right o! individual privacy and THE 91ST CONGRESS, JANUARY He was a man of Invincible strength, who the traditional American suspicion of gov­ 1969 picked up the word "husher" and used it ernmental power. Basically, the controversy often whlle travellng up and down the Ohio centers not on the form itself, but on the and Mlsslsslppi Rivers. existence o! a provision to fine or jall the HON. PATSY T. MINK "There ls not another like myself In all this citlz.en who refuses to answer. OF HAWAII country. I'm a hoosher"; the keelboatsman ls In the past, we h ave disagreed with such IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES said to have remarked with gusto. attempts, on the basis of a belief that the "Hoosier" was Mike's pronunciation for usefulness of the data to society outweighed Wednesday, January 29, 1969 "husher" mi!aning mighty man. Researchers the objections of the few. However, in light Mrs. MINK. Mr. Speaker, under leave found husher is out of the particular dialect of the steady Joss of individual privacy and to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I of settlers in the Carolinas and Georgia, who the Increasing bitterness against govern­ hailed from Cumberland, England. "Rusher" ment compulsion, The News believes there ls include the following newsletter, which means big, important, large, able. merit in seeking an alternative to the gov­ was sent to my constituents: Tracing the word back to England the ernment's power to punish those who prefer STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE PATSY T. scholars found it was written "hoozer,'' and not to give such information. MINK RELATING TO THE 91ST CONGRESS, that Mike Fink, the skull cracker and brag­ The infor1nation that ls gained by this JANUARY 1969 gart, used the word ''hoosher" to proclaim portion of the Census survey is undoubtedly WASHINGTON, D.C., January 14.-Repre­ he was the best man in a crowd. When chal­ of great benefit to government planners and sentative Patsy T. Mink was re-elected today lenged he promptly staged an eye-gouging statisticians, as well as to the m any busi­ as Vice President of the Democratic Study hand knuckle fist fight. For years his nesses and other private users of the demo­ Group for the 91st Congress. strength, vocabulary, and use of firearms pro­ graphic and economic data compiled by the The Democratic Study Group (DSG) ls vided fabulous tales for rlvermen and settlers Census Bureau. made up of approximately 120 liberal mem­ throughout southern Indiana. The Bureau's officials maintain that there bers of the House and has been responsible His skill and gusto gave the word "hoosher" is no intention to snoop into private affairs for many reforinS in House operations, in­ real meaning as it became hoosler and de­ of citizens, and that the compulsory feature cluding modification of the rules and, most noted a unique individu al of exceptional is, in fact, rarely brought to bear. There is recently, in gainlng approval of monthly ablllties, the historians declare. little cause to doubt these assertions. meetings of the Democratic Caucus. 2232 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 Mrs. Mink says she expects the DSG to appointments will now be subject to ap­ the U.S.A., Brite.In and other western demo­ play an even more vital role in the 9lst proval by a caucus or all House Democrats; cratic countries, with particular reference to Congress than it has in the past. in the past, these were arbitrarily dictated by student unrest, Negro movements and other I begin my third term in the U.S. House a tight-knit circle of congressional elders. minority expressions. of Representatives with great pride in having So we lost the Speakership, but we made The conference will be conducted during served in the 89th and 90th Congresses and some gains, and we wm make more so long the week end of January 31 to February 3. in what we have been able to accomplish. I as we don't give up and so long as we don't THE DRAFT AND OUR TEACHERS sincerely hope that the 9lst Congress can take the easy way out through acceptance be as productive of social legislation as the of an outmoded system. I have been working for many months two preceding congresses were. I do not intend to do that, and I don't on the problem of the drafting of teachers. But I must confess to certain misgivings Young, me.le teachers are In demand in nearly think you would want me to. every school system In the country, and we in when I consider the Democratic loss of the The battle over Adam Clayton Powell White House, President Johnson, in his State Hawe.U have a general teacher shortage. of the Union Message, carefully reminded The other opening day battle was over the Despite this shortage, our teachers continue the Oongress of its commitment to the see.ting of Congressman Adam Clayton Powell to be called away from their classrooms and Democratic programs of progress which must of the 18th District in New York City. Many Inducted into the service. be upheld. RepubUcans and the Southern Democrats I have corresponded with Selective Service It may be expected that the new admin­ sought to bar Mr. Powell, but I voted to seat Director General Lewis Hershey on this mat­ istration will attempt to stem the tide of him for the reason that to do otherwise ter, and he has said that teachers should be social progress generated by the Democratic would be unconstitutional. The Constitution given occupational deferments when they are administrations of the last eight years, and sets forth only three qualifications for a teaching In areas which have a teacher short­ this danger will require renewed vigilance Member of the House, and Mr. Powell meets age. He has also explained how this must be and dlUgence by the Congress to keep the those qualifications. He ls over the minimum done; that when a teacher is qualified !or the tide moving in the right direction. age, he has been a citizen of the United draft, the local draft board must give weighty I pledge all my energies during the next States for seven years, and he is a resident consideration to the testimony of local school two years to that task. of the state in which he was elected. Those officials. If the school officials say there Is a are the only constitutional requirements and teacher shortage, and if they say that the THE 91St CONGRESS the rest ls left to the voters. Mr. Powell's teacher in question cannot be replaced, then, The first session of the 91st Congress got constituents have made it clear that he is according to General Hershey, that teacher under way on January 3rd with two major their Congressman and he 1s entitled to their should be given an occupational deferment. battles, both of them dee.Ung, on the surface, seat in the U.S. House. The problem in Hawaii is that our teachers with personaUt!es, but with important un­ The House barred Mr. Powell two years ago, are given only postponements until the end derlying principles involved. and the Supreme Court has agreed to hear of the current school year and then drafted The battle over the speakership his arguments on the constitutionaUty of during the summer vacation. The effect Is that action. I suspect that the Court wlll find the same: we end up losing another quaUfied The first of these two battles concerned teacher. the leadership of the new House of Repre­ it unconstitutional, as I believe it was. In any case, the House did finally seat I have tried to Impress upon our local sentatives. John McCormack of Massachu­ school officials that this can be avoided by setts was making a bid for another term as Mr. Powell and I beUeve that to be the only rightful thing we could have done. If the requesting an occupational deferment for the Speaker, and Morris K. Udall of Arizona each individual teacher who is classified as was trying to unseat him in favor of someone voters of the 18th District want him, it is their right to have him. It is not the duty of 1-A, and If such request Is rejected by the younger, more vigorous and progressive. I local draft board, an appeal to higher au­ aligned myself with Mr. Udall and the young Congress knowingly to thwart the will of the people. thorities should be made. This course of llberals. action should be made a matter or poUcy by The national Democratic campaigns for The troublesome Electoral College our school officials. the presidency in 1968 cannot be llghtly dis­ Three days later, on January 6, the Con­ I receive numerous letters from Hawe.ii missed. The message was clear: the old teachers who ask me to help them get defer­ Democratic leadership, too long entrenched, gress met to count and ascertain the electoral votes for President and Vice President, and ments so they can stay in their important . had lost touch with the country, and there work. But there is not much I can do unless were those who would no longer tolerate that again we ran headlong into a constitutional problem. One member of the Electoral Col­ the school officials do their part. kind of leadership. So I have informed all members of Hawaii's As Time magazine put it, the challenge lege from the state of North Carolina-Dr. Lloyd Balley--<:ast his vote for George Wal­ Board of Education and also the School Ad· to the McCormack leadership "established visory Councils that they are responsible for beyond dispute that the lessons of 1968 have lace and Curtis LeMay despite the fact that a plurality of the votes in his state had been action to save our badly needed teachers from not been lost on substantial numbers of the draft, and they must take action to show younger, activist members of the Democratic cast for Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew. The Party." North CaroUna votes were therefore chal­ the draft boards that our teachers ought to lenged and a resolution offered to null1fy Dr. be given occupe.tlone.l deferments. But in the end, older and grayer heads I see no reason why they should not do prevailed and the old leadership was re­ Bailey's improper votes. I voted against the resolution because no this, and I sincerely hope they will make It turned to its seat of power despite those a pol!cy In the very near future. painful lessons o! 1968, but I believe, only member of the Electoral College 1s constitu­ temporarily. tionally required to vote in accordance with DR. DELLIQUADRI The election of Senator Kennedy in the the popular vote of his state and there ls no For the first time in 66 years, an incoming Senate as Majority Whip was a parallel move­ law that says he must. The Congress is not Administration ls seeking to fire the Chief ment; and its success will have a very great empowered to change the vote of any member of the Children's Bureau at the Department bee.ring upon continued efforts in the House of the Electoral College. of Health, Education and Welfare. to bring our procedures and actions in llne The fact that Dr. Balley could do this only The man presently holding that post ls Dr. with those which will undoubtedly take highUghts another defect in the constitu­ P . Frederick Dell!Que.drl, a former Dean at place in the Senate under Senator Kennedy's tional device of the Electoral College which Columbia University and the University of leadership. so long has been severely and justifiably He.we.ii, who was appointed last Apr!l by The Honolulu Star Bulletin said later that criticized. We in Congress should correct this President Johnson. I had gotten myself in the dog house by flaw in the Constitution by abolishing the The job has traditionally been above parti­ siding with the Udall forces. Age.in I quote Electoral College and having the chief regis­ san politics, but Mr. Nixon's Administration from Time: "Udall and his hardy backers­ trar of elections in each state cast that state's has asked for Dr. Dell1Quadr1's resignation. only 68 of 436 House Members-did their vote according to the plurallty of the voters. I have wired the new President urging his careers no damage, and may well have as­ THE DITCHLEY CONFERENCE reconsideration of this action. The job of ~:~~e~· more responsive leadership !or the On January 30, I will fly to London as the administering the Children's Bureau should guest of the British Government to attend continue to be safe from the vagaries of If that is true, and we are eventually able the D1tchley Anglo-American Conference partisan poUtlcs. to invigorate the House leadershlp--and I sponsored by the Ditchley Foundation. OIL IMPORT, AGAIN belleve we will-I shall be proud of my part Dltchley ls a non-profit, British Foundation In the last weeks of the Johnson Adminis­ in bringing about such progress. dedicated to furthering knowledge and un­ tration, I was working toward the estabUsh­ But aside from what we may accomplish derstanding between the leaders of the ment of a second oil refinery for Hawe.Ii to in the future, we were able to make some Engl1sh-speaklng nations of the world. be located In a Foreign Trade Sub-Zone at immediate gains. It is a great honor for me to have been Barber's Point. On January 8, I appeared In In order to defeat Mr. Udall, Speaker Mc­ invited to participate in this year's confer­ Washington before the Trade Zone Exe.min­ Cormack was forced to make some meaning­ ence with Members of the British Parliament ing Committee to testify in favor of the Bar­ ful concessions: all Party Members will and other government leaders. I am further ber's Point Sub-Zone. But honesty compels henceforth sit in on our monthly pollcy honored to be the first woman ever invited me to say that the outlook has never been meetings, thus assuring that the voice of the to participate in a Dltchley Conference. very good. young activists will be heard. Another con­ The subject of this year's conference wlll Mr. C. R. Smith, Secretary of Commerce cession by the old guard was that committee be: new political ideas and movements i:a under President Johnson, had decided to January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2233 make no decision on the application and left tagon's decision, and I hope that a final set­ mammals and more than 300 birds. it for the Nixon Administration. tlement of this matter can be achieved In the Among the species listed are such well­ In his final days in office, Interior Secretary near future. known animals as the mountain gorilla, Stewart Udall signed new 011 Import Regu­ the orangutan, the chinchilla, and many lations which permit Hawall to import Iow­ species of the cat family, such as the sulphur, foreign crude oil into a trade zone, and that 1s a big step in the right direction; FISH AND Wil.DLIFE leopard, ocelot, and jaguar. but without the trade zone approval, there PRESERVATION Equally important, H.R. 11618 would 1s still nothing we can do. extend protection to mammals, birds, No one knows what the Nixon administra­ reptiles-alligators-amphibians, mol­ tion will do about this, but the whole oil HON. JOHN D. DINGELL lusks, and crustaceans by prohibiting the import problem is expected to come in for OF MICHIGAN interstate shipment of these species intensive review. That may take years, and which are taken contrary to Federal, our sub zone application may be shelved IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES during that time. However, I intend to keep Wednesday, January 29, 1969 State, or foreign laws. Mr. Speaker, I have just recently working for its approval. Mr. DINGELL. Mr. Speaker, mankind THE MATTER OF WALLY HICKEL joined as a cosponsor in introducing leg­ is disturbing its environment in mighty islation in the 91st Congress which is I look with great disfavor on the appoint­ ways and, more often than not, little or identical to the House-passed bill of the ment of Governor Walter IDckel as the Sec­ no thought is given to the impact of retary of the Interior. In a letter to Senator last Congress. It is H.R. 248, introduced Edmund Muskie of Maine, I strongly urged these changes on fish and wildlife, or in by Congressmen LENNON, PELLY, KARTH, the Senator to insist on an intensive inves­ fact upon man himself. and myself. tigation of Governor Hickel when his ap­ It seems inevitable that we must ac­ This legislation is admittedly only a pointment was before the Senate, and Sena­ cept an expanding population in most partial answer to man's rapacious de­ tor Muskie, who shares my concern, did so. areas of the world. This expanding pop­ struction of the world's natural resources. Governor IDckel's appointment had rough ulation, when coupled with rapid eco­ But it would serve as an important step sledding in the Senate, but in the end, he nomic growth and technological de­ was confirmed; and so the natural resources toward the preservation of a portion of of our country, our mineral reserves, our velopment, will unquestionably bring nature's endowment. mountains, streams and rivers, our parks and changes in our environment. However, The legislation is designed to protect scenic areas and our wildlife resources have there is no reason for us to compound those many species of animals which are been given into the keeping of a man who, our problems by allowing the destruction endangered because they are in demand by his own statements, has little regard for of fish and wildlife through insensate for novelty uses or because their skins the concept of conservation and is annoyed slaughter, particularly when it is based provide specialty or decorative wearing by the growing demands in the country for on ignorance, avarice, or plain brutality. pollution control. apparel promoted as being very chic. The Aside from his alarming statements on The truth is, though, that this is ex­ hides of .spotted cats and zebras are in matters of national policy, Governor IDckel actly what is happening throughout the demand as luxury apparel and status also intervened directly against Hawa11's ap­ so-called civilized world today. Many symbols-better that these symbols plication for a trade zone oll refinery, after species of fish and wildlife are becoming should be a dead alley cat or common rat, he had been appointed Secretary of Interior. endangered and others are rapidly dis­ IDs connections with the oil industry are appearing from the face of the earth. species which are all too abundant. vague. He once said that he had no interest In the United States and Puerto Rico Poaching to supply the market for in the industry, then later said he had about alone, some 24 species of birds and 12 these status symbol hides is a lucrative a million dollars invested in the gas indus­ species of mammals have become ex­ enterprise in Asia and Africa. The try. The distinction between the oil industry slaughter is well beyond the ability of and the gas industry is a bit hard to find. tinct. In 1966, the Congress expressed its concern on a national level over the dis­ the species to reproduce themselves, par­ In any case, Mr. Hickel has now been con­ ticularly since man is taking over so firmed, but the roll of Senators voting against appearance of these species by enact­ him is impressive: James Allen, Alan Cran­ ment of Public Law 89-669, which pro­ much of the land where these animals ston, Fred Harris, Vance Hartke, Edward vides for the conservation, protection, used to flourish. As the animals become Kennedy, Eugene McCarthy, George McGov­ and propagation of native species of fish rarer and rarer, their value as status ern, Thomas Mcintyre, Frank Moss, Edmund and wildlife that are threatened with ex­ symbols apparently increases in direct, or Muskie, Gaylord Nelson, John Pastore, perhaps greater, proportion. Therefore, Claiborne Pell, Willlam Proxmire, Joseph tinction. However, much more needs to be done, particularly on an international the prices that so-called luxury con­ Tydings, and Stephen Young. sumers are willing to pay for a hide gets There will be many Members of the Con­ level, to assist in protecting rare and en­ gress who will keep Secretary Hickel under dangered species. higher and higher and the poachers be­ close scrutiny in his new position, and I It was because of my concern over the come more and more avid in their efforts shall be among them. disappearance of these species that I was at destruction. The final result, of course, would be the extinction of the species of IMPORTANT NOTICE prompted in the 90th Congress to intro­ We are now in a new enrollment period for duce legislation which would assist on a wildlife in question and, incidently, the medical insurance under Medicare. This is a worldwide basis in protecting species that end of any job or industry which is based period In which those over 65 may sign up are threatened with extinction. H.R. on the utilization of such species. for Insurance to help pay for doctors• and 11618, which was identical to my bill, was The developing countries of Asia and surgeons• bills and other expenses not cov­ unanimously reported out of the Com­ Africa, with their limited economic and ered by the basic Medicare program. For many governmental resources, are for the most eligible people, this is the last chance to en­ mittee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ roll for these added benefits. This enrollment eries and passed by the House, but the part incapable of halting the activities of period closes at the end of March. Senate failed to aet. The legislation Poachers as long as the demand for If you are eligible, or if you know someone would prohibit the importation of en­ status symbol hides and skins remains who is, check into it at your nearest Social dangered species of fish and wildlife or high and the traffic in them unencum­ Security Office. parts thereof into the United States, ex­ bered. Dolt now. cept by special permit from the Secre­ Since the market for these status THE BELLOWS FIELD DECISION tary of the Interior for zoological, educa­ symbols is heavily concentrated in the The Department of Defense notified me on tional, scientific, and breeding purposes. United States and other prosperous coun­ December 26 that it is agreeable to releasing Under this legislation, no lengthy nego­ tries, there is a heavy obligation for these a part of Bellows Field for Civil aviation, and countries to halt the traffic in these so we came to the brink of settling this an­ tiations or international treaties would cient problem. be required before the Secretary could items. The only thing that now remains to be make a determination as to species that The endangered species legislation done is for our State officials to negotiate a are threatened with extinction. The Sec­ now before the Committee on Merchant lease agreement with the Department of De­ retary would only be required to consult Marine and Fisheries would do much to fense. The Pentagon has recommended some with the affected foreign countries or accomplish this objective. Its adoption rather harsh lease conditions which our State with the International Union for the would also provide the Department of officials are not pleased with, but If negotia­ State with a strong argument to be used tions are opened promptly and d1ligently Conservation of Nature and Natural Re­ pursued, we should be able to achieve an sources before making such a determina­ in an effort to secure cooperative inter­ acceptable lease. tion. The world's rare and endangered national agreements to halt the traffic in I was most gratified to receive the Pen- wildlife lists now include about 250 endangered species of fish and wildlife. 2234 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 The legislation also is aimed at a ma­ belated recognition of market reality. There EQUALITY: BUT NOT IN NEWS jor domestic problem. Here in the United are those, however, who see lt as something COVERAGE States poachers can and do invade the else. marsh areas of such States as Florida, "It ls significant," declared House Banking Committee Chairman Wright Patman, "that HON. JOHN R. RARICK Texas, and Louisiana at night and ille­ the first major decision of the Nixon Admin­ gally take alligators. For these illegal istration is to raise Interest rates for home OF LOUISIANA activities, the poachers often make $500 a owners." Interest rates, ln the Texas Demo­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES week and more. If a poacher is caught, crat's view, are whatever the Government de­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 the penalty imposed upon him is usually clares them to be. only a small fine. Poaching is profitable, Actually, lenders for some time have been Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, what the the danger of being caught is small, and Interested In Government-underwritten people do not read about they do not when caught the penalty is nominal. mortgages only when homesellers have come know about-and a public opinion gap Thus, poaching flourishes. The real solu­ up with "discounts"-lump sum payments­ results. that bring their yield close to the going People seem to be dying all over the tion to the problem is to remove the mar­ market rate. The red tape involved is great ket. This is the objective of H.R. 248. enough that, even with discounts, the loans world today but only certain deaths, de­ Mr. Speaker, the United States is the sometimes have found no takers. tentions, enslavement ever seem to get leading market for birds, monkeys, furs, If Mr. Patman and his Congressional col­ equal treatment in the communications hides, and other animals and animal leagues really want to do something for home media. products which have been taken illegally owners and buyers, as well as other Ameri­ Zanzibar, the government in exile, re­ or in violation of the tenets of good cans, they can cooperate with current efforts ports great atrocities against their people. to curb the inflation brought on by Federal Why the news gap on the plight of natural resource conservation practice. financial excesses. As long as lenders are so If threatened species of fish and wild­ these people who suffer injustice and unsure what their dollars will be worth in brutality? life are to be protected, it is imperative the future they're sure to go on demanding that the United States take the lead with higher Interest rates to try to offset the ero­ Mr. Speaker, I include the following effective legislation to halt the traffic in sion of their funds. press releases from the Zanzibar Orga­ such species, whether they come from the In our relatively free economy, in sum, the nization, 68 Hudson Road, Southsea United States or other parts of the world. Government cannot order Interest rates to Hampshire: The Congress must approve legislation fall. It can, however, promote that objective ZANZIBAR'S PLIGHT to protect endangered species of fish and by getting Its fiscal and monetary affairs in (1) Do you know that 12,000 people were wildlife at the earliest possible moment. order-and keeping them that way. murdered in Zanzibar when the elected Gov­ As chairman of the Subcommittee on ernment was overthrown in 1964? Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation of CONGRESS OF THE UNrrED STATES, (2) Do you know that today there are HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, hundreds of political prisoners, among them the Merchant Marine and Fisheries Washington, D .O., January 29, 1969. former Ministers, stlll Imprisoned without Committee, I shall hold hearings on this THEEnrroR, trial since 1964? legislation in February or March. The Wall Street Journal, (3) Do you know that there are to be no Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues in New Yark, N .Y. free elections for fifty years? the House and in the Senate to give their DEAR Sm: Your editorial, "The Interest In (4) Do you know that as recently as last wholehearted support so that the bill Housing", (Wednesday, J anuary 29) renews October about 50 Zanzlbaris were rounded up can become law during the first session the old and discredited claim that interest in Dar-es-Salaam (capital of Tanzania) and of the 91st Congress. rates are set in a free and open market place. flown to Zanzibar, and since then nobody Interest rates, of course, are not set by a knows of their fate? free market, but are pegged by the Federal (5) Do you know that three of the nine Reserve Board and !ts Open Market Com­ detained Zanzibar Mlnlsters who had been mittee through the purchase and the sale of released from the mainland Tanzania's pris­ INTEREST RATES SET BY FEDERAL massive amounts of Government securities. ons last November were flown to Zanzibar a RESERVE, NOT BY THE FREE MAR­ In addition, of course, the Federal Reserve month later where they are languishing ln KET has the power to set the so-called discount the torture cells? rate which, in effect, becomes the floor for (6) Do you know that many of the popu­ all interest rates. lation are deprived of enough food, clothing HON. WRIGHT PATMAN Few economists, either in or outside of and medical care? OF TEXAS the banking industry, cling any longer to the (7) Forced labour has been Introduced. theory that there ls a "free market" In In­ (8) The islands are becoming major bases IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES terest rates. for the training of foreign Guerrilla forces Thursday, January 23, 1969 Years ago, leading offlclals of the Federal and for Soviet and Chinese subversion on Reserve conceded that there ls no free mar­ the mainland of Africa. Mr. PATMAN. Mr. Speaker, unfortu­ ket In interest rates and that these rates (9) Do you know that death sentences are nately, there is still a great deal of mis­ are Indeed established by the Federal Re­ being carried out without trial? understanding about how interest rates serve. For example, the American Banker of We the Zanzlbarls need your help-like the are set in the economy. Some people still May 7, 1954, quotes Mr. Allan Sproul, who Czechs we had had to accept a. rule of cling to the outmoded notion that high was then president of the New York Federal tyranny. interest rates are the result of actions of Reserve Bank and for years a leading In­ How you can help us: By writing imme­ a free and open money market. fluence in the Federal Reserve System: diately to the United Nations the conditions "So far as 'free markets' are concerned, I under which the people of Zanzibar are This is simply not true. think we are all attracted by the phrase. It living are a gross violation of the declaration Interest rates are set by the Federal suits our habit of mind. But we haven't had of Human Rights; and by bringing the mat­ Reserve System and its Open Market a free market in money and credit, at least ter to the attention of your member of Committee through the purchase and since the Federal Reserve System was estab­ Parliament. sale of Government securities. The Fed­ lished, and we haven't had a free market In eral Reserve has the full power to peg Government securities, and therefore a NYERERE AND ZANZIBAR MISERIES these interest rates at any level that it wholly free securities market, since the Gov­ (By Ahmed Self Kharusi) desires. ernment debt climbed to the higher magni­ In 1964 Zanzibar witnessed a rape of her tudes, and open market operations by the democracy when her legal Government was This morning's Wall Street Journal Federal Reserve System came to be used as a once again repeated the old theory that violently overthrown. Ever since the people principal Instrument of credit policy." of Zanzibar have suffered untold misery high interest rates are the result of free The Federal Reserve System has full power under the tyrannical regime. Innocent peo­ market action. I have written the Wall to lower interest rates and to bring the ple have been arrest ed, flogged, tortured, in­ Street Journal in an effort to set the nation out of the chaos of the current high definitely Imprisoned without trial and even record straight on this issue. interest rate pollcies. It has the power to murdered; and yet the whole world has been Mr. Speaker, I place a copy of the Wall allocate credit to the sorely-pressed housing oblivious to their sufferings. Street Journal editorial in the RECORD market. In April of the same year a union between along with my letter: The question now Is whether the President Zanzibar and Tanganyika was proclaimed and the Congress wlll require the Federal without the consent of the people on either T HE INTEREST IN HOUSING Reserve System to do this in the public in­ side. It was then believed that through this When the Adm!nlstration raised the maxi­ terest. union Nyerere would be able to curb the mum interest rate on Government-under­ Sincerely, strong arm of the gangsters in Zanzibar. written home loans, it was no more than a WRIGHT PATMAN. However the people of Zanzibar knew then January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS that the marriage of convenience between sages as "Release All Political Prisoners", many friends, not only in Britain but in the Zanzibar and Tanganyika would never be "Zanzibar Demands Elections Now", "Stop Commonwealth and the U.S.A." consummated; and the union is still the "Reign Of Terror In Zanzibar", "Democracy December 12, 1968: "Alas, unfortunately legal fiction that It ever was. Nyerere may be Must Prevail In Zanzibar", etc. appeared In nowadays people don't seem to care very referred as the President of Tanzania, but the Times of January 8, 1969. There was a much what happens to anyone else, espe­ his authority In Zanzibar is not at all clear. distribution of various leaflets and hand­ cially In foreign parts, so the cause of Justice It ls a common belief amongst the Western outs. has never been weaker. I only hope ... that Powers that Nyerere does not condone the On 11th January the Anglo/ Zanzibar So­ things will improve. atrocities perpetrated by the tyrannical re­ ciety convened a meeting on Zanzibar at the "So it Is in that spirit that I wish you a gime of Zanzibar, but a quick glance at his Church House (Bishop Partridge Hall), West­ very happy New Year and many more of own actions would show that he not only minster, London. About one hundred mem­ them." condones them but also connives In their bers of the Society, Zanzibaris and distin­ J anuary 11, 1969: "I believe that if you happenings. guished sympathisers attended. Lady Marion put your trust in ... and the great and In 1965 the Zanzibar ruling tyrants ar­ Bennet was on the Chair; speakers were Mr. good things they stand for, and work with rested Mr. Othman Sharif, who was then their John Biggs Davison, MP, and A. S. Kharusi. them to free your beloved people, you will be Ambassador in Washington, on the pretext Mrs. Fatma Tayaball (daughter of the for­ successful. A great friend of mine--one of that he was engaged in a plot to overthrow mer Zanzibar Prime Minister) read a poem the finest men I have ever met-would like First Vice-President Karume. The regime in (published elsewhere in this issue). After to meet you as quickly as possible.... Please Zanzibar was all set to execute him, but he the meeting a letter addressed to the Secre­ believe that I will do everything in my power was released on the intervention of Nyerere tary-General of the Commonwealth was read to help free your people." and he ls now living in Tanzania mainland. and signed by Lady Bennet, Mr. Biggs FROM THE PRESS On the other hand only as late as October Davison and A. S. Kharusi. (The letter is in­ The Dally Telegraph, January 3, 1969: 1968 President Nyerere ordered a down swoop serted elsewhere in this issue.) Leaflets were "Many Westminster onlookers will be amused in Daressalaam, where forty-seven Zanzibarls, distributed. to learn that Mr. Humphry Berkeley, a Con­ mostly who had left Zanzibar and sought ref­ The Daily Telegraph, January 14, 1969: servative of the far Left, and Mr. John B!ggs­ uge in the capital of Tanzania, were arrested "Mr. Duncan Sandys, Conse::-vative M.P. for Davison, MP for Chigwell and one of the and handed over to the tyrants of Zanzibar. Streatham, commenting on the Common­ staunchest of the Right, have joined forces No charges have been preferred against these wealth Prime Ministers' Conference, said on In the same cause. innocent people--nor indeed, any reason 13th January: 'The Commonwealth Prime "Mr. Biggs-Davison, who is vice-chairman given for their arrest-and yet they are now Ministers have t&lked much about demo­ of the Anglo-Zanzibar Society, has persuaded being tortured in Zanzibar. It ls even ru­ cratic rights in Rhodesia.' It was time some­ Mr. Berkeley to Interest the United Nations moured that some of them have died through one spoke up about the reign of terror in Association, of which he is chairman, in the torture. Zanzibar. fate of political prisoners in Zanzibar. For On 26th November 1968 "a great show of "There, the last vestige of political free­ five years members of the Sultan's govern­ mercy" was enacted by President Nyerere dom had disappeared, and the former poli­ ment h ave been held prisoner in the island probably in his endeavour to fool the world. tical leaders have been illegally imprisoned without trial. He released three of the nine detained former for five years, and in some cases brutally "Mr. Berkeley has forwarded a resolution Zanzibar Ministers who have been languish­ tortured. to Mr. Michael Stewart on this case, and ing in mainland prisons without trial since "Mr. Sandys said: 'President Nyerere promised to raise the matter with his friend 1964. They were: Dr. A. A. Idarus Baalawy, should restore basic rights in his own coun­ President Nyerere. But even Mr. Nyerere's in­ Mr. Abadhar Juma and Mr. Salim Kombe. A try before lecturing Britain about democ­ fluence is not decisive in what has become week later they were flown to Zanzibar to p ay racy and justice.' " a Chinese island off Africa." homage to Karume, and returned to Dares­ Extracts from Sheikh Abdulla Chaurem­ The Dally Telegraph, January 15, 1969: salaam after two hours in the islands. How­ bo's letter, Daressalaam: "May I reply to "Three former Zanzibar Ministers, In whose ever, when they asked for passports so that Mr. Karume's recent anti-Islamic speeches? release from prison Mr. Stewart, Foreign and they could leave Tanzania for some other "At the Daressalaam Saba Saba rally, he Commonwealth Secretary, was asked to as­ Commonwealth country where they might translated a number of Quranic verses which sist, have been re-arrested in Daressalaam find more security, they were flown to Zanzi­ to put it briefly, were completely, self-com­ and sent back to what are described as 'tor­ bar on false pretences allegedly to bid fare­ posed. In Islam, this is a great sin. Mr. Ka­ ture cells,' it is learned. well to Karume, whereupon on their arrival rume went on to attack the composer of "A spokesman from the Zanzibar Organisa­ were immediately arrested and sent to the Moulid Barazanji (Prophets way of life) and tion said in London yesterday: 'Their crime torture cells of the dreaded security force. argued that this man could not have writ­ was simply to have asked for passports so To this day nobody knows of their fate. ten accurately about a man who lived at a that they could leave T anzania for some The people of Zanzibar have made repeated different time to himself. He went on to other Commonwealth country, where they appeals to the world outside to put pressure claim that the Prophet Muhammaed was a might feel more secure.'" to bear on the current regime so that law and great socialist. Now how did Mr. Karume Daily Nation, Nairobi, January 14, 1969: order may once more be restored. Appeals know this? .. . "Abeir Aman! Karume, First Vice-President have been lodged with the United Nations, "In another recent speech in Zanzibar, he of Tanzania, had a cordial talk in Zanzibar Amnesty International, International Com­ declared that fasting in Islam was not ob­ yesterday with two Communist Chinese rep­ mission of Jurists, Commission on Human ligatory ... resentatives, the New China (Hsinhua) News Rights, etc., yet atrocities still continue to be "A few years ago a non-citizen Muslim Agency (NCNA) reported today. committed against the helpless people of was expelled from the country for mixing "NCNA said the two Chinese--Chou Po­ Zanzibar. Thus the once beautiful happy is­ politics with religion. Yet recently Mr. Ka­ Ching, temporary charge d'affaires of the lands of Zanzibar and Pemba are now a Police rume declared that politics cannot be kept Chinese Embassy in Tanzania, and Chao State and a centre of political intrigues and out of religion. I fear that as a result there Hsin-jan, a representative of the Chinese subversion. M!lltary training centres for sab­ will be "' religious crisis in Tanzania if these Army-had been invited to celebrations of oteurs and foreign guerrilla forces have things are not properly explained, particu­ the fifth anniversary of the Zanzibar Revolu­ sprung up like toadstools all over the islands. lary to the Muslim." (Reporter, published tion." in Nairobi January 10.) Daily Telegraph, January 14, 1969: "An In­ GREAT EVENTS EXTRACTS FROM OUR SYMPATHISERS' LETTERS dian and a Goan employed by the British The three Zanzibar Ministers (out of nine December 12, 1968: "We pray to God that High Commission office in Zanzibar were de­ imprisoned since 1964) were released on 26th He wm deliver us all, both black and white tained at the weekend, it was learned in November, 1968. A week later they were flown from those evil creatures who are setting Daressalaam yesterday." to Zanzibar by government plane "to pay brother against brother, religion against Daily Telegraph, January 11, 1968: "Sir: I homage" to the present puppet tyrannical religion, race against race, for the benefit of invite the attention of the visiting leaders rulers, and returned to Daressalaam after two the Red Beast of Biblical prophecy.... of the so-called union of Tanzania on behalf hours in the Islands. On 27th December they "Today I was handed a leaflet from your of the people of Zanzibar and Pemba, who were again flown to Zanzibar where they Organisation ... so great is it that I am are being deprived by the existing regime of have been thrown into torture cells since sure it wm do so much to wake up both Black all that which makes life worth living. then. They are DT. A. A. Idarus Baalawy, Mr. peoples and White as to the Vileness and "Urgently they demand, without undue Abadhar Juma and Mr. Salim Kombe. devilry of this murderous creed of Interna­ delay, fair elections to elect their own lead­ We have accordingly informed all the or­ tional Communism. If it is possible I would ers, on whom they would have faith and ganisations concerned. esteem it a great Christian favour if you trust. Similarly they wish to make it abun­ On 7th January, 1969, about one hundred could forward me as many of the above leaf­ dantly clear that the majority of the inhabit­ and twenty Zanzibaris staged a demonstra­ lets as possible to distribute amongst my ants do not support this imposed union, tion outside the Marlborough House, Lon­ Christian Organizations. which has not served any useful purpose for don, when the Commonwealth Prime Minis­ "Believe me, you . .. who have escaped them. Each and every one of us will not rest ters' Conference opened. Some of the dem­ Into this free country of Britain, by your per­ or tire till there has been a change for better onstrators had been already at the spot by secution and your endeavours, will wake up in our own country. 2 a.m. regardless of a bitterly cold night. A some of our stupid blind Church leaders as "MUHAMED BIN ABDULLA." photograph of all the Zanzibar demonstra­ to the truth about the plight of the menaced Daily Telegraph, January 16, 1969: "Sm: I tors with their banners bearing such mes- millions of Africa. . . . Believe me I have have been shockP.d to note that President 2236 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 Nyerere, of T anzania, said at the Com­ eral Government to enforce vigorously the You need something much more effective monwealth Prime Ministers' Conference on major civil rights legislation which Congress and efficient. the question of Rhodesia that the British h ad enacted. In particular, he said that en­ The whole history of the development of Government has handed power to a minority forcement of the open housing provisions of the administrative process tells you that's Government 1n Zanzibar. the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and the voting what is needed In a mass society. It's got to "The former legitimate Government of provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 be moved very effectively to the Northern Zanzibar was formed on the basis of one man should be enforced. In regard to the latter school districts as well, where there are many, one vote. The ZNP / ZPPP Alliance won 18 Act, he said that Its automatic sanctions, due m any manifestations of state action that re­ seats out of 31; hence it came to power. to expire Sept. 5, 1970, should be continued quire careful Investigation and careful de­ "If President Nyerere tries to justify the by Congress. velopment of cases. atrocities and genocide that are the lot of Clark also said that federal laws regarding OPEN HOUSING the Zanzibar people since the violent over­ the desegregation of public schools and pro­ throw o! the freely elected Government then hibiting racial discrimination in employment The HEW has to move in this area. Housing he had better find some other excuse. clearly provides a most important responsl­ and union membership should continue to blllty. With a lot of fanfare, we promulgated "AHMED SED' KHARUBI." be enforced vigorously. In 1968 the right of American citizens to By Terrence Clarke in the Portsmouth Concerning the school desegregation pro­ own, rent, buy, sell, lease, advertise a. home, a Evening News: "Mr. Frank Judd (M.P., for visions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Portsmouth West) Is reported (E.N. Jan. 4) Attorney General said that the use of law­ place to llve and raise a family regardless of as having said at Lusaka airport 'Britain has suits by the Justice Department to accom­ their race. a responslblllty to bring home to Portugal plish the legislative goals was "too slow, too But it would be very unfortunate 11 we did that Zambian territorial Integrity must be cumbersome.'' He said that the threat of a not enforce that law. Better to have never put preserved.' It on the books than to tell the American cut-off 1n federal funds, provided for in people we stand for a principle and then not "Why Mr. Judd should think we have any Title VI of that Act, was much more effective enforce It. People who've been deprived of responslblllty vis-a-vis Zambia and Portugal as a method. rights for a. long time won't understand that, l.s difficult to understand. In regard to police conduct, Clark said "Would It not have been better If he had that the issue of police-community relations and It certainly won't Increase faith In our pointed out that Zambia must respect the institutions. It's Imperative that we move was the "most Important and the most dif­ effectively In that area.. Integrity of Rhodesia, instead of recommend­ ficult law enforcement problem of today and In employment, there Is vast discrimina­ ing Britain to use force against Rhodesia, the next several decades." Without Improved and encourage Zambian guerrillas to do the relations between police and the community tion on account of race. It's quite discourag­ same? ing to see it in major corporations and In served by the police, he suggested, the op­ major labor unions, but It's a fact of life. "While he was in Tanzania did he ask his portunity to reduce crime would be jeopard­ friend President Julius Nyerere why he had Title VII of the '64 Act provides a major ized. Failure to Improve police-community obligation and opportunity to give people In annexed Zanzibar? Doesn't Zanzibar have relations, he said, could "divide the coun­ some rights to freedom too? this country, regardless of race, an oppor­ try." tunity to fare for themselves, to get a job, "Did he do anything to help the African Clark said the Johnson Administration had refugee ruler who lives in Southsea? Did to make some money, to be somebody and to laid the groundwork for a major federal at­ do something. And enforcement of this stat­ he do anything to help King Freddie who ls tack on crime through the Omnibus Crime a refugee over here or ask why his daughter ute to many Is, perhaps, the most Important Control and Sa.fe Streets Act of 1968 and the responsibility that we'll have. Princess Victoria Is under arrest? Juvenile Dellnquency Prevention and Con­ "Does Mr. Judd not think that Asians who trol Act of 1968. He said he hoped that the VOTING RIGHTS have lived for 20 or more years in Kenya Nixon Administration would ask for the full Q. What other areas are important? and Zambia have some moral rights to stay funding of $300 million for the Safe Streets A. There'll be the Issue of the Voting Rights there?" Act, which was intended to aslsst State and Act of 1965, and whether its automatic sanc­ local governments In upgrading their Jaw tions should be continued beyond Sept. 5, enforcement operations. The Juvenile De­ 1970 .... This Is one of the really remarkable RAMSEY CLARK SPEAKS OUT linquency Act was Intended to do the same experiments 1n democracy in voting that thing through federal financial aid for pro­ you'll find In history, I Imagine, because grams involving juveniles. there were hundreds of thousands of people HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN Turning to organized crime, the Attorney historically disenfranchised and for very General said that It was a. problem which strongly felt reasons In the community. And OF NEW YORK could be eradicated. He said, however, that a here all of a sudden with one Act you achieve IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES key factor In the existence of organized In a couple of years a doubling of registra­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 crime was Its dependence in corrupt ion of tions and a doubling of voting and a lot of certain local officials, including police. elected (Negro) officials. Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, I would like The Attorney General said that the whole Q. Don't you think the Voting Rights Act to take this opportunity to pay tribute to problem of crime was a complex one, not of 1965 Is part of the historical trend on former Attorney General Ramsey Clark conducive to simple solutions. The deeper opening the right to vote, and really 11 prop­ who, in my opinion, has been an out­ causes of crime, he said, stemmed from mass erly implemented Is the last step toward a living and long-range dynamics of the so­ completely universal constituency In this standing chief executive of the Justice ciety. country, for everyone except those in mental Department. Excerpts from the interview follow: hospitals or jails? Ramsey Clark's understanding of con­ Q. What are some Important areas t o watch A. There may be another step. That may be temporary issues has been especially to see that ma jor legislative purposes of the compulsory or obl!ga.tory voting. They have noteworthy. The emphasis he has given last decade are implemented, such as school this In a sense In Australia and some other to the enforcement of civil rights legisla­ desegregation? places. You don't like to think about it until tion and the alleviation of strained rela­ A. When the school year started in Sep­ you see a 40-percent vote In an Important tions between police and large portions of tember 1963, the percentage of Negro chil­ election. We've just got to involve people In dren in the 11 stat es t h at comprised the our political processes If we're going to m ake the black community has provided an Confederacy who were In schools classified our Institu tions really effective and respon­ important balance to the simplistic call as desegregated was one percent. That"s nine sive. for law and order which has been so years after B r own v. Board of Education. Q. If we do more things l!ke making a much in vogue in recent months. Under the powers that were granted with Social Security card equivalent to a voting At this point in the RECORD I include Title VI of the 1964 (Civil Rights) Act, very registration card, we can push quite a ways an interview with Ramsey Clark, which significant progress h as been made. Ou r es­ before we go compulsory. appeared in the January 3, 1969, issue of t im ate is that the percentage wm be above A. We'd all hope you wouldn't go to the Congressional Quarterly, and which I 20 when we get the final statistics for J an­ compulsory, but we've got to do something commend to my colleagues: uary 1968. When you consider just the few to concern people with their political desti­ short years that you've had to work there nies and to make them believe what must [From the Congressional Quarterly, Jan. 3, wit h t h e new t echniques, you see t h at this In !act be true--that they make a difference. 1969] Is real progress. It's Important t hat this be Q. Can former convicts be constitutionally RAM SEY CLARK SUMS UP IN WIDE- RANGING carried forward in t h e Northern school dis­ disfranchised? CQ INTERVIEW tricts as well. A. Well, I don't kn-OW, I guess the one thing · Attorney General Ramsey Clark Dec. 10, Q. Which h as been more effective, the law­ I know Is you have to keep pretty ten tative 1968, summed u p his views on major national suit rou te or t he Title VI cut -off (of fed­ In your judgments about these things be­ Issues In a wide-ranging interview by Con­ eral funds) route ? cause we're learning and changing a wfully gressional Quart erly. (For excerpts from the A. Unquestionably the administrative quickly .. . . It would seem quite clear to me transcri pt of the intervi ew, see below.) techniqu e is t he only one thwt really mean­ that the state 'has t h e power ,to deprive peo­ The At torney General emphasized t wo ingfully works. There are 6,000 school dis­ ple who h ave offended It very seriously, who areas which he considered of primar y Impor­ t ricts In the south a.lone; 2,000 with very have done serious injury to persons or prop­ tance : civil right s and the conduct of pol1ce. substantial desegregation problems. So the erty. To deprive them of participation In t he He said that it was nece5Sary for the Fed- lltlga.tlve route Is too slow, too cumbersome. democratic process? I would be very caut ious January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2237 about that. I would feel somewhat as I !eel JUVENILE DELINQUENCY clety and all the turbulence of our time. It in the field of citizenship. It's a rare situa­ Q. Do you see the Crime Control law and comes from long-range dynamics with popu­ tion where you deprive either a naturalized the Juvenile Delinquency law, both of this lation growth, urbanization and science and or a natural born citizen of his citizenship. year, as providing a framework !or very sig­ technology. And we have barely begun to un­ You've got to learn to deal more meaning­ nificant national action? derstand the individual. fully than that. Because this world just can't A. Absolutely. That's the plan. The Juve­ NEW LEADERSHIP take much of that, really. nile Delinquency Prevention Act ls the hap­ Q. Aren't some cities doing quite a good Q . Do you think it is imperative that the pier side of the docket, you might say. It can 1965 Aot be renewed and perhaps strength­ job? work creatively, and it really can with kids A. I think we do have new and tmaglnatlve ened? Do you think we'd retrogress U its in pre-delinquency and even delinquency automatic sanctions expire? leadership in law enforcement--men who are situations. very sensitive to poltce-communlty relations, A. I would be concerned about lot. We're We know where these kids are. We don't which from any measurement that I can still studying the results of this election, and have to kid ourselves. They're not the rich make, ts the most important and the most we haven't really decided here. But I know suburban kids, not that we don't have some this. You should err on the side of imple­ difficult law enforcement problem of today problems there, but 1! you want to put crime and the next several decades. mentation of the policy, because it's such a on a map, you will see that it's concentrated terribly important policy and we just can't The poUce must serve communities, and in the slums in every city in the United the communities must recognize their serv­ stand backsliding. And 1! as we examine the States. It's where all your other deprivations ice. And until that happens, crime control ts evidence we see risks there, then we'll just are, and it will be 10, 20 and 100 times more a contest. The mere fact that most crime 1s have to be very careful. frequent per capita down there, and there's not reported shows the dimensions of the POLICE MISCONDUCT just no use fooling ourselves about it. police-community relation problem. Why Another area that has to be looked to So what we need to do 1s to work with the isn't it reported? How can you hope to do that's very delicate and very difficult is police Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act mas­ anything about it until It ts reported? Is it misconduct. We've had to get into this area. sively and effectively in these areas, and we fear of the pollce that causes the failure to It's not any,thing anyone likes to do, but you can prevent crime at the very happiest time, report? Is it the feeling that they are hope­ have a duty. And above all, the police them­ before it happens, before the guy's got a lessly incompetent? Wha.t are all these selves must not violate the law or the righrk­ law enforcement knowing about it. Any of there was an adjustment at the end because ing on the problem. us could go in any town in the United States of some FBI problems. A. Well, ideally, but you've got to do every­ and if we had 50 bucks, just roll them up Q. You asked for full funding. thing at once. You don't watt. You just go in tens or fives and crinkle them like that A. Right. Next year we wlll ask for $300 forward at once. and say: "Where can a fellow gamble around mlllion. I would hope that the Nixon Ad­ But the only way that there can be shown here?" or "Where can he find a prostitute?" ministrat ion would ask for the full $300 any dramatic reduction 1n crime in a few Well, if they're around they may circle you million, too. I would hope that the Congress short years ts through manipulation of sta­ for a little while, for a couple of hours, de­ would grant it, and that it would be very tistics, when you get right down to it, be­ pending on what's going on at the time, or wisely distrLbuted to local law enforcement, cause crime is a much vaster and more diffi­ they may just walk right in and shake you to state admlnistration of prisons, to reform cult problem than that. by the hand and say: "Come on back in !here. of court systems at state and local levels. It stems from all the problems of mass so- We've been looking for you." Because they've 2238 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 been looking for you just like you're looking him and wish him well. I am sure it was withdrawal of military forces and other fac­ for them. a pleasure for all of us here in the House tors should have priority in the peace talkS If you and I could do lt, can't the police, of Representatives. In my opinion it at Paris. who live there, who know the people and As for the armament strength o! the United know the streets and the places? Of course augurs well for America that the Presi­ States, Nixon declared tha.t "sufficiency" is they can. So the professlonallzatlon of law dent has taken time to come up to a better term than either "superiority" or enforcement ls the key ln the long run. the Hill to greet the Members of this "parity." He said that the important objec­ CORRUPTION AND CRIME House of Representatives. tive ls to get "sufficient Inllitary power to defend our interests and to maintain the Q . In the more sophisticated organized commitments which this administration de­ crime operations, doesn't the corruption go termines are In the Interest of the United farther up the line? States around the world." A. Yes, that's right. It tends to and lt can NIXON'S FIRST NEWS CONFERENCE IS SKILLFUL With respect to the problem of inflation, involve a good part of a precinct, a good part Nixon gave assurances that he Is considering of the manpower of a precinct. what actions can be taken which will not We've seen situations where lt has, but it HON. JAMES G. FULTON bring "an unacceptable rise in unemploy­ doesn't have to involve everybody in the pre­ ment." He said that, without "too much cinct, and common sense would tell you lt OF PENNSYLVANIA managing of the economy," It Is going to wouldn't. Why bother? Why cut him in? He's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES be necessary to "have some fine tuning o! making his $325 a month. Just let him walk Wednesday, January 29, 1969 our fl.seal monetary affairs in order to con­ the streets out there, and don't worry about trol inflation." these three girls who answer the telephone­ Mr. FULTON of Pennsylvania. Mr. The President revealed that he does not go they don't need to be involved in it. Speaker, it is a pleasure to call an ex­ along with the suggestion that Inflation can But we've got to have Sergeant Jones and be effectively controlled merly "by exhorting Lt. Smith because this ls their area and if cellent column by David Lawrence, ap­ pearing in the Washington Evening Star labor and management and industry to fol­ they close that place down, why