The Effect on the Self-Esteem Promotion Program on Self-Esteem and Mental Health of Adolescents with Minor Delinquency

Home , Defeatism

Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing (2001) Vol. 31, No. 7 The Effect on the Self-Esteem Promotion Program on Self-Esteem and Mental Health of Adolescents with Minor Delinquency

Eun Young Choi, RN, PhD1, Eun Joo Oh, RN, PhD2

This research was performed to investigate the effectiveness of self-esteem promotion program(SEPP) to adolescents with minor delinquency on self-esteem and mental health. Samples of this study were 36 adolescents with signs of minor delinquency in the third grade of middle schools who reside in K city. Data analysis was conducted by chi-square test which tests the general homogeneity between the experiment group and the control group. To test hypothesis how SEPP affects on self-esteem, mental health, and delinquency, paired t-test was performed. The results were summarized as follow; 1. After the experimental treatment, self-esteem score was not statistically significant. 2. After the experimental treatment, mental health score was statistically significant. 3. After the experimental treatment, self reported delinquency score was statistically significant. As the result of this research, the SEPP increased the degree of mental health and decreased that of delinquency of the adolescents who committed minor delinquency. Self-esteem is difficult to be changed by itself in number for a short time, but there is potential effect, which can be expected the preceding changes of mental health and behavior of participants. Key Words: Self-esteem promotion program; Self-esteem; Mental health

The mental mal-adaptation experiences the fear of INTRODUCTION rage and aggressive urge in the immature situation, and induces factors of health problem which leads to frustra- The juvenile delinquency has emerged as a major so- tion, defeatism, depression, and hedonism. It easily falls cial problem since getting into a higher industrial society into drugs without confidence as an independent person- in 1970s. The juvenile delinquency has increased each ality, as well. year and has had tendency to become more violent in Shim(1994) showed that students who conducted quality and grouping. In addition the age has become more self centered, unrealistic, anti-social behavior, had lower as time goes on. 7.8 percent of total crime were less self-esteem. In Choi’s study(1996), the most precau- caused by adolescents in 1997, which were distributed tion or intervention as one time judicious guidance to ju- as violent crime(38.5%), theft(20.5%), felonious venile delinquency and the counter plan after this delin- crime(2.5%), and so on. The felonious crimes including quency had already been serious, have performed by murder, robbery, rape, and incendiarism show tendency schools and institutions. Thurs, the effort of the first, sec- to increase, the portion was 2.4% in 1997, comparing to ond cure to intervene before the delinquent problem 1.8% in 1993. grows seriously is highly restricted. In Choi’s

