Research Article ISSN 2336-9744 (online) | ISSN 2337-0173 (print) The journal is available on line at www.biotaxa.org/em

https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D0D5B9BA-68A7-4047-B9A3-0B743BB0C288

New Phrurolithus species from China (Araneae, Phrurolithidae)

LINA FU 1, HUIMING CHEN 2 & FENG ZHANG 1*

1The Key Laboratory of Invertebrate Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China 2Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Received 19 June 2016 │ Accepted 24 July 2016 │ Published online 30 July 2016.

Abstract Seven new spider species of the genus Phrurolithus C. L. Koch, 1839 are reported from China: P. celatus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. lasiolepis sp. nov. (♀♂), P. longus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. subannulus sp. nov. (♀♂), P. taoyuan sp. nov. (♀ ♂), P. validus sp. nov. (♀♂) and P. subnigerus sp. nov. (♀ ♂). Morphological illustrations, photos and descriptions of all new species are presented.

Key words: spider, taxonomy, Phrurolithus, China.

Introduction

The sac spider family Phrurolithidae Banks 1892, elevated to family status by Ramírez (2014), currently consists of 207 species, 14 genera worldwide (World Spider Catalog 2016), and about 65 species in four genera have been found in China (Li & Wang 2015). They are hunting spiders living on the ground, and are usually found in leaf litter, woody debris or on the forest floor. The genus Phrurolithus was established by C. L. Koch (1839) based on two Palaearctic species, P. festivus (C.L. Koch, 1835) and P. minimus C.L. Koch, 1839. Phrurolithus, the most species-rich genus of Phrurolithidae (World Spider Catalog 2016), is recorded from Europe, Asia and North America (Holarctic). Among all 74 species, 21 species were found in China (Table 1). Currently, the polyphyly of Phrurolithus is delimited and the taxa may have multiple ancestral origins. For example, Wang et al. (2015) mentioned three groups within Phrurolithus: the Palaearctic group, the North American group, and the East and Southeast Asia group. The American Phrurolithus species, all possess a U-shaped RTA and a proximal femoral ventral apophysis (see Dondale & Redner 1982: fig. 296) and all may belong to the genus Scotinella (Wang et al., 2015). The genus is currently in need of world-wide revision. While examining the spider specimens collected from China, we found some Phrurolithus species new to science, and describe them here: P. celatus sp. nov., P. lasiolepis sp. nov., P. longus sp. nov., P. subannulus sp. nov., P. taoyuan sp. nov., P. validus sp. nov. and P. subnigerus sp. nov.

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Table 1. List of Phrurolithus species known from China.

Number Species name Known Distribution Type Preservation sexes 1 P. annulus Zhou, Wang & ♂♀ Chongqing SWUC Zhang, 2013 2 P. anticus Wang et al., 2015 ♂♀ Guizhou SWUC 3 P. bifidus Yin et al., 2004 ♂♀ Yunnan HNU 4 P. cangshan Yang et al., 2010 ♂♀ Yunnan MHBU 5 P. claripes (Dönitz & Strand, ♂♀ Shanxi Japan 1906) 6 P. daoxianensis Yin et al., ♂ Hunan HNU 1997 number 98-NK-48 7 P. dianchiensis Yin et al., ♀ Hunan, Yunnan HNU 1997 number 98-NK-48 8 P. fanjingshan Wang et al., ♂♀ Guizhou SWUC 2015 9 P. festivus (C. L. Koch, 1835) ♂♀ Hebei, Henan, Germany 10 P. hamatus Wang, Zhang & ♂♀ Chongqingetc SWUC Zhang, 2012 11 P. nigerus Yin, 2012 ♀ Hunan HNU 12 P. palgongensis Seo, 1988 ♂♀ Liaoning Keimyung University

13 P. pennatus Yaginuma, 1967 ♂♀ Hunan, Zhejiang Otemon Gakuin 14 P. qiqiensis Yin et al., 2004 ♀ Yunnan HNUUniversity 15 P. shimenensis Yin et al., ♀ Hunan HNU 1997 number 98-NK-48 16 P. sinicus Zhu & Mei, 1982 ♂♀ Anhui, Shanxi, Bethune Medical 17 P. splendidus Song & Zheng, ♂♀ Zhejiangetc InstituteUniversity of Zoology 1992 18 P. wanshou Yin, 2012 ♂♀ Hunan HNU 19 P. zhejiangensis Song & Kim, ♀ Zhejiang In stitute of Zoology 1991 20 P. zhouyun Wang et al., 2015 ♂♀ Guizhou SWUC 21 P. zongxu Wang, Zhang & ♂♀ Chongqing SWUC Zhang, 2012

