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Biomedical Engineering (BME 7014) [2016] Neuroanatomy Lab N

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Biomedical Engineering (BME 7014) [2016] Neuroanatomy Lab N Module #2 – Human Functional Anatomy - Biomedical Engineering (BME 7014) [2016] Neuroanatomy Lab Notes and Guide Specimens and Models Available in the Lab: 1. Whole brains and hemi-sected brains 2. Prosected brain specimens and brain models 3. Dural caps 4. Prosected specimen of cerebral falx and cerebellar tentorium 5. Brainstem models 6. Spinal cords (wet specimens) and spinal cord models 7. Prosected specimen of spinal cord The Brain Objectives: 1. Identify and describe the functional importance of the main divisions of the brain. 2. Name the lobes of the brain and the function associated with each. 3. Identify and describe the main fissures and sulci of the brain. 4. Describe the main structural divisions of the brainstem, and identify the cranial nerves that arise from each. 5. Identify the components of the diencephalon in a mid-sagittal section of the brain and describe their functions. 1. Using both whole brains and hemi-sected brains provided, identify the main divisions of the brain including the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), and cerebellum. 2. Using coronal and axial brain sections identify the gray and white matter components of the forebrain 3. Identify the lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal) and match them with the following functional areas: a. Frontal lobe: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex b. Parietal lobe: primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex c. Temporal lobe: primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex d. Occipital lobe: primary visual cortex Which is the largest lobe? Which lobe of the brain is primarily motor in function? somatosensory in function? Which cortical area is most concerned with abstract thinking, decision making, foresight, and appropriate social behavior? Which lobe is involved in processing visual information? Auditory information? 4. Using an intact specimen of the brain, locate the longitudinal cerebral fissure, lateral fissure (of Sylvius), central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus and calcarine sulcus. BME 0714 – Lab #2 (Pg. 1) What separates the cerebral hemispheres from one another? What structure normally occupies the space between the cerebellum and cerebrum? 5. Using both an isolated brainstem specimen and a model of the brainstem, distinguish between the 3 divisions (midbrain, pons and medulla) of the brain stem. Locate the sites of attachment of the 10 pairs of cranial nerves that arise from the brain stem. Which cranial nerves do not arise from the brainstem? Which cranial nerves carry only sensory fibres? Only motor fibres? Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres? What structures do they innervate? Which cranial nerve innervate the muscles responsible for eye movement? Meningeal Layers & Blood Supply of Brain Objectives: 1. Identify and understand the structural relationship of the various aspects of the meningeal layers in relation to the CNS. 2. Describe the key anatomical features of the ventricular system, and its functional significance to normal CNS function. 3. Identify the arteries responsible for providing blood to the various regions of the brain. 1. Using brain specimens identify the dura, arachnoid, pia mater, and the subarachnoid space. Where are the superficial arteries/veins of the brain located relative to the meningeal layers? Is there a cranial epidural space? Is there a spinal epidural space? What is a subdural hematoma? Epidural hematoma? 2. Examine the demonstration specimen in which the left half of the head and brain has been removed. Identify the following aspects of the dural septae (cerebral falx, cerebellar tentorium) and examine their relationship to several important dural venous sinuses (superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse sinuses). What are the functions of the dural septae? Of what significance are the venous sinuses? What vein do the venous sinuses ultimately drain into? 3. Examine the model of the cerebral ventricular system. Identify the lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle and 4th ventricle in a model and on a prosected brain specimen. Trace the flow of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricular system. Identify the lateral ventricles in prosected specimens. How does cerebrospinal fluid exit the subarachnoid space? What is hydrocephalus? BME 0714 – Lab #2 (Pg. 2) 4. Identify the main arteries (internal carotid, vertebral, basilar, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, posterior cerebral, posterior communicating arteries) that provide blood to the brain (Note: It may be necessary to look at more than one brain specimen when attempting to identify the various arteries.) Which vessels form the arterial circle (of Willis)? Identify the vessels. Of what significance is this arterial circle? What artery is formed at the terminal end of the basilar artery? What cortical areas are supplied by the middle and anterior cerebral arteries? What cortical area is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery? The Spinal Cord Objectives: 1. Review the key structural features of the vertebral column. 2. Identify and describe the function of the key structural features of the spinal cord. 1. Using a model of the vertebral column, review the parts of the neural arch of a typical vertebrae (pedicles, laminae, transverse and spinous processes). Identify the vertebral canal and the intervertebral foramina formed by the apposition of the superior and inferior vertebral notches 2. Note the anatomical relationship of the spinal cord to the vertebral column. Using both the prosected spinal cord in situ, as well as a model of the spinal cord within the vertebral canal, identify the epidural space, filum terminale, lumbar cistern, conus medullaris, and the cervical and lumbro-sacral enlargements. At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end in the adult? At what vertebral level does the dural-arachnoid sleeve end? Of what clinical significance is this? What is the cauda equina? 3. Using a model, examine the surface of the spinal cord in a transverse section and locate the central grey matter and the surrounding white matter. Identify the dorsal and ventral horns, intermediate grey, and the central canal. In what region(s) of the spinal cord would you expect the volume of gray matter to be smallest? Largest? Why? Why does the amount of white matter increase considerably from lumbro-sacral to cervical levels of the cord? 4. Using the wet isolated spinal cord specimens provided along with the pre-dissected specimen of the spinal cord in situ, identify the dura, arachnoid, pia, and the subarachnoid space. Locate the dorsal & ventral root and rootlets, and the dorsal root ganglion. What do dorsal root ganglia contain? BME 0714 – Lab #2 (Pg. 3) .
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