1. Full-time instructor, Department of Nursing, Seonam University 2. School Inspector, Gwangju Metropolitan office Education Corresponding author: EunYoung Choi, PhD, RN, 720 Kwangchi-dong, Namwon, Chonbuk 590-711, Korea Tel: 8263-620-0106 Fax: 8263-620-0305 E-mail: [email protected] Received August 29, 2001 ; Accepted December 21, 2001 1182 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol. 31, No. 7 study(1990), as promoting self-esteem he or she respect- tity and the ideal entity as strengthening self-approval ed herself as a human being, became capable, had at- with conversation and psychotherapy. As you see, self- tachment, and got along well with others as well as he or esteem affected by attitude of others meaningful to him - she had fewer complaints. However, if she became losing such as family, colleague, and friends-is the degree of self-esteem she experienced critic, self hatred, and de- thinking that he is important and valuable. Self-esteem pression through feelings that she was meaningless, inca- performed in school period relatively lasts for life and pable, and it caused incompetence and isolation, too. positive self-esteem is essential to adapt oneself to soci- Park & Choi’s research(1990) reported that a juvenile ety when grown up. showed lower level of mental health as he or she committed more delinquencies. There was tendency to show 2. Mental Health mal-adaptive behavior caused by improper control over Jun(1987) mentioned that the person in good mental fretfulness, anxiety, depression, and hostility that hided health judges himself practically and accepts his advan- behind their actions. Especially, there was strong rela- tages and disadvantages as what they are, and shows his tionship between delinquent experience and hostility. faithful concern to others. He seeks intrinsic value rather In this research, SEPP is performed to the students than extrinsic one, and takes care of himself without shows minor infractions to test this program increases hurting others in seeking it. She also defined good men- self-esteem and mental health level and makes delin- tal health as who can overcome the stress and frustration quency level lower. Furthermore, this study will discuss without disagreement of his character. According to SEPP performs as the second precautious program for Gwon, whether a person’s mental is healthy or not is de- the minor infraction as well as the precaution of serious cided by adaptability to environment. The mentally juvenile delinquencies and mental health problems. healthy person has a series of habit to make him adapt himself to the environment successfully. Mental health LITERATURE REVIEW means the character that he can manifest his maximum ability to adapt himself to surroundings and manage his 1. Self-Esteem life independently, constructively, and voluntarily(Ha. et. People want love and acceptance and have anxiety to al., 2000). get positive consideration from others as they grow. The correlated researches to the mental health are fol- Because of these needs, others who are meaningful to lowed. Um & Ha(1993) showed that the higher mental juveniles can strongly affect on them by providing love health is resulted from the higher self-actualization. In and acceptance or not doing so. In that aspect, it is very testing female high school students. Choi(1993) tested important to get positive self-concept through proper, how mental health is related to the sub-factors of mental desirable self-esteem. Choi & Jun(1993) defined that health, such as self-esteem in general, self-esteem in self-esteem is made by the feeling or self valuation expe- family, self-esteem in society, and self-esteem in school. rienced in his past time and considered self-esteem as a For high school students, the result was significant in kind of mental tendency which represents the recog- that higher self-esteem group has less mental health nized, estimated level for himself. They categorized self- problem than lower group does. Recently, it is reported esteem into self-esteem in general, self-esteem in society, that middle and high school students’ depression, neuro- self-esteem in family, and self-esteem in school. Self-es- sis, and suicide is increasing. Kim(1990) said that juve- teem in school period is significantly affected by the nile delinquency appears with developing mental health family structure, the environment, the parents’ attitude problems. In Lee’s study(1996), juveniles who punished for raising, the school environment, and the character of by court because of drug abuse, paranoia, robbery, and teachers. Corpulent adolescents suffer characteristic dis- violence characterized the low level of mental health order with complex about appearance and mental un- concerning somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interper- easiness. It is reported that lower self-esteem is a major sonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic problem of mental disease. Many experimenters insist anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychocitism. Mental that it should be possible for students to improve self-es- health problem of adolescents becomes an important so- teem by SEPPs. Jun(1974) said that self-esteem is en- cial issue and needs remedy. hanced by the proper harmony between the present en- Choi et al. Self-Esteem Promotion Program for Adolescents 1183

