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Qobustan - Minilliklərin GOBUSTAN- ABOOK OF MILLENNIA QOBUSTAN - MINİLLİKLƏRİN Nəşr Azərbaycan Respublikası Mədəniyyət və Turizm Nazirliyi və "PAŞA Həyat Sığorta" Açıq Səhmdar Cəm iyyətinin dəstəyi ila hazırlanıb KlTABI This edition has been prepared w ith the support of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan and "PASHA Life insurance" Open Joint Stock Company p a s h a Life Your Reliable Life Insurer l.j'orirlarəsi USBN 978-9952-8228-9-2 © Bütün hüquqlar qorunur. Kitabin materiallarindan istifada yalniz :----------------------- Q . y § a . j --------------------------: IRS Publishing House nəşriyyatının icazəsi ilə nnümkündür IRS Publishing House ® All rights reserved. Use of materials from this book is possible only with permission of the IRS Publishing House 2014 ' 0 3 , NƏŞRIYYATDAN FROM THE PUBLISHER Minilliklər öncə ilkin vətənləri olan Afrikanı tərk edən ilk insan dəstələri Hundreds of thousands of years ago, after leaving humanity's an­ yeni lorpaqları mənimsəməyə başlamışlar. Onların sayı olduqca az idi, cestral home, Africa, pioneer groups of people set out on a quest qarşıdakı təhlükələrə heç də həmişə müqavimət göstərə bilmirdilər. for new lands. They were few in number and could not always sur­ Silahları həmin dövrdə Yer kürəsində yaşayan nəhəng yırtıcıların cay- vive the threats they faced. Their weapons were primitive and far naq və dişləri ilə müqayisəda primitiv idi. Onlar soyuqdan əziyyət less effective than the claws and fangs of the giant predators of those çəkirdilər, çünki alovu qoruyub saxlamağı öyrənsələr də, onu aldə et- times. They suffered from the cold; although they had mastered the məyi hələ bacarmırdılar. Əlverişsiz hava şəraitində mağaralarda və art of keeping a fire going, they were not yet able to start one. In ağacların budaqları altmda gizlənir, ən sadə ev tikməyə belə gücləri bad weather their shelters were caves and tree branches, while the yetmirdi. Aclıq onları daima müşayiət edirdi, çünki ovçular heç də construction of even the most rudimentary home was still beyond həmişə uğur qazanmırdılar. them. Hunger was their constant companion, as hunters were rarely Lakin bütün çətinliklərə baxmayaraq, onlar dağ və çayları, meşə lu cky və çölləri keçərək irəliyə doğru gedirdilər. Balkə də məhz həmin ağır *İR S * HERITAGE* НАСЛЕДИЕ* And yet, they moved on, crossing mountains and rivers, forests and günlərdə insanda üfüqün о biri tərəfində olanları görmək, yeni şeyləri grasslands. Perhaps it was then, in those hard times, that people first kaşf etmək arzusu baş qaldırmışdır. Bu dəyişikliklərə canatma sivi- developed the strong desire to see what was beyond the horizon, lizasiyanın inkişafına təkan verəcəkdi. Və bu yola çıxmadan yüzlər- to discover new things. And this desire for change was to become lə, bəlkə də minlarlə il sonra planetin har tərəfində tonqallar the driving force for the development of civilization. Centuries, per­ yandırıldı, isti ocaqlar-yer üzündəki zülməti azacıq dağıdan, atrafı haps even millennia after that first exodus, bonfires were alight across aydınladan, insan əmayinin bəhrəsi olan ilk işıq meydana galdi. the planet, the first man-made light to make some impression on Əlbəttə, bela işıqların, galəcak sivilizasiyaların ilk mənbəlarinin sayı the darkness of the world. çox deyildi. Onların har birinin öz taleyi var idi. Bir hissəsi şəharlər, Of course, there weren't so many of these fires, the first foci of fu­ dövlatlər və hətta imperiyaların yaranması üçün təməl rolunu oynayan ture civilization and each had its own fate. Some were precursors nəhang mədaniyyətlarin müjdaçisi olduğu halda, digarlari sönüb get- of powerful cultures, lighting the way for cities, states and even em­ di, onların külü yağış suları ila yuyuldu, başqa tarixi hadisalar pires. Others died out, their ash washed away by rains and buried naticəsində unuduldu. in the depths of history. Lakin bu ocaqların har biri bizim üçün doğmadır. Onların yaxınlığında But every one of these milestones is dear to us. The household items qorunub saxlamlmış maişət əşyaları va amək alatləri - bizdən xeyli and tools that have survived, evidence of a life so distant from us, uzaq olan hayatın sübutları səssiz deyil. Bu gün onların dili mütaxas- are by no means silent. They speak to today's experts - historians, sislar - tarixçi, arxeoloq, antropoloq va paleontoloqlar tərafindən başa archaeologists, anthropologists and palaeontologists. And through düşülür. Va biz Bəşəriyyətin keçmali olduğu uzun Yolun necə başlandığı them we can and should hear the story of how it all happened at barada hekayani onlarla birlikda dinlayə bilərik va dinldmaliyik da. the beginning of humanity's long trek. As the great scholar, educa­ Çünki böyük maarifçi alim, Azərbaycan elmi tarixşünaslığının banisi tor and founder of Azerbaijani scientific historiography, Abbasgulu Abbasqulu ağa Bakıxanovun dediyi kimi, "keçmişdan xabari olmadan Bakikhanov, argued, "living in the present without knowing the past bu günla yaşamaq səhraya yolsuz daxil olmaq va orada maqsədsiz is tantamount to entering a desert without a path and wandering dolaşmaq demakdir". around there without purpose." VƏZAMAN ' ’Ж - . HEARTHS AND TIME - ■ ‘ if- '•J ’ . r- Bəşəriyyətin təkamül ağacı çətin və qeyri- bərabər böyüyür. Onu ən azı səmaya üz tutmuş səfv ağacına bənzətmək mümkündür. 