Material and Methods

The terminology follows Hu & Zhang (2011) and Jäger & Wunderlich (2012). All measurements given in the text are in millimeters. Carapace length was measured from the anterior margin to the rear margin of the carapace medially. Eye sizes were measured as the maximum diameter in dorsal or frontal view. Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). Total length is the sum of the carapace and abdomen lengths, regardless of the petiolus. Epigynes were removed and cleared in a warm solution of 10% potassium hydroxide, transferred to alcohol and temporarily mounted for drawing. All specimens are preserved in 75% alcohol and were examined, drawn and measured under a Leica M205A stereomicroscope equipped with an Abbe drawing device. Photographs were taken using a Leica M205A stereomicroscope equipped with a DFC450 CCD. The specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, China (MHBU).

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The following abbreviations are used: AER, anterior eye row; ALE, anterior lateral eyes; AME, anterior median eyes; BU, bursae; CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory openings; E, embolus; FA, femoral apophysis; FD, fertilization ducts; HNU, Hunan Normal University; MOA, median ocular area; MP, median plate; PER, posterior eye row; PLE, posterior lateral eyes; PME, posterior median eyes; PMS, posterior median spinnerets; PTA, prolateral tibial apophysis; RTA, retrolateral tibial apophysis; SD, sperm duct; SP, spermathecae; SWUC, Southwest University; TA, tegular apophysis.

Taxonomy

Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 Phrurolithus C.L. Koch, 1839

Phrurolithus celatus sp. nov. Figs 1A–G, 2A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Jiangjin District, Simian Mount Nature Reserve, Dawopu, Chaqi Hill (28°34.775′N, 106°21.116′E), 21 March 2012, Luyu WANG leg.; Paratypes: 1♀, same data as for holotype, 10 November 2011, Zongxu LI leg.; 1♀, Dawopu (28°34.302′N, 106°21.195′E), 20 March 2012, Luyu WANG leg.; 1♂, Dawopu, Chaqi Hill (28°34.775′N, 106°21.116′E), 6 March 2013, Xuankong JIANG leg.; 1♂, Chongqing Municipality, Nanchuan District, Jinshan Town, Lanbajing (29°00.535′N, 107°08.681′E), 10 March 2013, Xiangwei MENG leg. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word ‘celatus’, referring to the COs concealed posteriorly; adjective. Diagnosis. The female of the new species is similar to P. qiqiensis (Yin et al., 2004: 272, figs 8–10) in having two similar bursae, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) fertilization ducts curved (not curved in the latter); 2) spermathecae oval (not oval in the latter). The new species is similar to P. bifidus (Yin et al., 2004: 271, figs 1–7) in having a similar RTA, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) lower location of COs (high in the latter); 2) bursae larger (small in the latter); 3) spermathecae oval (not oval in the latter); 4) embolar base with a long, thin, membranous conductor (absent in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 1A). Total length 2.39–2.56 (n=3). Holotype: body length 2.41; carapace 1.14 long, 0.96 wide; abdomen 1.17 long, 0.83 wide. Carapace yellowish, abruptly narrow forwards; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.05, PLE 0.06; AME– AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.06. MOA 0.16 long, front 0.13 wide, back 0.16 wide. Clypeus 0.09 high. Chelicerae have two strong anterior bristles, with three well-separated promarginal and five retromarginal closely related teeth. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, yellow. Legs light yellow. Measurements of legs: leg I 3.99 (1.08, 0.35, 1.12, 0.93, 0.51), II 3.46 (0.99, 0.32, 0.87, 0.76, 0.52), III 3.01 (0.82, 0.28, 0.61, 0.76, 0.54), IV 4.24 (1.22, 0.34, 0.92, 1.12, 0.64). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spine; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, grey, anterior half with a small dorsal scutum, posterior half light grey with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Palp (Figs 1C–E, 2A–C). BTA, RTA long relatively with the same length. Embolus thin apically, originating prolaterally, with a long conductor near embolar base. Sperm duct U-shaped. TA small. Female (Fig. 1B). Total length 2.33–2.85 (n=4). One paratype: body 2.83 long; carapace 1.13 long, 0.97 wide; abdomen 1.63 long, 1.06 wide. Carapace light yellowish anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.05, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME– PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.05. MOA 0.15 long, front 0.13 wide, back 0.16 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Leg measurements: I 3.69 (0.98, 0.31, 1.04, 0.91, 0.45); II 3.10 (0.84, 0.27, 0.82, 0.71, 0.46); III 2.87 (0.79, 0.25, 0.61, 0.69, 0.53); IV 4.24 (1.12, 0.38, 0.97, 1.13, 0.64). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with two prolateral spines; tibia I with seven proventral spines or eight retroventral spines, tibia II with seven proventral spines and six retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen light grey dorsally with several chevron-like stripes dorsally.