we're going low certain guidelines." He commented tha.t, to lose income for 10 days until we get re­ for January 28, 1969, to the attention of much as the leaders on both sides "might per­ located and all our customers find out where the Congress and the American people. sonally want to do what ls In the best interest we are. President Nixon is certainly off to a o! the Nation," they have to be guided by Q . Is there great variation among cities in fine start. the interests of their own organizations. He the United States In terms of how pervasive The Lawrence column follows: added: this influence is? "So NIXON'S FmsT NEWS CONFERENCE Is SKILLFUL the primary responsibU!ty for control­ A. Sure. The Crime Commission report ling inflation rests with the national admin­ (President Johnson's) surveyed roughly 72 President Nixon, at the first news confer­ istration, and its handling of fl.seal and ruone­ cities in the organized crime task force area. ence of his administration, handled himself tary affairs. That is why we will have some By the broadest combination of counts--ad­ with a skill and forthrightness rather un­ new approaches in this area. We assume that mission by local authorities, intell1gence usual and unexpected from a chief executive responsibility. We think we can meet it, that from federal investigative agencies or state who has been in office only a week. He ob­ we can control Inflation without an increase investigations-or just a rough estimate, viously could not have done It if he had not in unemployment." only 26 had organized crime existing at all. been studying public questions carefully. His These were some o! the various issues That doesn't mean there wasn't a little bur­ televised meeting with the press Indicates which the President discussed in a candid glary ring. That doesn't mean there weren't that he has chosen a clear-cut rather than an way with the members of the press, many o! guys working in the stolen car racket. It ambiguous approach. whom said afterwards it had been one o! the just means there wasn't regular ongoing Nixon, for Instance, In a simple manner most interesting and satisfactory news con­ organized crime. disposed of a question on a highly controver­ ferences in years. That tells you a number o! things. As you sial subject--the admission o! Communist know from just being alive, you don't have China to the United Nations. He said his pol­ to have organized crime. That's the happy icy would be to continue to oppose Red thing about it. That's a ball game you can China's entry-first, because Peking has not win altogether-72--0. You can win that one. indicated any Interest in becoming a mem­ MERITS OF THE BLOCK GRANT There have been whole societies and whole ber and, second, because it has not shown SYSTEM countries today that have been free of orga­ any intent "to abide by the principles o! the nized crime, It's a very peculiar phenome­ U.N. Charter." non, and you can control it, you can elimi­ He added that Communist China also con­ HON. THOMAS J. MESKILL nate it. tinues to call for the expulsion or the Re­ OF CONNECTICUT Q. What are some of the more critical public of China from the United Nations even areas in which the organized crime connec­ though the Formosan government "has met IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tion with the political structure is substan­ Its responslb111ties without any question over Wednesday, January 29, 1969 tial and important? Is the President's Crime these past few years." Nixon suggested, too, Commission report the place to get the leads? that the resumption of talks at Warsaw soon Mr. MESKILL. Mr. Speaker, in light A. It will give you some Information. Some by American and Red Chinese representatives of the continuing discussion over the of the people who worked on the thing can may disclose "whether new changes of atti­ relative merits of adopting a system of give you some assistance on it, and then you tude on major, substantive issues may have "block" grants, in place of the present can just look where our strike forces go, and occurred." system of grants for specific, federally ap­ you can assume that those tend to be our The President made it clear that he does estimates of the more critical areas. You've not think policies-particularly foreign pol­ proved projects, I would like to insert an got seven or eight on the way now and we icy--£hould be made "by off-the-cuff re­ excellent editorial on the subject which hope to have a couple of more. sponses In press conferences, or any other appeared in the Torrington Register. Q. Where are they working, these strike kind of conferences." He sta.ted that he be­ The editorial follows: forces? lieves decisions should be reached In an or­ CASE AGAINST BLOCK GRANTS A. Detroit, Buff·alo, Chicago, Philadelphia, derly way, and that this is why he has es­ Miami and Brooklyn. tablished the Urban Affairs Council and a It seems to be generally agreed that when Cabinet committee on economic policy, and the new Congress assembles In January, one has revitalized the National Security Council of the first orders of business w111 be setting the wheels In motion for a general overhaul PRESIDENT NIXON VISITS WITH !or foreign affairs. Nixon referred to two very long meetings of the present system of distributing federal AND GREETS MEMBERS OF THE o! the National Security Council at which funds to state and local government. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES foreign policy was discussed. He declared that Specifically, what has been proposed-and he regards the Middle East "a powder keg, endorsed by both parties in the late presi­ very explosive" and that it Is very Important dential campaign-is a major shift toward a HON. HENRY P. SMITH III to "cool it off" so as to avoid "a confronta­ system of "block" grants, in place of grants OF NEW YORK tion between the nuclear powers." made for specific, federally approved pur­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Perhaps the most interesting explanation poses. Under the new arrangement Uncle that the President gave was related to the Sam would dole out the funds wit h no strings Tuesday, January 28, 1969 posslbU!ty of a "cease-fire" in Vietnam. He attached, letting the states and the com­ Mr. SMITH of New York. Mr. Speaker, said the word applies more to a conventional munities decide for themselves how they I wish take this occasion commend war than to a guerrilla war. He pointed out wish to spend them. to to that, in the latter, "one side may not even Superficially this is an appealing idea. The President Nixon, our 37th President of be able to control many of those who are federal tax base is much broader than that the United States, for coming here to the responsible for the violence in the area," and of the state and local government, and the House of Representatives this morning that a cease-fire could then be "meaning­ federal tax collection system is much more and for giving us the opportunity to greet less." He feels that an agreement on mutual efficient. What's more, the present system of January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2239 earmarked grants has created an extremely beautiful spot of America., representative to Africa. (Zambia.) over 21 years ago as a. complicated and cumbersome bureaucratic people everywhere o! freedom and courage. stranger to the land. She and a group of five jungle in which 21 federal agencies are try­ Freedom . . . experienced tor so short a Nuns sought to know the people, to under­ ing to adm.1n1ster more than 160 separate a.id time in Czechoslovakia., but the fires of stand their customs, and by this attitude to programs through hundreds of regional which burn in the hearts of the Czecho­ convince them of their sincerity. After win­ offices. Too often the gravy goes not to the slovakian people, and Inspires the courage ning their confidence, they sought to bring localities that need It most but to the ones to defy the forces of oppression, and to keep the truths of Christianity within the circle which a.re most adept at the fine arts of a.live that dream of freedom for Czecho­ of their own tra.dltlons rather than starting grantsmanship. slovakia. age.In ... someday. them with mysteries and admonitions they But there is another side of the coin-and Let the Czechoslovakian flag float here in could not accept. Her second principle of mis­ it's a side that ought to be considered very majestic silence, and yet, though silent, it sionary work was always to bring religion carefully before we blithely proceed to junk speaks to Ull of the glorious past ... the dark to the children first. If children would hear the whole concept of earmarked funding. present ... and the hopeful future of Czech­ her and believe, the adults would soon follow. For all its bureaucratic shortcomings the oslovakia. to rise and shine again. It speaks Since love of neighbor is the distinguishing strings-attached approach has scored im­ to us of the men and women, who have gone feature of the Christian, she and other Nuns portant social gains that couldn't possibly before us and of the inspiring record they spend countless hours mln1stering to the have been scored otherwise. wrote upon it. sick and poor, particularly to the lepers. Consider, as one of many examples, the We Americans, of Czechoslovakian descent, Today, with self-sacrifice and endurance stream pollution program. The only reason commemorate the day of this flag's birth, she is working deep in the bush with the St. that real progress is at last being ma.de in which until now has witnessed a great hill­ Francis Mission Hospital and leprosy colony. the fight against pollution ls that the fed­ tory ... which has floated on high countless Her day begins at 5 o'clock in the morning eral government ls now offering liberal quan­ times through great events, and great plans, when she rises and together with the other tities of earmarked aid to communities that in the life of the Czechoslovakian people, Nuns on her staff, ends the day's work at undertake programs meeting certain feder­ who, though small in number, have never­ 10 o'clock at night. The leprosy colony has ally prescribed standards. theless been great in deeds. many problems. There is no cure for this Or take the case of regional planning, an The proud country of Czechoslovakia, will disease but It can be treated to lessen the obvlously desirable concept which was get­ never follow the pattern of the Baltic States pain with medicine and general hygiene. With ting nowhere until the federal government or of Hungary. Czechoslovakia. will never be­ this disease a. finger may drop off' or a nose initiated the policy of specifically subsidiz­ come the 16th Republic of the Soviet Union. or a. foot. Some are unrecognizable with sick ing it by making the availablllty of federal The Czechoslovakian people have ably dem­ mothers still feeding their children. Children, funds for various local purposes contingent onstrated that they do not live under com­ too, are lepers. upon the existence of regional planning com­ munillm by choice, but only by oppression Mother Alberta is the only Missionary Nun missions. which is maintained today by the presence (while visiting every five years in Newark) Countless other examples could be cited. and constant threats of the Soviet Union and known to spearhead a committee to raise Most crucial of all, perhaps, Is the case of her allies. funds so she may continue with her mission­ federal a.id to education, where earmarked We present this flag today, in the memory ary work to ease her desperate plight in funds provide by far the most practical of our forefathers, and for the oppressed Africa.. Because Mother Alberta. was able to method of imposing certain minimal stand­ Czechoslovakians who do not now have what return to the dark reaches of Africa with the ards, particularly in regard to school in­ we so enjoy in America. .. . freedom ... but financial a.id she so urgently needed much tegration. If federal a.id is to be dispensed they have known it ... and will someday progress was realized. Today in Zambia. there without any control over its use, this means a.gain enjoy it. is an excellent clinic that was not there among other things that it w!ll be used to It is with pride and with love that we see five yea.rs ago. Because of funds raised at a. fatten the budgets o! countless Southern the flag of Czechoslovakia. raised here today Newark cocktail party "running water" is school districts which a.re segregated in in this noble !letting ... in this great country now a.va.llable for lepers. The many lepers pa.tent violation of the law o! the land. ... we have now adopted for our own. fam.llles who lived primltively In small over­ The fact ls that federal aid Is an enor­ crowded huts now live In homes with beds. mously powerful weapon for persuading state Although medical capablllty ls limlted, the and local government to pursue more pro­ hospital facilities with modem equipment has greatly improved. There ls also a. bus­ gressive policies-but it is a weapon which MOTHER ALBERTA STANGO can only be effective if it ls granted with purchased only because of the funds raised. strings attached. The system needs to be With deep appreciation and humlllty Mother made less cumbersome, o! course. But the HON. MARIO BIAGGI tells us "God bless our contributors in the basic idea. of earmarked a.Id ls sound, and to U.S.A. who a.re 95 percent (wonderful) New­ OF NEW YORK picture its abandonment as a. "reform" Ls arkers who made this all possible. plainly nonsense. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tropical disease, jungle rot, leprosy, dis­ eases transmitted by insects, snakes and vi­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 cious animals; a. place where poverty, Igno­ Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased rance, superstition and depravity are ramp­ to include the following front page story ant ... these are the conditions that FREE CZECHOSLOVAKIA from the Italian Tribune, about a truly Mother Alberta. and her staff encountered ANNIVERSARY day after day, year after year for the past great and remarkable lady with tremen­ 21 years In Zambia, Africa. The staff' of Nuns dous faith and courage. Mother Alberta that began with six (21 years ago) has now HON. PHILIP J. PHILBIN received her education at St. John's Villa grown to 32 with an additional nine African OF MASSACRUSETrS in Staten Island and her higher educa­ sisters. Yes, progress has been made but there tion at Fordham University. The entire is much to be done. For the clinic sulfone IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES world benefits from and needs more drugs, quinine, aspirin, antibiotics and other Wednesday, January 29, 1969 people like Mother Alberta Stango. medicines are needed. To crown a remarkable career o! unselfish accomplishment, Mother Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, I was The story follows: Alberta hopes to build a girls' orphanage. highly privileged last October to be able MOTHER ALBERTA STANGO Their mothers died in childbirth. Many or­ to participate in impressive exercises at Mother Alberta. was born In Newark, New phans a.re now living with the Nuns. Besides the Cathedral of the Pines in Rindge, Jersey, where she attended St. Lucy's Gram­ spiritual help these young girls need nour­ N.H., to commemorate the 50th anni­ mar School. During her early school days ishing food, clean clothes and lovlng care by she was known to be a. fun-loving tomboy­ the Nuns. versary of free Czechoslovakia. who put aside her baseball bat and gloves to For her work among the English chlldren, Under unanimous consent I place in enter a convent at the age of 14. She grad­ Queen Elizabeth has made her an honorary the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD the inspiring uated from St. John's Villa in Staten Island member of the British Empire. She was the remarks of George F. Pavlik, of Medway, and furthered her education at Fordham Uni­ recipient of a "Humanitarian" award by an Mass., the dedicated president of the versity. She is the daughter of the late Mr. outstanding organization called the Arnita. American Czechoslovakian Society of and Mrs. Albert Stango. Her parents left Mother Alberta. Stango-You will love her Massachusetts, at these moving exer­ Italy during their childhood and resided in magnetism and strength stemming from her cises. Newark, N.J. humlllty, compassion and respect for the Mother Alberta was called to the Religious dignity of the human spirit. Then, too, you The material follows: Life 1n the Congregation or the Sisters of St. wlll love her happy way. This good work We Americans, of Czechoslovakian origin, John the Baptist and spent four yea.rs in must go on. With your help it will continue. meet here today at, "the Cathedral or the New York doing Parish work. From her early Help them provide food and medicine as they Pines", to present the Czechoslovakian flag youth, Mother Alberta. demonstrated a great bring Christ to those who do not know Him! and in a. sense to rededicate this symbol o! human quality-a sincere dedication to the Remember: "As long as you did It to one the land of our forefathers. Let this flag join welfare of others. She is now one of the of these, my least brethren, you have done the flags of so many other nations In this many outstanding missionaries who went to it unto me." 2240 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 SEPARATING PLANES FROM CI.TIF.S cumstances. This would enforce what I be­ CREDIT INDUSTRY RESPONDS TO lieve was FAA's correct assessment of 91.79 GALLAGHER SUBCOMMITTEE 1n the Pendleton case. HON. BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL These changes I advocate are basic to the OF NEW YORK safety of those who do not fly, but whose HON. CORNELIUS E. GALLAGHER interests in air safety ls, nonetheless, con­ OF NEW JERSEY IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES siderable. It ls imperative that their lnter­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 ests--and lives-be protected. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Sincerely yours, Wednesday, January 29, 1969 Mr. ROSENTHAL. Mr. Speaker, I BEN JAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, wrote this week to Acting FAA Admin­ Member of Congress. Mr. GALLAGHER. Mr. Speaker, con­ istrator David Thomas, to request rais­ sumer installment credit is now over $100 ing the minimum altitude of planes fly­ billion and 60 percent of the average in­ ing over a congested area which means dividual's income is used to pay off credit over our cities. THE CONSUMER VOICE WILL CON­ obligations. The focal point of the infor­ This change could be made without TINUE TO GROW IN VOLUME mation necessary to grant credit and sertous inconvenience to any pilot. It thereby continue Amertca's unprece­ would increase the margin of safety for dented prospertty is the local credit the innocent city dweller who may be HON. BERTRAM L. PODELL bureau. While credit bureau reports do jeopardized by the present 1,000-foot OF NEW YORK not themselves recommend the granting altitude limitation. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of credit-this decision is in the hands I frankly can see no reason why planes Wednesday, January 29, 1969 of the merchant-this data on the con­ should be that close to a city under any sumer is crucial, not only to the credit circumstances, even in 1926 when the Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, all over the granter, not only to the American econ­ regulation went into effect. Certainly in Nation there is a rising tide of protest omy, but most importantly to the indi­ 1969, with the great growth of our urban from the forgotten American-the con­ vidual consumer himself. areas, we must provide the urban resi­ sumer. This is the citizen who is tired For, without the ability to obtain the dents with every possible reasonable pro­ of warranties that are not worth the privilege of credit, the consumer is ex­ tection from aircraft. paper they are printed on. Sick of un­ cluded from enjoying much that is good I also suggested to Mr. Thomas that safe automobiles. Disgusted with auto­ in American society. this same rule be clarified in relating i~ mobile insurance that discrtminates and Over a year ago, my Special Subcom­ self-evident exception for planes taking overcharges. Aghast at what happens to mittee on Invasion of Plivacy became off and landing to those approaching and him when he ventures into an automo­ aware of a startling number of com­ leaving approved airports only. This has bile repair shop. Appalled at rising costs plaints about the procedures and prac­ always been FAA's view of its rule but for items that should not Iise in price. tices of credit bureaus. Individuals were recently the National Transportation This is the person who is asking un­ unjustly denied credit by errors or by Safety Board overruled FAA by saying comfortable questions about phony negligence, credit reports were filled with that the rule, as presently wrttten, allows games used as come-ons in the market­ irrelevant or outdated information, and pilots to land or take off wherever they place. He questions the worth of trad­ the citizen was unable to correct or even want, including public highways, golf ing stamps, demanding a cut in price, be informed of the content of the report courses, or anyplace else. instead. which so vitally affected the life of him­ The text of my letter follows: He and his wife are finished with un­ self and his family. JANUARY 28, 1969. safe tires, fixed drug prtces, and unsafe GALLAGHER STEPS IN Mr. DAVID THOMAS, drugs that have not been fully tested. Acti ng Administrator, They have no patience left for poor­ Acting upon this information, the Spe­ Federal Aviation Administration, quality food and worse quality appli­ cial Sucommittee convened hearings in Washington, D.C. ances. March of 1968. For 3 days the credit bu­ DEAR MR. THOMAS: I am convinced that reau system was analyzed and discussed the minimum safe altitude regulation for These are the citizens among us who flying over congested areas (FAA Regula­ have put all their support behind the re­ and, for the first time, the public had a tions, Section 91.79) is outdated and poten­ cently enacted truth-in-lending and clear view of a segment of the economy tially dangerous to both aircraft occupants, truth-in-packaging acts that are in the which many regarded as a "closed so­ but particularly to completely innocent city process of being implemented. ciety." Prof. Alan Westin of Columbia residents. This is an aroused and growing con­ University provided a broad overview of The fundamental altitude restriction has the industry which confirmed, in general remained the same since it first went into sumer protection movement, and it will be heard. It cannot be put off with terms, the research about specific indi­ effect in 1926. In the last forty-three years, viduals we had assembled. The ease however, the size and complexity of our flimsy excuses and political placebo. urban areas have increased dramatically. One If industry and business do not listen with which organizations unrelated to thousand feet of altitude, while sufficient in credit granting could obtain supposedly to their legitimate grievances, then they confidential credit reports was demon­ 1926 to insure a safe glide to open areas, ls will no longer safe. I believe I can see no justifi­ make an impact in another manner. strated. The range and tone of the let­ cation tor any plane to fly within 1000 feet At first their voices were few and weak. ters received from individuals all over of cl ty buildings except during take-offs and Now they grow in strength each day. America was described. It seemed that landings. One of these groups, The Consumer everybody could have access to credit re­ I also strongly believe that present regula­ Assembly of Greater New York, is meet­ tions must be amended to include a require­ ports except the individual himself. Par­ ing here in this city as part of the na­ ents check the references of a prospec­ ment that landing or take-off be restricted to tional gathering of the Consumer Feder­ an approved field, except in an emergency. tive son-in-law; neighbors could find In FAA v. Pendleton (NTSB, Docket SC- ation of Amertca. out just why they were having difficulty 949, February 26, 1968) FAA argued that Sec­ I welcome them here, hoping that they keeping up with the Joneses; and Fed­ tion 91.79 of FAA Regulations----,statlng that will make a greater impact this year eral and State agencies could casually an aircraft in a take-off or landing pattern than ever before in advancing the con­ conduct "fishing expeditions" through was legally exempt from adhering to the sumer cause. I heartily espouse their credit bureau files with no adherence to minimum safe altltudes--contalned an as­ goals and methods, and it is my intention sumption that this exception would only ap­ due process of law. ply to aircraft in the process ot take-off and to see that their positions are espoused The entire credit bureau industry had landing at areas recognized for these pur­ and advanced on the floor of the U.S. developed free from any legal restraint poses. The NTSB examiner disagreed, refus­ Congress. or public scrutiny. One hundred and ten ing to interpret the exemption as pertaining Every major interest, be it national million Americans were on file and in­ solely to aircraft using areas allocated for or corporate, has its champions here. landing-take-off purposes. formation about them was widely ex­ Therefore, I urge you to include in Section I believe that the consumer movement changed and yet they had no legal re­ 91.79 a provision specifically prohibiting the must gain strength here if America is to course and little knowledge about how right to take-off or land at areas which are give its citizens a square deal when they to correct mistakes. I described the sit­ not airports, except under emergency cir- enter the marketplace. uation this way at the hearings: Januar y 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2241 In every State and every township in the and every effort will be made to record reporting organizations. I would hope country there are regulations concerning the the outcome of any legal action involving that their content can be expanded to transfer of ownership of dogs ... yet there the individual. Time limits on the reten­ cover the activities of firms like Retail are really no regulations whatsoever pertain­ tion of information are established; thus, Credit Co.; but it must be emphasized at ing to the transfer of this kind of informa­ tion a!rectlng a man's standing in the com­ meeting my often expressed charge that this time, that these guidelines are only munity, his dignity, his economic transac­ one derogatory item could damn a man applicable to credit bureaus and the tions, his private life, his very name itself ... for his entire life. credit granting firms they service. THE CREDIT BUREAUS RESPOND A PROMISING FIRST STEP Mr. Speaker, the Newark Star-Ledger Stung by the criticism, credit bureau I would like to praise the ACB and its of Sunday, January 26, 1969, carried a spokesmen at the hearings agreed to lenders for formulating this extremely brief description of the ACB sponsored formulate new procedures for their in­ promising first step. guidelines. I am pleased to insert it into the RECORD at this point: dustry. The Associated Credit Bureaus, I have a great deal of faith in Ameri­ Inc., the major trade association com­ can industry and in our free enterprise CREDIT BUREAUS Now ON YOUR SmE promising some 2,200 bureaus around the system and I fully recognize the vital America's $100 billion-a-year credit indus­ country, promised to accelerate its efforts part credit plays in our economic suc­ try says its new set of self-regulatory guide· lines will protect consumer privacy. to modernize and reform the practices of cess. Before I initiated congressional con­ The Associated Credit Bureaus Inc., rep· its members. A series of industrywide cern with credit bureaus, I was worried resenting 2,000 credit bureaus in the U.S., meetings were sponsored by the ACB that their procedures were frequently so claimed the rules would wipe out unauthor­ after the March 1968 hearings and a blue outmoded that they represented a threat ized snooping into confidential records and ribbon panel was formed. to the continuation of the free flow of would guarantee fairer reports on borrowers. Because of the close relationship be­ credit and, thus, to the health of our In the past, the ACB admitted, there were tween credit granters and credit bureaus, economy. At the same time, I felt that if few restraints to prevent individuals, state the Congress were to rush in with legis­ and federal agencies from conducting "fish­ this privacy protection panel consisted ing expeditions" through credit bureau files. of representatives from the American lation severely restricting the exchange In addition, a survey of the industry Bankers Association, the American Re­ of credit information, we might do more showed that many installment buyers were tail Federation, the National Retail Mer­ harm than good. Self-regulation and denied credit because of errors or negligence chants Association, the American Petro­ self-policing, whenever feasible, is wise and that credit reports often contained ir· leum Credit Association, the Associated national policy in an economy which em­ relevant and outdated information. Credit Bureaus, Inc., and other influen­ phasizes self-reliance and personal re­ SHOW ME tial groups. As wholly new guidelines sponsibility. Under the new guidelines, a consumer can were under discussion, the meetings were These new guidelines are a vital be­ demand to see what information is in his full of vigorous debate. Spokesmen for ginning. Their effectiveness is now in the personal credLt file at a local credit bureau. hands of over 2,200 ACB member bu· The credit industry has promised to have some organizations represented on the trained personnel on hand to explain credit panel were reluctant to change prac­ reaus, credit granting firms, and their reports and to counsel a consumer on diffi­ tices which they had not altered since employees. Their mere existence has two culties. the tum of the century. salutary effects: The individual credit Service to government agencies will be Yet, the necessity to respond to bureau is now widely known as a focal strictly limited and due process of law will changed social attitudes, coupled with point for consumer activity and the con­ be followed in all cases. ACB member bu­ the validity of the criticism disclosed at tent of the guidelines