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Human Activities Fossil Fuels CO Emissions Human activities EN-GB Adults 21/10/2020 – V7.3 – The Climate Collage - EN-GB - Adults 1 Fossil Fuels CO2 Emissions Target: zero CO2 in 2070 9 GtC/yr Fossil fuels 5 Source: IPCC 7 Deforestation 5 www.climatecollage.org 7 www.climatecollage.org Fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural CO2 (or carbon dioxide) is the first gas. They are used mainly in anthropogenic (ie linked to human buildings, transportation, and activity) greenhouse gas in terms of emissions. These emissions come industry. They emit CO2 when burned. from our use of fossil fuels and deforestation. Set 1 Set 1 How to play 1 www.climatecollage.org You need one deck of cards per team (6 to 8 ppl), a paper roll or a 1 x 2 m paper 21/10/2020 tablecloth, pencils, rubbers, colour felt tip pens and some tape. – The aim is for each team to place the cards in order on the table, find all the V7.3 cause and effect relationships and draw arrows between the cards to illustrate – what climate change is about. Deal the cards set by set and wait until all cards are down on the table before dealing the next set. This is where it all begins… Time indications: ~ one hour to place the cards ~ one hour to decorate the collage ~ one hour to sit down together and discuss what we have learned. Reasoning Creativity Review Debrief The Climate Collage - EN-GB - Adults Set 1 Additional Greenhouse Effect Temperature Rise Infrared radiation Insolation 15°C Greenhouse Source: IPCC Source: effect Reflection + 5°C + 1°C -18°C + 2°C 13 °C 21 Melting of Sea Ice Sea Level Rise 80 cm Source: IPCCSource: 40 cm 18 22 Photo : NASA 18 www.climatecollage.org 22 www.climatecollage.org Sea ice melting does not make the sea Since 1900, sea level has risen by level rise (just as a melting ice cube does 20 cm. Sea level rise is caused by not make a glass overflow). However, when the thermal expansion of ocean it melts, it gives way to the much darker waters, and the melting of glaciers sea, which goes on to absorb more sun rays than white ice. and continental glaciers. Set 1 Set 1 13 www.climatecollage.org 21 www.climatecollage.org The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon – and incidentally, the first of Here we are referring to the average the GHGs is water vapor. Without temperature of air above the ground on Earth. It greenhouse effect, the planet would be has increased by 1°C since 1900. Depending on 33°C colder and life as we know it would the scenarios, the rise in temperature could reach 2°C to 5°C by 2100. At the end of the last not be possible. But CO2 and other GHGs related to human activity increase the ice age years, the average temperature was natural greenhouse effect and unbalance only 5°C lower than today... and deglaciation took 10,000 years! the climate. Set 1 Set 1 Industry Building Usage 2 3 Transportation Deforestation 4 6 4 www.climatecollage.org 6 www.climatecollage.org The transportation sector is Deforestation consists in cutting highly dependent on oil. It or burning trees beyond the accounts for 15% of greenhouse ability to restore the forest. 80% gas emissions. of the deforestation is related to agriculture. Set 2 Set 2 2 www.climatecollage.org 3 www.climatecollage.org The building sector (housing and Industry uses fossil fuels and commercial use) uses fossil fuels electricity. It accounts for 40% of and electricity. It accounts for greenhouse gas (GHG) 20% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. emissions. Set 2 Set 2 Agriculture Other GHGs 8 9 Concentration of CO2 (ppm) Carbon Sinks 1000 ppm Source: IPCCSource: Source : Source GIEC Ocean 1/4 410 ppm 400 ppm Atmosphere 1/2 280 ppm Photosynthesis 1/4 11 12 11 www.climatecollage.org 12 www.climatecollage.org Half of the CO we emit every year is About half of our CO2 emissions are 2 captured by natural carbon sinks. The other absorbed by carbon sinks: half remains in the atmosphere; the - 1/4 by the vegetation (through photosynthesis) concentration of CO2 in the air has increased from 280 to 410 ppm (parts per - 1/4 by the ocean million) in 150 years. The remaining half (1/2) stays in the atmosphere. Set 2 Set 2 8 www.climatecollage.org 9 www.climatecollage.org Agriculture does not emit a lot of CO2, but is responsible for the emission of large CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas quantities of methane (from cows and rice (GHG). Among others are methane paddies) and of nitrous oxide (from (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), two fertilizers). gases mainly emitted by agricultural In all, agriculture amounts for 25% of activities. GHGs if we include induced deforestation. Set 2 Set 2 Ocean Acidification Aerosols RCP scenarios (pH) RCP Source : GIEC Ocean