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Figure 1. Phrurolithus celatus sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–E) and paratype female (B, F–G). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventral view; E. Same, retrolateral view; F. Epigyne, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A–B); 0.2 mm (C–G).

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Figure 2. Phrurolithus celatus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–E).

Epigyne (Figs 1F–G, 2D–E). COs small, posteriorly, close to each other. Short CD connecting with two large transparent BU anteriorly. Spermathecae egg-like, located posteriorly. Distribution. China (Chongqing).

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Figure 3. Phrurolithus lasiolepis sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–G) and paratype female (B, H–I). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male eyes, dorsal view; D. Right leg I of male, prolateral view; E. Male left palp, prolateral view; F. Same, ventral view; G. Same, retrolateral view; H. Epigyne, ventral view; I. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A–B); 0.20 mm (C, E–I); 0.50 mm (D).

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Figure 4. Phrurolithus lasiolepis sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–E).

Phrurolithus lasiolepis sp. nov. Figs 3A–I, 4A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan Province, Lushui County, Pianma Town, Pianma River, Sanjishui power station (26°0.694′N, 98°37.839′E), 22 May 2015, Chi JIN leg. Paratypes: 5♂8♀, same data as for holotype; 4♂2♀, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Mangkuan Town, Sandieshui (25°27.080′N, 98°52.416′E), 20 May 2015, Chi JIN leg. Etymology. The specific name is a combination of the Latin words ‘lasio’ which means wooley or downey and ‘lepsis’ meaning shiny or iridescent, and refers to visual characters on the abdomen; adjective.

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Figure 5. Phrurolithus longus sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–E) and paratype female (B, F–G). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventral view; E. Same, retrolateral view; F. Epigyne, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A–B); 0.20 mm (C–G).

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Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. palgongensis (Seo, 1988: 90, figs 27–32) in having a similar SD, but can be distinguished from the latter by: 1) with one strong RTA (two different RTA in the latter); 2) embolus thick (thinner relatively in the latter); 3) thicker, shorter CD (thin, long in the latter); 4) BU crescent, ear-like (not crescent in the latter). The new species also can be distinguished from P. pennatus (Yaginuma, 1967b: 102, figs 3i–k) by: 1) with one strong RTA (two different RTA in the latter); 2) embolus thicker (thin relatively in the latter); 3) thicker, shorter CD (thin in the latter); 4) BU crescent, ear-like (not crescent in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 3A). Total length 2.17–2.53 (n=7). Holotype: body 2.45 long; carapace 1.12 long, 0.93 wide; abdomen 1.31 long, 0.78 wide. Carapace dark brown, anteriorly abruptly narrow; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.08, PME 0.05, PLE 0.06; AME– AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.02. MOA 0.16 long, front 0.18 wide, back 0.18 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Chelicerae with two strong anterior bristles; promargin with three well-separated teeth and retromargin with two teeth. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, brown. Legs light brown. Measurements of legs: leg I 4.17 (1.06, 0.32, 1.12, 1.06, 0.61), II 3.27 (0.89, 0.29, 0.71, 0.84, 0.54), III 2.95 (0.74, 0.27, 0.65, 0.79, 0.50), IV 4.64 (1.27, 0.36, 1.08, 1.24, 0.69). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II without prolateral spine; tibia I with seven proventral spines and six retroventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, anterior half with a small dorsal scutum, posterior half dark brown dorsally. Palp (Figs 3E–G, 4A–C). Femur subdistally with an apophysis retroventrally. RTA strong, sharp apically, extending to the middle part of cymbium. Thick SD long, curved. Embolus blunt apically. Conductor membranous, long. Female (Fig. 3B). Total length 2.46–3.24 (n=8). One paratype: body 3.06 long; carapace 1.26 long, 1.08 wide; abdomen 1.65 long, 1.21 wide. Carapace brown, abruptly narrow anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.08, PME 0.04, PLE 0.06; AME–AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.08, PME–PLE 0.04. MOA 0.18 long, front 0.17 wide, back 0.17 wide. Clypeus 0.09 high. Leg measurements: I 4.54 (1.14, 0.33, 1.29, 1.17, 0.61); II 3.73 (1.03, 0.32, 0.93, 0.86, 0.59); III 3.17 (0.87, 0.31, 0.67, 0.81, 0.51); IV 5.14 (1.46, 0.39, 1.18, 1.38, 0.73). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I with two prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spine; tibia I with seven pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen dark grey dorsally with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 3H–I, 4D–E). Dark CO connecting with a pair of shallow concavities anteriorly (Figs 3H, 4D). short CD connecting with two transparent, ear-like BU, posteriorly. Spermathecae small, oval, located posteriorly. Distribution. China (Yunnan).