provide a useful reaus will refuse reports to credit granters the hearings, compelled the industry to basis for further evaluation of credit and their employers if a business transac­ bureaus. tion is not involved. reform itself. By spearheading the move­ Finally the industry will attempt to assure ment for change, the leadership of the It may be shown that legislative as· that its files reflect an individual's current ACB showed social responsibility and a sistance is needed to translate the guide­ state of credit-worthiness. willingness to cooperate with my urgent lines' generally adequate provisions into DAMNATION QUALD'IED call for self-regulation. legally enforceable practice. However, Time limits on retention of information GALLAGHER ANNOUNCES GUIDELINES such a sincere response to my special have been established to meet a charge by On January 13, 1969, I was pleased to subcommittee hearings shows that the a congressional committee that "one deroga­ release the results: The credit industry credit bureau in dustry is not afraid of tory item may damn a man for his entire has reached a consensus and issued its sound and practical change. life." REAL PROBLEMS REMAIN The committee, which studied invasion c:t! "Credit Bureau Guidelines To Protect privacy, was headed by Rep. Cornelius E. Consumer Privacy." These guidelines Mr. Speaker, none of this is meant to Gallagher (D--13th) . contain a number of significant depar­ imply that serious problems do not re­ Gallagher was instrumental in pressing the tures from former procedures: main, to be faced by the credit industry credit industry to clean its house. He ex­ For the first time, a consumer can now and the American people. Perhaps the pressed confidence that the new guidelines demand to be informed of the total range major problem is the one of accurately will protect consumer privacy as well as in· of information in his file at a local credit identifying the various segments of the sure more accurate and faster credit trans· bureau. The industry has pledged to have credit industry. When I expanded the actions. trained personnel on hand to explain the special subcommittee's concern and on BASIC ROLE OF SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON credit report and to counsel the con­ May 16, 1968, heard testimony from Mr. INVASION OF PRIVACY sumer on his credit difficulties. If the in­ W. Lee Burge, president of Retail Credit Mr. Speaker, underlying this specific dividual has not been refused credit but Co. of Atlanta, Ga., my opening state­ affect on the credit industry are the mo­ is merely curious, a "modest fee--not ex­ ment contained the following two para­ tivating principles of all the activities of ceeding the cost of a revised report-may graphs: my Special Subcommittee on Invasion of be charged" if reinvestigation of certain When Mr. John Spafford, Vice President of Privacy. America has become a data-rich items in a report seem called for. Other­ the Associated Credit Bureaus, Inc., testified society; yet, we are in great danger of be­ wise, this service is free. before this Subcommittee on March 14, 1968, coming privacy poor. Spontaneity and Second. Service to Government agen­ he was quite careful to draw the distinction creative risk-taking are largely respon­ cies will be strictly limited and due proc­ between credit bureaus and credit reporting sible for our success as a society and this organizations. Credit bureaus report to retail ess of law will be followed in all cases ex­ firms information they already have in their certainly implies the ability of the indi­ cept those involving investigations for files and they confine themselves, in large vidual to control, at least to some extent, "security purposes." part, specifically to individual credit trans­ the spread of information about himself. Third. Member bureaus of the ACB will actions. Credit reporting firms, on the other The new technology has given society the refuse reports to credit granters and their hand, generate information at the request of tools with which to inhibit and demean employees if a business transaction is not clients on specific individuals, customarily for our essential individuality and I am con­ involved. Thus the privacy destroying employment or insurance reasons. vinced that human values must be made gossiping uncovered at our March hear­ If these hearings accomplish nothing else, the vital part of any system of record­ ings will be controlled or at least dimin­ it 1s my fervent hope that the distinction keeping or research. ished. between credit bureaus and credit reporting organizations may be clarified. Perhaps the key to the new technology Fourth. The content of credit bureau is the computer. The computer has now files will attempt to reflect the individ­ The guidelines under discussion now made it possible to pull together all the ual's current state of credit-worthiness refer to credit bureaus and not to credit facts and all the hearsay about a man. In 2242 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 the very near future, a single reel of plas­ The fourth was Secretary Frank Bil­ He put ln his hours at work not before the tic tape will be able to store a five-page lings Kellogg who was born in Potsdam television cameras or on the speaking cir­ dossier on every man, woman, and child in 1856. cuit. He was not seek.Ing higher office but rather directed his efforts wholly to attorney in the United States. The individual's Mr. Speaker, the following are edi­ assignment. whole history, idle speculation as well as torials and comments from newspapers In a sense, therefore, he kept himself un­ confirmable fact, can tumble out of the in the 31st Congressional District where der wraps which made him all the more computerized information system within the new Secretary of State, the Honor­ attractive on those few occasions when he 10 minutes. Computer technology is per­ able William P. Rogers, was born and emerged. mitting records surveillance to advance raised, which I would like to share with So after eight years out of publ!c office at such an incredible pace-for example, my colleagues: during which he continued to show a meas­ ure of restraint when others were raising one credit firm plans to have data on [From the Watertown (N.Y.) Dally T1mes] their own political flags, he takes over as every American in its computerized sys­ THE NEW SECRETARY OF STATE secretary of state. tem within 5 years--that we may lose The appointment of W111iam P. Rogers as We congratulate h!m and President-elect control of our own destiny and human secretary of state in the new cabinet showed Nixon for naming h!m. nature itself may be radically altered by the deftness and the shrewdness of the real the machines we have created. professional that President-elect Nixon is. [From the Ogdensburg (N.Y.) Journal] Mr. Speaker, let me relate a relevant Perhaps the surprise element has created BILL ROGERS OF NORFOLK AND CANTON ls example of the new technology at work. some of the excitement. However, Mr. Rogers NAMED THE NEW SECRETARY OF STATE has been a. man on the go during his whole The appointment of a. native of Norfolk Farmers in California built a machine career and deserved an elevation beyond the to pick tomatoes. The only difficulty was and graduate of Canton High School to be cabinet role of attorney general which he Secretary of State was a surprise to North­ that it bruised the thin skins; instead of held the last three years of the Eisenhower ern New York as well as to the rest of the redesigning the machine, they developed a.dmtnlstratlon. Reappointment as the na­ world. There had been general speculation on a strain of thicker skinned tomatoes. tions chief lawyer would have been routine. who Mr. Nixon would name to that most I do not believe that humans should sur­ Designation as secretary of state demon­ important of Cabinet posts, but William P. strates a. perceptiveness that Nixon backers render their rights or their lives to the Rogers had not been even mentioned until a.re always hopeful that they will see. the news got out Tuesday. The na.m.es of demands of the new technology; Ameri­ Mr. Rogers on the one hand knows the cans should not have to develop thicker C. Douglas Dillon, former Secretary of the nation from experience, yet ls as fresh as Treasury and Ambassador to France; Gov. skins just to make our machines work though he had been drafted because of bril­ Nelson Rockefeller, Henry A. Kissinger were better. liance from a. successful but non-public ca­ frequently mentioned while Mr. Rogers was reer. How could there have been combined not. such attributes in such a. person? The ques­ Mr. Nixon and B111 Rogers, as his friends NORTHERN NEW YORK REMEMBERS tion may be unanswerable, but lt may be the much used word "charisma" offers the in St. Lawrence County have always called AND SALUTES A NATIVE SON: explanation. him and always will, have had a long and HON. WILLIAMP.ROGERS Most of us ln northern New York know close political and personal association. his career because we watched him from his He first became associated publicly with days of high school graduation at Canton, Nixon in 1948 when Nixon, then a first-term HON. ROBERT C. McEWEN his years ln Colgate as an undergraduate, congressman, was look.Ing for an outsider to OF NEW YORK his editorship of the Cornell Law quarterly evaluate Whittaker Chambers' charges against Alger Hiss, a high State Department IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES more than 30 years ago. He became a part of Thomas E. Dewey's staff as an assistant official who was accused of passing secrets to Wednesday, January 29, 1969 district attorney. He had a naval career dur­ the Russians. It was Rogers' opinion that ing World War II, and came out as a lieuten­ Chambers was telling the truth that helped Mr. McEWEN. Mr. Speaker, the 31st Nixon make up his mind to pursue the Hiss Congressional District of New York ant commander. After the war he was a special counsel of case. which I have the honor to represent, i~ the senate war frauds investigating commit­ Rogers and Nixon became close friends. proud to claim as its native son, the new tee. This led to an asslstanceship under At­ The attorney helped the politician in his Secretary of State of the United States, torney General Herbert Brownell during the 1952 campaign for the Vice Presidency. Then the Honorable William P. Rogers. Lead­ fore part of the Eisenhower administration. he worked with Nixon in trying to stifle the Red-hunting Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of ing newspapers in the 31st District have During the latter part he took over as at­ torney general. Wisconsin during the early years of the made fine editorial comment on his ap­ Eisenhower administration. pointment and reflect this local pride. What does all this have to do With becom­ ing secretary of state? In the first place, he In 1955, when President Eisenhower suf­ Mr. Rogers was born on June 23, 1913, Is physically and mentally attractive; he has fered a serious heart attack, Nixon relied in Norfolk, a son of Harrison A. and had success for which he alone has worked on Rogers, then Deputy Mtorney General, Myra Beswick Rogers. Later Mr. Rogers to achieve. Energetic, he should be able to for advice and even took refuge against the moved to Canton where he was grad­ impart some of his personal drive on the press in Rogers' suburban home. uated from high school. He went on to State department which has been for too Rogers served as Attorney General during long a time a one-man show, both during General Eisenhower's second term as Presi­ receive his bachelor of arts degree from dent. He traveled With Nixon during the Colgate University, Hamilton, N.Y., in the days of John Foster Dulles and more recently with Dean Rusk as the head man. 1960 presidential campaign. 1934 and his bachelor of law degree from Mr. Rogers is not necessarily a team player, In Sept. 1958 then Attorney General Rogers Cornell Law School, Ithaca, N.Y., in but on the other hand, he can be expected was given a. testimonial dinner at Massena, 1937. to Insist upon a team performance from the when he was honored as the first native son Mr. Rogers becomes the fifth Secretary many echelons below him in the State de­ of St. Lawrence County to have attained of State having direct ties with the partment. Cabinet rank. We were on the committee northern section of New York State. The Of great importance also is the close as­ which arranged the dinner and met Bill first was Gen. John W. Foster, of Evans­ sociation between Mr. Rogers and President­ Rogers for the first time. We thought he was elect Nixon. There always has been an inti­ a. most attractive and impressive person. He ville, Ind., who served under President macy between the two, perhaps because of is handsome, Witty, warm and friendly. He Benjamin Harrison in 1892, filling out the the similarity in their careers as investiga­ invited us to call on him in Washington unexpired term of James G. Blaine. Sec­ tive types in the 40's and the testing under which we did one time and later saw him retary Foster owned property at Hender­ political fire which goes back to the 1952 again after he had resigned as Attorney Gen­ son Harbor on Lake Ontario where he campaign. He must well remember, as do era.I when John Kennedy was elected Presi­ spent his summers. One of Secretary many of us, those hours when he was sitting dent and was practicing in New York. We al­ Foster's daughters, Eleanor, married ln the Pullman car in Oregon during the ways found him a stimulating and extremely campaign, out of touch With the charge that gracious person completely Without any Robert Lansing, of Watertown, who was Nixon had been the beneficiary of a private pretense or sense of his own importance. He Secretary of State under President fund. Mr. Rogers was the campaign director was unassuming and modest despite his Woodrow Wilson. The third connection for Mr. Nixon in those days and as late as great success while still a young man. We between a Secretary of State and the 1952 communications were rudimentary at always found him deeply interested in St. north country was when another daugh­ best in moments of political crisis. Lawrence County and his boyhood friends ter of Secretary Foster, Edith, married When he was With the Department of here. the Reverend Dr. Allen Macy Dulles, Justice as assistant attorney general and Mrs. Merhl Doren of our staff wrote one of later as attorney general, he assembled a. her typically excellent stories about Bill father of Secretary of State John Foster youthful team that may have suggested to Rogers in yesterday's Journal. She talked to Dulles. Dr. Dulles was pastor of the First the successor administration of President Mr. Hugh C. Williams who was principal of Presbyterian Church in Watertown from Kennedy where to reach for the talent neces­ Canton High School when Blll Rogers was 1887 to 1904. sary in this modern governmental system. a. student there during his last two years of January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2243 high school. She also talked to Mrs. WUliams Norfolk, by President-elect Nixon as secre­ High School where he played varsity who was then Miss Claire Gage a.nd speech tary of state In the new administration basketball and managed the school foot­ Instructor at the school a.t the time. Mrs. pleases everybody throughout the area. ball team. A close friend of Dr. Eugene Doren told us: "I thought both Mr. a.nd Mrs. But this appointment is more than the Bewkes, under whom he had studied at Willia.ms might remember Blll Rogers a.s a. recognition of the ability of a. man who wa,i young 'hell raiser' or possibly some kind of born in Norfolk, graduated from Canton Colgate University, Mr. Rogers returned a. major problem. To my disappointment they High School, Cornell University Law School to Canton in 1959 to receive an honorary didn't. They remembered him as a. very good and has since held responsible positions in doctorate in law degree from St. Law­ student, very bright, well behaved a.nd no government and in private enterp1·ise. rence University during the Bewkes pres­ problem at all. I was disappointed. So often It ls more than just recognition of the idency there. a great success like Bill Rogers has skeletons splendid job Mr. Rogers did as attorney gen­ Canton residents recalled Mr. Rogers' in his youthful closet and youthful escapades eral in the Eisenhower-Nixon administration. pleasing personality as a boy. Among which make a good story. He was so well be­ This appointment is assurance that the them cited by the Plaindealer is Atwood haved that no one suspected he would ever office of secretary of state Will be conducted become Secretary of State." In the best possible manner. Manley who recalled: B!ll Rogers joins three other Northern New President-elect Nixon wants a. successful I remember him as a handsome, polite boy Yorkers who reached the exalted position of administration; he wants to solve the prob­ who used to walk past our home on his way to Secretary of State: Secretary Kellogg who lems of the world, or at least to alleviate them High School every day, often ea.ting an apple was born in Potsdam, moved to Minnesota. as much as possible. as he walked. with his family when a. small boy, served as And he is selecting top men on his team. Secretary of State under President Coolidge; William P. Rogers, our man from Norfolk, Dr. Bewkes, now retired, recalled: Robert Lansing, Secretary of State under ls a top man for this job. Mr. Rogers was a.n extremely able lawyer, President Woodrow Wilson; John Foster with a very broad legal base. As a. student he Dulles who served as Secretary of State in (From the Oswego County (Mexico, N.Y.) was quick, bright, and later, in the govern­ the Eisenhower Administration. Weeklies) ment of General Eisenhower, he proved to be St. Lawrence County and Northern New a very able, tough negotiator, tied to no ma.n. York a.re proud of Bill Rogers and sincerely U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE FROM NORTHERN Wish him a highly successful career in the NEW YORK Another Canton friend, Roy H. Bassett, high position to which he has been named. Secretary of State, William P. Rogers of remembers Bill Rogers' early days in Those who know Bill Rogers have no doubt Canton, New York is the fifth United States northern New York and recalled ''He that he Will be a great Secretary of State. Secretary of State in history to have upstate always was a leader when he was a boy -F.R.L. New York ties. here," recalled the Plaindealer. Secretary Rogers was born in Norfolk, New [From the Pulaski (N.Y.) Democrat] York on June 23 , 1913. He graduated from THE ADIRONDACK DAILY ENTERPRISE, SARANAC WILLIAM PIERCE RoGERS Canton High School and received his BA LAKE, N.Y. The State of New York has provided many degree from Colgate University in Hamilton, The Adirondack Daily Enterprise of political leaders of n ational prominence over New York. He graduated from Cornell Uni­ Saranac Lake, N.Y., reported a glimpse the years. Every resident can easily compile versity Law School in 1937. back into Mr. Rogers' early days as a a. long list of men from this state who have Upstate New Yorkers should be proud that businessman. Danny Sheehan, a Saranac held high posts In the United States Gov­ these Important men in history were from ernment In addition to those men elected our area. Lake friend, remembers Bill Rogers with to Congress. a fondness that time fails to diminish. William Pierce Rogers, who wm be Secre­ [From the Jefferson County (Adams, N.Y.) "Young Bill," as Mr. Sheehan refers to tary of State In the adm!n!strat!on of Rich­ Journal) him, was a 15-year-old junior high school e.rd Nixon, is a New York State man, a.nd of THE NEW SECRETARY OF STATE student when he asked if he could join even greater Interest to Pulaski residents, he the mobile summer photography unit ls a. North Country ma.n. William Pierce Rogers, born in Norfolk, Rogers wa.s born in Norfolk, St. Lawrence Northern New York on June 23, 1913, will be­ operated by Mr. Sheehan and a partner County, on June 23, 1913, lived in Canton, come the third secretary of state from this who specialized in taking pictures of where he was first In his high school grad­ area when he takes office in the a.dmlnlstra­ business houses and personnel and sell­ uating class; received his Bachelor of Arts tion of Richard M. Nixon on Monday, Jan. 20. ing the finished photos back to the own­ Degree from Colgate a.nd his Bachelor of It ls noteworthy that leaders in the federal ers in lots of a dozen or more. La.w Degree from Cornell Law School in 1937. government have three times chosen their Bill Rogers got reluctant permission He served as a. Lt. Commander in the U.S. secretary of state from this section of the from his parents to take the summer job Navy. country. The first named was Robert Lansing W1llia.m Rogers became pa.rt of Governor in the World Wa.r I Woodrow Wilson adminis­ and traveled through towns from Mas­ Thomas E. Dewey's staff and later achieved tration, and then John Foster Dulles in the sena, N.Y., to Burlington, Vt., taking pic­ prominence as Special Counsel to the Sen­ Eisenhower era. Both were from Watertown, ture orders and setting up appointments ate Wa.r Frauds Invest!ga.t!ng Committee. New York, a.nd both served With distinction for the camera specialists who followed. He was Assistant Attorney General under through some of the most trying times the Some days, the Enterprise commented, Herbert Brownell a.nd became Attorney Gen­ Republic has ever known. Mr. Rogers was picked to hold the ex­ era.I during the la.st three years of the Eisen­ William P. Rogers, a lawyer who has had hower administration. wide experience before the bar and in gov­ plosive flash powder tray and once or Four other Secretaries of State have ha.d ernment office, Will also serve during some of twice scorched a ceiling causing the crew North Country ties. John W. Foster, who the most critical times of the nation as did to move on faster than usual. owned property at Henderson Harbor, served his predecessors from Northern New York. Mr. Sheehan recalls the new Secre­ under President Benje.min Harrison. His We have every confidence that when his tary of State was quick to learn. The daughter, Eleanor, married Robert Lansing chapter in history ls written he will rank Enterprise said: of Watertown, who became Woodrow Wil­ With Lansing and Dulles as among the son's Secretary of State. Another daughter greatest Secretaries of State; all three men Tell him something once a.nd that was it. of Foster's, Edith, married Reverend Doctor born within 70 miles of Adams. He must have developed a photographic mind Allen Dulles whose son, John Foster Dulles from ta.king pictures with our company. served under Eisenhower. Frank B!llings Kel­ Mr. Speaker, two other northern New logg, who was born in Potsdam In 1856 was York newspapers recalled Secretary Rog­ Secretary of State in the administration of ers' boyhood, calling upon the memories LET US SAVE THE LIVING: ffiAQI Calvin Coolidge. of old-time friends and neighbors. GOVERNMENT, PLEASE NOTE The rural a.nd recreational land areas on THE ST. LAWRENCE PLAINDEALER, CANTON, N.Y. the banks of the St. Lawrence River and the shores of Lake Ontario have brought The St. Lawrence Plaindealer which HON. EMANUEL CELLER forth many men of strong character a.nd of is published in Canton, N.Y., the com­ OF NEW YORK high caliber. munity where Mr. Rogers spent part of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The people of the North Country a.re proud his boyhood, reflected the pride felt by that President-elect Nixon has selected Wil­ the long-time friends of the new Secre­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 liam Pierce Rogers to become Secretary of tary of State. Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, 14 men are State of the United States of America. and our prayers and best wishes go with him a.s Mr. Rogers, in letters to Canton resi­ dead because the revolutionary court of he assumes his high office. dents, said "I will never forget what won­ the Government of Iraq so decreed. These derful people there are in Canton," the deaths, against the canons of law, rea­ (From the Massena (N.Y.) Observer] newspaper reported. son, and humanity, are irreversible. Nine WILLIAM P. ROGERS AS SECRETARY OF STATE The Plaindealer noted Mr. Rogers was of these men were of the Jewish faith. Selection of William P. Rogers, native of graduated first in his class from Canton What of the remaining Jews in Iraq? CXV--142--Pa.rt 2 2244 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 The Jewish community once numbered vation of natural and human resources. in which we can find that satisfaction for 150,000 in Iraq. Now there are approxi­ I believe the remarks of Charles 0. the "whole man" which was surely the pur­ pose of all our strivings. mately 2,500. We have been able to learn Johnson, Jr., Administrator, Consumer With regard to the physical environment, that of the 2,500, hundreds are in jail. Protection and Environmental Health we have reached, or at the very least are Others are under house arrest. All of Service, Public Health Service of the rapidly approaching, a critical point. Every them are subject to curfews and eco­ U.S. Department of Health, Education, year, pollution gets worse, rather than bet­ nomic and social deprivation. The Iraqi and Welfare, are most significant, and ter; the threat from unsafe food, drugs, Government will not let them leave. They place in perspective the question of hu­ water, and a variety of consumer products are imprisoned within a land that will man ecology in a modern technological ls increasing; the quality of American llfe, particularly urban ltfe, ls deteriorating 1n neither permit them to live a normal life society. For this reason, I wanted to a morass of environmental problems so com­ nor permit them to seek other lands bring it to the attention of the mem­ plex as to appear almost beyond remedy. where they can begin anew their shat­ bership. In the image of our adventurous ancestors, tered lives. REMARKS BY CHARLES C. JOHNSON, JR. we are always drawn to the distant frontier In short, the Jews of Iraq are being First, let me again say how pleased and and find it easy to close our eyes to the un­ held as hostages in a conflict not of their grateful I am to have you here at this Sym­ plowed field that Iles in front of us. making, only because they are Jews. Cer­ posium. My sta.fl: and I look forward to our We are challenged by the potential tainly the world is not so bereft of con­ discussions with you. I hope that in the years miracles of organ transplants--while we drop science that it cannot, through the to come you will be able to look back on steadily backward in such measures of these few days as a gathering of minds that medical progress as infant mortality. (We medium of international agencies, devise truly marked a turning point in our national ranked sixth among the nations of the world ways and means of persuading and in­ approach to the problems of human ecology. in 1950 and by 1961 had moved down to fluencing the Iraqi Government to per­ The Department of Health, Education, and about fifteenth place.) mit the remaining fragment of Iraq's Welfare has established the Consumer Pro­ We are about to land a man on the moon­ Jews to depart. tection and Environmental Health Service to and have not yet figured out what to do We have every reason to fear that provide a new and broader kind of national with the growing mountains of trash that leadership in dealing with these problems litter our countryside. these will not be the only hangings. In Believe me, I do not question the value of fact, we know that another trial behind and specifically to provide that focus on man without which all ecological considera­ these explorations whether they be in space closed doors is already in process and tions become purely academic. or in medicine--but I am reminded, and I that the suspects are accused of working We approach our new task, not with op­ think our generation needs to be reminded, with the CIA. Who these accused are, we timism-for no one who looks at what we of that old proverb: "A man gazing at the do not know, but the pattern has already have done to ourselves and our planet in a stars 1s at the mercy of the puddles on the been set. There are willing hands road." comparatively few years can be guilty of Certainly our progress in meeting human throughout the world ready to give asy­ optimism-but with determination. Secre­ needs has been great, but it has been uneven lum. It is at least conceivable that the tary Cohen has charged the new Service with and our failure to come to grips with our government of Iraq would not be com­ making this "a cleaner, safer, more health· ful land for all." And we do feel sure that it consumer and environmental problems has-­ pletely deaf to concerted world opinion. can be done. Man, as a rational being, did not as the saying goes-been worse than a crime; At the very minimum, we must try. set out deliberately to destroy or contaminate it has been a blunder. The condemnation by our State De­ the earth that gives him llfe, and surely he Let me, very briefly, review for you just II. partment was forthright. The people of few more of the problems that demand our cannot, once the consequences are made attention: the United States were quick to applaud clear, persist in a course which clearly leads Toxic matter Is being released into the air the vigorous statement of Secretary to environmental chaos or even self-destruc­ over the United States at the rate of more Rogers. We have set an example which tion. We are therefore moving a.head as than 142 million tons a year, or three-quar­ others will surely follow. Let the nations quickly as possible to create a program whose impact wlll be felt throughout our ters of a ton for every American. It comes of the world now join together in the from 90 milllon motor vehicles, from fac­ recsue of the living Jews. All govern­ society. tories, power plants, municipal dumps and As we set about creating such a program, backyard incinerators. ments who have engaged in persecu­ we need the best advice, the best guidance, tion of the Jews have claimed this to be The use of food additives to impart flavor, possible. That Is why I have asked this out­ color, or other quallties has increased 50 per­ an internal matter. Is it, or is it a matter standing group to come together and con­ cent in the past ten years, and each of us of the collective humanity of mankind? sult with us. I am confident you will be able now consumes an average of three pounds to give us a deeper insight into the man­ of these chemicals yearly. Pesticides leave environment relationship, assist us in defin­ residues on food crops, and traces of veteri­ ing the constants and the variables of hu­ nary drugs occur in meat, milk and eggs-all ECOLOGY AND THE INTERRELA­ man ecology, and help us avoid the pitfalls TION OF THE SCIENCES this in addition to the chemical barrage that which surely lie ahead. reaches us from other parts of the environ­ we live in troubled times, and they show ment. HON. JOHN 0. MARSH, JR. all too clearly the terrible interplay of forces Over two million Americans are stricken between man and the whole biocommunlty with lllness each year from microbiological OP VIRGINli of which he 1s a part. We find ourselves to­ contamination of food; increased use of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES day catapulted into a new kind of world "convenience" foods requiring little or no which we approach as strangers in a strange Wednesday, January 29, 1969 heating in the home complicates this land. At times, the very structure of society problem. Mr. MARSH. Mr. Speaker, more and seems in danger of being overwhelmed by a Not counting industrial and agricultural more, public attention is being directed torrent of technological change which man wastes, we discard more than 165 million has set in motion but sometimes seems in­ tons of solld wastes every year. Auto grave­ toward the field of human ecology and capable of controlling. Urbanization, a soar­ the interrelation of the sciences, the ad­ yards mar our landscapes; smoking, foul­ ing population, and inequities nurtured in smelllng dumps pollute the air; no-return vancement of technology and the forces the darkness of the past and long ignored bottles, cans, and other packaging that can­ of change on man and his environment. have released a slumbering discontent which not be recycled create mountains of trash. It is becoming increasingly apparent jars the very foundations of the American In low-income urban areas, garbage breeds that rather than being independent, dream. In our cities, this discontent has rats, disease, and filth. our society and our economy is inter­ shown itself in attempts to destroy what no Every year, more than 500 new chemicals dependent. No longer can areas of :>Ur longer seems tolerable. Among our young and chemical compounds are introduced into people, there Is a kindred frustration-and industry, along with countless operational national life be considered wholly de­ they would turn their backs on a society tached and isolated from other parts of innovations; thousands of workers suffer which they find "irrelevant." from cancer, lung disease, hearing loss, der­ our society because, invariably, there In the year 1968, the greatest nation in matitis, or other preventable diseases be­ are substantial side and filter-down ef­ the world must face a harsh and frighten­ cause industry, unions, and government at fects that go far beyond areas of imme­ ing fact: in spite of our tremendous ad­ all levels have failed to give really adequate diate concern. vances in medicine, in science, engineering, attention to occupational hazards. One of the first conferences on human and technology; in spite of a lengthening Much of the drinking water available in ecology was conducted at Airlie House span of human life through improved health our Nation's communities Is of unknown near Warrenton, Va. I think it signif­ services and victories over communicable quality. There are over 19 thousand commu­ icant that this landmark step should disease; in spite of affluence and high stand­ nities whose public water supplies serve ards of living; in spite of all these things-­ about 58 million people which are not covered occur in the Commonwealth of Vir­ perhaps even because of these very things by U.S. Public Health standards. About 750 ginia, which traditionally has placed -we have not succeeded in creating a community water supplies serving about 92 great emphasis on history and conser- physical, social, and cultural environment million people are covered, but the stand- January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2245

