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Harezmşahlar Devleti'nin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti Ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Ile Olan Ilişkileri

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Harezmşahlar Devleti'nin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti Ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Ile Olan Ilişkileri T.C NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİMDALI HAREZMŞAHLAR DEVLETİ’NİN BÜYÜK SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ VE TÜRKİYE SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ İLE OLAN İLİŞKİLERİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Hazırlayan Ali KARACA Danışman Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nilay AĞIRNASLI NEVŞEHİR Şubat 2021 HAREZMŞAHLAR DEVLETİ’NİN BÜYÜK SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ VE TÜRKİYE SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ İLE OLAN İLİŞKİLERİ Ali KARACA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans, Şubat 2021 Danışman: Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Nilay AĞIRNASLI ÖZET Harezm bölgesi Amuderya nehrinin Aral gölüne döküldüğü deltanın güneyinde uzanan coğrafyanın adıdır. Tarihin her döneminde önemli hanedanlar tarafından idare edilen bu bölge savunma açısından kolay ve ticaret açısından önemli bir bölge olarak karşımıza çıkar. Bölgenin bu özelliklerinden dolayı burayı idare eden valiler kısa zamanda bağımsız bir idareye sahip olabiliyorlardı. Ancak bu bağımsız idare bölgesel bir beylikten öteye geçememiştir. Harezm bölgesini idare eden valilere Farsça bir unvan olan “Harezmşah” denilmektedir. Harezm bölgesinde ilk defa sınırları bu bölgeyi aşan büyük bir devlet vücuda getiren hanedan Anuştekinoğulları hanedanı olmuştur. Kaynakların ortaklığına bakılarak bu hanedan Türk hanedanıdır. Ancak Türklerin hangi kolundan olduğu net olmayıp tarihçiler tarafından tartışmalıdır. Harezm bölgesi Tuğrul Bey zamanında Büyük Selçuklu Devleti topraklarına katılmıştır. Sultan Melikşah dönemine kadar bölgeyi Harezmli çeşitli yerel idareciler yönetmiştir. Sultan Melikşah, Harezm bölgesinin idaresini Taştdarı Anuştegin’e vermiştir. Bu dönemden sonra Harezm bölgesini Anuştegin’in oğulları ve daha sonra da hanedanı idare etmiştir. Sultan Sancar döneminde Harezm valisi olan Harezmşah Atsız bağımsızlık yolunda Sancar’a karşı büyük mücadeleler vermiştir ancak bu büyük sultana karşı başarılı olamamıştır.Harezmşah İl Arslan zamanında Harezmşahlar, Sultan Sancar’ın ölümü ve Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin yıkılmasından sonra bağımsız bir duruma gelmişlerdir. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin tarihe karışmasından sonra onun hükmettiği coğrafyada en önemli güç olarak Harezmşahlar Devleti ortaya çıkmıştır. Harezmşahlar Devleti bu dönemden sonra Irak Selçukluları, Abbasi Halifesi, Bâtıniler, Azerbaycan Atabeyleri, Gurlular, Moğollar, Eyyübiler ve Türkiye Selçukluları ile mücadele etmişlerdir. vii Harezmşahlar Devleti kudretli ve ihtişamlı yıllarının ardından doğudan gelen Moğolsaldırıları karşısında bir varlık gösterememiş şehirleri yakılmış ve toprakları Moğollar tarafından işgal edilerek yıkılmıştır. Moğollar tarafından Harezmşahlar Devleti yıkıldıktan sonra Celaleddin Harezmşah, Moğollar ile mücadele etmiş ancak başarılı olamayarak önce Hindistan’a gitmiş daha sonra da Azerbaycan’a gelmiştir. Tebriz merkezli devletini yeniden toparlamıştır. Celaleddin, Moğollara karşı Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Sultanı Alaaddin Keykubad ile başta dostane münasebetler kursa da Ahlât’ı ele geçirmesi ile dostluk bozulmuştur. Bu olayların sonucunda Celaleddin Harezemşah’ın, Eyyübi Devleti ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti orduları karşısında Erzincan’da 1230 yılında yapılan Yassıçimen savaşını kaybetmesi ve daha sonra da hayatını kaybetmesi ile bu Türk Devleti tarihe karışmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler:Harezm, Selçuklular, Sultan Sancar, Harezmşah Atsız viii RELATIONS OF THE HAREMZŞAHLAR STATE WITH GREAT SELJUK AND TURKEY SELJUKS STATE Ali KARACA Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Institute of SocıalSciences Departmen of Hıstory, Graduate, February 2021 Supervisor: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Nilay AĞIRNASLI ABSTRACT The Khorezm region is the name of the geography located in thesouth of the Amu darya River that flows into the Aral Lake. That region was ruled by reputable dynasties in every era of history. In addition, it had importance roles in terms of trade and easy to defend. Thanks to those features, governors who ruled that area had independent administrations in a short time. But those independent administrations could not go beyond a regional principality. Governors who governed the Khorezm region was called Khwarazmshah, which was a Farsititle. The Anushtegin dynasty was the first dynasty that crossed the borders of that region and became a great state. According to sources, it was a Turk dynasty. However, it is still unknown that this dynasty belongs to which branch of Turks and it is still discussed by Historian. The Khorezm region joined the Great Seljuk state during the period of Tuğrul Bey. Until