3. SEPP and juvenile delinquent and lead the natural homogeneity of group. 2) Three ex- The word delinquency comes from wrong-doing, ne- perimental assistants will distribute the behavior report. glect of duty. Generally not-desirable doing is referred to After filling it out for 30 minutes, simples will talk about delinquency which comes from sociologic term and the the answer of contents on it ach other and share their doer is called as a delinquent. In other words, juvenile opinions. 3) Let them say “I can do it” five times and delinquent means the juvenile who has conducted discuss felling for the last time. Make them practice their wrong-doings in the ethical, social, and legal aspects. In feelings in real life. 1993, delinquency preventive program performed in public self-esteem as one of human being’s basic instinct. 2. Subjects and Methodology As the result, there was much effect on reducing the The samples of this study were composed of 50 stu- delinquency. dents who were recommended by a nursing teacher or a Reasoner(1994) stated that SEPP was specially effec- disciplinary teacher among third graders in three middle tive to promoting studies, and reducing vandalism, ab- schools located in K city. 1) Students who visited the sence without due notice, pregnancy, drug abuse, and vi- nursing room more than 10 times because of the school olence in school. The other studies performed SEPP in violence. 2) Students warned by teachers owing to fre- school (Curtis & Shaver, 1981 ; Greene & Uroff, 1989), quent quarrel, disobedience of a teacher’s instruction, were testified that self-esteem and accomplishment of cunnings, possession of salacious books, dress disorder study were improved. But there were few studies which and so on. 3) Students were exposed absence without experimented the relationship between SEPP and men- due notice, smoking, violence, or visiting to the red-light tal health of delinquent juveniles. The studies related to districts and so on once or twice. 4) Students who con- self-esteem promotion were merely subject to chronic victed runway, violent crime or robbery once or twice. patients. The experimenter excluded students who were diag- nosed serious mental behavioral disorder through the METHODS first interview in the nursing room or classroom. Students who scored below IQ 80 and expected it was 1. Development of SEPP too hard for them to understand this program were ex- SEPP in this study is designed by adjusting the pro- cluded, as well. 46 students were picked in the sampling gram developed by Palomares(1991) & Jung(1997) and process. Among them 10 students refused to participate by the consultation of two other nurse professors. The in it because they had to go to private institutes after purposes of this SEPP are to promote self-esteem clari- school. The last thirty six students were given random fied in precedent researches, to improve mental health numbers and eighteen students who picked odd num- related to whole health, and to reduce delinquency. bers were appointed to the experiment group, eighteen The contents of SEPP are followed. 1) Introduction. 2) one students who took even numbers were to the con- My reality. 3) Look inside of me. 4) Send secret message trol group. to friends. 5) Find treasures from friends. 6) Find posi- Self-esteem, mental health, and self-report of delin- tive words. 7) Positive self-communication. 8) Learn the quency were respectively tested to both groups as the discrimination about passive, positive, and insistent pre-test. After the pre-test, SEPP was performed to the Response. 9) Self present(insistent) behavior : the crite- experiment group total twelve times, 60 minutes each ria of insistence. 10) You can do it because you think time, twice a week from August 25 to September 30, you can do it. 11) My motto. 12) I accomplished my but there was no treatment to the control group. This goal. Finale, give one’s impression of program. pre-test were performed in classrooms by the experi- Each period consists of presentation and discussion in menters and three assistants who were seniors in the the group after preparing the behavior report by sam- nurse collage. After finishing all programs, self-esteem, ples and it takes about 60 minutes, respectively. Details mental health, and self-report of delinquency were test- in each period are followed. 1) Before starting period, ed to both groups as the post-test. samples will be guided by the experimenter for 10 minutes and talk about the subject voluntarily. In doing so, the effect of programs in each period will be increased 1184 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol. 31, No. 7

3. Instruments posed of nine symptoms - somatization, obsession, sensi- 1) Self-esteem tivity to others, frustration, anxiety, fear, paranoia, and Self-esteem score was used, which was adjusted from neurosis. Each question was scored from 1 “not at all” Coopersmith’s test(1972) by Choi & Jun(1993). This to 5 “very serious” and the lower score told the higher score consisted of four sub-factors (self-esteem in gener- mental health. Cronbach’s Alpah was 0.95 in this test. al, self-esteem in society, self-esteem in school, and self- 3) Delinquency esteem in family) and total 32 questions. Each question To examinate the self-esteem of juvenile delinquency, had five scores from 5 “highly positive” to 1 “highly forty eight questions for delinquent scales in Moon’s negative”. Higher score meant higher self-esteem with study(1993) were selected. These scales included from exception that 8 questions about negative behaviors minor infraction like disobedience and friendship with were scored in contrast. Cronbach’s Alpah was 0.89 in delinquents to criminal like group fight, bond inhalation, this test. and so on. This score was recorded from 1 “not at all” to 2) Mental health 5 “many times” in each question and the higher score Derogatis, Rickels & Rock(1976) developed simple meant the higher delinquency. To compare the effect be- mental diagnosis test and Kim, Lee, & Kim(1978) stan- tween pre-test and post-test, self report was performed dardized it. The simple mental diagnosis test designed by for the last two months and Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.85. Lee(1986) to make 47 questions with factor analysis was used in this research. The contents of this test were com-