ards themselves need updating, particularly today ls always modi.fl.ed by what we learn ronmental problem. And we hope that by With regard to chemical contaminants. tomorrow. providing a more meaningful focus on man~ Accidents-many of them involving ha.z.­ Unless our Nation 1-ns and learns quickly we can weld all these separate approaches ardous products-take the Uves of 100,000 to apply the scientific knowledge we h ave-­ into a coherent and effective design for na­ Americans every year and injure 52 million and it will always be lncomplete---to the tional action. more. Some 3,000 deaths occur every year problems of the environment, we are courting Never before has there been such general from accidental ingestion of poisons-most inevitable disaster. public concern about the quality of the en­ of these among children. We in Health, Education, and Welfare have vironment. Increasingly, as environmental Radiation as an environmental hazard ls a at la.5t in our organizational structure, taken deterioration has more and more affected.. growing threat to ours and future genera­ into account the interdependence and inter­ the Uves of all, uneasiness on the part of all tions which we have barely begun to under­ relatedness of all environmental factors in has created a demand for more sensible use stand. Radiation sources are now to be found their effect on m an . We have brought to­ of the environment. Universities and other throughout the environment. They range gether in a situation in which they can be privat e organizations have turned their at­ from the large-scale applications of nuclear mutually supportive the Food and Drug Ad­ tention to the problem . State and local gov­ energy, particularly in electric power gen­ ministration, the National Air Pollution Con­ ernments have established programs to cope eration, through laser and microwave tech­ trol Administration, and the Environmental with various aspects of it. Industry has. nology in industry, to the use of radionu­ Control Administration. We Intend to provide shown increasing awareness of its responsi­ clides and X-rays in the healing arts and the coordination to our total effort. We want to bllities. Throughout the Federal structure~ use of microwave ovens and other electronic assure that no important line of research Is agencies charged with such matters as trans­ equipment in the home. And our sclentlftc neglected. And, most importantly, we want portation, natural resources, city planning, protection against radiation ls at a begin­ to consolidate all that we know today--1md and agriculture, are thinking in terms or ning stage of development. all the knowledge that we can develop in environmental impact and striving to recon­ The world clamors !or the thousands of the future-Into a sensible, revealing pic­ cile their actions with some elusive principle, new miracle drugs which our pharmaceutical ture of what is happening to man In the of ecological wisdom. research produces to treat specific disease contemporary environment. And yet, our national efforts have not been. problems. Yet In spite of our best efforts at It ls our purpose to define as well as pos­ effective in holding back the tide of en­ testing, labeling, and other controls, they sible, and to enunciate as clearly as possible, vironmental ills. The Nation as a whole has. often produce unforeseen side effects and the effect on man-the combined and total failed, I think, to grasp the complete mean­ may even offer sinister genetic threats. What effect wherever this can be determined With ing of what Dr. Dubos and others have tried these new chemical formulations mean in some degree of validity-of the various en­ to tell us--that the object of our concern. terms of the total chemical barrage to which vironmental impacts to which he ls sub­ is, or certainly ought to be, man. I our modern man is exposed is an area we have jected. We intend to give first priority to the search for neat, single solutions to neat~ not even begun to explore. development of broad environmental criteria single problems, we have tended to classify Scientist-philosophers like Dr. Dubos and based on our current understanding of hu­ them as though they were parts of an exer­ others in this distinguished company have man health and well being; we hope such cise in planetary property management. We­ pointed out for years the hazards of our criteria can become the baseline for the have looked too long through the wrong end heedless and random manipulation of the thousands of daily decisions, in both the of a telescope, and have lost sight of the­ ecological system. As a Nation, we h ave been public and private sector, which determine princlpal figure which should demand our· slow to understand, and even slower to act-­ the kind of world we live in. attention-man himself. As Action is the and yet we have not remained completely We suffer no lllusion, either as to our own child of Thought, obsolete thinking has idle. limitations or the difficulty of the task. We produced-in accordance With the immu­ For some yea.rs, the Department of Health, cannot manage the environment, and no table laws of Nature-obsolete actions. Education and Welfare has been engaged single agency of government can do so. For If we are going to replace outworn atti­ in programs to assure safe food, drugs, and just as every human activity has contributed tudes with new ones, all of the disciplines drinking water; to control air pollution, occu­ to our environmental problems, every human and institutions who in the past have been pa.tlona.J. disease, radiation hazards, and other activity-probably without exception-ls go­ concerned With man's environment must re­ environmental threats. In the last few years, ing to have to be involved in their solution. examine their traditional positions. In the we have attempted to adopt a broader, more No agency of government can single­ field of publ1c health, only a few pioneers comprehensive approach to these problems. handedly design and build transportation have shown real concern for the important We have established a national laboratory for systems, and cities, and industrial plants; it role of environmental factors in the causation environmental health research. We have tried cannot remove pollution from the air, and of disease and disability. We set up clinics several organizational alignments in an ef­ assure pure drinking water, and uncontami­ in rural and city slums where we patiently fort to create more effective action. We have nated food. Consumer Protection and En­ treat and re-treat the same child for re­ recognized that several of our diverse ac­ vironmental Health Service cannot single­ curring bouts of diarrhea, !or instance-­ tlv1tle&-in food protection, sanitation, safe handedly rebuild our ghettos, or update our Without ever concerning ourselves With the drugs, clean air, and the like-all relate to sewage systems, or eliminate the noise and environmental source of the infection. We the same overwhelmlng problem, the prob­ stress and crowding that mar the quality of set up mental health c11nlcs which try to lem of man's ability or inab111ty to adapt to our ll!es. It cannot construct a safe and mitigate the terrible effects of poverty and an environment which he himself ls sub­ healthful environment for every American. ignorance and degradation, but regard an jecting to constant change. But we in the Consumer Protection and attack on the causes as beyond our prov­ But although our perception of the man­ Environmental Health Service can provide ince. Too many public health workers in environment relationship matured and clari­ the focus on human health and welfare short, are still capable of showing genuine fied and although our sense of urgency grew, which ls so essential to the attainment of compassion for the person who ls already we in Health, Education and Welf,are, no less these vitally important goals. And all Ameri­ 111 or injured, coupled with genuine indif­ than the rest of the Natlon--5eemed unable cans, working together, can transform the ference to the environmental causes. to translate this new understanding and face of the nation, 1! we are determined to For years, our conservationists have been urgency into meaningful action, with man­ put science and technology to work to solve "voices crying in the Wilderness" maintain­ the whole man---ilS the focus of our efforts. the very problems which science and tech­ ing the ecological truth that man cannot be Even as the holistic nature of the man­ nology have created. totally estranged from the natural world environment relationship became an article We intend to use those regulatory author­ and remain whole. They have helped stem of faith with us, we somehow still remained ities vested in us fully and fairly, and to seek the tide of devastation. But their efforts, too often locked into narrow, categorical ap­ new authorities where we find they are too, must be attuned to a broader ecological proaches to our environmental problems. needed. We intend to work closely With in­ view-that relates the "Natural environ­ And in spite of broader concepts of human dustry and government of all levels to achieve ment" to the "Man-Made" urban environ­ health and a growing understanding of the prevention or control of environmental haz­ ment in truly meaningful ways. Pesticides whole man, we have unquestionably limited ards. We intend to work With State and local do threaten the balance of Nature, and water ourselves to too narrow and rigid a definition jurisdictions to help them develop broad, pollution ls indeed destroying aquatic life, of environmental health. We have thought effective environmental and consumer pro­ and the effect of sonic booms Will assuredly that before we could prove health hazards in tection programs. And, as I emphasized be felt by wildlife in our wilderness areas. the environment we had to be able to count earlier, we intend to develop criteria which But all of these things, it must be made the corpses----and furthermore to establish can guide their action. clear, are important fundamentally because a direct, incontrovertible causal relationship, We intend to become the spokesman, not they have sooner or later an adverse effect based on immutable sclentlfl.c data in strict just for conservation or pollution abatement on man himself. or food and drug protection or sanitation, accordance with Koch's Postulates. Unfortu­ Those who are concerned primarily with but for man the citizen and consumer. We preserving and enhancing the beauty of the nately, in an environment of multiple im­ intend to become the advocate and spokes­ world about us are in possession of a higher pacts, direct, incontrovertible causal rela­ man for human ecological wisdom applied order of ecological grace than most of the tionships between health and indiVidual in­ throughout our society. rest of us, for they never forget that "man sults are difficult to define even when the We intend to make common cause with all does not live by bread alone." But their evidence ls abundantly clear. Furthermore, the other organizations and movements that efforts, too, must be taken in awareness of science ls never immutable; what we know are concerned with any aspect of the envi- the complex interrelatedness of all en- 2246 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 vironm.ental problems; otherwise their best prevent oil tankers with oll tor Rhodesia country until 1923 when it was formally an­ etrorts could do no more than erect visible from reaching Belra, a Mozambique port, "by nexed by Great Britain and granted self gov­ barriers between man and the ugllness he force 1f necessary"; the UN imposition or ernment. Today there are 4,400,000 Africans, bas created. selective mandatory sanctions on Dec. 16, 235,000 Europeans (whites), 23,000 other Tbose wbo are concerned Witb the con­ 1966 and increased mandatory sanctions on ethnic groups. AbOut 500,000 of the Afri­ sumer must recognize tbat he ls also a citi­ May 29, 1968, all of this supported and im­ cans come from nearby countries to work for zen, and the hazards to which he Is subjected plemented with devastating detail by the a few months and then return to their own go beyond those of contaminated milk and United States. And the vote on Nov. 7, 1968, tribes. food, hazardous products, etc. They include by the UN General Assembly, bringing this Rhodesia Is a country of private enterprise. the air he breathes, the water he drinks and closer to a serious crisis and another war, as It has had more exports than import.q. the many hazards which he encounters as reported in the New York Times of Nov. 8th, In mining, it has the world's largest metal­ he moves through the environments of home, "to strengthen sanctions against Rhodesia, lurgical deposit of chrome. It bas the world's Job and neighborhood. With regard to their extend them to include Portgual and South greatest deposit and Is the principal world effects on him, the environmental hazards Africa and demand that Britain use force producer of lithium. It has the world's big­ he encounters as a citizen cannot be dilfer­ to bring down the regime of Prime Mlnlster gest single deposit of coal With one vein entlated from the hazards to which he ls Ian D. Smith." Only 9 nations opposed­ about 30 feet thick. It Is the third largest subjected as a consumer. Australia., Belgium, Luxembourg, Nether­ world producer of asbestos. With sanctions, I bope that we can provide for all of these lands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, the U.S. no longer bought high grade chrome various groups a common view on the prob­ Brita.in and the United States. from Rhodesia but turned to the USSR, the lem of human ecology and give new im­ What Is this all about? What are the only other major producer, for lower grade petus and definition to all their efforts. And issues? Why did it build up to this inter­ ore. In 1968 the latter raised the price some I hope that we can establish some new n ational danger point? It Is Important to 20%. priorities for saving the environment. know so that we can either back the U.S. In agriculture, ownership of farming land As for the future, the population of the position or get It changed. Is of three kinds: European areas restricted United States now numbers 200 milllon and The details have been studied in thou­ to ownership by Europeans; Tribal Trust ls expected to reach at least 230 million by sands of pages of information gathered in Lands restricted to African use In accordance 1980; urban areas will absorb the increase. books, reports, pamphlets, letters, speeches With tribal customs and usages; and African and their environmental problems Will be and documents of all sorts, Including several purchase areas which can be purchased only intensified. Technology may be expected to hundred pages recently received from the by Africans. European owners may apply to increase the risk of food-borne disease and Department of State. have their lands converted into lands avail­ chemical contamination. Unless we apply This paper will review, in summary form, able for African purchase but Tribal Trust the lessons of human ecology the future can these ma.tters: lands cannot be transferred to European only bring more physiological, biological, and I. The settling and economic development ownership. There Is extensive help for Af­ psychological hazards for man. of Rhodesia; rican farmers, including that given by white We in the Consumer Protection and En­ II. The characteristics and tribal na.ture of farmers to their nearby African neighbors vironmental Health Service hope that we the Africans; in such ways as use of machinery and In­ can help America apply these lessons. We III. Several different developments of po­ struction in modern methods. will certainly need help in doing so. Your litical organization in Rhodesia; Tobacco was more than half of all agri­ charge, then, during these three days of dis­ IV. Tbe Rhodesian way (the principle of cultural earnings. It was hard hit by sanc­ cussions, is to distill the varied and vast merit) Its constitution, education and voting tions, since most was sold to Great Brita.In. body of knowledge which you represent into franchise requirements; Tbe government had to buy and store it. a. series of recommendations which we can v. A 17 point chronological summary of A crash program ot diversification was be­ consider as we strive to carry out the mis­ developments In Rhodesia and with the Brit­ gun. Other crops are sugar, cotton, maize, sion with which we have been charged. ish United Nations and United States; groundnuts, tea, vegetables and citrus trults, VI. The new proposed constitution for With wheat and coffee now started. Rhodesia, the Internal situation, the Com­ Cattle in 1965 amounted to SY,, million RHODESIA: TO UNDERSTAND A munist aspect; head, more than halt of them owned by SERIOUS CRISIS VII. A critical look at the main arguments Africans. There is enough production of pigs, advanced to Justify actions taken; mllk and cheese for home use and export. VIII. A concluding statement by Dean There Is large scale forestration and growing HON. JOHN R. RARICK Acheson. paper manufacturing. OF LOUISIANA I. THE SETTLING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT II. THE CHARACTERISTICS AND TRIBAL NATURE OF IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF RHODESIA THE AFRICANS Africa as a whole ls 3 times the size of the After the whites came in 1890 the warlike Wednesday, January 29, 1969 United States. The part generally referred to Matabele continued to fight the more numer­ Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Claud­ as southern Africa Is nearly Ya of It and lies ous but more peaceful Mashona as they had below the Congo and Tanzania. It runs for years. Tben a small white force helped ius G. Pendill, 44 Broad Street, New­ the Mashona defeat the Matabele. However, buryport, Mass., has prepared a factual 2000 miles from about 7° south down to the tip at 35°. It Includes Portuguese An­ the latter rose again in much the way that and informative handbook on Rhodesia gola and Mozambique, Zambia (formerly the American Indians attacked our early which may be of interest to our col­ Northern Rhodesia), Malawi (Nyasaland), settlers here, and in 1896 killed 103 unsus­ leagues and under unanimous consent I Rhodesia, Botswana (Bechuana.land), South pecting white men and their tammes. A submit the handbook for inclusion in the Africa and Its mandate South West Africa. force of 2000 whites and 600 black troops put CONGRESSIO NAL RECORD, as follows: Rhodesia Is abOut 500 miles each way, as big down that uprising. Then the Masbona sur­ as New England, New York and Pennsylva­ prised everyone by rising. Both African RHODESIA: AN EFFORT To UNDERSTAND A groups thought the white man was weak and SERIOUS CRISIS nia together; the size of Caillornla. It 1s mostly high plateau country, 3000- the Mashona did not want to pay the price if (By Claudius G. Pendill, November 1968) 5000 feet altitude, the climate like Southern the Matabele should Win and again be able It is more difficult each year for a. private California. There is also a fertile lower part, to beat up the Mashonas. The same methods citizen, as it is for a. member of Congress, to the "lowveld". Rainfall is generally good, were used as more recently In Kenya. Serv­ keep accurately Informed on the ever In­ there are few droughts, floods or cyclones. ants thought to be faithful suddenly killed creasing number of Important events In this The Zambezi River on the north Is the women and children, prospectors and farm­ country and in the world, where our interests boundary With Zambia, the Limpopo River ers. a.re directly Involved. Conflicting statements the border with South Africa. At thlll point Cecil Rhodes took a small are published. Propaganda. ls poured out. Tbe site of Zimbabwe Is evidence of an unprotected party Including two women, to There ls often an absence of hard facts or of early Indigenous Rhodesian clv111zatlon be­ meet the Matabele chiefs. In some amazing an objective point of view. tween the 9th and 13th centuries A.D. Tbey way he Induced them to lay down their arms. One situation much in the limelight today were driven out by waves of Bantu from the The Mashona and the settlers were no longer ls Southern Rhodesia, or Just Rhodesia as it north who are the main foundations of the attacked. Thus began 70 years of peaceful Is now called. Africans of Rhodesia. Tbey are of two tribal living together between the tribes themselves The main events in the news have been the groups, the Mashona in the center and and with the whites. Yet people who llve refusal of Great Brita.in to grant independ­ north, the older and larger tribe, and the there say that the tribal feuds still simmer, ence to Rhodesia, even after doing so to Matabele in the southwest around Bulawayo. that 1f there were "instant Democracy", the more than 20 other countries including The latter came from the South African Mashona could Impose their majority rule by Northern Rhodesia and Nyasa.land in 1964; warrior Zulu tribe. A large portion of the vote which the Matabele would never accept. the UnUateral Declaration of Independence Africans are Christians. Tribal wara could come again, as In Nigeria by Rhodesia after the final breakdown of In 1888 Cecil Rhodes got a concession for today. Both groups have had the white man's negotiations in October 1965; the applica­ mineral rights and all of Southern and protection and want It to continue. The tion of voluntary sanctions by the United Northern Rhodesia were proclaimed a British whites also kept out other tribes who raided Nations on Nov. 20, 1965; the further UN sphere of Influence. In 1890 there were about bOth these tribes tor slaves. The two rebel­ action on April 9, 1966 directing the U.K. to 400,000 Africans. The British settlers ran the lions cost the whites about one-tenth of January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2247 their numbers, a. percentage loss not equalled land to exploit, kill and to nearly extermi­ tween 1940 and 1966 the per capita income in our we.rs. nate the native Indians. In 1865, after 2 \.i, went from $42 to $380 a year, an enormous Practices of the Africans are laden with centuries of settling, there were only 248,000 advance, far faster than in most of Africa. lmperstltutlon and tradltionaJ ways of doing Indians left, instead of their making a IV. THE RHODESIAN WAY (THE PRINCIPLE OF things. A handful of bones, cast by night normal growth to some two million popula­ MERrr) . rrs CONSTITUTION, EDUCATION AND upon the floor of a n ative hut, st ill will evoke tion. As one American student o! Africa put VOTING FRANCHISE REQUIREMENTS a.n unimaginable terror. In a drought one it, "this was our solution for the only real tribe sacrifices a. child to the spirit of the colonial problem we ever faced". In 1776 From the founding by Cecil Rhodes and his Rain God. Another kills bulls as a. sacrifice when we made our Declaration of Independ­ British South African Company and the com­ to their ancestors. Pa.rents universa.lly sold ence, after 150 years of establishing colonies, ing of the first white settlers in 1890, the and still sell daughters for marriage. The the white population was fractional as com­ Company ran the colony until 1922. Then price of one girl is 5 cows. We saw supersti­ pared to the Indians and the Negroes then Rhodesia began a third way of political de­ tion when we visited in Kenya in 1960. An inhabiting this land. I wonder how we would velopment in Southern Africa . The 400,000 African worker came to our host saying he have responded then 1:t a United Nations had Africans there in 1890 were not kllled off but must move from the district. Pa.y a.nd every­ supported England with sanctions to increased to the 4,400,000 who are there today. thing were alright but a certain kind of hawk strangle us because we did not have "xna­ The RhOdes!an idea recognizes that 1:t Euro­ had landed on his hut. That was a. bad omen jortty rule" or "one-man one vote!" It took pean restraints were removed the powerful a.nd meant that he must burn down the hut centuries here to free the slaves. Women only and warlike Mat ebeles could again war a.nd leave the e.rea. got the vote in 1920. against the larger and peaceful Mashonas. It Anot her in st ance shows the depth of t heir One solution for the African problem ts recognizes that m any Africans h ave moved beliefs. The Mau Mau sent fl.re arrows into that being worked on in South Africa. When to the cities and are detribalized, and that the thatched roofs of the huts and burned the Dutch and Engl!sh first came there some many are fully integrated into the Rhodesian them down, and they also easily entered the 300 years ago there were only a few scattered socia.l a.nd political system. The constitu­ huts to kill with knives in the dark. Our host tribes such as the Hotten tots. The great area tional approach of Mr. Ian Smith has taken B1ll offered all h is Africans cinder block lay empty. As they moved north hundreds of into account a.ll these factors and assumes homes. These could not be burned. Their miles they encountered black Bantus push­ that Europeans, Matabeles and Mashonas doors and windows could be barred. He of­ ing down into south central Africa. The ra­ w!ll exist in any future RhOdestan political fered to provide all the material free and as cial problem began that way. But the whites system and that all have a part to play in it. each man built his house he would pay him did not k!ll off these other races as we did. (a) The Constitution the same as though working in the fields. Even today thousands of blacks in Northern The 1923 constitution made it a self gov­ The offer was unanimously turned down. The Africa come into South Africa for better liv­ erning colony with a British-appointed gov­ reason, when a person died in a hut it was ing and economic development. The whites ernor. All matters were in !ts own hands ex­ necessary to bum it down. They could not are now about 3,500,000. Coloreds, a combi­ cept international. The British government burn down cinder block homes so they could nation of whites and Hottentots, are nearly reserved certain powers to prevent legislation not accept them to live in even though it 2,000,000. People from India total about 600,- which discrimina.ted against Africans or would save them from the Mau Mau. 000. There are 12,500,000 blacks or Bantus of amended the Constitution. It could also dis­ People who h ave lived long with the black many different tribes with 7 different lan ­ allow any