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OCCASION This publication has been made available to the public on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the United Nations Industrial Development Organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. FAIR USE POLICY Any part of this publication may be quoted and referenced for educational and research purposes without additional permission from UNIDO. However, those who make use of quoting and referencing this publication are requested to follow the Fair Use Policy of giving due credit to UNIDO. CONTACT Please contact [email protected] for further information concerning UNIDO publications. For more information about UNIDO, please visit us at www.unido.org UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43-1) 26026-0 · www.unido.org · [email protected] 1.0 22 iii; 2 0 111111.1 11111~~ 25 4 111111. 1:1111. lllllJl> t 1 : ; Cj ~; r. 'J ~j !'J '' * I I cu ·--f :.~ ' i ()' ;i... ;i... ::r· <-: l ' ' ) , .. I I I uJ t I U "=_}· l'! '..~ µ. <U ·, Ul 0 (rj 0 c t 1 p u f"· 'rJ ~ d- fl> •o 1 ~ fl> '1 (J i~ rt p. ID I " '. 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Jl (J; ~ :- l T A_B L E 0 F- C 0 N T E N T S Summary of Conclusions & Recorrunendations 1. 00. 0 Introduction 1 2.00.0 The Supply Situation of Ceramic Raw Materials of Jamaica 3 2.10.0 Available Information 3 2.20.0 White- or Buff-firing Clays 4 2.30.0 Red-firing Clays 6 3.00.0 The Ceramic Manufacturing Complex 11 3.10.0 Requirements of Clay Bodies 12 3 .11. 0 Things Jamaican 13 3.12.0 Clays of Jamaica 17 3.13.0 Independent Potters and Colleges 17 3.14.0 Summary 18 3.20.0 Kiln Space 19 3.30.0 Description of Processes and Equipment 20 3. 31. 0 Body Preparation 20 3.32.0 Frit Department 22 3.40.0 Required Areas 23 3.41.0 Manufacturing 23 3.42.0 Clay & Body Preparation 23 3.43.0 Recapitulation 23 4.00.0 Clays of Jamaica 25 4.10.0 The Brick Market 26 4.20.0 Short-Term Approach 27 - 1.1 - 4.30.0 Longer-Term AFproach 29 4.31.0 Further Improvements 30 4.32.0 The Clay Supply 31 5.oo.o Ceramic Research Development Activities of the Scientific Research Council 33 5.10.0 Definition of Terms 33 5.20.0 Personnel Requirements 34 5.30.0 Research & Development Equipment 38 5.40.0 The Pilot Plant 41 5.41.0 Preliminary Considerations 41 5.42.0 Pilot Plant Equipment 42 6.00.0 Other Ceramic Products 45 6.10.0 Refractories 45 6.20.0 Electrical Porcelain 46 6.30.0 Sanitary ware 48 Annex I Listing of the Consulted Documents & Reports 49 Annex II Contacts and Interviewees 52 Figure I Clay Preparation Flow Sheet 53 Figure II Flow Sheet of the Fritting operation 54 --- -1 - iii - SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 1. The reserves of light firing clays in Jamaica (2.20.0l 2. Things Jamaican and/or the Ceramic Manufacturing Complex will, in future, produce mainly red-firing bodies (Section 2.20.0) 3. The reserves of clay of Castleton, on which Things Jamaican presently depend, are relatively small but will suffice for some time to meet the requirements of both the above enterprise and the Ceramic Manu facturing Complex. 4. The red clay of the Liguanea formation used by Clays of Jamaica and others will become unavailable possib ly within a year (Section 2.30.0} s. The nearest available substitute for it are the clays from Knollis, '1'ulloch, and Sydenham. (Section 2. 30. 0) 6. Since neither the characteristics nor the reserves of these clays are known, these deposits will hav~ 4ic be drilled to ascertain reserve and tested for their brickmaking properties (Section 2.30.0). 7. This will best be done by the Geological survey Depart ment and the Mineral Resources Division's Ceramic Laboratory (Section 2.30.0) 8. A revised Project Document for submission to the E.E.C. Commission has been prepared (Chapter 3.10.0) 9. Based on market estimates (Section 3.21.0., 3.22.0., 3.23.0} equipment specifications were included (Section 3. 2 5. 0. , 3. 30. 0. , 3. 31. 0. , 3) 10 'The additional covered area necessary to accomodate - iv - the new equipment was calculated in Section 3.40.0. 11. The bricks manufactured at Clays of Jamaica will al- ways be face bricks intended for decorative purposes because of the competition of concrete blocks. (In order to compete with it the clay brick would have to sell for less than J$0.20.) {Section 4.10.0) 12. The double-shaft mixer of Clays of Jamaica has to be repaired as soon as possible (Section 4.20.0). 13. Longer-range solutions to this enterprise's problems include: - the administration of the enterprise will have to be completely re-organized in the terms of Section 4.30.0. - constant equpment maintenance must be available at all times. (Section 4.30.0) - a drying shed open to air must be provided to accelerate drying.(Section 4.30.0) - the transport to and :rom sheds should be accom- pllshed by lifters carrying brick-loaded frarnes.(Section 4.30.0) - as soon as possible the brick-mdking equipment should be complemented by a set of laminating rolls. (Section 4. 30. u) 14. The equipment and personnel requirements for the Scien- tific Research. Ccuncil' s Ceramic laboratory were prepared I (Chapter 5.00.0) - ----- - ....- --j - v - 15. The qualifications of the R. & D. personnel (Chapter 5. 30. 0 l are of course tli.e Eaximum recom mended and mig~t temporarily be relaxed if sufficiently qualified candidates are not imme diately forthcoming. (Section 5.20.0} 16. The specified posts need not be £illed all at once and preference will best be given to determinate fields of activities over others as dictated by the needs of the country and its development policy. (Section 5.30.0) 17. It's even feasible that one officer may come to cover more than one field of R. & D. activity in accordance with affinity and volume of work involved in each. (Section 5.30.0) 18. The list of laboratory and pilot plant equipment intends to be inclusive to allow R. & D. work in the field of the most common ceramic products. (Section 5.30.0) 19. Its procurement will best be gradual and perhaps piecemeal, the criterion being the degree of pri ority given to certain fields over others as dic tated by the country's development policy. (Section 5.30.0) ---- - - ---1 1.00.0 IntrC'duction The ceramic industry of Jamaica has been re ceiving special attention of the Government as it has been recognized that it had a potential for growth on a scale commensurate with the size of the country. It is also thought that a properly oriented ceramic industry could contribute con siderably to the country's export efforts.