Phrurolithus longus sp. nov. Figs 5A–G, 6A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan Province, Yuxi City, Xinping County, Ailao Mountain Natural Reserve, Jinshan Yakou to the Chama Gudao (23°56′967″N, 101°30′270″E), 19 May 2011, Zongxu LI leg. Paratypes: 3♀, same data as for holotype, Zongxu LI and Guchun ZHOU leg. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin word ‘longus’, referring to the long embolus; adjective. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. bifidus (Yin et al., 2004: 271, figs 1–7) in having a similar RTA, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) longer embolus (short in the latter); 2) larger COs (small in the latter); 3) thicker CD (thin in the latter). The new species is similar to P. qiqiensis (Yin et al., 2004: 272, figs 8–10), but can be distinguished from it by: 1) bursae oval relatively (kidney-shaped in the latter); 2) higher location of COs (low in the latter); 3) thicker CD (thin in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 5A). Total length 2.93 (n=1). Holotype: body 2.93 long; carapace 1.36 long, 1.22 wide; abdomen 1.51 long, 1.03 wide. Carapace yellow, anteriorly abruptly narrow; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.05,

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AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.02. MOA 0.19 long, front 0.15 wide, back 0.28 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Chelicerae with two strong anterior bristles; promargin with three well-separated teeth and retromargin with five teeth close to each other. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, yellow. Legs light yellow. Measurements of legs: leg I 4.94 (1.33, 0.32, 1.48, 1.17, 0.64), II 4.07 (1.17, 0.35, 1.15, 0.93, 0.47), III 3.59 (0.95, 0.32, 0.79, 0.91, 0.62), IV 5.15 (1.41, 0.38, 1.18, 1.40, 0.78). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with four prolateral spines and femur II with two prolateral spine; tibia I with six proventral spines and seven retroventral spines, tibia II with six pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, light grey, anterior half with a yellow dorsal scutum, posterior half light grey with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Palp (Figs 5C–E, 6A–C). Femur with an apophysis ventrally. Bifid RTA sharp apically. Embolus long, sharp apically, extending retrolaterally.

Figure 6. Phrurolithus longus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–C); 0.50 mm (D–E).

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Figure 7. Phrurolithus subannulus sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–E) and paratype female (B, F–G). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventral view; E. Same, retrolateral view; F. Epigyne, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1.00 mm (A–B); 0.20 mm (C–G).

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Female (Fig. 5B). Total length 4.84–5.01 (n=3). One paratype: body 4.85 long; carapace 1.81 long, 1.63 wide; abdomen 3.02 long, 2.37 wide. Carapace brown anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.11, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.09; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.12, PME–PLE 0.06. MOA 0.27 long, front 0.23 wide, back 0.31 wide. Clypeus 0.11 high. Leg measurements: I 5.98 (1.55, 0.53, 1.83, 1.53, 0.54); II 4.76 (1.34, 0.39, 1.30, 1.13, 0.60); III 4.15 (1.10, 0.42, 0.86, 1.14, 0.63); IV 6.80 (1.74, 0.55, 1.42, 1.57, 0.90). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I with four prolateral spines and femur II with two prolateral spines; tibia I with six proventral spines and seven retroventral spines, tibia II with six pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen light grey dorsally with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 5F–G, 6D–E). COs big, posteriorly. Folded CD, connecting with two big transparent bursae anteriorly. Spermathecae small, located posteriorly. Distribution. China (Yunnan).