active legislation 1:t it deemed that African community make it clear that indi­ guages and m any more dialects. necessary. It never exercised those powers. vidual Africans have no tradition whatever It is South African policy that no good can That constitution also laid down the princi­ !or "voting" as we know it. The tribal en­ come now of trying to mix this great diver­ ple of merit as the criterion for partic!pa.ting claves are orga nized like a pyramid, from the sity of racial groups. So blacks and whites in government. It provided for a single House villagers, to the elders, to the district head live in close contact with each other in city of Parliament with 30 members. Voting was men, to the chiefs who are either hereditary and on farm. They work together by day but open to all adult British subjects regardless or chosen in tribal fashion. There ls no must occupy separate living areas. Movement of race, with annual income over $960. thought that "the children" at the lowest is restricted and a "passbook" is used !or In 1953 the British got Southern and level could ever challenge the tribal author­ movement within the country. One reason is Northern Rhodesia. a.nd Nyasa.land to form ity. They believe "that the ancestors, con­ that the experiment was tried of letting the a Federation. It succeeded econoxnically but sulted through the medium of the chiefs, Bantu immigrate to the city as we let our after several years of rioting it broke up and ultimately decide the tribe's weal or woe". Negroes move anywhere. This bred some of was dissolved in 1963. Nyasa.land became the Again "the educated and well-to-do African the worst slums in the world. Their solution independent state of Malawi in July 1964. townsman with a business remains subject to was not to have a Harlem or a Watts but to Northern Rhodesia. the independent state of his tribe's communal custom of sharing pos­ control the influx, have them live in their Zambia. in October 1964. sessions. If a man has 6 wives and 61 chil­ own areas nee.r the cities, and make it pos­ In 1961 during the break up, a new con­ dren, (a case known to one author), he well sible for the Bantus to develop their own cul­ stitution for Southern RhOdesia was worked may not wish to declare even the mOdest ture. 80% o! all Bantu children o! school age out, to be the basis for Rhodesian independ­ amount of property he has which would are in school. New homes for more than 100,- ence. It was approved by both the Britts!: qualify him for a vote." 000 non-whites a.re being built ea.ch year. and Rhodesians in December 1961. It in­ ID. SEVERAL DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTS OF There is tOday strong pressure from within creased African representation markedly. POLrrICAL ORGANIZATION IN SOUTHERN to solve one problem after another. This British powers were further limited but the AFRICA is one way which is evolving to reach ulti­ Crown could still prevent discrimination Many countries in Central a.nd Northern mately the most workable solution to the against Africans. Africa are ruled by dictatorships with totali­ problem. Only 6% of the population o! the (b)Educati on tarian methods and much bloodshed. In African continent is in the Republic of South Africa. Yet it produces 40 % of the conti­ The educational situation in Rhodesia is many o! them Africans rule and exclude summarized in a report by Representative whites from positions of responsibll1ty. nent's industrial output. The blacks share well in this economic development. Of the Ashbrook, Ohio, after his visit there. (CON­ There have been different and more peaceful GRESSIONAL RECORD, volume 112, part 4, page developments in that third of the continent dozens of countries in the world which have received U.S. aid, loans a.nd lend lease, only 5342.) The !acts given are also reported in which is Southern Africa. In MalaWi, African other sources. "African education is the single rule depends to a great extent on the Euro­ South Africa has repaid in full a.ll principal a.nd interest. largest expenditure of the Rhodesian govern­ peans !or adm1ntstration o! government a.nd ment. 98 % of all direct taxation is paid by for operations of services and the economy. A second way of organizing a political state whites. The government has subscribed to In Botswana, Africans rule and depend on is the way that Southwest Africa is run by the western idea of providing as much edu­ Africans for support in the admlnistratton South Africa under mandate. This uses home cation as possible, rather than to the prac­ while leaning on Europeans for assistance. In rule, a kind of federalism. It recognizes and tice prevelent in most former British and general, the question posed ts, what ts the develops each major tribe and then ties them French Colonies of training only a small elite best political organization and method of together as parts of a state. In South Africa group and ignoring the rest of the African operation for a. state in which the inhabi­ itself this is being tried with the Bantus in population. In 1966 Rhodesia's ratio of chil­ tants range from pr1m1tive, superstitious, the Transke!. It is a.lso about what has de­ dren in school to total population was com­ tribal people living in huts a.nd kraals, to veloped in the former British Protectorate o! parable to Britain's. In Britain it is 1 in 5, highly sophisticated and educated people, Basutoland, now independent Lesotho, and in RhOdesia 1 in 6, in Tanzania 1 in 18, in when they are diversified so Widely by tribes, in the British protectorate or Swaziland. Malawi 1 in 43, in Ethopia 1 in 80." languages, interests, race, color, religion a.nd Southwest Africa is twice the size of "In 1968 there are about 700,000 African education or lack of it? What is the best Rhodesia, population 75,000 whites, 450,000 school children. The primary school is now method for each country at this particular blacks, very sparsely settled. The tribe of a 5 year course. More than 40 % complete stage of its development, now? Ovambos in the far north is 45 % of the black that a.nd receive further 3 year schooling in As we consider what is happening, it is a population. If xnajority rule were granted, the upper primary. The new plan, however, goad idea to remind ourselves that when the this one tribe would overwhelm the others now in effect provides that every African first settlers came t o America it was already leading to the same violence as in the Congo child able to reach a school by 1969 will get inhabited by Indian tribes estimated to and Nigeria. This area is being developed in a full primary education of 7 years as in number some 800,000 individuals. It was the peace and with great economic gains as a European schools.... Half of those com­ practice of our ancesters here in settling this separate entity within the larger whole. Be- pleting the primary course will receive fur- 2248 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 ther education in four year academic sec­ electoral dlstrlcts which overlap the con­ part m and steadfastly inslsted upon con­ ondary schools or two year courses qualify­ stituencies. Each voter casts two votes, one sUltlng his associates at home. (3) Wilson ing for apprenticeships. The other 50 % are !or constituency, one for district. By thls demanded, at 1 o'clock Sunday morning, not barred from further study but those who system of cross-voting the "A" voters can Dec. 4, that Rhodesia give a final answer at 10 want it will get assistance from teachers, In influence the result of a "B" roll contest, and o'clock Monday morning December 5th. Ian available class rooms and by correspondence vice versa. This ls designed to broaden the Smith made the long flight back home after courses. As a matt er of fact, the demand of appeal of candidates to voters on both rolls. a gruelllng 3 days aboard the British vessel. Africans for the few but steadily Increasing A married woman is deemed to have the same 12. The meeting failed when the Rhode­ places in secondary schools Is not as yet means of qualifications as her husband if she sian cabinet found Part Ill of the working equal to the supply. All who want to go fur­ does not qualify in her own right. This ap­ document utterly unacceptable. In this part ther can do so today." plies to one wife only. She has also to fulfill Britain proposed to change completely from (c) Voting franchise requirements the other appropriate qualificaitions herself. the independent relationship with Rhodesia The franchise is for voters of all races, reg­ There are now 14 Africans in the Parlla­ that had lasted 70 years and in which they istered on one of two rolls. It extends to all ment. In 1966 "A" roll voters numbered 101,- had never had a single occasion to exercise citizens aged 21 years or over, resident in 000-95,700 whites, 2,400 Africans, 3,000 any vote. Instead, they would dissolve the leg­ the country for more than two years, subject others. The "B" roll numbered 11,700-10,780 islature, give most power to the Royal Gov­ to property, Income or educational qualifica­ Africans, 589 whites. Quallflcations required ernor, hold new elections, the government tions as stated below. for both rolls as to ownership, Income and would be appointed by the Governor at hiB discretion, the Royal Governor would be re­ Parliament went from 30 to 65 members. education are on the next page. They were Of these 50 are selected by "A" roll voters to made much lower for the "B" roll. Nothing sponsible "for the maintenance of law and represent constituencies. The 15 selected by prevents any African from gaining access to order and the protection of human rights and the "B" roll voters represent the much larger the "A" roll. would exercise these powers as Commander­ in-Chlef of the defense forces." There was no commitment as to how long these condi­ Education tions would prevail. There was no guarantee if Primary Secondary that conditions were met, independence Annual income and value of property owned could be achieved. When advised that Rhode­ sia could not accept the proposal the British "A" roll: Government thereupon withdrew the pro­ (a) •••••••• •••• ••••••• $2,220 or $4,620 •.•...•••.. ...••..•. •...... ••. -· --· -····· .•..•• posals it had previously advanced and ac­ (b) ...... $1 ,480 or $3,080 ...... Complete 5 years •••••••• cepted. It restated its position that no solu­ tion would be acceptable which would gran"t (:) . •.....•••..••....• $924 or $1,540 ...... do ••••••• •• •••••••• 4 years. independence prior to majority rule. 13. On Dec. 16, 1966, as the voluntary (~) •••••••• •••• • • ••••• Appointment to office of chief or headman ...... "8" roll: sanctions in force for a year had not proved (a) ...... $739 or $1,386 ...•••.. •..•.•.••••.•••..•.••. •....•. •. . . . . •..•. .... •. ...•.•. •. . effective enough to topple its government, the Security Council of the U.N. at the re­ (b) ...... $370 or $770 . •...... ••.•....••.•..•.•••••• ••.•....• 2 years ••••• •• •••••••••• quest of Great Britain, passed resolution No. 232 which imposed selective mandatory eco­ nomic sancttons for the first time in U.N. history. The United States supported this. ft:~~: :::::::::::::!ftg~~m%~m~~ifii~!~~~~Jl!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~=~~~?t~:t? ~~ ~~ ( ~( By Article 25 of the Charter all U.N. members a.re obligated to accept and carry out such V. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY (17 POINTS) OF of the U.N. adopted a resolution cal!lng on a decision of the Council. The use of force DEVELOPMENTS IN RHODESIA WITH THE Great Britain to suspend the 1961 constitu­ was urged by Jordan, India, Bulgaria, Nigeria, BRITISH, UNITED NATIONS AND UNITED STATES tion and convene a new constitutional con­ Mall and Senegal. 1. Rhodesia was self governing throughout vention, to arrange Independence based on 14. On Jan. 5, 1967 President Johnson its history. Its premier sat on an equal basis universal suffrage. (State Dept. Bulletin signed executive order 11332 implementing with all other premiers in the British Empire 3--6-67) the above resolution. He acted under the and Commonwealth. 6. On Nov. 11, 1965 the government of Ian United Nations Participation Act of 1945. No Smith Unilaterally Declared Independence action by congress ls called for as the law 2. Rhodesia developed with voting based on for Rhodesia, referred to as UDI. stands today. certain modest property and educational re­ 7. Great Britain at once invoked economic 15. On May 29, 1968 the U.N. Security quirements as we have seen, with adult male war against Rhodesia, embargoed shipments Council passed a resolution extending man­ and female suffrage. Voter qualifications are to and from, and froze Rhodesian assets in datory economic sanctions from a selected list nothing new. They were in effect in the British Banks. of products to all trade with Rhodesia. This United States and in other countries during 8. On Nov. 11, 1965, after UDI, the U.N. was agreed to and implemented by the U.S. early stages of representative government, General Assembly condemned the UDI. The 16. On Nov. 7, 1968 (New York Times of when education was not common and when Security Council did so on Nov. 12th. Nov. 8) the General Assembly of the U.N. cultural and economic development was 9. On Nov. 20, 1965, by Resolution 217, the voted to strengthen sanctions against unequal. Security Council of the United Nations voted Rhodesia, extend them to include Portugal 3. In 1963, as the Federation broke up, and unanimously (France alone abstained) "that and South Africa, and demand that Britain in 1964 as independence was being granted to the situat ion in Southern Rhodesia consti­ use force to bring down the regime of Prime Malawi and Zambia, Rhodesia began to press t utes a threat to international peace and Minister Ian D. Smith. The vote was 86 to 9 for it. Two years of conferences were held. In security" and called for v olun tary sanctions with 19 abstentions. The 9 n ations opposing 1964 Brit ish Prime Minister Sir Alex Douglas­ by all members, including arms, equipment, were Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Home indicated that progress might be made military material and oil. U.S. Ambassador Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South 1! Rhodesia's Prime Minister Ian Smith could Goldberg supported thls. IDs first reason was Africa, Britain and the United States. show that the majority of all the population "we are irrevocably dedicated to the princi­ 17. The U.S. has t aken extraordinary meas­ ot Rhodesia. favored independence under the ple of self-determination and independence ures to enforce the m andatory sanctions. basic provisions of the 1961 Constitution. The for and by all people of South Rhodesia." There are many pages of detailed orders and tribal chiefs, acknowledged leaders of more 10. on Apr. 9, 1966 the U.N. Security Coun­ restrictions Imposed by the Departments of than 60 % of the African population, held a cil passed Resolution 221, noting that oil State, Commerce and t he Treasury. It ls four day "lndaba." At it's conclusion, October t ankers were arriving at the Mozambique stated by those who should know. that the 26, 1964, they voted unanimously In favor of port of Belra, Portuguese, and called on the oil embargo on Rhodesia is only efl'ectlve be­ the independence plan. So did the registered U.K. "to prevent by the u se of force if neces­ cause President Johnson put the pressure voters 10-1. This was unsatisfactory to sary the arrival at Beira of vessels reasonably on m ajor U.S. oil companies. This ls our Britain. Nothing would suffice short of a new believed to be carrying oil destined for Rho­ blockade. constitution assuring prompt transition to desia." This was done by British warships. A new measure by the Treasury Just hit the African majority rule. 11. On Friday, Dec. 2, 1966 Prime Ministers little Rhodesian Information Office at 2824 4. In later conferences with Prelnler Harold Wilson and Smith met aboard HMS Tiger at McGill Terrace, Washington, D.C. 20008. A Wilson he took a new position, No Inde­ sea off' Glbralter on a new Constitution. After letter went to Washington's Riggs National pendence Before Majority African Rule, re­ two days of strenuous meetings both sides Bank on Sat. Sept. 28, 1968. It informed the ferred to as NIBMAR. On their part, the compromised in what seemed to be fair, rea­ bank that the bank accounts of Kenneth Rhodesians demanded the right of continued sonable and responsible constitutional Towsey, Director of RIO, and hls associate evolution, not revolution, and the right to changes as to parts I and II. They included John Hooper were suspended. This freeze determine and control the pace of transition a further development of African voting covered their personal household accounts as to majority rule, as ls stated on page 3 of the power. But Mr. Wilson then did three things; well as the RIO. As this became known such Department of State Bulletin March 6, 1967. ( 1) He adopted a peremptory tone amount­ protests poured in that they recovered their The two years of negotiations broke down In ing to an ultimatum. (2) He demanded that personal funds, though the office accounts October 1965. Mr. Smith at once commit his government to remain frozen. Strange thing in a country 5. On Nov. 5, 1965-the General Assembly the whole agreement. The latter questioned supposedly for freedom of speech and free- January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2249 dom of the press, to prevent the dissemina­ an apartheid solution. He is too conserva­ people who dissent and who want to over­ tion of Information In such a way. tive tor the liberals. After 80 amendments throw the present organized government. Such groups usually want to replace it with VI. (a) THE NEW PROPOSED CONSTITUTION FOR had been proposed, the final vote on this RHODESIA, (b) THE INTERNAL SITUATXON, (C) constitution was very close but he won. thexnselves. Rhodesia has two organizations THE COMMUNXST ASPECT Some Indication of his status and of the of Africans which are small but dedicated to standing of his Rhodesian Front In the coun­ extremism and terror. The government has (a) The new proposed constitution for try was shown In a 1968 by-election when a taken the position that most countries would Rhodesia Smith supporter won 870 to 65 for an oppo­ take when someone Is trying by terror to (a) In Feb. 1967 three observers went to sition candidate. overthrow it. They have put in camps or Rhodesia and made a study of the Increas­ Jacobs further states "Mr. Smith re-defines prisons the heads of the two organizations ingly serious situation. It was published In the basic political nature of his party and of and other leaders. They have not done this the "National Review" ot May 16 1967 en­ his government as a little right of center be­ when peaceful means of dissent were used. titled "Rhodesia: a Case History.' How the cause it insists on the principle of merit, and They have felt that they are In a terroristic U.S. ls Helping to Bring Down Rhodesia's because it Insists on present and future Afri­ war and an economic war, and under great George Washington." Members ot the report­ can representation In Parliament as well as and unjustifled pressure by the outside ing team were Rene A. Wormser, a distin­ maintaining the possibility of extended Afri­ world. guished member ot the New York State Bar; can suffrage. It rejects immediate Imple­ They felt they had to impose a censorship. Walter Darnell Jacobs, professor ot political mentation of a one-man, one-vote formula Trade figures must not be released to let science at the University of Maryland, and which has so signally tailed to bring stability anyone know the extent to which sanctions James J. Kilpatrick, editor of the Richmond to Africans north of the Zambezi." are successful or not. The newspapers cannot News Leader and writer of a well known syn­ The new Smith Constitution proposes a publish certain information. Yet many of dicated column. The report states "at least Stage I to last tor 5 years or until the next them freely oppose the adm1nistratlon. The 60,000 Africans are thought to be qualified general election, whichever comes first. The report of May 16, 1967 by the committee of by education or property ownership tor "A" legislature would continue as at present. But Kilpatrick, Worxnser and Jacobs quotes one registration now. It is only apathy or clis­ It would have opportunities for the extentlon African minister of Home Affairs in a state­ lnterest In politics that keeps them from the of the franchise to African voters and con­ ment Oct. 1966 "any government worth its polls". It Is evident that with the acceler­ tinued African representation In Parliament. salt must put the preservation of public se­ ated rate of education and economic develop­ curity above the convenience of a handful of ment, in only a few years there will be many It would be supplemented by a Senate In place of the existing Constitutional Coun­ persons who are doing their most to under­ more Africans qualified for the "A" roll and mine it." Rhodesia has not acted against any hence voting tor all 65 members of the Par­ cil. This would also be open to African and person for wholly political reasons. Those liament, than there are whites. European membership. In it various ele­ ments of the population would be repre­ who have been arrested are thugs, assassins, The dangerous developments of the last sented on a sort of ex officio basis. To quote arsonists, saboteurs and terrorists, many of year and a half caused a recent updating of Professor Jacobs "tribal chiefs Will be pres­ them Communist trained and financed. Al­ that study. Just available in October 1968 It ent, cultural and economic groups will be most all of them have been black Africans was made by the same professor Walter ja­ represented. The Senate Will have fewer leg­ preying upon other black Africans. The vic­ cobs in an analysis and report entitled "A islative powers than the other body but it tims and those endangered by terrorist ac­ Constitution for Rhodesia". In it he states Will serve to assist in political matters some­ tl vi ties seek government protection, yet are "Rhodesians argue that the standard of merit what as the House of Lords in Britain.'' He often too terrified of reprisals to be willing to 1s the fairest one and that It is certainly far further notes that Stage I serves to encour­ testify in court. There were 85 petrol bomb fairer than any standard of immediate Afri­ age the growth of political parties In raids a month before the Rhodesian Govern­ can rule Without consideration of merit. In ment clamped down. (CONGRESSIONAL REC­ any case, however, a merit standard tor par­ Rhodesia. ORD, volume 112, part 4, page 5842.) Thus, for ticipation must be seasoned With serious at­ In Stage n which would follow at the end the protection of the black Africans them­ tempts to improve the merits of all citizens. of Stage I the legislature would be changed. selves, it has been necessary for the govern­ The government contends that it ts doing There would be a National Parliament sitting ment to take drastic action. A Law and Main­ exactly this by its expenditures on educa­ in Salisbury, With powers of legislation on tenance Act was passed In 1962 and a more tion, by its high tax rate on Europeans to affairs of national concern. In addition, 8 strict Emergency Powers Act in 1965, per­ pay for them and by its assistance to those Provincial Legislatures Will deal with local mitting renewable 8 month detention of !~_.?reate new job opportunities for Afrt- matters, one representing the Matabele, one persons found to be terrorists or collabo­ the Mashonas and one the Europeans. These rators. In 1966 the number of persons re­ He continues "Rhodesia is presently not a would be more like our U.S. state legisla­ stricted under these acts averaged from 858 society based on apartheid. The new proposed tures. Professor Jacobs notes that the quali­ to 608 at any one time. 1968 constitution does not create a society fication system for the "A" roll may With It is true that western ways with rules of some reason be used as an incentive for based on apartheid. The franchise provisions due process of law are not applied. No writs are based on economic considerations, the Africans to Improve their economic situation of habeas corpus are available to persons held theory being that those who contribute to and thereby to participate more fully In the because of terrorist actions-no jury trials, the system should make its decisions. There political life of the country. rights of counsel or other protections as used are provisions providing for the broadening This new Constitution is being decided by by Americans and Brltans. Reports state of the franchise without reference to race." Rhodesia alone. The question of the legality frankly that it is regrettable that this should Professor Jacobs concludes his study on the of the Smith government was raised in con­ be true. Prof. Ja-0obs goes on to say,-"When present status of the proposed new constitu­ nection With the conviction of 82 terrorists, public safety permits we were told that this tion for Rhodesia, "The first principle of the three of whom were convicted ot murder system will be suspended. Meanwhile, the two proposed constitution, to be submitted tor under aggravated circumstances and were Acts have served so effectively that terrorism, vote by December 1968, is that it does permit hanged by the Rhodesian authorities. The a serious problem late in 1965 and part of and provide a guide to western-type democ­ three judges of the Appellate Division of the 1966, had almost ceased in early 1967. Crop racy In both Stage I and Stage n " IDgh Court of Rhodesia, after citing numer­ slashing, maim1ng and the poisoning of "The second principle is complete and final ous British decisions, the law of Pakistan, stock and the burning of villages decreased Independence from Britain." Justice Story of the U.S. Supreme Court and In 1967. Under the existing conditions in "The third principle, that of advancement Grotius, decided, as Chief Justice Beadle put Africa only the misguided idealist would ex­ and selection on the basis of merit, accords It (Sept. 18, 1968), "that the 1961 Constitu­ pect a perfect adherence to rules of due proc­ With the practical reality in Rhodesia. Pre­ tion has been annulled, that the present ess of law. The number of persons affected by government Is now the ae fure government these laws is relatively small. The principal ferred treatment for Africans is excluded and and the 1965 Constitution Is the only valid :ri!n;.egal discrimination by excluding African extremists are under restriction. constitution." Others are free to foment trouble from "Mr. Smith insists that the control of (b) The internal situation Lusaka and Zambia. Another was last heard Rhodesia will be retained In civilized hands Looking at Rhodesia as a whole, it is a from in Princeton, N.J." tor all time. To Mr. Smith that means that peaceful, quiet, tranquil place. More than Other criminal activity In Rhodesia is re­ Africans and Europeans have an equal right 2'f:i million Africans, 60 % of the total, live markably low. In 1966 there were only 156 to.