Table 1. General characteristics of subject Experiment Group Control Group Total Subject X2 p Number(%) Number(%) Number(%) Age 14 6(33.3) 5(27.8) 11(30.6) .139 .923 15 10(55.6) 11(61.1) 21(58.3) 16 2(11.1) 2(11.1) 4(11.1) Gender Male 8(44.4) 5(27.8) 13(36.1) 1.084 .298 Female 10(55.6) 13(72.2) 23(63.9) Religion None 12(66.7) 6(33.3) 18(50.0) 6.133 .105 buddhism 2(11.1) 3(16.7) 5(13.9) christianity 2(11.1) 8(44.4) 10(27.8) Catholicism 2(11.1) 1(5.6) 3(8.3) Father education none 0(0.0) 1(5.9) 1(2.9) 7.263 .123 primary school 1(5.6) 1(5.9) 2(5.7) middle school 5(27.8) 0(0.0) 5(14.3) high school 10(55.6) 10(58.8) 20(57.1) college and over 2(11.1) 5(29.4) 7(20.0) Mother education none 1(5.6) 0(0.0) 1(2.9) 5.591 .232 primary School 1(5.6) 1(5.9) 2(5.7) middle School 4(22.2) 0(0.0) 4(11.4) high School 11(61.1) 15(88.2) 26(74.3) college and over 1(5.6) 1(5.9) 2(5.7) Occupation company employee 4(22.2) 3(16.7) 7(19.4) 6.125 .190 public official 0(0.0) 1(5.6) 1(2.8) professional 3(16.7) 0(0.0) 3(8.3) technician 4(22.2) 2(11.1) 6(16.7) self-employed business 7(38.9) 12(66.7) 19(52.8) Family type nuclear family 15(83.3) 3(16.7) 17(94.4) 1.125 .289 large family 1(5.6) 32(88.9) 4(11.1) Personality extrovert 9(56.3) 7(43.8) 14(77.8) 1.794 .180 introvert 4(22.2) 23(67.6) 11(32.4) Brotherhood eldest 7(38.9) 9(50.0) 16(44.4) middle 2(11.1) 3(16.7) 5(13.9) last 6(33.3) 6(33.3) 12(33.3) only daughter(son) 3(16.7) 0(0.0) 3(8.3) 3.450 .327 Choi et al. Self-Esteem Promotion Program for Adolescents 1185

4. Data analysis 2. Comparison of self-esteem, mental health and Collected data were computerized according to the delinquency between two groups scores after coding by using SPSS/PC. 1) The general The pre-test showed conditions were homogeneous be- characteristics of the subjects were analyzed chi-square tween two groups because there were no significant dif- test. 2) Paired t-test was used to examine the differences ferences in self-esteem, mental health, and delinquency. in self-esteem, mental health and self reported delin- The results in the pre-test of self-esteem showed that quency between the two groups. that experiment group was 99.39 and the control group was 101.83 and mental health was 105.78 and 96.94, RESULTS respectively. Delinquency in the pre-test was 140.39 in the experiment group and 131.67 in the control group 1. Demographic characteristics (Table2). There were statistically significant differences between the experiment group and the control group concerning 3. The evaluation of the SEPP gender, religion, parents’ education, wealth, occupation, After participating in SEPP students’ self-esteem family type, personality, and brotherhood (Table1). scores were followed (Table 3-1). To compare changes of Samples in this study were thirty-six third-graders in total self-esteem scores between the pre-test and the the middle school and composed of males (36.1%) and post-test in each group, paired t-test was measured. This females (63.9%). Students who had religion were 50.0% paired t-test resulted in that the score of the experiment and their parents’ educational background revealed that group increased from 99.39 to 103.94(t=-.842, p=.411) 57.1% fathers and 74.3% mothers graduated from high and that of the control group increased from 101.83 to schools. 52.8% of fathers were engaged in self-employed 104.50(t=-.590, p=.563). Even though total self-esteem business. The family type of most samples was the nu- score increased in the experiment group, it was not sta- clear family as 88.9% and 67.6% were characterized as tistically significant. extrovert. 44.4% of samples were the eldest and 33.3% Considering changes of each sub-factors, scores of self- were the last. esteem in general, self-esteem in family, self-esteem in society, and self-esteem in school in the experimental group were not statistically significant (Table 3-2). After adolescents were educated with SEPP, mental Table 2. Comparison of self-esteem, mental health and delinquency between two groups health scores were followed (Table 4-1). The score of the Experimental Group Control Group experiment group was from 105.78 to 84.89(t=2.821, tp Mean(SD) Mean(SD) p=.012) and that of the other group was from 96.94 to 95.56(t=.183, p=.857). There was significant change in Self-esteem 99.39(24.43) 101.83(12.03) -.381 .706 Mental health 105.78(40.69) 96.94(33.37) .712 .481 the experiment group after education. Delinquency 140.39(29.62) 131.67(37.18) .778 .442 Considering changes of each sub-factors, scores of de-

