Supplement 2: Animated Fossil Hominin Timeline References

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Supplement 2: Animated Fossil Hominin Timeline References Supplement 2: Animated Fossil Hominin Timeline References HOLLY M. DUNSWORTH Department of Anthropology, 5500 N. St. Louis Ave., Northeastern Illionois University, Chicago, IL 60625, USA; [email protected] Arambourg, C. 1954. L’hominien fossile de Ternifine (Al- sible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans. gérie). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris Science 276, 1392–1395. 239, 893–895. Bermudez de Castro, J.M., Carbonell, E., Caceres, I., Diez, Arambourg, C. 1955. A recent discovery in human pale- J.C., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Mosquera M., Olle, A., Ro- ontology: Atlanthropus of Ternifine (Algeria). American dríguez, J., Rodríguez, X.P., Rosas, A., Rosell, J., Sala, Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 191–201. R., Vergés, J.M., and van der Made, J. 1999. The TD6 Arambourg, C. and Biberson, P. 1956. The fossil human re- (Aurora Stratum) hominid site. Final remarks and new mains from the Paleolithic site of Sidi questions. Journal of Human Evolution 37, 695–700. Abderrahman (Morocco). American Journal of Physical An- Black, D. 1927. On a lower molar hominid tooth from the thropology 14, 467–490. Chou Kou Tien deposit. Palaeontologica Sinica, Series D Arsuaga, J.L., Martinez, I., Gracia, A., Carretero, J-M., and 7, 1. Carbonell, E. 1993. Three new human skulls from the Black, D. 1933.The Croonian Lecture: On the discovery, Sima de los Huesos Middle Pleistocene site in Sierra de morphology and environment of Sinanthropus pekinen- Atapuerca, Spain. Nature 362, 534–537. sis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series Arsuaga, J.L., Martinez, I., Gracia, A., and Lorenzo, C. 1997. B 223, 57–120. The Sima de los Huesos crania (Sierra de Atapuerca, Blumenschine, R.J., Peters, C.R., Masao, F.T., Clarke, R.J., Spain). A comparative study. Journal of Human Evolu- Deino, A.L., Hay, R.L., Swisher, C.C., Stanistreet, I.G., tion 33, 219-281. Ashley, G.M., McHenry, L.J., Sikes, N.E., van der Mer- Arsuaga, J.L., Martinez, I., Lorenzo, C., Gracia, A., Munoza, we, N.J., Tactikos, J.C., Cushing, A.E., Deocampo, D.M., A.O., and Gallego, J. 1999. The human cranial remains Njau, J.K., and Ebert, J.I. 2003. Late Pliocene Homo and from Gran Dolina Lower Pleistocene site (Sierra de At- Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tan- apuerca, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 37, 431–57. zania. Science 299, 1217–1221. Arsuaga, J.L., Lorenzo, C., Carretero, J-M., Gracia, A., Mar- Broom, R. 1938. Further evidence on the structure of the tínez, I., García, N., Bermúdez de Castro, J.-M., and South African Pleistocene anthropoids. Nature 142, Carbonell, E. 1999. A complete human pelvis from the 897–899. Middle Pleistocene of Spain. Nature 399, 255–258. Broom, R. 1938. The Pleistocene anthropoid apes of South Ascenzi, A., Biddittu, I., Cassoli, P. F., Segre, A. G., and Africa. Nature 142, 377–379. Segre-Naldini, E. 1996. A calvarium of late Homo erec- Broom, R. 1947. Discovery of a new skull of the South Afri- tus from Ceprano, Italy. Journal of Human Evolution 31, can ape-man, Plesianthropus. Nature 159, 672. 409–423. Broom, R. 1949. Another new type of fossil ape-man. Na- Asfaw, B., White, T., Lovejoy, O., Latimer, B., Simpson, S., ture 163, 57. and Suwa, G. 1999. Australopithecus garhi: A new spe- Broom, R. and Robinson, J. T. 1949. A new mandible of the cies of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284, 629– ape-man Plesianthropus transvaalensis. American Journal 634. of Physical Anthropology 7, 123–127. Bar-Yosef, O. and Tchernov, E. 1972. On the Palaeo-Ecological Broom, R. and Robinson, J.T. 1952. Swartkrans ape-man, History of the Site of ’Ubeidiya. Jerusalem: Israel Acad- Paranthropus crassidens. Transvaal Museum Memoir emy of Sciences and Humanities. No 6. Beaumont, P. B. 1980. On the age of Border Cave hominids Brown, F., Harris, J., Leakey, R., and Walker, A. 1985. Early 1–5. Palaeontologia Africana 23, 21–33. Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya. Belmaker, M., Tchernov, E., Condemi, S., and Bar-Yosef, O. Nature 316, 788–792. 2002. New evidence for hominid presence in the Lower Brunet, M., Guy, F., Pilbeam, D., Mackaye, H.T., Likius, Pleistocene of the Southern Levant. Journal of Human A., Ahounta, D., Beauvilain, A., Blondel, C., Bocher- Evolution 43, 43–56. ens, H., Boisserie, J.-R., De Bonis, L., Coppens, Y., De- Berkhemer, F., 1933. Ein Menschen-Schädel aus den diluvi- jax, J., Denys, C., Duringer, P., Eisenmann, V., Fanone, alen Schottern von Steinheim a. G., Fronty, P., Geraads, D., Lehmann, T., Lihoreau, F., d. Murr, Anthropologischer Anzeiger 10, 318–321. Louchart, A., Mahamat, A., Merceron, G., Mouchelin, Bermudez de Castro, J.M., Arsuaga, J.L., Carbonell, E., Ro- G., Otero, O., Campomanes, P.P., Ponce de Leon, M., sas, A. Martinez, I., and Mosquera M. 1997. A hominid Rage, J.-C., Sapanet, M., Schuster, M., Sudre, J., Tassy, from the lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca. Spain: pos- P., Valentin, X., Vignaud, P., Viriot, L., Zazzo, A., and PaleoAnthropology 2011: S20−S23. © 2011 PaleoAnthropology Society. All rights reserved. ISSN 1545-0031 doi:10.4207/PA.2011.ART41.dat2 Animated Fossil Hominin Timeline References • S21 Zollikofer, C. 2002. A new hominid from the Upper Ennouchi, E. 1963. Les néandertaliens du Jebel Irhoud (Ma- Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418, 145–151. roc). Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Paris Chavaillon, J. and Coppens, Y. 1975. Decouverte d’homi- 256, 2459–2460. nide dans un site acheuleen de Melka-Kunture. Bulle- Ennouchi, E. 1966. Essai de datation du gisement du Jebel tin et Memoires de la Societe d’Anthropologie de Paris 2(8), Irhoud (Maroc). Compte Rendu Sommaire des séances de la 125–128. Société Géologique de France 10, 405–406. Chavaillon, J., Brahimi, C., and Coppens, Y. 1974. Premiere Ennouchi, E. 1968. Le deuxième crane de l’homme d’Irhoud. decouverte d’hominides dans l’un des sites acheuleens Annales de Paleontologie 54, 117–28. de Melka-Kunture (Ethiopie), Comptes Rendus de l’Aca- Ennouchi, E. 1969. Présence d’un enfant néandertalien au démie des Sciences de Paris D 278, 3299–3302. Jebel Irhoud (Maroc). Annales de Paleontologie (Ber- Clarke, R.J. 1988. A new Australopithecus cra- tebres) 55, 251–265. nium from Sterkfontein and its bearing Ennouchi, E. 1972. Nouvelle découverte d’un Archanthro- on the ancestry of Paranthropus. In: Grine, F.E. (ed.), pien au Maroc. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. de Paris 274, série D, 3088–3090. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 285– Feibel, C., Brown, F.H., and McDougall, I. 1989. Strati- 292. graphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo group Clarke, R.J., Howell, F.C., and Brain, C.K. 1970. More evi- deposits: Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. dence of an advanced hominid at Swartkrans. Nature American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78(4), 595–622. 225, 1219–1222. Gabunia, L., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Swisher, C.C., Conroy, G.C., Jolly, C.J., Cramer, D., and Kalb, J.E. 1978. Ferring, R., Justus, A., Niroaadze, M., Tvalchrelidze, Newly discovered fossil hominid skull from the Afar M., Antón, S.C., Bosinski, G., Joris, O., de Lumley, depression, Ethiopia. Nature 276, 67–70. M.A., Majsuradze, G., and Mouskhelishvili, A. 2000. Dart, R. 1925. Australopithecus africanus The man-ape of Earliest Pleistocene Hominid Cranial Remains from South Africa. Nature 115, 195–199. Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, Geological Day, M.H. 1971. Postcranial remains of Homo erectus from Setting, and Age. Science 288(5468), 1019–1025. Bed IV, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 232, 383–387. Gabunia, L.K. and Vekua, A. 1995. A Plio-Pleistocene homi- Day, M.H. 1986. Guide to Fossil Man, 4th edition. University nid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus. Nature 373, of Chicago Press, Chicago. 509–512. Day, M.H. and Leakey, R.E.F. 1974. New evidence of the Green, H. 1981. The First Welshman: Excavations at Pont- genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya. III. American newydd. Antiquity 55,184–195. Journal of Physical Anthropology 41, 367–380. Green, H. 1984. Pontnewydd Cave, a Lower Palaeolithic Day, M.H., Leakey, R.E.F., Walker, A.C., and Wood, B.A. hominid site in Wales. The first report. L’Anthropologie 1975. New hominids from East Rudolf, Kenya. I. Ameri- 87, 417–419. can Journal of Physical Anthropology 42, 461–476. Grine, F. E., Henshilwood, C. S., and Sealy, J. C. 2000. Deino, A.L. and Hill, A. 2002. 40Ar/39 Ar dating of Chem- Human remains from Blombos Cave, South Africa: eron Formation strata encompassing the site of hom- (1997–1998 excavations). Journal of Human Evolution 38, inin KNM-BC 1, Tugen Hills, Kenya. Journal of Human 755–765. Evolution 42, 141–151. Grine, F.E. and Henshilwood, C.S. 2002. Additional human de Lumley, H. 1982. L’Homo erectus et la place de l’Homme de remains from Blombos Cave, South Africa: (1999–2000 Tautavel parmi les hominidés fossiles. Nice: Prétirage, Col- excavations). Journal of Human Evolution 42, 293–302. lections du Congrès International de la Paléontologie Haile-Selassie, Y., 2001. Late Miocene hominids from the humaine. Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178–181. de Lumley, H. and de Lumley, M-A. 1971. Découvertes Hartwig, W.C. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge de restes humaines antenéanderthaliens a la caune de University Press, Cambridge. L’Arago. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de Hill, A., Ward, S., Deino, A., Curtis, G., and Drake, R. 1992. Paris 272, 1739–1742. Earliest Homo. Nature 355, 719–722. Dubois, E. 1894. Pithecanthropus erectus, ein menschenahn- Howell, F.C.
Recommended publications
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza­ Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P.
    [Show full text]
  • New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network.
    [Show full text]
  • 10. Doctrine of Man Lecture 14 When Did Adam Live?
    § 10. Doctrine of Man Lecture 14 When Did Adam Live? Good morning! Welcome to Defenders! We are coming to you today from the safety of my hermetically sealed home office, and I am glad that you could join us. The last time I argued that the historical Adam and Eve actually existed even though their stories are cloaked in the language of figuralism and mythology. This raises an obvious question. If the biblical Adam was a historical person who actually lived, then the obvious question arises, when did he live? We can turn to modern science in the attempt to answer this question. For scientists are vitally interested in a question which is empirically equivalent to our question, namely, when did human beings first appear on Earth? The historical Adam may then be located around that time. First of all, however, we need to clarify some terminology. A hominid is the class of animals that includes orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans. They are all hominids. A hominin is the class that includes only members of the human lineage since its divergence from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees. The class of hominins includes not only modern man, Homo sapiens, but also archaic species of the genus Homo. It includes as well Australopithecines, which were bi-pedal African apes. Ian Tattersall of the American Museum of Natural History points out that early individuals classed as Homo, such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo rudolfensis, and so on, all have in common remarkably small brains, hardly larger than those of the Australopithecines.