~wer; that merit is the only quallflcatlon. In tribal arrangements as they have for a murders, 195 house breaklngs and 148 thefts The proposed Rhodesian constitution Is long, long time. They conduct their affairs in a nation of over 4 million. not perfect. It is an attempt to provide a In the normal way through their elders and (c) The Communist aspect present solution for present problems and to some 600 chiefs who hold that office as he­ As to Communist efforts against Rhodesia, avoid the creation of new problems. The plan reditary or by tribal selection. The chiefs are Prof. Jacobs reports on page 7 "the Commu­ seems to have been designed by men of au­ paid a small amount by the government for nists, led by the Soviet Union, used Rhodesia thentic good will. It would appear to meet the performance of judicial and administra­ as a weak spot In the West, a spot which can the needs of Rhodesia and provide a. reason­ tive duties. But the government does not be attacked With benefit to world Commu­ able guide tor future actions." appoint them and cannot remove them. nlsxn. There is every reason why Moscow In all of this work toward a new constitu­ Afrl.cans are about half of the armed forces should view Rhodesia as a base from which tion Premier Ian Smith represents a middle and of the police. The police are unarmed. to launch the 'final solution' for all Africa-­ course. He has been too liberal tor the ex­ There has been no uprising. the eUminatlon of the Republic of South treme right which would move more toward There are In Rhodesia, as in every society, Africa and the raising of a Communist sys- EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 tem dependent on Moscow. Moscow supports trained In guerrllla. warfare, just what we had unilaterally asserted its independence terrorists in Zambia, and other African loca­ need, to join Australia, New Zealand and from and was in dispute with the Nether­ tions." the rest. We refuse that help, and by rigid lands. Notwithstanding its deficiencies from The Chinese presence in Africa complicates sanctions we put on the economic screws and the point of view of acknowledged sover­ the picture. China is especially active in Tan­ do our best to overturn its government. eignty, Indonesia was given a hearing in the zania. Chinese trained terrorists have fre­ VD. A CRITICAL LOOK AT THE MAIN ARGUMENTS Security Council. It was argued by the Aus­ quently been apprehended inside the borders ADVANCED TO JUSTIFY U.N. AND U.S. ACTIONS tralian representative at the time that "there of Rhodesia with Chinese arms and supplies. is no provision in the Charter stipulating Communist China has agreed to build a 1. The voluntary sanctions voted by the that, in order to appear before the Council major rall line from Zambia to Tanzania. U.N. and backed by our State Department or to participate in Its discussions, a. state Many "technicians" and "specialists" from were in part based on the Idea that we should must be sovereign. This is a case where we China a.re involved. Communist China also support our old ally Britain. If that is so, we have to act with a sense of fair play. We have has an advantage in African politics which should expect Britain to similarly support us. heard one side; surely we are entitled to hear is not available to Soviet activist or other But Britain has continued shipments to the other." Communist agents. It derives from the fact Cuba, cooly refusing our request to stop. Secretary General U Thanit expressed in that many Africans stlll hold to old beliefs Great Britain has not contributed In any 1966 this identical sentiment in discussing from mythology and primitive religion. In way to our war In Vietnam. In fact, British the possible appearance before the Security some areas of Africa, the Chinese is said to ships carry supplies to North Vietnam for Council of Communist China, not a member be the personification of Uhkanyana, a char­ use against our war effort there. of the U.N. He said: "My attitude is guided 2. Among the arguments for mandatory acter from Zulu folklore. He is described as by one single consideration; if the Security crafty and deceitful and of a physical nature sanctions, one was that the Smith Govern­ Council has to take any action on any dis­ ment was denying majority rule In Rhodesia, which makes him look like a Chinese. This hence violated the purpose of the U.N. to pro­ pute the first prerequisite is that it must be analysis may seem far fetched but many per­ mote "respect for human rights, for funda­ in a position to hear both sides; this Is a sons who have encountered Africans after mental freedoms for all without distinction must." (quoted from the American-Southern the latter have had dealings wi,th the Chi­ as to race, sex, language or religion." Yet, African REVIEW-May-June issue 1968). nese, say that the influence of folklore and as we have seen, the Rhodesian constitution What motivates the U .S. actions? On May mythology among Africans has indeed been 26, 1966 President Johnson said at a White exploited by the Chinese Communists. in principle and In practice in 1961 and re­ affirmed In 1965, has no mention of race, House reception celebrating the third anni­ The newspaper South African Communist creed or color as far as the franchise is con­ versary of the Organization of African Unity, reported the attendance at a Cairo seminar, cerned and is openly working toward black "The foreign policy of the United States is in October 1966, of representatives of Com­ majority rule. And how a.bout asking the rooted in its life at home. We wlll not permit munist Parties from many African countries. question: Does majority rule now obtain In human rights to be restricted in our country. The list included "the Zimbabwe African the Soviet Union, In Czechoslovakia, In East­ We will not support policies abroad which Union (Rhodesia) ,'' one of the extremist ern Europe, In dozens of countries In South are based upon the rule of the minority." terrorist groups. Its leader refused to oppose America, Asia and Africa? What kind of logic We have supported self determination and Ian Smith's government by constitutional a.re we using? Should we also logically declare an orderly transition to the majority rule and legal means so he was held in detention. economic war against two-thirds of the civi­ in every quarter of the globe (he named The importance of Rhodesia, as an inte­ lized and non-civlllzed world? India, Phillipines, Vietnam, Pakistan). They gral p art of all anti-communist Southern 3. Another argument for the application of guide our policy towards Rhodesia. Only Africa, must always be kept in mind in ap­ sanctions is that Rhodesia Is "a threat to the when this ls accomplished can steps be taken praising the Communist danger in the total peace." Chapter 7 of the U.N. Charter indi­ to open the full power and responsibillty of world situation. Freedom of the seas is vital cates that what was meant by that was nations to all the people of Rhodesia not just to survival of the free world. About 98 % armed aggression at or across state borders, 6% of them." of intercontinental shipments go by shl~il, such as Soviet armies going into Hungary Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg, U.S. rep­ grain, coffee, !arm and industry products of and Czechoslovakia. But Rhodesia is making resentative to the U.N. said in part In an all kinds. These include dozens of scarce no such threat. address on January 27, 1967 before the Amer­ strategic minerals, absolutely vital to our in­ In his column "A Conservative View" ican Negro Leadership Conference on Africa, dustries and our defense. They can only come James J. Kilpatrick wrote "When Rhodesia speaking specifically about Rhodesia: "Our when there is freedom of the seas, secured is accused of being "a threat to the peace" country, founded on the proposition that for all the world only by the British fleet !or the mind reels at the inversion of the lan­ all men are created equal-and have equal more than a. century and by our fleet with guage and the corruption of law. Under Brit­ rights before the law-and currently engaged them for the last half century. ain's Humpty Dumpty view, the owner of a in a vigorous nationwide program to make Note, however, the threat in the rapidly jewelry store becomes a criminal when he dis­ equality rule for all citlzens--cannot adopt changing situation. The British fleet is gone plays diamonds in his window because the a double standard on what is happening in from east of Suez, is a. minor world factor to­ gems provoke potential thieves. Rhodesia's Rhodesia. Experience demonstrates that In day. The Soviet fleet ls now a clear challenge tranquil presence in this weird view is thus Africa today peace and stability a.re insepa­ to control of the Mediterranean. Its nuclear in itself a threat to the peace." rable from orderly progress towards self de­ submarines with missiles cruise off our coast, 4 . As to the method of handling the Rho­ termination and equality for all the peoples shadow our surface fleet and Polaris subs desian affair by the U.N., a curious contradic­ of that continent." thruout the world, intrude in NATO war ex­ tion a.rises. Article 33 of the U.N. Charter It seems obvious from the above quotes ercises. Soviet growth and aggressiveness established the procedure that must be fol­ that great pressure was put on the admin­ leave no doubt that the ultlmte Intent is to lowed by "the parties of any dispute, the istration by Negroes In this country, and the control the seas, deny their free use in area continuance of which is likely to endanger administration wanted those Negro votes: after area. the maintenance of peace and security." and that great pressure was also put on by The Suez Canal ls blocked. Shipping must These proceedings include negotiating, the black ruled African countries in the go via South Africa. Control of those ports mediation and conciliation. None of these U.N-and the administration wants those means bases to control all shipping which proceedings have been evoked with Rhodesia, colored votes there, too. would pass. Each year 16,000 ships pass the apparently upon the reasoning that Rhodesia Cape of Good Hope. Yet our Alice in Blund­ VIII. A CONCLUDING STATEMENT BY is not a. "state" and hence could not be a DEAN ACHESON erland attitude already compels 8,000 of them party to any dispute. to make no stops. It includes denial of use But if Rhodesia is not a state it must there­ Fina.Uy, let me quote Dean Acheson, for­ for U.S. Navy ships even for normal liberty. fore be a colony subject to the jurisdiction mer Secretary of State, his remarks made With dismay and disbelief one sees a com­ of Great Britain. Yet if this were so, says May 24, 1968 before the International and bination of power seeking black Africans and the article of May 16, 1967 from which I Comparative Law Section of the American Soviet and Chinese Communists bent on quoted, "Article 2, Section 7 of the U.N. Bar Association, Washington, D.C., published world domination, using ruthless, terrorist Charter would apply which says 'nothing in full In Barrens of June 3, 1968. methods with the approval of a U.N. which contained in the present charter shall au­ "The United States Is engQ€ed in an in­ silently watched India Invade little Goa, Ni­ thorize the United Nations to intervene In ternational conspiracy, instigated by Britain, gerian tribes needlessly starve millions and matters which are essentially within the and blessed by the United Nations, to over­ the USSR itself conduct a full scale Invasion domestic jurisdiction of any state.' France throw the government of a country that has of Czechoslovakia. And to cap It all, our own adopted this view in abstaining." done us no harm and threatens no one. This country unaccountably collaborates to ruin 5. Denial of participation to Rhodesia. Ar­ is barefaced aggression, unprovoked and un­ friends of freedom and assist Its declared ticle 32 of the U.N. Charter guarantees that justified by a single legal or moral principle. world enemies. any country not a. member of the United "What did the Rhodesian Constitutional What a crazy situation the U.S. has got Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under Commission see as the end of the inatter? itself Into here. We have fought Communism consideration by the Security Council, shall A progressive extension of the franchise but In many places for many yea.rs-Berlin, Ko­ be invited to participate. Three times not majority rule. "For a time which cannot rea, Cuba, Vietnam to name a few, and at Rhodesia was refused pennission to appear be measured by clock or caiendar" Europeans enormous cost. Here is strongly anti-com­ before the Security Council. would exercise the more authoritative voice munist Rhodesia which has offered to send An almost precisely similar case occurred, at national government level; the Africans up to 5,000 volunteers to Vietnam, highly however, with Indonesia In 1947. Indonesia would have a voice that must be allowed In- January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2251 creasing, but not llmitless, power. The ulti­ Intelligence Digest, Jan. 1968 and other is­ than twice as large as Buffalo, the second mate solution recommended was based on sues. largest city in New York State. It is larger racial parity of representation as most llkely American-African Affairs Assn., 550 Fifth than 15 American states. to produce immediate and long-term con­ Ave., N.Y., N.Y. 10036 212-686-0190. In 1965, the welfare population in New fidence and stab111ty. This was not every­ American-Southern Africa Council, 200 York City was increasing at a steady average one's cup of tee.; neither was it everyone's Third St., S.E., Wash. D.C. 20003. rate of 4,956 a month. In 1966, the average business; nor was it apartheid. It was a mat­ Last 2 groups have folders, letters, much began a rise to 8,311. In 1967, the increase ter relating solely to the internal affairs of current info. 202-546--2020. leaped to 14,284 persons a month. Rhodesia-in which the United Nations was Last August, the 40 Social Service Centers forbidden by its Charter to meddle--e.nd to in New York City received 23,996 applica­ the political relations between Rhodesia and tions for public assistance. Of these, the the United Kingdom. When the latter sought A PORTRAIT OF NEW YORK'S Department of Social Services accepted to impose a. majority rule, in time measured WELFARE POPULATION 21 ,506--0r a total of more than 50,000 human by the calendar, Rhodesia. severed the bands beings.• Who are these new 50,000 welfare that bound them. recipients, why did they come onto the rolls "It was this act and Rhodesia's asswnp­ HON. WILLIAM F. RYAN during a time of supposedly unruffled tion, among the powers of the earth, of the OF NEW YORK affluence? separate and equal station to which the Laws IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES The 50,000 new persons added to the wel­ of Nature and of Nature's God entitled her fare population in August were accepted which the General Assembly and the Secu­ Wednesday, January 29, 1969 from the following applications: Home Re­ rity Council said created a. situation that Mr. RYAN. Mr. Speaker, during the lief, 10,867 cases; Aid to Dependent Children threatened the peace. past several years I have on numerous (AD.C.), 8,292 applications; Temporary Aid "Contemplating the possib111ties, I am to Dependent Children, 1,060; Blind Assist­ moved to salute the shade of Senator Tom occasions pointed out the critical de­ ance, 44; Aid to the Disabled, 1,660; Old Age Connally and thank him for his reservation, flciences which pervade our National, Assistance, 2,073. Of the 50,000 about half which at the time I regretted, providing State, and local welfare systems. I have were children. that our acceptance of the World Court's been especially-but by no means ex­ FOR SOME, WELFARE IS A BANK jurisdiction should not apply to disputes clusively-concerned with the inade­ The traditional pattern of welfare as a with regard to matters that are essentially quacies of the welfare structure in New form of paternalism began to change with within the domestic jurisdiction of the York City, which, according to the New the influx of low-income Puerto Rican fami­ United States as determined by the United York Times, now carries a welfare budg­ lies in the nineteen-forties and fifties. They States. et of $1.4 billion. Recently it has been used welfare as an economic stabilizer, a "One of the troubles of the troubled age estimated that the welfare population in guaranteed income in case low-paying res­ in which we live is that too many people are taurant, hotel, nursing-home, hospital, gar­ trying to achieve harmony of interest by New York City will soon exceed 1 mil­ ment-industry jobs could not support a fam­ forcing everyone to harmonize with them. lion people, which will make the welfare ily, or if the exorbitant rents in the West Conscience used to be an inner voice of self­ population of New York City alone larger Side slums ate up the take-home pay. They discipline; now it is a clarion urge to disci­ than the total populaition of 15 American paid little attention to the caseworkers. They pline others. It took a long time to develop States. The clitical lack of funds, staff, saw welfare as a source of money, nothing the international precept that peace would and rehabilitation programs necessary else. be furthered by governments' having respect for a truly humane and effective wel­ Similarly, the low-income Negro families for each other's autonomy. That should ap­ who come to New York City from the South ply to them when acting in concert. This is fare program constitute one of the most in search of the American experience of op­ the notion embedded in Paragraph 7 of Arti­ pressing problems facing our major ur­ portunl ty use welfare as a "bank." They cle 2 of the Charter. Whatever mistakes they ban centers. know that they have "on deposit" in New may otherwise have m ade, the draftsmen of For a particularly insightful analysis York City enough money to take care of the Charter, at least, did not intend to open of the condition of New York City's wel­ them-to compensate for the lack of jobs, the the way for endless conflict through un­ fare population, I commend for my col­ lack of enough money on a job. bridled impulses to reform. The new ro­ leagues' attention an article by Julius In a welfare center on 14th Street off Fi!th mantic impulse is to overthrow that wise Avenue, a Negro man of 20, waiting to see inhibition in favor of a compulsion to re­ Horowitz entitled "A Portrait of New his caseworker, told me: "I don't find welfare shape the world to flt all sorts of shared York's Welfare Population" which was a shame. I paid my truces even if they didn't subjectivities. published in the Sunday, January 26 believe it in Alabama. I heard about welfare "Another thought also occurs. Perhaps, 1! issue of the New York Times Magazine. being a kind of bank in New York. This ls the meek are to inherit the earth, they might Mr. Horowitz's article provides a vivid­ only true money they're giving out. I lost my consider adding a clause to the litany. It and sometimes horrifying-picture of the job at $85 a week. I can m ake out on the $66 could follow 'From all blindness of heart; plight of human beings caught in a self­ they give me every two weeks. It really worked from pride, vainglory and hyprocrlsy; from perpetuating cycle of poverty, dep1iva­ like a bank when I applied at the end of envy, hatred, and malice, and all unchari­ July. I filled out an application no more tableness' and would add 'and from the tion, and inadequate opportunity. If we complicated than a short income-tax form, United Nations Charter as distorted by pro­ are to upgrade and humanize this woe­ and that same day they gave me money for fessors of international law.' fully inadequate relief structure, it is rent and food because my money ran out.'' "Good Lord, deliver us.'' imperative that we understand the ef­ New York City is an open city: No passport PARTIAL BmLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES fects the present system has on the lives or identity card ls required to take up resi­ dence. As a result, it ls almost impossible to The Battle For Rhodesia, Douglas Reed of welfare recipients. 1966. I enclose at this point in the RECORD measure the so-called in-migration to New York from the South and Puerto Rico. At Let Me Tell You A Story, George A. Roberts the article by Julius Horowitz: 1964. best, there are only estimates and they are A PORTRAIT OF NEW YORK'S WELFARE dated. From 1960 to 1965, according to the Southwest Africa, The La.st Pioneer Coun­ POPULATION Community Renewal Program, the net addi­ try, Thomas Molnar 1966. (By Julius Horowitz) tion of nonwhites in New York City was 154,- Facing the Facts on Rhodesia, John Blggs­ 120 persons; the net addition of Puerto Davlson M.P. Until the present decade the welfare pop­ ulation in New York City and throughout Ricans was 36,692-and the out-migration of The Arrogance of International Lawyers, whites was 450,115. But these are estimates Dean Acheson 1968. the nation was invisible to most of America. Occasionally a mink-coat scandal would cre­ based on population projections-not hard Department of State, many releases, ate some excitement, but the scandals never d ata. speeches, folders, U.N. actions, 1964--68, with excited the general population to the extent Nor is there any way of knowing how many letter from Robert L. Bruce, Country Officer that it began to view people on welfare as of these in-migrants are motivated by the for Southern Rhodesia. living beings. Welfare was a place for the higher welfare payments in the North. But New York Times Magazine, October 27, 1968, living dead. the hard fact is that whlle Mississippi, for page 40fl'. A New York State welfare study published example, estimates that a family of four re­ New York Times Issue of October 31, 1965, in 1961 made the alarming (then) prediction quires $201 a month t o meet basic needs, in- p.E7 adv. "The Truth About Rhodesia". that 703,150 persons would be receiving wel­ London Sunday Times, a series of articles, fare throughout this state by 1970. The study •During the same month, the department Fall 1964. also estimated that statewide welfare coots closed out 12,552 cases for such reasons as Canad a Month, Dec. 1967, pp. 14-18, 2 arti­ would reach a high of $536,665,000 by 1970. reclassification to other welfare categories, cles on "Rhodesia" by Jean L. Howson. In fact, the current welfare budget in New whereabouts unknown, refusal to comply Boston Globe, Mar. 15, 1968, "Rhodesia-­ York City alone ls $1.4-bllllon. By now, or with departmental policy, employment. Thus, Fiasco of Interference", Wm. F. Buckley, Jr. within a few weeks at most, it 1s estimated the net increase was 8,984 cases, represent­ Canadian Intelligence Service, Jan., Feb., that one mill1on persons are or will be on ing 20,301 individuals-an annual rate of May, July, Aug. 1966 & later issues. welfare in the city. This ls a population more increase of 243,612. CXV--143-Part 2 2252 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 eluding rent, Mississippi actually pays an black man ls nothing but an overgrown boy on West 37rth Street when her 15-year-old A.D.C. family of four only $55-meetlng 27 or puppy. son came from Virginia to live with her. She per cent of the family's basic needs. Alabama "They're still a little stunned when one had to give up her job when she found out has a similar standard of $177 a month, but of their overgrown puppies takes off for the that he was a heavy drinker, stealing money pays $89. New York, where living costs are North. They talk about the men who take from her to buy liquor. She needed welfare higher, pays 100 per cent of the budget def­ o!I for the North like they're children who so that she could stay home to watch him. iclt--an average of $278 a month for a family have run away from a birthday party. I was She said she had to do what she could to of four, including rent. It ls a situation that one of those happy puppies that took o!I. save her son's life. · prompted a task force appointed by Presi­ When I go back home the whole place looks Alt the St. Nicholas Cenrter, I spoke to a dent Nixon to recommend that the Federal like a crazy zoo to me. You still can't really 20-year-old girl who left home when she was Government set uniform mlnlmum standards talk to a white man there any more than 15. She had supported herself for five years and take over a larger share of the costs. you can talk to a zebra in the Bronx Zoo." by hustling, and now she was pregnant and I went out to talk to men who had m ade "What about welfare? What got you on?" unable to continue her business. the migration. On a stoop on West 103d Street "I was In Roosevelt Hospital with back A 19-year-old girl wrote on her welfare ap­ I found Mr. Williams, who came to New York trouble. When I came out my job was gone. plication: "I have no one to help me. I was from Georgia in 1959, and found himself on It came to me as a shock that I was com­ living with my grandmother, but she put welfare in August, 1968. He said to me, "You pletely without money. I was completely up me out on the street with my two children." don't want to go up to my room. Some junkie against the wall. It seemed wrong to me to A 17-year-old girl told me: "My baby's might hit you over the head. They stole all ask for money without working for It. But Inilk b1ll 1s $7 every two weeks. I have to pay my clothes when I came out of the hospital." I had no choice after awhile. I came down my baby sitter $30 every two weeks so that "What did they take?" here and they looked at my clothes a little I can stay In high school and graduate. My "They took three shirts, two pants, one pair suspiciously-too suspiciously, I thought-­ full check is only $76 every two weeks. I need of shoes, six pairs of underwear, tops and but anyway they gave me money to live on, more money for my baby sl.tter or else I can't bottoms, a razor, a com.b. They left me one which I needed." finish school." "What about the baby's dirty pair of underwear. The shoes were "What do you think Of welfare now?" father?" I asked her. "Him? I don't want to brand-new. They cost me $14.81. But I've also "There has to be welfare. What's going to be bothered with him. Why should he see got some clothes in pawn. They're out In Long happen to people when they need money the baby? It's my baby. He did nothing for Island. When the pawn shops closed In Har­ and they have no way of getting any? Do the baby." lem during what I call the so-called riots­ you know why I'm here now? I'm working A white man wearing the clothes of a long­ they weren't the real riots-my clothes went now. I got a job as a trainee salesman. I get shoreman, but unable to do a longshore­ there. You can't find a pawnshop now in $75 a week. But I don't get my first check man's work, told me: "I had to go on relief Harlem; they're closing up." until next Friday. My rent Is due tonight In August when I came out of the hospital. "What do you need from welfare?" I asked. In a place where you're out if you don't I dldnt want to go back to rthe Bowery. I've "Mostly money to get my clothes out of have it. I don't have a brother or sister. or lived there. I dont want to live that way pawn." Mr. Wllllams took a card out of his aunt or uncle or friend who can loan me again. This way, with welfare, I know where wallet and showed me a job referral he had the money I need to live on until next Fri­ my check Is coming from. I know just what as a messenger for a Madison Avenue firm. day. Right now, they're discussing upstairs I've got. "I'm supposed to go to work on Tuesday," whether to give me the money." "But I also know I can't do what a work­ he said. "I want to go on the new job looking "What will you do if they don't give you ing guy can do. I buy Bugler and Tops for like a gentleman. I don't have to take the smoking. I live like a loner. On welfare, job, you know. I can stay on welfare. But I an emergency check?" "What would you do?" he asked me. you've got to live alone. If you go overboard want to see how they treat me, if they give and spend $4 or $5 on beer, you have to lock me the money I really need to get back to THE crrY GROWS MORE RESPONSIVE yourself in your room until your next check work. I don't want to become a welfare Quite aside from lnmigration, the welfare comes. You can't buy a friend a beer at a addict." population In New York has been rising be­ bar. I read old newspapers and paperback "Why did you come to New York?" I cause of a change in policy under the Lind­ books that I find." asked. say Administration. For years, the right to In the office of a director of a welfare "I got tired of segregation. I wanted free public assistance was kept carefully unpub­ center, I heard a discussion about a $25,000- movement. You've got to leave the South to licized in New York, as elsewhere. There has a-year public-relations man who lost his job, be free. But that doesn't mean the North always been the fear that the welfare popula­ couldn't find another and had to apply for Is better than the South. You don't see wel­ tion would soar if all the poor who were welfare to keep from starving. fare kids running around the South like eligible for welfare should apply. Welfare On West 109th Street, I talked to a Puerto crazy, not knowing who they belong to, or officials accepted this code of silence, except Rican mother who had to quit her job, after thinking they can rob or beat up whoever for some Southern officials who passed out nine years, so that she could take care of her they see first on the street. You don't see handbills urging the poor to Inigrate to New daughter's baby-so that her daughter could kids on drugs In the South. York. Every study of public welfare has crit­ return to school. Her daughter was In the "Without being prejudiced, my own peo­ icized the secrecy of wel!are bureaucracies. eighth grade. ple turn on themselves In the North. They It was not until former Welfare Commission­ A drug addict at the East End Center told use the so-called freedom up here to rob er Mitchell I . Ginsberg, now Administrator me: "It's better for me to get welfare than from one another. In the South they call of the Human Resources Adininlstratlon, to go out and steal. Do you see those eight New York a gravy train. A woman here with took over the department in 1966 that the guys against the wall? They're all addicts." three kids on welfare calls up her sister In paralyzing fear of public attention was At the St. Nicholas Center, I watched an Georgia with five kids and says, "Come up brought to an end. Mr. Ginsberg revealed addict haggle with an Investigator for $1.20 here where the welfare Is better.' It's not the magnitude of poverty In New York City. carfare. Another addict, sitting next to me. better, it's just more money to buy the same He made welfare a serious topic for national said: "That means he won't have to steal things you get tn the South for less money, discussion. some poor bastard's clothes." and here with the extra money you get the The new attitude Is reflected In the rise pimps, the dope, the klll1ngs, the robberies. In the rate of acceptance of applications. ACTIVISTS EDUCATE THE POOR "A lot of people come full of frustrations, The AD.C. rate of acceptance rose from 66.5 Closely related to the city's new attitude they get lost In freedom here, they run wild, per cent In 1965 to 81.4 per cent In 1968. Is a campaign being waged by activists to tm a man who wants to live a clean life has The Home Relief acceptance rate went from educate the poor in their welfare rights. The to run away from his own people. Well, wel­ 52.9 per cent In 1965 to 74.2 per cenrt In 1968. pioneers In this movement are Richard A. fare adds to this crazy kind of freedom, but As a resul,t, thousands of New Yorkers who Cloward and Frances Fox Piven, authors of anybody Is crazy If they think they'll find would otherwise be survlving---0r not sur­ "A Strategy To End Poverty," which, after freedom on welfare." viving-by who knows what means have been being privately circulated, was published In Thomas Edwards, 26, came to New York brought under the welfare umbrella. I talked The Nation In May, 1966. They had observed from Mississippi. When I met him he was to a 56-year-old Negro woman, a domestic, that most of the people applying for help at wearing a Harris tweed Jacket, neat gray who came to New York 20 years ago. She Mobilization for Youth offices and the like slacks, a button-down white shirt, a striped were welfare clients complaining about the tie. He wore black-rimmed glasses, and had told me she would never have needed wel­ treatment they received at welfare centers. a beard. He seemed to have thrown off his fare if her varicose veins had held out. But In addition, they estimated, on the basis of origins as thoroughly as the young men from she had to go Into the hospital and, when census studies, that for every person receiv­ Cleveland who become New Yorkers over­ she came out, she needed money for rent, ing welfare there was at least another in the night. and her landlord had an eviction notice for community who was also eligible for welfare "My family Is stm in Mississippi," he told her. but did not apply because of shame or lack me. "Nothing has changed there. They just On 103d street, I saw a 19-year-old girl of Information. They urged the poor to ex­ offered my mother $13 a week to work as a who didn't know she was pregnant until she press themselves by getting on welfare and cook. Mississippi hasn't been touched by went to a clinic for stomach pains. She had fighting for their legitimate legislative rights what's h appening In this country. That's to give up her job and go on Home Relief. by exerting the pressure of their numbers on why the South laughs at the North. There's On West 85th Street, I talked to a woman public officials. In the long run, they hoped, still the company store, the company towns, who came to New York from Virginia 20 the rising case load would bring a crisis In and there's stUl that Insane feeling that a years ago. She was working In a dress factory the welfare system and