Table 3-1. Comparison of total self-esteem score between the pre-test and the post-test in each group Experimental Group Control Group pre-test post-test tp pre-test post-test tp Self-esteem 99.39(24.43) 103.94(13.40) -.842 .411 101.83(12.03) 104.50(13.84) -.590 .563

Table 3-2. Comparison sub-factor score of self-esteem between the pre-test and the post in each group Experimental Group Control Group pre-test post-test tp pre-test post-test tp Self-esteem in general 20.50(5.24) 21.67(3.96) -1.028 .319 18.89(3.25) 20.06(5.06) -.751 .463 Self-esteem in society 31.67(8.26) 32.89(5.21) -.636 .533 30.28(5.46) 31.39(5.86) -.498 .625 Self-esteem in family 26.33(8.18) 30.11(7.64) -1.626 .122 30.44(6.26) 31.83(6.31) -.925 .368 Self-esteem in school 20.89(5.49) 19.28(4.98) 1.025 .320 22.22(5.22) 21.22(5.37) .488 .632 1186 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol. 31, No. 7

Table 4-1. Comparison of total mental health score between the pre-test and the post-test in each group Experimental Group Control Group pre-test post-test tp pre-test post-test tp Mental health 105.78(40.69) 84.89(28.81) 2.821 .012 96.94(33.37) 95.56(46.71) .183 .857

Table 4-2. Comparison sub-factor score of mental health between the pre-test and the post in each group Experimental Group Control Group pre-test post-test tp pre-test post-test tp Somatization 12.83(7.19) 11.11(4.79) 1.118 .279 13.11(5.75) 13.00(6.64) .126 .901 Obsessive-compulsive 10.94(3.93) 9.00(3.03) 1.899 .075 10.72(3.55) 10.94(5.27) -.191 .851 Interpersonal sensitivity 16.67(6.82) 14.11(5.18) 2.057 .055 16.67(6.44) 15.61(8.34) .576 .572 Depression 11.11(5.47) 8.50(4.74) 3.023 .008 9.39(3.58) 8.94(4.28) .452 .657 Anxiety 10.67(4.67) 8.61(4.06) 1.882 .077 10.17(4.57) 10.00(5.88) .158 .877 Hostility 15.67(6.94) 12.61(6.01) 2.079 .053 13.44(4.68) 12.88(6.52) .458 .653 Phobic anxiety 7.56(3.82) 5.61(1.75) 2.173 .044 6.33(2.89) 7.22(3.73) -1.458 .163 Paranoid ideation 8.50(3.75) 6.56(2.68) 2.501 .023 7.56(3.11) 7.00(3.77) .655 .522 Psychocitism 9.39(4.00) 6.89(3.23) 3.349 .004 7.28(3.48) 7.78(4.05) -.900 .381