    [Show full text]
  • Denisovans, Neanderthals Or Sapiens?
    Could There Have Been Human Families... 8(2)/2020 ISSN 2300-7648 (print) / ISSN 2353-5636 (online) Received: March 31, 2020. Accepted: September 2, 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2020.019 Could There Have Been Human Families Where Parents Came from Different Populations: Denisovans, Neanderthals or Sapiens? MARCIN EDWARD UHLIK Independent Scholar e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8518-0255 Abstract. No later than ~500kya the population of Homo sapiens split into three lin- eages of independently evolving human populations: Sapiens, Neanderthals and Den- isovans. After several hundred thousands years, they met several times and interbred with low frequency. Evidence of coupling between them is found in fossil records of Neanderthal – Sapiens offspring (Oase 1) and Neanderthal – Denisovans (Denisova 11) offspring. Moreover, the analysis of ancient and present-day population DNA shows that there were several significant gene flows between populations. Many introgressed sequences from Denisovans and Neanderthals were identified in genomes of currently living populations. All these data, according to biological species definition, may in- dicate that populations of H. sapiens sapiens and two extinct populations H. sapiens neanderthalensis and H. sapiens denisovensis are one species. Ontological transitions from pre-human beings to humans might have happened before the initial splitting of the Homo sapiens population or after the splitting during evolution of H. sapiens sapiens lineage in Africa. If the ensoulment of the first homo occurred in the evolving populations of H. sapiens sapiens, then occasionally mixed couples (Neanderthals – Sa- piens or Denisovans – Sapiens) created relations that functioned as a family, in which children could have matured.
    [Show full text]
  • Implications of Border Cave Skeletal Remains for Later Pleistocene
    CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Vol. 20, No. 1, March 1979 ? 1979 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research 0011-3204/79/2001-0003$01.45 Implications of Border Cave Skeletal Remains for Later Pleistocene Human Evolution' by G. Philip Rightmire EXCAVATIONS AT BORDER CAVE, situated on the boundary the Cape. The broad frontal, projecting glabella, and rugged between Swaziland and Zululand (South Africa), have yielded superciliary eminences also invited comparison with Florisbad, extensive evidence of prior human occupation. Sediment analy- which was said to show similar if more massive supraorbital ses undertaken by Butzer, Beauimont, and Vogel (1978) development. Later reports (Wells 1969, 1972) have continued suggest that the cave was first inhabited sometime prior to to emphasize similarities between Border Cave and Springbok the Last Interglacial, while the main period of use spans four Flats or even Rhodesian man (Brothwell 1963), while ties with protracted periods of accelerated frost-weathering, all of which living South African populations have been regarded as remote. are older than 35,000 B.P. Quantities of stone artifacts have Application of Mahalanobis's generalized distance (D2) to a been recovered, along with human bones and a moderate small set of cranial measurements has most recently led de sample of faunal material (Klein 1977). The human remains Villiers (1973) to claim that neither Border Cave nor Springbok include a partial adult cranium, the first fragments of which Flats can be related closely to modern Negroes or Bushmen, were found by W. E. Horton in 1940. Horton removed some of though a role of more generalized "protonegriform" ancestor the cave deposit while digging for guano, and more of the is considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Matières Colorantes Au Début Du Paléolithique Supérieur : Sources, Transformations Et Fonctions Hélène Salomon