Phrurolithus subannulus sp. nov. Figs 7A–G, 8A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Chongqing Municipality, Nanchuan Region, Jinshan Town, Lanbajing (29°00.535′N, 107°08.681′E), 10 March 2013, Xiangwei MENG leg. Paratypes: 5♀, same data as for holotype; 1♂, Guizhou Province, Chishui City, Wuzhufeng scenic spot (28°23.448′N, 105°58.690′E), 2 October 2012, Luyu WANG leg.; 2♂, Chongqing Municipality, Nanchuan Region, Jinshan Town, Lanbajing (29°00.535′N, 107°08.681′E), 11 March 2013, Luyu WANG and Xiangwei MENG leg.; 3♀, Chongqing Municipality, Jinyun Mountain, Beiwenquan scenic spot (29°51.055′N, 106°23.883′E), 30 November 2013, Luyu WANG leg.; 2♂, Chongqing Municipality, Jinyun Mountain, Beiwenquan scenic spot (29°51.055′N, 106°23.883′E), 8 March 2014, Xuankong JIANG leg. Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from its similarity to P. annulus Zhou et al., 2013; adjective. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. annulus (Zhou et al., 2013: 5–6, figs 4–6) in having a similar embolus and conductor, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) bifid PTA long relatively, the thick one with several small denticles apically (smooth in the latter); 2) distance between CO and epigastric furrow bigger than the latter; 3) epigastric plate relatively longer (short in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 7A). Total length 2.72–3.07 (n=7). Holotype: body 2.86 long; carapace 1.41 long, 1.19 wide; abdomen 1.31 long, 0.98 wide. Carapace light brown, anteriorly abruptly narrow; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.10, PME 0.06, PLE 0.09; AME– AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.07. MOA 0.34 long, front 0.21wide, back 0.21 wide. Clypeus 0.10 high. Chelicerae with two strong anterior bristles; promargin with three well-separated teeth and retromargin with six teeth close to each other. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, yellow. Legs light yellow. Measurements of legs: leg I 4.83 (1.35, 0.34, 1.52, 1.17, 0.45), II 3.84 (1.14, 0.32, 1.01, 0.89, 0.48), III 3.28 (0.86, 0.29, 0.69, 0.91, 0.53), IV 4.99 (1.42, 0.34, 1.07, 1.41, 0.75). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spine; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, dark grey, anterior half with a big, grey dorsal scutum, posterior half with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Palp (Figs 7C–E, 8A–C). Femur with a ventral apophysis retrolaterally. Bifid PTA long relatively, the thick with several small denticles apically. RTA extending forward, with broad base and sharp tip. Embolus long and sharp, anteriorly located and extending retro-anteriorly. Conductor membranous and small, with its tip close to the end of embolus. Female (Fig. 7B). Total length 3.16–3.72 (n=6). One paratype: body 3.63 long; carapace 1.48 long, 1.34 wide; abdomen 2.12 long, 1.38 wide. Carapace light brown anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.11, PME 0.05, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.02, PME– PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.08. MOA 0.36 long, front 0.20 wide, back 0.23 wide. Clypeus 0.11 high. Leg measurements: I 5.29 (1.42, 0.39, 1.63, 1.33, 0.52); II 4.20 (1.10, 0.45, 1.11, 0.98, 0.56); III 3.81 (0.97, 0.34, 0.85, 0.94, 0.71); IV 5.38 (1.46, 0.45, 1.13, 1.56, 0.78). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal

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NEW PHRUROLITHUS SPECIES FROM CHINA spine. Femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spines; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I with four pairs of ventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen light grey dorsally with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 7F–G, 8D–E). COs small relatively, close to each other. Thick CD, connecting with two big transparent, kidney-shaped BU anteriorly. Spermathecae complex, located behind CD, posteriorly. Distribution. China (Chongqing, Guizhou).

Figure 8. Phrurolithus subannulus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–E).

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FU ET AL.