the period of Sultan Melihşah, various local administrators from Khorezm ruled the region. Sultan Melihşah gave the administration of the Khorezm region to the Taştdarı Anuştegin. After that period, firstly Anuştegin's sons afterwards his dynasty ruled the region. Khorezm governor Khwarazmshah Atsız fought against Sultan Sancar for independence but he failed against the great sultan. After the death of Sultan Sancar and the collapse of the Great Seljuk State, the Khwarazmshah became independent during the Khwarazmshah İl Aslan period. After the collapse of the Great Seljuk State, the great power Khwarazmshah ruled the Great Seljuk lands. After that Khwarazmshah dynasty struggled with Iraq Seljuks, the Abbasid Caliph, Batiniler and Azerbaijan Atabey, Gurlular, Mongols, Seljuks Ayyubids and Turkey Seljuks. After its mighty and glorious years, Kharzem Shah State could not stand strong against the Mongol attacks. Its cities were burned down and its lands were destroyed with occupation of the Mongols. After the destruction of the Kharzem Shah State, ix Celaleddin Khwarazmshah fought with the Mongols but he failed. Firstly he went to India and then to Azerbaijan. He re-established his state centered in Tabriz. Celaleddin established a bond with Turkey Seljuk State Sultan’s Alaeddin Keykubad against Mongols but their bond ruined after he captured Ahlât. After that Celaleddin losed Yassıcemen battle against Ayyubi and Turkey Seljuk states in 1230 in Erzincan. After his death, Kharzem Shah State collapsed. Keywords: Kharezm, Seljuks, Sultan Sancar, Kharezmshah Atsız x TEŞEKKÜR Harezmşahlar Devleti, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin bir sınır bölgesi olan Harezm’de Sultan Melikşah’ın Taştdarı Anuştegin’in soyundan gelenler tarafından kurulmuştur. Başta Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin bir valisi olan bu idareciler özellikle Harezmşah Atsız zamanında bağımsız olmak için büyük mücadele verseler de başaramamış ve oğlu İl Arslan zamanında bağımsız bir devlet konumuna gelmişlerdir. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti tarihten çekildikten sonra Harezmşahlar Devleti bu devletin topraklarında en kudretli devlet konumuna gelmiştir. Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin kurulması gibi tarihe karışması da yine Selçuklular ile olmuş, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin bir uzantısı olan Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile yaptığı 1230 Yassıçimen savaşı ile de tarihe karışmıştır. Bu çalışmamızda Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile yaşamış olduğu siyasi ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Tarihi kaynaklar göz önüne alınarak yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışma üç ayrı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Harezm coğrafyası ve bölgenin tarihi gelişimi ile Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin kurulması ve Harezm bölgesinin Büyük Selçuklu hâkimiyetine girmesi süreçleri anlatılmıştır. Çalışmamızın ikinci bölümünde AnuşteginHarezmşahlarıolarak da bilinen son Harezmşahlar hanedanının kurulması, Sultan Sancar ve Harezmşah Atsız mücadelesi ve Sultan Sancar’ın ölümü ile Büyük Selçuklu Devleti’nin yıkılmasından sonra bu topraklarda oluşan siyasi idareler ile Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin İl Arslan ile birlikte bağımsız devlet olması ve hâkimiyetini genişletmesi anlatılmıştır. Çalışmamızın üçüncü bölümünde Moğol saldırıları ve Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin yıkılması, Celaleddin Harezmşah’ın Moğollar ile mücadelesi ve önce Hindistan’a gitmesi daha sonra da Azerbaycan’a gelerek devletini yeniden toparlaması, Sultan Alaaddin Keykubad ile ilişkileri ve 1230 Yassı Çimen savaşı ile Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin tarihe karışması ele alınmıştır. Bu çalışmamızdaki amacımız Harezmşahlar Devleti’nin, Büyük Selçuklu Devleti ve onun uzantısı olan Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti ile olan siyasi ilişkilerinin anlaşılmasında katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu tezi hazırlama sürecinde her türlü konuda yardımını aldığım değerli hocam Nilay AĞIRNASLI’ya teşekkürü borç bilirim. xi Ayrıca Tez hazırlama sürecinde hep yanımda olan desteğini esirgemeyen değerli eşim Büşra KARACA’ya teşekkür ederim. xii İÇİNDEKİLER BİLİMSEL ETİĞE UYGUNLUK .............................................................................. iv TEZ YAZIM KILAVUZUNA UYGUNLUK ............................................................. v KABUL VE ONAY .................................................................................................... vi ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ ix TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................ xi İÇİNDEKİLER ......................................................................................................... xiii KISALTMALAR VE SİMGELER ............................................................................ xv GİRİŞ ........................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM BÜYÜK SELÇUKLU DEVLETİ’NİN İDARESİNDE HAREZM BÖLGESİ 1.1. Tuğrul Bey Dönemi ve Harezm Bölgesi’nin
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