Geography of Greece

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Discuss with your table groups what you observe in this geographical map of Greece How might geography have affected ancient Greek development ? Climate affected by the Mediterranean Mountainous Many islands Extensive trade and conflict between city-states Geography of Greece The City-State Polis (Poleis) Acropolis City-State boundaries The Agora was an open area for assemblies (voting) and shopping The City-State • Men and women were considered citizens • Citizens served the state; extremely patriotic • Democratic elements (Athens especially) • Assemblies of citizens would vote on proposals • Only men allowed to vote Writing and Art Religion Polytheistic Gods represented nature and ideas (life & death) Cults extremely common Oracle: messenger between Greek citizens and the gods Sparta Simple, brutal military life Isolationist (kept out of other Greek’s affairs) Government was an Oligarchy Two kings and council of elders Agoge – Spartan Education • Infant males examined at birth • Intentionally under-fed • If healthy, allowed to live • Made members of Spartan army reserves at • If unhealthy, left to die/survive 18 y.o. • • Some joined Crypteia (secret police) to spy on Enrolled in agoge at 7 y.o. helots • Lived in groups under experienced male • • Full-fledged members of Spartan army at Pledged loyalty to groups 20 y.o. • Given first item of clothing at 12 y.o. • Were voted into one of the army • Paired with an older male Spartan at companies at 20 y.o. 12 y.o. • Failure to be unanimously voted into a company = • Made own beds by hand with reeds no citizenship • Made full citizens at 30 y.o.; allowed to marry and vote Sparta Used slaves to avoid farming and trade Women far more independent than other city-states Athens Government was a Democracy More opportunities for citizens Fostered creativity and science Wanted to control and guide other Greek city- states Athens Arts (like theater) were highly prized Family important (produced new citizens) Women excluded from public life; required male attendant What is the creature that walks on four legs in the morning, two legs at noon, and three legs in the evening? .

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9781405129992_6_ind.qxd 16/06/2009 12:11 Page 203 Index Acanthus, 130 Aetolian League, 162, 163, 166, Acarnanians, 137 178, 179 Achaea/Achaean(s), 31–2, 79, 123, Agamemnon, 51 160, 177 Agasicles (king of Sparta), 95 Achaean League: Agis IV and, agathoergoi, 174 166; as ally of Rome, 178–9; Age grades: see names of individual Cleomenes III and, 175; invasion grades of Laconia by, 177; Nabis and, Agesilaus (ephor), 166 178; as protector of perioecic Agesilaus II (king of Sparta), cities, 179; Sparta’s membership 135–47; at battle of Mantinea in, 15, 111, 179, 181–2 (362 B.C.E.), 146; campaign of, in Achaean War, 182 Asia Minor, 132–3, 136; capture acropolis, 130, 187–8, 192, 193, of Phlius by, 138; citizen training 194; see also Athena Chalcioecus, system and, 135; conspiracies sanctuary of after battle of Leuctra and, 144–5, Acrotatus (king of Sparta), 163, 158; conspiracy of Cinadon 164 and, 135–6; death of, 147; Acrotatus, 161 Epaminondas and, 142–3; Actium, battle of, 184 execution of women by, 168; Aegaleus, Mount, 65 foreign policy of, 132, 139–40, Aegiae (Laconian), 91 146–7; gift of, 101; helots and, Aegimius, 22 84; in Boeotia, 141; in Thessaly, Aegina (island)/Aeginetans: Delian 136; inﬂuence of, at Sparta, 142; League and,COPYRIGHTED 117; Lysander and, lameness MATERIAL of, 135; lance of, 189; 127, 129; pro-Persian party on, Life of, by Plutarch, 17; Lysander 59, 60; refugees from, 89 and, 12, 132–3; as mercenary, Aegospotami, battle of, 128, 130 146, 147; Phoebidas affair and, Aeimnestos, 69 102, 139; Spartan politics and, Aeolians,
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STVJOIA IN/ This book belongs to THE LIBRARY of VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Toronto 5, Canada THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUKDKD BY JAM£S LOEB, LL.D. KDITED BY fT. E. PAGE. C.H., LITT.D. tE. CAPPS, PH.D., IX.D. tW. H. D. ROUSE, UTr.D. L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMIXGTOX, m.a., f.b.hist.soc. PLATO PLATO WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION IX LAWS BY R. G. BURY, Lirr.D. POR3fXIU.Y SCHOI AR OP TBIiOTT COIXKOK, CAMBRIDGE IN TWO VOLUMES I CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD ilCMLSI PA 427<1 Ai V. q J^iVit printed 1926 Reprinted 1942, 1952, 1961 Sf D 2 IMl Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS rAox INTRODUCTION VU BOOK I 3 BOOK n 89 BOOK III 165 BOOK IV 255 BOOK V 323 BOOK VI 303 INTRODUCTION According to tradition, Plato was born in 427 B.C. and died in 347 b.c, leaving behind him as his last work the Lmvs. We may, therefore, suppose that the last decade of his life was mainly occupied with its composition. The internal evidence of the work itself sufficiently confirms tradition. Not only does it lack the charm and vigour of the earlier dialogues, but it is marked also by much uncouthness of style, and by a tendency to pedantry, tautology and dis- cursive garrulity which seems to point to the failing powers of the author. Moreover, the author himself indicates his own advanced age by the artistic device of representing the three interlocutors in the dialogue as old men, and by the stress he repeatedly lays upon the fact of their age, as well as upon the reverence due from the young to the old.
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