Phrurolithus taoyuan sp. nov. Figs 9A–H, 10A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Sichuan Province, Bazhong City, Nanjiang County, Guangwu Mountain, Taoyuan Scenic Spot (32°40.500′N, 106°48.809′E), 14 May 2013, Xuankong JIANG leg. Paratypes: 1♂2♀, same data as for holotype; 1♀, Sichuan Province, Bazhong City, Nanjiang County, Guangwu Mountain, Taoyuan Scenic Spot, Sandaoguan (32°40.312′N, 106°48.652′E), 5 August 2014, Lina FU leg.; 1♀, Sichuan Province, Bazhong City, Nanjiang County, Guangwu Mountain, Taoyuan Scenic Spot, Jiaojiahean (32°40.438′N, 106°48.776′E), 6 August 2014, Lina FU leg. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality; adjective.

Figure 9. Phrurolithus taoyuan sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–F) and paratype female (B, G–H). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, dorsal view; D. Same, prolateral view; E. Same, ventral view; F. Same, retrolateral view; G. Epigyne, ventral view; H. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A); 1.00 mm (B); 0.20 mm (C–H).

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Figure 10. Phrurolithus taoyuan sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–E).

Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. zhouyun (Wang et al., 2015: 459–460, figs 11–12) in having a similar embolus, but can be distinguished from the latter by: 1) shorter CD (long in the latter); 2) larger COs (small in the latter); 3) RTA sharp apically (blunt in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 9A). Total length 2.60–2.62 (n=2). Holotype: body 2.62 long; carapace 1.21 long, 1.02 wide; abdomen 1.26 long, 0.85 wide. Carapace yellow, anteriorly abruptly narrow; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.07, PME 0.03, PLE 0.05; AME– AME 0.02, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.06. MOA 0.15 long, front 0.12 wide, back 0.15 wide. Clypeus 0.09 high. Chelicerae with two strong anterior bristles; promargin with three well-separated teeth and retromargin with five teeth close to each other. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, yellow. Legs light yellow. Measurements of legs: leg I 4.20 (1.14, 0.34, 1.19, 1.02, 0.51), II 3.41 (0.90, 0.27, 0.91, 0.85, 0.48), III 3.10 (0.87, 0.31, 0.61, 0.82, 0.49), IV 4.39 (1.16, 0.30, 1.01, 1.25, 0.67). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spine; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral

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FU ET AL. spines; metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, anterior half with a small dorsal scutum, posterior half grey in color and with several chevron-like stripes dorsally. Palp (Figs 9C–F, 10A–C). Femur distally with an apophysis retroventrally. RTA with a wide base and a sharp tip, extending distally, DTA broad proximally, needle-like apically. Cymbium ventrally with several hairs around the embolus tip. Embolus sharp apically. Conductor membranous, with its tip close to the end of embolus. Female (Fig. 9B). Total length 2.86–2.97 (n=4). One paratype: body 2.97 long; carapace 1.24 long, 1.03 wide; abdomen 1.62 long, 0.99 wide. Carapace yellow, abruptly narrow anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.07, PME 0.04, PLE 0.05; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.07, PME–PLE 0.05. MOA 0.16 long, front 0.13 wide, back 0.16 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Leg measurements: I 4.04 (1.09, 0.35, 1.14, 0.99, 0.47); II 3.42 (0.99, 0.27, 0.87, 0.81, 0.48); III 3.01 (0.84, 0.24, 0.63, 0.77, 0.53); IV 4.48 (1.19, 0.38, 1.01, 1.18, 0.72). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I with three prolateral spines and femur II with one prolateral spine; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with six proventral spines and five retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen light grey dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 9G–H, 10D–E). CO large relatively, located with a little longer distance from each other than its diameter. Thin and short CD connecting with two transparent, oval BU. Spermathecae small, posteriorly. Distribution. China (Sichuan).