    Les matières colorantes au début du Paléolithique supérieur : sources, transformations et fonctions Hélène Salomon To cite this version: Hélène Salomon. Les matières colorantes au début du Paléolithique supérieur : sources, transforma- tions et fonctions. Archéologie et Préhistoire. Université Bordeaux 1, 2009. Français. tel-02430482 HAL Id: tel-02430482 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02430482 Submitted on 7 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N◦ d’ordre : 3971 THÈSE présentée à L’UNIVERSITÉ BORDEAUX 1 ÉCOLE DOCTORALE :SCIENCES ET ENVIRONNEMENTS par Hélène SALOMON POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR Spécialité : Préhistoire LES MATIÈRES COLORANTES AU DÉBUT DU PALÉOLITHIQUE SUPÉRIEUR S OURCES, TRANSFORMATIONS ET FONCTIONS Soutenue publiquement le 22 décembre 2009 Après avis de : M. Pierre Bodu Chargé de Recherche CNRS ArcScAn-Nanterre Rapporteur M. Marcel Otte Professeur de préhistoire Université de Liège Rapporteur Devant la commission d’examen formée de : M. Pierre Bodu Chargé de Recherche, CNRS ArcScAn-Nanterre Rapporteur M. Francesco d’Errico Directeur de Recherche CNRS PACEA, Université Bordeaux 1 Examinateur M. Jean-Michel Geneste Conservateur du Patrimoine, Directeur du CNP Périgueux et PACEA Universiré Bordeaux 1 Directeur de thèse M.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Evolution to Revolution
    Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e38546 doi: 10.3897/rio.5.e38546 Research Article Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis Andrey Vyshedskiy ‡ ‡ Boston University, Boston, United States of America Corresponding author: Andrey Vyshedskiy ([email protected]) Reviewable v1 Received: 25 Jul 2019 | Published: 29 Jul 2019 Citation: Vyshedskiy A (2019) Language evolution to revolution: the leap from rich-vocabulary non-recursive communication system to recursive language 70,000 years ago was associated with acquisition of a novel component of imagination, called Prefrontal Synthesis, enabled by a mutation that slowed down the prefrontal cortex maturation simultaneously in two or more children – the Romulus and Remus hypothesis. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e38546. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e38546 Abstract There is an overwhelming archeological and genetic evidence that modern speech apparatus was acquired by hominins by 600,000 years ago. On the other hand, artifacts signifying modern imagination, such as (1) composite figurative arts, (2) bone needles with an eye, (3) construction of dwellings, and (4) elaborate burials arose not earlier than © Vyshedskiy A. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandibular Ramus Shape Variation and Ontogeny in Homo Sapiens and Homo Neanderthalensis
    Journal of Human Evolution xxx (2018) 1e17 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Mandibular ramus shape variation and ontogeny in Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis * Claire E. Terhune a, , Terrence B. Ritzman b, c, d, Chris A. Robinson e a Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, USA b Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA c Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA d Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa e Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA article info abstract Article history: As the interface between the mandible and cranium, the mandibular ramus is functionally significant and Received 28 September 2016 its morphology has been suggested to be informative for taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses. In pri- Accepted 27 March 2018 mates, and particularly in great apes and humans, ramus morphology is highly variable, especially in the Available online xxx shape of the coronoid process and the relationship of the ramus to the alveolar margin. Here we compare ramus shape variation through ontogeny in Homo neanderthalensis to that of modern and fossil Homo Keywords: sapiens using geometric morphometric analyses of two-dimensional semilandmarks and univariate Growth and development measurements of ramus angulation and relative coronoid and condyle height. Results suggest that Geometric morphometrics Hominin evolution ramus, especially coronoid, morphology varies within and among subadult and adult modern human populations, with the Alaskan Inuit being particularly distinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?
