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Vanuatu Ecosystem and Socio-Economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM)

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Vanuatu Ecosystem and Socio-Economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM) Ecosystem and Socio-economic VANUATU Resilience Analysis and Mapping SPREP Library Cataloguing-in-PublicaƟon Data Mackey, Brendan … [et al.]. Vanuatu Ecosystem and Socio-economic Resilience Analysis and Mapping (ESRAM). Apia, Samoa: SPREP, 2017. 100 p. 29 cm. ISBN: 978-982-04-0735-0 (print) 978-982-04-736-7 (ecopy) 1. Ecosystem management – Tanna Island (Vanuatu). 2. Nature conservaƟon – Tanna Island (Vanuatu) 3. Tanna Island (Vanuatu) – Social condiƟons. 4. Tanna Island (Vanuatu) – Economic condiƟons I. Ware, Daniel. II. Nalau, Johanna. III. Sahin, Oz. IV. Fleming, Christopher M. V. Smart, James C.R. VI. Connolly, Rod. VII. Hallgren, Willow. VIII. Buckwell, Andrew. IX. PaciĮĐRegional Environment Programme (SPREP). X. Series. XI. Title. 333.7 959 5 Copyright © Secretariat of the PaciĮĐRegional Environment Programme (SPREP), 2017. ReproducƟon for educaƟonal or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior wriƩen permission from the copyright holder provided that the source is fully acknowledged. ReproducƟon of this publicaƟon for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior wriƩen consent of the copyright owner. Cover photo: Stuart Chape PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa [email protected], www.sprep.org Our vision: The PaciĮc environment, sustaining our livelihoods and natural heritage in harmony with our cultures. As part of SPREP's commitment to the environment, this item is printed on paper made from 100% recycled post-consumer waste. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Griĸth University under the PaciĮc Ecosystem-based AdaptaƟon to Climate Change Project (PEBACC), a ĮǀĞ-year iniƟaƟve implemented by the Secretariat of the PaciĮĐ Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) in partnership with the governments of Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The project is part of the InternaƟonal Climate IniƟaƟve (IKI). The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature ConservaƟon, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) supports this iniƟaƟve on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. The Project focusses on strengthening and protecƟng the role of natural ecosystem services to enhance resilience to climate change. Authors: Brendan Mackey, Daniel Ware, Johanna Nalau, Oz Sahin, Christopher M Fleming, James C.R. Smart, Rod Connolly, Willow Hallgren, Andrew Buckwell. WƌŽũĞĐƚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ͗ĂǀŝĚ>ŽƵďƐĞƌ͘ Griĸth University and SPREP are grateful for the assistance and wise guidance provided by Allan Dan, the SPREP Project Oĸcer on Tanna, and also to the Tafea Provincial Government and the Tanna community leaders for their support, collaboraƟon and sharing of local knowledge. The Griĸth University team parƟcipaƟon was in part supported by their Ecoadapt PaciĮĐ project funded by a private charitable trust. Statement of limitaƟons Available data used in the report may be limited in its precision and accuracy. Therefore any use of informaƟon from the report will be based on an informed assessment of the limitaƟons of the data, informaƟon and methodologies described. Note: Where no source of image is given, these are the authors’ own or are creaƟve commons licenced images freely available for reuse from the web. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Background on Vanuatu and Tanna Island .............................................................................. 6 1.2 Structure of this Report ............................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Connecting ecosystem services with resilience ........................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Concepts .............................................................................................................................. 8 1.4 Ecosystem types ................................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Ecosystem assessment ........................................................................................................... 14 1.5.1 Terrestrial ecosystem condition assessment .................................................................... 15 1.5.2 Coral reef condition assessment ....................................................................................... 15 1.6 Tanna Island ecosystem types mapping ................................................................................ 16 1.7 Ecosystem service valuation .................................................................................................. 16 1.7.1 Valuation in the absence of local data: benefit transfer ................................................... 16 1.7.2 Relevant studies for benefit transfer ................................................................................. 17 1.7.3 Our approach ..................................................................................................................... 19 2 Results of ecosystem service assessment and valuation .................................................... 23 2.1 National level ......................................................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Ecosystem types and extent .............................................................................................. 23 2.1.2 Ecosystem condition .......................................................................................................... 23 2.1.3 Ecosystem valuation .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 28 2.1.5 Social and demographic data ............................................................................................ 29 2.2 Tanna ..................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.1 Ecosystem types, extent & condition ................................................................................ 31 2.2.2 Ecosystem valuation .......................................................................................................... 33 2.2.3 Comparing Vanuatu and Tanna ......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Ecosystem service benefits discussion.................................................................................... 39 2.4 Gaps in information ............................................................................................................... 40 3 Drivers, enablers and barriers ........................................................................................... 42 3.1 National .................................................................................................................................. 42 3.2 Tanna Island…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......43 3.3 Social and cultural considerations ......................................................................................... 43 3.4 Political considerations .......................................................................................................... 44 3.4.1 National ............................................................................................................................. 44 3.4.2 Tanna Island ....................................................................................................................... 45 3.5 EbA policy and institutional considerations ........................................................................... 45 3.5.1 Policies ............................................................................................................................... 45 3.5.2 Institutions at the national level ........................................................................................ 49 3.5.3 Institutions at the Tanna Island level ................................................................................ 50 4 Climate change pressures ................................................................................................. 51 4.1 Increasing climate change pressures - National level ............................................................ 51 4.1.1 Temperature ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.2 Precipitation ...................................................................................................................... 51 4.1.3 Frequency of extreme events including cyclones. ............................................................ 52 4.1.4 Ocean temperature, chemistry and sea level rise ............................................................. 53 4.2 Climate change pressures - Tanna level ................................................................................. 53 ii VANUATU ECOSYSTEM AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESILIENCE ANALYSIS AND MAPPING 5 Environmental change pressures ...................................................................................... 58 5.1 Population change ................................................................................................................. 58 5.2 Land use change ..................................................................................................................... 58 5.3 Understanding
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