L'attaque De La Ka'ba Par Les Rois Yéménites Avant L'islam. Aìbar Et

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L'attaque De La Ka'ba Par Les Rois Yéménites Avant L'islam. Aìbar Et «IL VOULUT DÉTRUIRE LE TEMPLE» L’attaque de la Ka‘ba par les rois yéménites avant l’islam. AÌbar et Histoire PAR ALFRED LOUIS DE PRÉMARE Professeur émérite à l'Université de Provence RÉSUMÉ L’auteur analyse plusieurs récits légendaires arabes et musulmans autour du thème des attaques des rois yéménites (Tubba‘, Abukarib, Abraha) contre la Kaaba à l’époque pré-islamique. Il s’interroge sur la relation entre aÌbar et his- toire, et recherche les sources de ces relations: poésie arabe ancienne reliée à des événements? informations juives sur le Temple de Jérusalem? écrits juifs et Écritures judaïques? Il suggère finalement que ces récits, dans leur forme ac- tuelle, représentent la part islamique à la polémique sectaire générale autour du Temple et de la finalité de l’histoire religieuse. Mots-clés: histoire, Ìabar, Temple, Ka‘ba, Yémen, Qurays. ABSTRACT The author analyses several arabic and islamic tales about the theme of attacks against the Ka‘ba by Yemenite kings in pre-Islamic time (Tubba‘, Abukarib, Abraha). He wonders about what is the relation of aÌbar to history, and searchs for the sources of these tales: ancient arabic poetry linked to events? Jewish in- formations about the Temple of Jerusalem? Judaic written and Scriptures? He finally suggests that the tales, in their present shape, represent the Islamic share in the general and sectarian polemic about the Temple and the aim of the reli- gious history. Key words: history, Ìabar, Temple, Ka‘ba, Yemen, Qurays. Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 261-367 262 A.L. DE PRÉMARE TABLE DES MATIERES Introduction: données historiques et aÌbar I. Abukarib As‘ad: Médine et la Ka‘ba 1. Les données épigraphiques 2. Les aÌbar arabes et les aÌbar musulmans 2.1. Tubba‘ / Abukarib et Médine 2.2. Tubba‘ / Abukarib et la Ka‘ba 2.3. La Pierre d’angle du temple 2.4. Abukarib et l’ordalie 2.5. Abukarib et le sanctuaire de Ri’am à Sanaa 3. Commentaire 3.1. Les problèmes de transmission 3.2. L’authentification des événements par les citations poétiques 3.3. Les Juifs dans l’épopée pré-musulmane d’Abukarib 3.4. Les rabbins défenseurs des futurs lieux-saints de l’islam 4. Les sources juives dans l’épopée pré-musulmane d’Abukarib 4.1. Le 1er et le 2e Livres des Maccabées 4.1.1. Héliodore 4.1.2. Antiochos IV 4.2. La Mishna et le Talmud : Alexandre le Grand et le Temple de Jérusalem II. Abraha et l’attaque de la Ka‘ba 1. L’Abraha de l’histoire 1.1. Les sources 1.2. Les grandes lignes du règne d’Abraha 1.3. La prise de pouvoir 1.4. L’expédition de 552 A.D. 2. Les aÌbar des ouvrages littéraires 2.1. La prise de pouvoir d’Abraha selon Abu-l-Farag al-IÒfahani 2.1.1. Le contexte de la relation 2.1.2. Les sources yéménites d’Abu-l-Farag 2.1.3. La prise de pouvoir d’Abraha 2.2. Zuhayr Ibn Ganab et Abraha Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 261-367 IL VOULUT DÉTRUIRE LE TEMPLE 263 2.2.1. Zuhayr b. Ganab, le type du chef tribal 2.2.2. Zuhayr chez les Ghassân 2.2.3. Zuhayr, Abraha, les Bakr et les Taglib Conclusion III. Le récit de l’éléphant 1. Les aÌbar de Muqatil Ibn Sulayman 1.1. Abu-Yaksum et l’éléphant 1.2. L’expédition du Négus. Ses causes 1.3. ‘Abd-al-Mu††alib et le Négus 1.4. ‘Abd-al-Mu†talib et la Ka‘ba 1.5. L’attaque des oiseaux 1.6. ‘Abd-al-Mu†talib, Abu-Mas‘ud et le butin 1.7. Paraphrase de la sourate al-Fil. Extraits poétiques. Date de l’événement 1.8. Le Négus, les Ethiopiens et Qurays 2. al-Zuhri et Ma‘mar Ibn Rasid 3. Les aÌbar issues de la tradition d’Ibn IsÌaq 3.1. Introduction 3.2. La profanation de l’église de Sanaa 3.3. Les prodromes de l’attaque 3.4. ‘Abd-al-Mu†talib et Abraha 3.5. L’éléphant et les oiseaux 3.5. Le toponyme «al-Mugammas» 3.7. Les éléphants 3.8. Le doute au cœur du Ìadi† al-fil 4. Le Ìadi† al-fil d’Ibn Îabib 5. Îadi† al-fil et interprétation de l’histoire des Arabes 5.1. Ibn Bukayr et les deux momies 5.2. Ibn Hisam et la Ka‘ba IV. La sourate 105: al-Fil 1. La sourate 105 et la sourate 106 2. Les oiseaux ababil Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 261-367 264 A.L. DE PRÉMARE 3. Les pierres et le Siggil 4. Herbe / chaume dévoré 5. L’éléphant / les éléphants 6. Le midrash coranique 7. Le 3e Livre des Maccabées 8. Les éléphants de l’hippodrome et les aÒÌab al-fil Bibliographie. Introduction: données historiques et aÌbar Selon al-Azraqi [m. 222 / 837], dans ses AÌbar Makka, il y eut dans les anciens temps trois attaques contre La Mekke