Table 5. Comparison of delinquency score between the pre-test and the post-test in each group Experimental Group Control Group pre-test post-test tp pre-test post-test tp Delinquency 140.39(29.62) 93.94(35.26) 4.412 .000 131.67(37.18) 136.28(55.40) -.425 .676

pression, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psy- is affected by family structure, environment, and attitude chocitism in the experiment group were significantly re- of parents. This study supports that self-esteem is easily duced from 11.11, 7.56, 8.50, 9.39 to 8.50, 5.61, 6.56, reformed in the period from 5th-6th grades in elemen- 6.89 respectively (t=3.023, p=.008, t=2.173, p=.044, tary school to the middle school in Kim’s re- t=2.501, p=.023, t=3.349, p=.004) (Table 4-2). search(1981), too. Self-esteem in school was decreased The score of delinquency of adolescents who took part in both groups and it could be explained by that most of in SEPP was measured. Paired t-test of delinquent score delinquents were in difficulty in passing the entrance ex- was statistically significant in each group’s between pre- am of the high school. This makes most of them feel test and post-test. The experiment group’s delinquency negative for themselves in all aspects of school life. In was significantly reduced from 140.39 in the pre-test to practice, they felt high pressure and had negative atti- 93.94 in the post-test(t=4.412, p=.000) (Table 5). tude about their whole school lives. Mental health scores of adolescents in SEPP showed DISCUSSION statistical significancy. So to speak, the mental heath degree was enhanced after education compared to before Self-esteem score in the post-test who participated in education. It means that the fear and the hostility which SEPP was increased in the experiment group but the dif- comes from the stress of passing the entrance exam of ference was not statistically significant. Tested each sub- the high school can be diminished, even a little. factors’ scores, scores of self-esteem in general, self-es- The score of delinquency after education in SEPP was teem in family, and self-esteem in society, between two greatly decreased. This result accords with that of groups were not statistically significant but self-esteem Moon’s study(1991) which performed to female high was increased. However, the score of self-esteem in school students in P city and that of Jung’s research in school was neither significant, nor self-esteem was in- 1997, which experimented to adolescents who showed creased. This result is consistent with that of Bang’s minor delinquencies. study(1997) which said that self-esteem in school period The meanings of this research are followed. Choi et al. Self-Esteem Promotion Program for Adolescents 1187

This study is meaningful in that mental health is in- promotion program to self-esteem and mental health for creased and delinquency is decreased for the adolescents minor delinquent juveniles. The samples of this study who convicted minor infractions. In considering that were 36 adolescents with sign of minor delinquency in there is higher possibility to commit serious delinquen- the third grade of middle school and they reside in K cies if there is no proper intervention, this precautious city. The testing period was from August 30 to program, SEPP, can be the alternative of solving the ju- September 29, 1999. The experimental design was non- venile delinquency. Furthermore, the better thing is the equivalent control pre-test post-test design. delinquency was reduced with participation in SEEP vol- Experimental tools were self-esteem scores developed untarily. by Choi adjusted form Coopersmith’s test and mental SEPP as the second precaution was applied to juvenile health scores made by Lee’s factor analysis of simple delinquents, which is almost never tried before in Korea. mental diagnosis measure which was standardized Most programs to juvenile delinquents was focused on Derogatis’ program by Kim and delinquent scores used realistic therapy and medical therapy but by performing in Moon’s study. Data analysis was conducted by chi- SEPP to juvenile delinquents the relationship between square test which tests the general homogeneity be- lower self-esteem and mental health, delinquency was tween the experiment group and the control group. To tested. test hypothesis how SEPP affects on self-esteem, mental Additionally, considering that mental health increase health, and delinquency, paired t-test was performed. and self reported delinquency decrease are statistically The results were summarized as follow; significant, we can thank that SEPP has potential effect 1. After the experimental treatment, self-esteem score on changing the delinquent’s attitude even if it did not was not statistically significant. show this change in number within a short time. 2. After the experimental treatment, mental health However, self-esteem of participants in the experimen- score was statistically significant. tal group was increased than that of the control group, 3. After the experimental treatment, self reported but the difference is not significant. It is doubtful that delinquency score was statistically significant. SEPP is effective to promote self-esteem. but it is As seeing above, SEPP increased mental health and thought that this result is attributed to the problem of decreased delinquency of adolescents who convicted mi- SEPP. nor infractions. Self-esteem itself may not easily be A few limits of this study is followed. changed by the short term education but we can assume First, one is the limit of program process. Students in that there is potential effect on changing participants’ cyber generation seemed to want an educational process mental health and behaviors. to which is paid attention by them, but the questionnaire in this study is a traditional format. This makes students References approach the program with difficulty, in result. The suc- ceeding studies are desirable to design an appealing edu- Bang, Y. J. (1997). A study on the self-esteem and juvenile delinquency. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Sungshin Women’s cational method to adolescents. University of Korea, Seoul. Second, the sample size is too small to generalize. The Choi, B. G. & Jun, G. Y. (1993). A Study on the Development of meaningful outcome will be produced if samples are the Self-Esteem Inventory, J of Korean Home Economic, randomly gathered among ages, status, and regional lay- 31(2), 41-54. Choi, J. Y. (1996). The effect of the social capability promotion ers. program, Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Yonsei University Third, the short experimental period can be indicated of Korea, Seoul. as another limits. Reasoner(1994) performed self-esteem Choi, M. S. (1993). A study on the self-esteem and mental health of program 54 times, but this study did only 12 times. It high school students. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Kongju National University of Korea, Seoul. might have been resulted better if it had performed Choi, Y. N. (1990). A study on relationship between self concept more enough times. and mental health of girl’s high school students. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Korea University of Korea, Seoul. Coopersmith, S. (1972). Coopersmith self-inventory. San Francisco CONCLUSION : Self-Esteem Institute. Curtis, C. K., & Shaver, J. P. (1981). Improving slow learner self-es- This study is purposed to test the effect of self-esteem teem in secondary social classes, J of Educational Research, 1188 Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Vol. 31, No. 7