    NEWSFOCUS Was North Africa The Launch Pad on January 7, 2011 For Modern Human Migrations? A growing number of researchers suspect that long-neglected North sophisticated tools and ornaments of famed www.sciencemag.org South African sites such as Blombos Cave Africa was the original home of the modern humans who fi rst trekked (Science, 16 April 2004, p. 369). Few sci- out of the continent entists thought that much of evolutionary signifi cance had gone on in North Africa, LAST YEAR, ARCHAEOLOGISTS EXCAVATING onized the rest of the world come from? “It’s or that the region’s big-toothed, somewhat at the Grotte des Contrebandiers (Smug- a very exciting specimen,” says anthropolo- archaic-looking hominins might be closely gler’s Cave) on Morocco’s Atlantic coast gist Jean-Jacques Hublin of the Max Planck related to the ancestors of many living peo- Downloaded from unearthed a rare prize: the skull and partial Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in ple. “We’ve left North Africa off the map skeleton of a 7- or 8-year-old child. The fos- Leipzig, Germany. for so long, and now it deserves to be there,” sils, dated to 108,000 years ago, appear to For Hublin, who was born in Algeria, says paleoanthropologist Chris Stringer of belong to an early member of our species, the Contrebandiers child adds to grow- the Natural History Museum in London. although study of them has just begun. ing evidence that North Africa was likely Indeed, a fl urry of research has now put But one feature stands out already: “It a major source of the modern humans who the region fi rmly on the map of human evo- has huge teeth,” says Harold fi rst left humanity’s homeland lution.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluación De Las Capacidades Cognitivas De Homo Neanderthalensis E Implicaciones En La Transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior En Eurasia
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE PREHISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de Homo Neanderthalensis e implicaciones en la transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior en Eurasia MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto DIRECTOR José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto Bajo la dirección del doctor José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros MADRID, 2018 ©Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Carlos Burguete Prieto Dirigida Por Dr. José Yravedra Sainz De Terreros MADRID, 2018 A Álvaro, mi hermano. AGRADECIMIENTOS (en orden alfabético): A Abel Amón por facilitarme documentación gráfica de difícil acceso referente a varios sitios arqueológicos de Rusia y Cáucaso. A Eva Barriocanal (Servicio de depósito del Museo Arqueológico de Bilbao) por su amable atención y disposición a permitirme analizar piezas procedentes del abrigo de Axlor. A Francesco d’Errico (Université de Bordeaux) por compartir sus opiniones y facilitarme información sobre piezas procedentes de la Grotte de Peyrere, Francia. A Luis de Miguel (Director del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia) por facilitarme amablemente el acceso a los restos humanos hallados en la Sima de las Palomas, Murcia.
    [Show full text]
  • [2019.10.10] Mina Weinstein Evron / the Mount Carmel Caves
    The Mount Carmel Caves at the Crossroads of Prehistoric Human Dispersals Mina Weinstein-Evron A UNESCO World Heritage Site (2012) Courtesy the Israel Antiquities Authority Outstanding Universal Values (OUV): • Long cultural (and paleo-environmental) continuum and changes in life-ways • Human evolution various MP human types (H. sapiens & Neanderthal); early burial site • The Natufian culture – on the threshold of agriculture • History of archaeological research Mount Carmel: a unique overlap of the Neanderthal and early modern humans ranges, within the same Middle Paleolithic cultural framework Did they meet ? When? Who was there before? What was the results? Levantine MP sites 250,000-45,000 YBP Amud Hayonim Human remains Qafzeh 140/120-50,000 YBP Misliya Tabun Skhul Kebara H. sapiens – 120/90,000 YBP Neanderthals – 70/45,000 BP 50,000 B Tabun Cave: A long sequence with important Cultural Developments/ C Revolutions MP D 250,000 E F LP G 400,000 Tabun 1 Upper part of Layer C (or Layer B) 100/120 (150/160 ky) Tabun 2 Lower part of Layer C Harvati and Nickolson Lopez 2017 Skhul Early modern humans 100-135,000 ky IV V Skhul early modern human burials D’Ericco et al. 2010 McCown 1937 Nassarius gibbosulus shell beads (Vanhaeren et al. 2006) from Skhul V Isotope Ky TL-based Entities stage BP chronology Hominides Ksar Akil Ahmarian UP 3 Qafzeh 50 - Tabun B Amud, Kebara Dederiyeh type T. Faraj, Quneitra Kebara, Amud 4 Dederiyeh Tabun 1 ? 100 - Qafzeh Qafzeh Skhul 5 Skhul Skhul Hayonim E TABUN 1 ? Tabun C type Tabun 1 150 - 6 Tabun II (jaw) Tabun 2 200 - Negev sites Tabun D 7 type Hayonim E Misliya ? Misliya 250 - Are the cultural/technological 8 Important implications for understanding the changesAcheuloorigins– ofrelated early modernto changes humans and their 300 - Yabrudianin humanrelationshipspopulations with the? Neanderthals 9 Zuttiyeh Qesem 350 - 10 Tabun E Bar-Yosef 1998 Dispersal of modern humans 2016 Modern humans reach First modern humans in Europe Americas 15 ka 45 ka Willendorf Kent’s Cavern 43 5 ka.
    [Show full text]