Phrurolithus validus sp. nov. Figs 11A–G, 12A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, China, Shanxi Province, Taibai Mountain (34°57.147′N, 107°46.022′E), Tiejia Tree, to Sanhe Palace (34°15.928′N, 108°57.254′E), 2 May 2010, Zongxu LI leg. Paratypes: 13♂13♀, same data as for holotype; 1♀, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Liupan Mountain, Hongshu forest (35°24.758′N, 106°23.872′E), 25 June 2008, Chao ZHANG leg.; 1♂2♀, Shanxi Province, Zhouzhi County, Houzhenzi Old City (33°51.196′N, 107°50.719′E), 25 May 2009, Zhisheng ZHANG leg.; 2♂, Gansu Province, Liangdang County, Zhangjia Town, Heihe Forest Park (34°8.016′N, 106°32.984′E), 1 June 2011, Luyu WANG leg. Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin word ‘validus’, and refers to the valid RTA; adjective. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to P. nipponicus Kishida, 1914 (Kishida, 1914: 124, fig. 1) in having similar bursae, but can be distinguished from the latter by: 1) embolus small, with a large piece of membranous base (concealed behind the conductor); 2) broad, thick RTA extending distally, DTA broad proximally, needle-like apically (only one RTA, thin, long in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 11A). Total length 2.38–2.67 (n=10). Holotype: body 2.63 long; carapace 1.17 long, 1.01 wide; abdomen 1.43 long, 0.89 wide. Carapace yellowish brown, anteriorly abruptly narrow; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.06, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.06. MOA 0.17 long, front 0.15 wide, back 0.17 wide. Clypeus 0.09 high. Chelicerae with one strong anterior bristle; promargin with three well- separated teeth and retromargin with two teeth close to each other. Labium and gnathocoxae wider than long, brown. Legs light yellow. Measurements of legs: leg I 3.79 (1.01, 0.34, 1.04, 0.89, 0.51), II 3.20 (0.91, 0.32, 0.78, 0.74, 0.45), III 2.84 (0.81, 0.28, 0.59, 0.72, 0.44), IV 4.36 (1.17, 0.35, 1.07, 1.15, 0.62). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV basally with one dorsal spine, femur I with one prolateral spine and femur II without prolateral spine; tibia I with five pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with five proventral spines and four retroventral spines; metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen oval, anterior half with a small dorsal scutum, posterior half dark brown and with several unclear chevron-like stripes dorsally. Palp (Figs 11C–E, 12A–C). Femur distally with an apophysis retroventrally. Thick RTA extending distally, DTA broad proximally, needle-like apically. Embolus sharp apically.

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Figure 11. Phrurolithus validus sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–E) and paratype female (B, F–G). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventral view; E. Same, retrolateral view; F. Epigyne, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A–B); 0.20 mm (C–G).

Female (Fig. 11B). Total length 2.67–3.01 (n=11). One paratype: body 2.82 long; carapace 1.24 long, 1.09 wide; abdomen 1.57 long, 0.92 wide. Carapace yellowish brown, abruptly narrow anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.04, ALE 0.06, PME 0.05, PLE 0.06; AME–AME 0.05, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.05, PME–PLE 0.06. MOA 0.17 long, front 0.15 wide, back 0.18 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Leg measurements: I 4.05 (1.05, 0.33, 1.15, 0.97, 0.55); II 3.40 (0.99, 0.28, 0.86, 0.76, 0.51); III 3.14 (0.92, 0.23, 0.76, 0.69, 0.54); IV 4.60 (1.26, 0.32, 1.14, 1.23, 0.65). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I with one prolateral spines and femur II without prolateral spine; tibia I with six pairs of ventral spines, tibia II with five proventral spines and four retroventral spines;

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FU ET AL. metatarsus I with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines, metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen dark grey dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 11F–G, 12D–E). COs small, located with a little longer distance from each other than opening diameter. Thin and short CD connecting with two transparent bursae, crescent shaped. Spermathecae small, located centrally. Distribution. China (Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi).

Figure 12. Phrurolithus validus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–C); 0.50 mm (D–E).

Phrurolithus subnigerus sp. nov. Figs 13A–G, 14A–E

Type material. Holotype ♂, Zhejiang Province, Lingnan City, Qingliang Peak, Shunxiwu (30°3.656′N, 118°56.521′E), 16 May 2012, Chi JIN leg. Paratypes: 1♂4♀, same data as for holotype; 1♂, Anhui Province, Huangshan City, Xiuning County, Qiyun Mountain, Fanglazhai (29°48.579′N, 118°2.319′E), 19 April 2011, Zongxu LI leg.

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Figure 13. Phrurolithus subnigerus sp. nov., holotype male (A, C–E) and paratype female (B, F–G). A. Male habitus, dorsal view; B. Female habitus, dorsal view; C. Male left palp, prolateral view; D. Same, ventral view; E. Same, retrolateral view; F. Epigyne, ventral view; G. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.50 mm (A); 1.00 mm (B); 0.10 mm (C– E); 0.20 mm (F–G).