par trois rois du Yé- men différents, désignés sous le nom générique de Tubba‘. Selon un ré- cit attribué à Ibn IsÌaq [m. ± 150 / 767], l’un de ces rois aurait même voulu profaner le lieu saint et s’emparer de la Pierre d’angle. Selon tous les récits attribués à Ibn IsÌaq il se serait attaqué également au futur lieu saint de Médine. Chaque fois, il dut renoncer, mais, une fois converti au judaïsme, il aurait détruit, à son retour à Sanaa, le sanctuaire de l’idole Ri’am, et cette fois-là, aucune intervention, ni divine ni humaine, ne l’en empêcha. Le roi auquel sont le plus souvent attribués ces gestes serait le souverain Ìimyarite Abukarib As‘ad. Enfin, toujours à partir d’Ibn IsÌaq, les historiographes musulmans racontent que le temple de la Ka‘ba fut attaqué, peu avant l’islam, par le roi Abraha muni d’un élé- phant, mais que le temple fut miraculeusement protégé par l’intervention de Dieu. Ce dernier récit est plus largement connu car il a été conçu pour fournir un cadre historique à la sourate 105 du Coran, al-Fil, «L’élé- phant». Mais il convient de ne pas l’isoler du cycle légendaire dont il n’est que le dernier épisode, introduisant directement la biographie du prophète de l’islam: le grand-père de celui-ci, ‘Abd-al-Mu††alib, aurait été au centre du drame, et MuÌammad, selon un certain nombre de tradi- tions, serait né précisément durant «l’année de l’Eléphant». Parallèlement à cet ensemble de récits légendaires, existent un certain nombre de données attestées historiquement par les inscriptions sud-ara- Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 261-367 IL VOULUT DÉTRUIRE LE TEMPLE 265 biques concernant Abukarib et Abraha d’une part, et, de l’autre, par les informations que l’on trouve dans les sources historiographiques exter- nes, principalement en grec, notamment celles qui concernent Abraha et qui lui sont directement contemporaines. Les récits légendaires des sources islamiques ont été confrontés aux données des inscriptions et des sources externes. Bien que cette confron- tation ne soit pas l’objet de mon étude présente, je serai amené à faire état de certaines de ces recherches spécialisées dans les limites de ce que j’en connais, et dans la mesure où elles sont susceptibles de mettre en lumière, par contraste, la nature particulière des sources islamiques rela- tives au thème général de «l’attaque du temple». En effet, les narrations arabes anciennes, surtout, mais pas seulement, celles qui concernent la période préislamique, ne peuvent être utilisées en matière historique qu’après une analyse appropriée à leur nature. Les auteurs anciens les désignaient sous le nom d’aÌbar de la même façon qu’ils désignaient leurs transmetteurs sous le nom d’aÌbariyyun, désignation initiale des «historiens». Mon propos est donc d’effectuer un parcours dans les pre- miers aÌbar musulmans qui nous sont parvenus sur le thème de l’attaque du temple, pour tenter de définir la nature des informations qu’ils véhi- culent. Je commencerai par rappeler ce que sont les aÌbar d’une façon générale. Les aÌbar sont des «histoires» au sens restreint et banal du terme, des «anecdotes», des récits ou bons mots circonstantiels, dont chacun — Ìabar — constitue une unité indépendante et ne se réfère à aucun autre matériel que celui qu’il présente. Dans ce matériel, les vers, les pro- verbes, les sentences qui sont cités font corps avec le récit qu’ils illustrent et en deviennent la «pointe». Les récits, en effet, en sont pré- sentés d’abord comme la circonstance, le sabab; par quoi on peut sou- vent considérer un Ìabar comme un récit étiologique; le même genre s’en trouve dans les traditions bibliques auxquelles il est souvent appa- renté1. Si, dans un ouvrage — anthologie littéraire, dictionnaire géogra- phique, encyclopédie lexicologique, ouvrage historiographique, etc. — nous pouvons avoir plusieurs aÌbar qui se suivent sur un thème, un 1 Cf. par ex. Genèse 4, 19-23; 16, 13-14. Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 261-367 266 A.L. DE PRÉMARE personnage ou un lieu donnés, au départ aucun lien causal originel ne les lie entre eux, d’autant que leur source respective est généralement différente. Un même vers, en effet, ou un même extrait poétique, ou un même bon mot ou proverbe, peuvent se retrouver utilisés pour d’autres circonstances, et mis sous le nom de poètes différents et éloignés dans l’espace ou le temps; cela est particulièrement vrai pour les vers, lesquels, généralement, sont purement allusifs et se prê- tent aux remaniements et aux réutilisations multiples.
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