acidification according to acidificationaccording Ocean 24 10 Energy Budget Radiative Forcing Source: IPCC 93% Ocean Greenhouse Effect 3% Ice melting IPCCSource: Aerosols 3% Soil 2,3 W/m² 1% Atmosphere 14 15 14 www.climatecollage.org 15 www.climatecollage.org Radiative forcing represents the This graph explains where the difference (caused by humans) between energy accumulated on Earth due the energy that arrives on Earth each to radiative forcing goes: it warms second and the energy that is released. up the ocean, melts ice, dissipates In the 5th assessment report of IPCC, it is into the ground, and warms up the rated at 2.3 W/m² (Watt per square atmosphere. meter). Set 3 Set 3 24 www.climatecollage.org 10 www.climatecollage.org When CO2 dissolves into the ocean, Nothing to do with aerosol spray cans. it turns into acid ions (H2CO3 and Aerosols are a type of local pollution that - comes from the incomplete combustion of HCO3 ). The effect of this transformation is ocean acidification fossil fuels. They are bad for human health and they contribute negatively to radiative (the pH decreases). forcing (they cool the climate). Set 2 Set 3 Melting of Glaciers Increase in Water Temperature 16 17 Melting of Ice Sheets Disruption of the Water Cycle +7m +54m Precipitation variations for scenario RPC 8.5 in 19 20 2081-2100 relative to 1986-2005 Source: IPCC 19 www.climatecollage.org 20 www.climatecollage.org Continental glaciers (or ice sheets) are in Greenland and Antarctica. If they melt If the oceans and the atmosphere are completely, they will cause a rise in ocean hotter, the evaporation that takes place at levels of 7 meters for Greenland and 54 the ocean surface increases. This means meters for Antarctica. During the last ice more rain clouds and more rain. If this age, ice sheets were so much larger that happens on land, then the soils dries out. the sea level was 120 m lower than today. Set 3 Set 3 16 www.climatecollage.org 17 www.climatecollage.org Almost all glaciers have lost mass. Oceans absorb 93% of the energy Hundreds of them have already accumulated on Earth. Their disappeared. These glaciers play a temperature has therefore regulating role in the provision of increased, especially in the upper fresh water. layers. The water expands as it warms up. Set 3 Set 3 Hindered calcification process Terrestrial Biodiversity 23 noaa © 25 River Flooding Marine Biodiversity 26 27 26 www.climatecollage.org 27 www.climatecollage.org The disruption of the water cycle can Pteropods and coccolithophores are at bring more water or less water. More the base of the ocean food chain. water can lead to river flooding. If the Therefore, if they disappear, all marine soil has been dried out by a drought, it biodiversity is threatened. The warming makes things worse because the water of ocean waters also threatens marine runs off. biodiversity. Set 4 Set 4 23 www.climatecollage.org 25 www.climatecollage.org Animals and plants are affected by When the pH drops, the formation the changes in temperature and the of calcium carbonate (and more disruption of the water cycle. They specifically, of calcified shells) may migrate, become extinct or, becomes more difficult. more rarely, proliferate. Set 4 Set 4 Cyclones Pteropods and Coccolithophores 34 29 Droughts Marine Submersion 30 33 30 www.climatecollage.org 33 www.climatecollage.org Cyclones and weather disturbances bring The disruption of the water cycle can bring wind (therefore waves) and low pressure more water or less water. Less water is a conditions. 1 hectopascal less means a 1 drought. Droughts are likely to become cm sea level rise. Therefore cyclones can more frequent in the future. cause marine submersions (or coastal flooding), amplified by the sea level rise already caused by global warming. Set 4 Set 4 34 www.climatecollage.org 29 www.climatecollage.org Cyclones use energy from warm Pteropods are a kind of zooplankton waters at the ocean surface. and coccolithophores a kind of Because of global warming, they phytoplankton. These organisms are becoming stronger. have a calcified shell. Set 4 Set 4 Vectors of Disease Freshwater Resources 28 31 Decline in Agricultural Yields Forest Fires 32 35 32 www.climatecollage.org 35 www.climatecollage.org Food production can be affected by temperature, droughts, extreme Forest fires start more easily during weather events, floods and marine droughts and heat waves. submersion (e.g. the Nile Delta). Set 5 Set 5 28 www.climatecollage.org 31 www.climatecollage.org With global warming, animals Freshwater resources are affected migrate. Some of them carry by changes in rainfall and by the diseases and can reach areas disappearance of glaciers that where the population is not regulate the flow of rivers.
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