Etymology. The species name is taken from its similarity to P. nigerus Yin, 2012; noun. Diagnosis. The female of the new species is similar to P. nigerus (Yin, 2012: 1078, fig. 565) in having bursae, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) CO rather half-round openings (completely round openings in the latter); 2) the distance between copulatory ducts shorter (longer in the latter). The male of the new species is similar to P. festivus (C. L. Koch, 1835) (Wang et al., 2015: 463, fig. 15) in having a similar bulb, but can be distinguished from it by: 1) with two retrolateral tibial apophyses, thin (only a single

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FU ET AL. thick one in the latter); 2) BU smaller (large in the latter); 3) two CO anteriorly (with only one, posteriorly in the latter). Description. Male (Fig. 13A). Total length 2.36–2.72 (n=3). Holotype: body 2.44 long; carapace 1.05 long, 0.92 wide; abdomen 1.38 long, 0.79 wide. Carapace yellowish grey, oval, abruptly narrow anteriorly, medium grey; thoracic part slightly higher than the cephalic part; fovea longitudinal, distinct. Eyes sizes and interdistances: AME 0.06, ALE 0.08, PME 0.05, PLE 0.07; AME–AME 0.03, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.04. MOA 0.17 long, front 0.15 wide, back 0.16 wide. Clypeus 0.08 high. Chelicerae light brown, with two bristles anteriorly; promargin of cheliceral furrow with three well- separated teeth and retromargin with two teeth near to each other. Labium and gnathocoxae brown. Legs and palps yellowish. Leg measurements: I 3.04 (0.79, 0.29, 0.83, 0.71, 0.42); II 2.62(0.73, 0.23, 0.63, 0.60, 0.43); III 2.27 (0.48, 0.24, 0.60, 0.54, 0.41); IV 3.68 (0.97, 0.31, 0.91, 0.94, 0.55). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with only one dorsal spine. Femur I and femur II without prolateral spines; tibia I and tibia II with six pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I and metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen dark grey, dorsum with a small white spot posteriorly.

Figure 14. Phrurolithus subnigerus sp. nov., holotype male (A–C) and paratype female (D–E). A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Same, ventral view; C. Same, retrolateral view; D. Epigyne, ventral view; E. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.25 mm (A–E).

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Palp (Figs 13C–E, 14A–C). Femoral apophysis located ventrally. Two retrolateral tibial apophyses with the same length. Embolus long. Female (Fig. 13B). Total length 2.87–3.14 (n=4). One female body 3.14 long; carapace 1.16 long, 0.98 wide; abdomen 1.75 long, 1.14 wide. Carapace dark brown, abruptly narrow anteriorly; fovea longitudinal. Diameter of eyes: AME 0.07, ALE 0.09, PME 0.05, PLE 0.06. Eye interdistances: AME–AME 0.04, AME–ALE 0.01, PME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.05. MOA 0.18 long, front 0.17 wide, back 0.17 wide. Clypeus 0.09 high. Leg measurements (one specimen): I 3.60 (0.91, 0.32, 1.01, 0.89, 0.47); II 3.14 (0.85, 0.28, 0.75, 0.76, 0.50); III 2.79 (0.76, 0.29, 0.59, 0.67, 0.48); IV 3.89 (0.96, 0.32, 0.99, 0.98, 0.64). Leg formula: 4123. Femora I–IV with one dorsal spine. Femur I and femur II without prolateral spine; tibia I–II with six pairs of ventral spines; metatarsus I and metatarsus II with four proventral spines and three retroventral spines. Abdomen dark dorsally. Epigyne (Figs 13F–G, 14D–E). Copulatory openings large, situated medially, located in the shallow concavities anteriorly (Figs 13F, 14D). Vulva anteriorly with a pair of small, ear-like bursae, posteriorly with a pair of spermathecae. Glandular appendage much shorter than fertilization duct. Distribution. China (Anhui, Zhejiang).

Acknowledgements Thanks to Drs. Zongxu Li and Luyu Wang (Southwest University, China) for collecting valuable specimens. The English of the manuscript was kindly reviewed by Dr J. MacDermott. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31372154), and by the Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China (2015FY210300).

References

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