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Caracol CD.Pdf F R E P L A T A COMISIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL RÍO DE LA PLATA COMISIÓN TÉCNICA MIXTA DEL FRENTE MARÍTIMO Proyecto PROTECCIÓN AMBIENTAL DEL RÍO DE LA PLATA Y SU FRENTE MARÍTIMO: PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL DE LA CONTAMINACIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN DE HÁBITATS Proyecto PNUD/GEF RLA/99/G31 Subproyecto ESPECIES ANIMALES BENTÓNICAS INTRODUCIDAS, ACTUAL O POTENCIALMENTE INVASORAS EN EL SISTEMA DEL RIO DE LA PLATA Y LA REGION COSTERA OCEÁNICA ALEDAÑA DEL URUGUAY Y DE LA ARGENTINA. ALCANCE: DIAGNÓSTICO DE SITUACIÓN. RESPONSABLE: Pablo Enrique Penchaszadeh MUSEO ARGENTINO DE CIENCIAS NATURALES “BERNARDINO RIVADAVIA” Buenos Aires 2003 Este informe puede ser citado como This report may be cited as: Penchaszadeh, P.E., M.E. Borges, C. Damborenea, G. Darrigran, S. Obenat, G. Pastorino, E. Schwindt y E. Spivak. 2003. Especies animales bentónicas introducidas, actual o potencialmente invasoras en el sistema del Río de la Plata y la región costera oceánica aledaña del Uruguay y de la Argentina. En “Protección ambiental del Río de la Plata y su frente marítimo: prevención y control de la contaminación y restauración de habitats” Proyecto PNUD/GEF RLA/99/g31, 357 páginas (2003). Editor: Pablo E. Penchaszadeh Asistentes al editor: Guido Pastorino, Martin Brögger y Juan Pablo Livore. 2 TABLA DE CONTENIDOS RESUMEN ...................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCCIÓN........................................................................................................ 11 ALGUNAS DEFINICIONES.............................................................................................. 13 Mecanismos de las introducciones......................................................................... 13 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE UNA INVASIÓN EXITOSA............................................................ 15 CUALIDADES DE UN INVASOR EXITOSO........................................................................ 15 LA EPIDEMIOLOGIA DE INVASIONES............................................................................. 17 LOS HUMANOS COMO AGENTES DISPERSIVOS DE POTENCIALES INVASORES................. 18 LA TRANSFORMACIÓN DE INMIGRANTE A INVASOR ..................................................... 20 IDENTIFICANDO FUTUROS INVASORES Y COMUNIDADES VULNERABLES....................... 21 ATRIBUTOS DE INVASORES .......................................................................................... 22 VULNERABILIDAD DE LA COMUNIDAD A INVASIONES.................................................. 23 INVASIONES BIÓTICAS COMO AGENTES DE CAMBIO GLOBAL........................................ 25 CONSECUENCIAS ECONÓMICAS.................................................................................... 26 LITERATURA CITADA................................................................................................... 30 EL MEJILLÓN DORADO LIMNOPERNA FORTUNEI (DUNKER, 1897) EN EL RÍO DE LA PLATA..................................................................................................... 38 ORIGEN DE LA INTRODUCCIÓN..................................................................................... 38 DESCRIPCIÓN Y MODO DE VIDA.................................................................................... 40 VÍA DE INGRESO .......................................................................................................... 41 DISTRIBUCIÓN ............................................................................................................. 42 ABUNDANCIA .............................................................................................................. 48 CICLO REPRODUCTIVO................................................................................................. 52 EDAD Y CRECIMIENTO ................................................................................................. 62 CAUSALES DE DISPERSIÓN ........................................................................................... 64 EFECTOS SOBRE LA FAUNA LOCAL............................................................................... 67 Competencia, parásitos y depredadores ................................................................ 73 EFECTOS SOBRE EL AMBIENTE HUMANO ...................................................................... 76 Problemas que ocasiona......................................................................................... 78 Macrofouling en agua dulce................................................................................... 79 PREVENCIÓN Y CONTROL............................................................................................. 80 Bioensayos. Casos .................................................................................................. 81 Técnicas y tratamientos de prevención y control ................................................... 88 Programa de prevención/control ........................................................................... 96 Planes de amortiguamiento.................................................................................... 98 Beneficios de una invasión ................................................................................... 101 AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................... 102 LITERATURA CITADA................................................................................................. 102 APÉNDICE.................................................................................................................. 114 Simposio VI “Bivalvos invasores dulciacuícolas del cono sur” .......................... 114 Conclusiones......................................................................................................... 114 Recomendaciones generales, prevención y control de bivalvos invasores .......... 114 Recomendaciones a ser consideradas por Instituciones Gubernamentales......... 115 3 LA ALMEJA DE AGUA DULCE CORBICULA FLUMINEA (MÜLLER, 1774)117 ORIGEN DE LA INTRODUCCIÓN................................................................................... 117 DISTRIBUCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 119 DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIO-TEMPORAL........................................................................... 122 ABUNDANCIA ............................................................................................................ 125 CICLO REPRODUCTIVO............................................................................................... 131 EDAD Y CRECIMIENTO ............................................................................................... 134 CAUSALES DE DISPERSIÓN ......................................................................................... 139 DISPERSIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS DE PEDIVELIGER Y JUVENIL ......................................... 139 DISPERSIÓN DE LOS ADULTOS.................................................................................... 140 TOLERANCIA DE LA ALMEJA ASIÁTICA A CONDICIONES AMBIENTALES EN EL TRANSPORTE O AMBIENTE INVADIDO......................................................................... 140 Hipoxia ................................................................................................................. 141 Tolerancia a la salinidad y osmoregulación ........................................................ 142 Temperatura ......................................................................................................... 143 Tolerancia a la exposición ................................................................................... 143 EFECTOS SOBRE LA FAUNA LOCAL............................................................................. 144 COMPETENCIA Y DEPREDADORES .............................................................................. 145 Competencia ......................................................................................................... 145 Depredación ......................................................................................................... 146 EFECTOS SOBRE EL AMBIENTE HUMANO .................................................................... 149 ASPECTOS SECUNDARIOS APROVECHABLES............................................................... 151 AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................... 154 LITERATURA CITADA ................................................................................................. 154 EL POLIQUETO INVASOR FORMADOR DE ARRECIFES FICOPOMATUS ENIGMATICUS (FAUVEL, 1923) EN AMBIENTES ESTUARIALES ............... 165 POSICIÓN TAXONÓMICA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN .................................................................. 165 CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES Y ABUNDANCIA ........................................................ 166 CICLO REPRODUCTIVO............................................................................................... 170 ASENTAMIENTO LARVAL ........................................................................................... 178 EDAD Y CRECIMIENTO ............................................................................................... 179 De los individuos .................................................................................................. 179 De los arrecifes..................................................................................................... 185 EFECTOS AMBIENTALES............................................................................................
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