force the nation to January 29, 1969 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 2253" adopt some such alternative as the negative do not get money for movies, toys, games, welfare children in New York, and 445,300' income tax or guaranteed a nnual income. books." of them are fatherless. Today, some 200 storefront centers are be­ "About 45 per cent of all the people who The basic rule in New York ls that a man ing operated by welfare groups in New York work in New York City don't earn as much can be in the home but he must contribute­ City. A typical one is the United Welfare as $7,199 a year," I told Mrs. Moore. whatever income he has toward the sup­ League in a storefront at 105th Street and She said, "The welfare famll1es need port of his family. This applies to married Columbus Avenue. Its rent and personnel money to stay alive, to give them what they and unmarried men. Nobody knows how­ are paid for by funds from the Office of can't get by working. The people who work many men "abandon" their fam1lies so the­ Economic Opportunity. Its field director is have something that money can't buy, no families can receive welfare payments to Mrs. Sydelle Moore, who went from being on matter how little they earn. And if your fig­ "supplement" low-paying jobs. Nor does any­ welfare to her present job. She has more ures are official, welfare may then become body know how many men desert their fam­ than 3,500 cases in her files. the biggest employer of persons in New York ilies because they are afraid of fatherhood .. "How did you add to the welfare popula­ City." But the results are clear. The children, tion in the city?" I asked Mrs. Moore, who During recent months, 500 to 1,000 West whatever their age, become adults before· speaks quietly but with the power of experi­ Side neighborhood people have crowded the they ever have a childhood. They leap from ence. Her tone is that of an assistant pro­ offices of the United Welfare League each infancy into a fatherless world. They suf­ fessor and she probably knows more about week seeking information about welfare or fer a grade retardation twice as great as non­ welfare than most of the sociology professors asking the League to intervene for them in welfare school children. As many as 60 per in America. problems they had with welfare. One was cent of the referrals to mental retardation "We can't take credit for all of the in­ Mrs. Tonic Weston-her husband had died­ institutions come from welfare families. In crease," she said. his $15,000-a-year income suddenly cut off. more than 85 out of 100 cases the retardation "But we did bring welfare clients together She was five months pregnant, she had an results from environmental deprivation rath­ for the first time, and that brought other eviction notice, and the welfare investigator er than organic brain damage. These chil­ people out too. We made them look at one was Insisting that she vacate her six-room dren, except for the few who live In another. We got them to talk about their apartment on the West Side that rented for families where there is a link to stab111ty, are troubles. We brought them out of their dirty $138.50 a month. exposed to a world that no child can survive­ rooms, their isolation. They were mostly "I never dreamt I would ever need wel­ without damage. They see adults as enemies. ashamed, frightened, isolated. They took it fare," Mrs. Weston told me. "I never knew They understand perfectly their status as. for granted that the rats, the stopped toilets, there was an organization like the United welfare children but they are helpless to the broken plaster, the hot-water pipes that Welfare League that could step in for people. change what they understand. How can any only gave cold water, the steam pipes that I never dreamt a government employee child be expected to stand up against the­ never worked were their punishment for would be sitting in my living room telllng me American way of seeing welfare recipients as being on welfare. that I had to move. Move where? Where can the living dead? "Then we began to find a lot of people you get six decent rooms In New York City In a welfare center in Harlem I talked to who needed welfare but who were ashamed today for $138.50? a father who had deserted his children. I to go to the welfare offices. They would "Welfare makes people Ignorant. They asked him why he never went once to look rather starve than ask for financial w;sist­ confuse you. They make you feel like you're at the face of the child he had fathered. He ance. We began what we call our 'outreach told me he had never seen the face of hiS program.' stumbling around In the dark. I'm an act­ ress. I'm used to taking direction. I can own father. "So what?" I said. He said, "We think of our territory as covering understand explanations. But I was as con­ "What good ls It seeing the face of my boy most of the Upper West Side from Central fused as hell about what was happening to If I can't support him?" Park West to Riverside Drive from a bout me. Can you imagine the experience of peo­ "Did your father ever support you?" I 125th Street down to the West 80's. This ls ple with less education and experience than asked. "No," he said. "Then you're just re­ a big part of the welfare world of New York. I've had? You don't get reasonable explana­ peating history; you're not changing history," We go through the buildings on the West tions of what welfare ls all about when you I said. He said "What the hell do I care about Side, knocking on the doors, talking to the go into the office. When a caseworker talks history? Whatever I do my boy has a long people in their rooms, finding out If they to you there's no explanation of a lot of hard way to go.'' need help. We've located a lot of people who things; It's as though they're not talking to "They're going to ask you now to sign a needed welfare but who wouldn't have been people but to objects. I know It's a heart­ paper saying that you're the father of your found dead in a welfare center. We tell them breaking job if you try to see every person as boy. Are you going to sign It?" "It won't about the Social Welfare Law. We let them a human being. but that's the job." make me his father." "What will make you know what their legitimate rights are, and his father?" He was silent. He gripped the we help them get through the intake process, "To do what?" I asked. table as If he might tear It to pieces. He which is often the most humll1at1ng, though "The Investigators shouldn't play guessing didn't answer my question. He didn't know it doesn't have to be." games with you. They should level with you how to answer It. "How many people did you add to the wel­ about your rights and what you're entitled Where ls welfare heading? In a welfare fare population in August?" I asked Mrs. to. I was left really broke. But I had to find center on Eighth Avenue I sat down next to Moore. out through gossip that I was entitled to a a Negro man in his late 30's. His name was "We'd have to check our files. We found layette, a crib and a lot of other things I'll Mr. Mitchell. He wore a leather jacket. His a lady on Central Park West who was behind need for my baby. It's eerie when you speak slacks were neat. He had a strong quiet face. in her rent. A lady and her son on West to an Investigator. They don't hear what His eyes studied the room. They had focus; 107th Street. We find a lot of people who you say. They probably have a built-in re­ they did not stare Inward, which is what you need welfare, who don't even know about corder that speaks for them and that turns usually see in a welfare center-row after supplementation. We're finding that people people off. It must make the job easier if they row of people unable to see the world around aren't afraid of welfare now. Not just us but act on the assumption that all the people them or to feel they have a place in it. all the poverty programs are making welfare they're talking to are Ignorant. When the In­ I said, "I'd like to talk to you about wel­ more open. The VISTA workers are bringing vestigator came into my living room he was fare. What it does for you. What it doesn't people into welfare. surprised to see a wall of books and he kept do. What kind of hang-ups welfare has for "But in the beginning the people on wel­ talking about It as though It was the strang­ you. Is that all right with you?" fare were ashamed to come to our meetings. est sight he had ever seen in his life. A black He looked at me for an instant to see If I The poor don't trust one another. That's woman with a wall of books. was out of focus and then he said, "Sure." why the welfare workers have been able to "There's another funny thing about wel­ "What do you think of welfare?" I asked. get away with doing nothing for the poor. fare. I only applied during the summer but "It's llke being In bondage," he said, as But now the poor have learned that they can I feel like I've been on welfare all of my life. though he had spent a lifetime thinking demand their legitimate rights. This is what I think It's because nobody sees a future for about It. "You can survive, but that's about the welfare revolution ls all about, the poor you. I'd like to see the welfare centers a all. I feel they should abolish welfare. The for the first time are demanding their legiti­ place of hope, where people get excited about kids grow up on welfare with the attitude mate rights and the public is angry at the the changes that are going to take place in that everything should be free and easy. poor for speaking up, when for years the their lives and not sit the way I see them do, With parents that work, the kids are differ­ public has said the poor are too apathetic like they've been dead for 10 years. Welfare ent, they look different, they think different, and lazy to care about themselves.'' should be the starting place for people, not they see things ahead of them, they're mov­ ''What are legitimate rights?" I asked Mrs. the end. ing toward something real in this world. The Moore. "I used to hear about the 15-year-old girls kids I see on welfare In the neighborhood "The right to your full budget allowance. who were pregnant and who were second­ around the West 140's are looking for a hand­ The right to proper clothing. The right to and third-generation welfare mothers. I've out. It's kllllng them. I see kids of 10 and 11 job training. The right to proper day-care seen them now In the flesh. They're sick kids. and 12 on dope. They h ave babies when centers. The right to demand an increase In They have the look of doom about them. Who they're 12 and 13. They're pulling down the budget allowances. Our studies show helps them? I wouldn't stay on welfare a whatever the rest of the black people are that the total costs for a year of a welfare minute after I get my Social Security check, pulling up. These kids need leadereh!p. They family of four persons living on the Upper my baby is born and I can find someone to need it bad." West Side of Manhattan are $7,199.47. And look after it so that I can get to work." "How would you give it to them?" all that a A.D.C. family of four gets today is The most tragic group among welfare re­ "Nobody ever asked me that before," he about $4,000 a year. The children on welfare cipients is the children. There are 600,000 said. "But welfare should let a man in the 2254 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS January 29, 1969 house. Forget t he rules. If he's the kind of "Welfare should be quick, swift. They to determine what laws of the land they are man you see around the blocks in Harlem should have people working here who can im­ w1lltng to obey. he can't make enough money to take care mediately size up a person, they know what I am a tired American ... fed up with of a. family. But he makes some money. He to do for them, real quick, to get them off the mobs of scabby faced, long haired youths can't take on the responsiblllty !or a. whole and going again. There should be no more and short-haired girls who claim they rep­ family. Some men can't face that kind of re­ suspicion about money, thinking people are resent the "new wave" of America and sneer sponslblllty. It drives them away. But let cheating. The important thing ls to get peo­ at the old fashioned virtues of honesty, in­ them face whatever responsiblllty they can ple moving. But these people who work here tegrity and morality on which America. grew take and they might stay on." are all blind. They don't look at you. They to greatness. "Would it drive you away?" don't know you or want to know you. They I am a tired: American ... weary of hav­ "No, it wouldn't," he said. "I don't have want to keep things moving for themselves, ing my tax dollar go to dictators who play any children yet but one is on its way. It not for you. They're supposed to be here both sides age.inst the middle with threats won't set me running. I wouldn't leave my working for you, not for themselves." of what wm happen if we out off the golden kids. I take that seriously, having kids." There would be nothing really wrong with stream of dollars. "What about the men you talk to, what the present system of public assistance 1! I am a tired American • . . who ls tired kind of reasons do they give for leaving their America. would forget its punitive, deep­ of supporting families who have known no children?" rooted, almost hysterical hatred of poor other source of income than the government "They say they don't make enough money. people who speak up before they are spoken for three generations. They say they don't have enough money for to. The legal structure guiding welfare ls not I am a tired American ••. who Is getting themselves if they h ave to give to the family. inhuman. The intake interview does not have madder by the minute a.t the filth peddlers They never grew up in families where they to be dehumaniz1ng. The welfare caseworker who have launched America in an obscenity saw a father giving money to the family. does not have to be faceless. The energy it race, who try to force on us the belief that They don't know what it means to support now takes to destroy welfare children could filth Is an integral part of culture, the arts, a child. They never saw It done. They grew be used to help the children get through the the movies, literature, and on the stage. up without support. You can tell the guys bleak days of dependency. I am a tired American . . . weary of the who never saw their fathers. Something Is Somehow or other, America has to forget bums who tramp the picket lines and the cut out of them, like they don't belong to its puffed up image as a polite, pious, invio­ sit-ins, who prefer Chinese Communism to anyone, like everyone Is an enemy. They pro­ late society, protecting the aged, the sick and capitalism, who see no evil in Castro but duce babies but they never had any training dependent children. The image simply does sneer at our president as a threat to peace. to be a father. They never saw it done, being not square with the facts. The welfare poor I am a tired American . . . who has lost a father. They never come around to see their are now forcing this confrontation. For the all patience with the groups who show propa­ babies, most of them. You got a. lot of guys first time in America the poor are throwing ganda movies on college campuses from coast that need t o be made into fathers." off the mask of meekness imposed on them by to coast; movies denouncing the United "Why are you here today, sitting in a. wel­ organized systems of welfare and charity. States; made in Communist China. fare office?" I asked. "You look like you can The Communists could not arouse the Amer­ I am a. tired American . . . who is angered make out." ican poor. The radicals never did. But now by the self-righteous breast-bee.ting critics "I can. I got on welfare in August because the American poor have surfaced, whatever in America and a.broad who set impossible the place where I was working on 88th Street the hlstorlca.l reasons, and it is unlikely they yardsticks for the United States to follow closed down. Then I had to go into Harlem will permit themselves to be drowned again but never apply the same standards to the Hospital for two weeks. When I came out I by the milk of human kindness. French, British, Russians or the Chinese. needed money to pay the rent that was due As President, Mr. Nixon wlll have to face a. I am a tired American . . . slekened by the on my apartment. You don't get a chance to problem almost as great as that which con­ slack-jawed bigots who wrap themselves in save for emergencies on $84 a week. But fronted Mr. Lincoln, the emancipation of the bedsheets In the dead of night and roam the now I found a job with the Board of Educa­ American poor. countryside looking for innocent victims. tion. I'll be starting work next Monday." I am a tired American . . . who dislikes "Then why are you here today?" clergymen who make a career out of integra­ "Just to ask them !or some money to buy tion causes, yet send their children to private working clothes. I need some winter clothes A TIRED AMERICAN schools. !or this new job." I am a. tired American . . . who resents "Will the job pay you much money?" those who try to peddle the ideas in schools "It'll pay me less than what they say a. HON. RAY J. MADDEN and colleges that capitalism Is a. dirty word poverty wage Is here in New York City. I'll and that free enterprise and private 1n1tla­ get $2,800 a year for a. six-hour day. That's OF INDIANA tive are only synonyms for greed. They say less than poverty. But I need a job. And I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES hate capitalism but a.re always a.t the head of got it. After that stay in the hospital I can't Wednesday, January 29, 1969 the line demanding their share of the Ameri­ take the kind of jobs I used to be able to can way of life. handle." Mr. MADDEN. Mr. Speaker, Raymond I am a tired American . . . real tired of "When did you come to New York City?" J. Vince, 3442 Fir Street, East Chicago, those who are trying to sell me the idea that "In September, 1957." Ind., has forwarded to me the following America ls not the greatest nation in the "Do you remember how you ca.me, why you article which was printed in the Calumet world, a generous nation, a. nation dedicated came, what made you give up your home in News of East Chicago, Ind., in one of its to a policy of helping the "have nots" achieve the South?" some of the good things that our system of "That's something you don't forget," he recent editions. free enterprise has brought about. said. "I was doing construction work in Co­ U.S. Marine S. Sgt. Ralph A. Garcia, I am a tired American who gets a lump In lumbia, S.C .. I was making $1.50 an hour. of East Chicago, Ind., now serving in his throat when he hears "The Star Spangled I thought I could make more money In that South Vietnam, sent this article written Banner" and who must :fight to hold back same trade In New York. Some of my family by a service buddy expressing the feel­ tears when he hears those chlll1ng high notes was living here. I had some cousins, aunts, ings of the brave boys in his Marine out­ of the brassy trumpets when Old Glory a.n uncle. I had a long talk with my mother fit, "I Am a Tired American." reaches the top of the flagpole. about going. She said It was m y decision. I am a tired American who thanks a merci­ The South was getting worse. The court de­ The article follows: ful Lord that he was so lucky to be born an cisions made the whites begin to go by the EAST CHICAGO MARlNE TELLS IDS FEELINGS ON American citizen, one nation under God, rules, and they made all the rules go against WAR FRONT truly with mercy and justice for all. you. I am a t i red American . . . I am tired of "I got on a bus and came to New York. I being called the ugly American. I am tired thought I could go right into construction of having the world panhandlers use my work. I learned I had to get into a union first. country as a whipping boy 865 days a year. A NEWSPAPER DIES No union would t ake me. I got a job in a I am a tired American ••. weary of hav­ restaurant I didn't want to do. I kept get­ ing American embassies and information ting jobs I didn't want to do. There was no centers stoned, burned and sacked by mobs HON. JOHN M. ZWACH job I want ed to stick to because I knew that operating under the orders of dictators who OF MINNESOTA construction was m y real job. preach peace and breed conflict. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "That h appens to a. lot of guys from the I am a tired American ..• weary of being Wednesday, January 29, 1969 South h ere In New York. They come knowing lectured by Gen. DeGaulle (who never won a. what they want , but nobody In this city battle) who poses as a second Jehovah on Mr. zwACH. Mr. Speaker, some of my wants to know It. That sets you drifting. righteousness and wisdom. good colleagues in the House Committee You keep drifting. One day you find out I am a tired American ••. weary of Nas­ on Agriculture call me Mr. 100 Percent of that the only thing out there for you ls ser and all the other blood sucking leeches Parity because of my efforts to get better welfare. Without welfare you have to kill who bleed Uncle Sam white and kick him or steal just to keep alive. I never thought in the shins and yank his beard if the flow prices for our farm products. I would end up needing welfare." falters. But higher prices for farm products "Now that you're on welfare, what would I am a tired American ... weary of the are but a small part of my fight. I am you like it to be like for you?" I asked. beatniks who say they should have the right waging a war for the development of the January 30, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 2255 countryside. If that fight is to be success­ appointment that he has been forced to dis­ the road should be cleared for the big farmer ful, we must first have full parity for continue the publishing of the Review at and the big agriculturist. This plot con­ Brooten as a separate enterprise. From now ceived in the minds of the Committee on the farmer. on the circulation of the Tribune and the Economic Development has been carried Farm prices determine the economic Review will be combined to receive one out--e. Committee on Economic "Destruc­ climate of our thousands of rural towns. weekly paper which will aim to cover both tion" as far as rural America ls concerned. We, in the countryside, know this, but we towns and area around. The Review as such As publisher of this dally newspaper we have a problem convincing our urban will be no more. have always been mindful of the weeklies in brothers. If this announcement is done with regret our area. With the growth of newspaper syn­ Mr. Speaker and Members of the 91st by the Belgrade publisher it is heard with a dicates in this nation, such weeklies may Congress: Death is a sad thing. It similar regret by all of us in the Fourth Es­ be the la.st bulwark of a free press in this chastens all of us, whether it is the death tate. We hate to see any paper fold up. There country. As a dally we have merely sought should be more papers, not less. Every com­ to be the rural daily for this pa.rt of Minne­ of friend or loved one, the death of a munity of any reasonable size should have sota. as against the Twin City press. A dally family farm-and we are observing those "its home town paper." When it ls gone that trying to serve our rural area and speaking at the rate of 100,000 a year-or the community will have lost something. for it as well as we could. But we e.Iwe.ys death of a newspaper. But we know the reasons. It's all because have had a standing rule that we limited our Today, with your leave, I herewith of what ls happening 1n rural America. The news from each weekly town only to those insert in the RECORD the story of the loss of family farms, the inadequate farm ln­ news items which a daily should he.ve--to death of a newspaper. This editorial, come--both these factors are basic causes. get all the local news you simply would have written by that very discerning rural The less farm families you have, the lower to keep the home weekly. As to advertising ls your rural economy-this ls all bound to we have not gone into any of those weekly daily newspaper publisher, 0. B. Au­ show up in less business on Main Street and pa.per towns to solicit advertising. Have al­ gustson, in the West Central Daily Trib­ including the newspaper. The latter will lose ways felt that if Willmar advertising cannot une of Willmar, in Minnesota's Sixth circulation revenues with less subscribers and support our dally-we will have to do some­ Congressional District, ties the death of when business is not good on Main Street thing else. There ls such a thing as live and the Brooten Review to inadequate farm there will also be less advertisers and less ad­ let live. Our competition has been the Twin income. vertising revenue. It ls that simple--but City de.!lles, not the weekly papers in our It has been said that $1 of farm in­ tragically so. area. come generates $7 worth of business in We during the past 16 years have been both And let us say thi&-if the family farms writing and speaking about the farm prob­ were all preserved, !f the farm income had the community, so it is easy to under­ lem, the preservation of the family farm, been as it should be--the weeklies would sur­ stand why, with our farm prices at only the need for a decent farm income. Added to vive with ample circulation and ample adver­ 73 percent of parity, our rural towns' this we have warned of what will happen to tising revenue--!! such weekly pa.per ls en­ economy is in the doldrums. our rural America over a period of time. terprising at all. But you simply cannot Mr. Speaker, and colleagues, I recom­ Well-the chickens have come home to roost. operate a newspaper with less and less sub­ mend the reading of this insertion to The predicted ill fruits have arrived. They scribers and less and less advertising. They each of you. As Editor Augustson says: are there in stark reality. a.re the fl.nanc!e.l life blood of any pa.per. U The sad pa.rt has been at times that when you don't have them-it's curtains. Truly it ls always a sad day when a news­ this message was endeavored to be brought When we have both written and spoken paper writes "thirty". before our towns we at times did not see for the preservation of the family fa.rm, The editorial follows: many from Main Street at meetings where greater fa.rm income, we know that e.Iso the farm problem was discussed and con­ meant the preservation of our rural villages, A NEWSPAPER DIES sidered. Even in the days of 90% of parity their Main Street business and also their In the December 26 issue or the Belgrade when our family farms were stlll with us and newspapers. We have written extensively on Tribune there was a regrettable announce­ when prosperity was relatively oozing out of this subject but it ls all done with a feel!ng ment by its editor. It was relative to the our ears, when all our stores and some more of regret--the.t another nail has been driven Brooten Review which the Belgrade editor were doing well on Me.in Street--there was into the coffin of journalism out here !n rural and publisher has also owned 1n the past hardly a peep when certain big business in­ America and another voice in a free press, four years. terests declared to the nation that millions stilled. Truly it ls always a sad day when a The announcement stated 1n terms of dis- upon millions of small farms must ger--that newspaper writes "Thirty".

HOU.SE OF REPRESE.NTA:T1VES-Thursd~y, January 30, 1969 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. cated to the House by Mr. Geisler, one of January 30, 1882, as my tribute to his The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, his secretaries, who also informed the Presidential achievements during the D.D., offered the following prayer: House that on January 17, 1969, the Pres­ depression years of terrible economic I have strength for anything through ident approved and signed a bill of the hardship for our people and during war­ Him who gives me power.-Philippians House of the following title: time years of peril for our country and 4: 13. H.R. 10. An act to increase the per annum the cause of freedom, I acknowledge In Thy presence, our Father, we pause rate of compensation of the President of the that, for me, as for President Johnson for a moment, lifting our hearts unto United States. and for those millions of Americans Thee in prayer. As we pray, our strength whom President Roosevelt casually, ap­ is renewed, our courage restored, and propriately, and famously addressed our path is made plain. What we felt BffiTHDAY TRIBUTE TO FRANKLIN only as "my friends," his memory is ever we could not do, now we can do; what we DELANO ROOSEVELT fresh. thought hopeless, is now full of hope; (Mr. McCORMACK Cat the request Franklin Roosevelt's influence on our what seemed impossible, now becomes of Mr. ALBERT) was granted permission history has not been confined to the possible. We are ready for anything to extend his remarks at this point in eventful and progressive years of his through the strength of Thy spirit living the RECORD and to include extraneous Presidency. That influence is also to be in our hearts. matter.) found in the record of legislative Bless our Nation with Thy favor and Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, the achievement of the Presidency so re­ make her a channel for peace and good continuities of our political traditions cently ended. Not the least of F. D. R.'s will in our world. In Thy name we pray. were reflected in President Johnson's accomplishments was the fierce, lifetime Amen. dedication to the national welfare that choice, during the last hours of his ad­ he inspired in the young Texas Con­ ministration, of a name for a tranquil gressman of New Deal days who became THE JOURNAL and beautiful park in our Nation's Capi­ our 36th President. It is not too much The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ tal. President Johnson named the park to say that the fruit of our labors for terday was read and approved. for a national leader whose memory he progressive and humane legislation in reveres, a man dead these many years all the long years since President Roose­ yet still regarded as their personal hero velt's death in 1945 owes much to the MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT by an entire generation of Americans, inspiration of his leadership, his devo­ A message in writing from the Presi­ Franklin Delano Roosevelt. tion to the progress of the American dent of the United States was communi- On the anniversary of his birth on people, and his dedication to the success