0 daha çox iri gövdəsi olan, budaqlarının bif hissəsi qüvvə toplamamış quruyan, digər qismi isə əlverişsiz hava şəraitinə tab gətirməyərek əyilən, lakin əksər budaqları yarpaqlara bürünerək günəşə meyl edən nəheng palıd ağacını xatırladır. Lakin bəzən onlar üçün də '?69Bk. ağır məqamlar başlayır. Ve bu zamən belə bir təəssürat yaranır ki, inkişaf dayanmış, başlan- mış durğunluq isə heç vaxt sona çatmayacaq. Lakin illər keçir, yüzilliklar bir-birini əvəz edir və budaqlar yenidən yaşıllaşır. The tree of human evolution grows slowly and unevenly It least of all resembles a cypress pointing to the sky. It is rather more ^ ' -I' PK'* like a mighty oak with spreading crown. Some of its branches dry out even before V w -', , '* . ■«■' tv « "■ı»#ı ‘ they gain growth, others, unable to stand • ? -^ ' M the test of weather, becomelyvisted, but \ S - ^ k >■ most of the branches, dressed in leaves, reach for the sun. Eve>i they endure bad tirpeş, however. Sometimes growth appears^ halted in endless crisis. But as years and cen­ ■’Цбй^&зеС' turies replace each other, the branches renew th^lr greenery. OCAQ.LAR VƏ ZAMAN 8 HEARTHS AND TIME 9 2007-ci ildə Qobustan YUNESKO tə rə fin d ə n In 2007, UNESCO included Gobustan into the world Bəşəriyyətin ümumdünya mədəni irs siyahısına list of cultural heritage of hunnanity daxil edilib. Bizləri bəşər sivilizasiyasinin meydana gəldiyi dövrdən The emergence of human civilization stands so far dis­ ayıran zaman о qədər uzun, ətraf mühitə təsiri yenicə tant and the traces of early reasoned behaviour are so başlamış insanın şüurlu fəaliyyətinin izlərini aşkar et- difficult to detect from the insignificance of their impact m ək isə 0 dərəcədə çətindir ki, qədim acdadlarımızın on the surrounding world that any discoveries of our an­ məskənlərinin tapılması hər dəfə sensasiyaya çevrilir. Lakin cestral habitats always create a sensation. But only further study of günümüzədək gəlib çatmış məlşat əşyaları və əmək alətlərinin son- surviving household items and tools can provide the information nec­ radan öyrənilməsi nəticəsində minilliklər öncə hadisələrin necə essary to understand the nature of things so many millennia ago. And cerəyan etdiyini anlamaq üçün zəruri material əldə edillr. Bu baxım- so Gobustan, with its numerous rock drawings, represents a unique dan çoxsaylı qayaüstü rəsmlərlə zəngin olan Qobustan unlkal daş kitab book in stone, whose pages describe the lifestyle, occupations, be­ kim i çıxış edir. Bu kitabın səhifələrində burada məskunlaşmış insanların liefs and arts of the settlers. It is in essence a chronicle of one cen­ həyat tərzi, məşğuliyyətiəri, inancları, ilkin incəsənəti öz əksini tap- tre of civilization engraved on rock. mışdır. Bu abidə faktiki oiaraq dünya sivilizasiyası ocaqlanndan birinin There are many mentions of Gobustan and even more photos of the qayalara həkk olunmuş salnaməsidir. rock drawings discovered there in literature. But no publication ad­ Elmi ədəbiyyatda Qobustan barədə qeydlərə, üstəlik burada aşkar dressed to the wider audience gives complete answers to the main olunmuş qayaüstü rəsmlərin fotoşakillərinə çox rast gəlinir. Lakin geniş questions that inevitably arise in anyone who sees this evidence of oxucu kütləsi üçün nəzərdə tutulmuş bu nəşrlərin heç biri siviliza- early civilization. Who were these people? Why did they choose this siyanın başlanğıcına dair bu dəlilləri öz gözləri ilə görən hər kəsdə land? How did settlement in Gobustan evolve? It must be said that ж » а O T A Q L A R v ə z a m a n -1^ H -R T H istər-istərməz yaranan əsas suallara hələ ki, tarn cavab verə it is extremely difficult to answer these questions. Moreover, there bilməmişdir. Bu insanlar kim olub? Nə üçün yaşamaq üçün məhz bu- are no unequivocal answers. But a great many conjectures, theories ranı seçiblər? Qobustandakı məskənlərin tarixi necə inkişaf etmişdir? and hypotheses have already been expressed. Some among them are Etiraf etmək lazımdır ki, bu sualları cavablandrmaq olduqca çatindir. fantastic and contradictory, but sooner or later the truth w ill be found Üstəlik birmənalı cavablar ümumiyyətlə məqbul hesab edilmir. Lakin and the mystery of Gobustan w ill be solved. That will be another step təxminlər, nəzəriyyələr, fərziyyələr irəli
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