74, 217-223. Kim, S. Y. J. (1990). Growth of adolescent and Nursing. Seoul : Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Govi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An out- Sumunsa. patient psychiatric rating scale, Psychophamachological Lee, J. Y. (1995). The effect of the human potential seminar on self- Bulletin, 9, 13-27. esteem and mental health of R. O. K. Army recruits. Derogatis, L. R., Rickels, K., & Rock, A. F. (1976). The SCL-90-R Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Ewha Womens University of and the MMPI. British J of Psychiatrics. 128, 280-289. Korea, Seoul. Greene, B., & Uroff, S. (1989). Apollo high school: Achievement Lee, M. H. (1996). Effects of Drug-education and Human Potential through self-esteem. Educational Research, 29, 130-136. Seminar / Grouptherapy on the Mental Health Status, and the Ha, Y. S. et. al. (2000). Psychiatric nursing. Seoul : Hyunmunsa. Knowledge of Drugs among Juvenile Delinquents, J of Korean Jo, Y. S. (1990). Self love and self-esteem of counselor. Tae-han Psychi Nurs, 5(1), 27-38. Nursing, 29(1), 39-40. Palomares, S. (1991). All about me: reproducible activity sheet to Jun, M. H. (1987). A study on the state anxiety and mental health develop self-esteem in your students, ERIC Document of adolescents, Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Hanyang Reproduction Service. 346-360. University of Korea, Seoul. Park, J. K. & Choi, J. H. (1990). Psychosocial characteristic in ado- Jun, B. J. (1974). Self-esteem : a test of its measurability, Yonsei lescents with drug use, Child-adolescent Psychologic Medicine, Nonchong, 11, 109-129. 1(1), 130-147. Jung, H. S. (1997). Study on the effectiveness of self-esteem promo- Reasoner, R. W. (1994). Self-esteem as an antidote to crime and vi- tion program: targeting Adolescents with mild delinquency. olence, ERIC Document Reproduction Service, 373-381. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Yonsei University of Korea, Sim, H. O. (1994). Relation between self-esteem and self care of di- Seoul. abetic patients in adolescents, Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Kim, H. A. (1997). The effects of group reality therapy on the locus The Yonsei University of Korea, Seoul. of control and mental health of juvenile delinquency. Um. M. R. & Ha. Y. S. (1993). A study on the relationship between Unpublished Master’s Thesis. The Yonsei University of Korea, self actualization and mental health of nursing students, J of Seoul. Korean Psychi Nurs, 2, 23-38.