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Agaricus Bisporus): a Review

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Agaricus Bisporus): a Review applied sciences Review Nutritional, Medicinal, and Cosmetic Value of Bioactive Compounds in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): A Review Muhammad Usman 1, Ghulam Murtaza 2 and Allah Ditta 3,4,* 1 Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan 4 School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Fungi are vital to numerous industrial and household processes, especially producing cheeses, beer, wine, and bread, and they are accountable for breaking down organic matter. The remarkable medicinal and nutritional values of the mushrooms have increased their consumption. Agaricus bisporus belongs to the Agaricaceae family, and it is a top-ranked cultivated mushroom that is well known for its edibility. A. bisporus is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and minerals and has potential anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation properties. The bioactive compounds extracted from this mushroom can be used for the treatment of several Citation: Usman, M.; Murtaza, G.; common human diseases including cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, diabetes, heart disorder, Ditta, A. Nutritional, Medicinal, and and skin problems. A. bisporus has opened new horizons for the world to explore mushrooms as far Cosmetic Value of Bioactive Compounds in Button Mushroom as their culinary and medicinal values are concerned. In recent years, tyrosinase and ergothioneine (Agaricus bisporus): A Review. Appl. have been extracted from this mushroom, which has made this mushroom worth considering more Sci. 2021, 11, 5943. https:// for nutritional and medicinal purposes. To emphasize various aspects of A. bisporus, a comprehensive doi.org/10.3390/app11135943 review highlighting the nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic values and finding out the research gaps is presented. In this way, it would be possible to improve the quality and quantity of bioactive Academic Editor: compounds in A. bisporus, ultimately contributing to the discovery of new drugs and the responsible Panagiota Diamantopoulou mechanisms. In the present review, we summarize the latest advancements regarding the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic properties of A. bisporus. Moreover, research gaps with future research Received: 31 May 2021 directions are also discussed. Accepted: 23 June 2021 Published: 26 June 2021 Keywords: Agaricus bisporus; culinary; bioactive compounds; tyrosinase; ergothioneine Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction iations. With an increase in the world population, interest in the cultivation and subsequent consumption of mushrooms as a food source has increased. Since 1990, the world started focusing on the mushroom industry, and it resulted in a rapid increase in its production [1,2]. Mushrooms have become one of the most important sources of functional food and medicines Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. in recent years [3,4]. The demand for edible mushrooms has increased due to their taste, This article is an open access article flavor, and nutrient content [5,6]. Mushrooms are better alternatives to animal proteins and distributed under the terms and other animal products, and this fact has been supported through various studies conducted conditions of the Creative Commons in the past [5,7–9]. Several forms of vitamins in mushrooms are responsible for improving Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// health by decreasing the risk of various diseases in humans [10]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Agaricus is one of the largest genera of macrofungi, with several edible species that 4.0/). have medicinal and high nutritional values [11]. Agaricus bisporus (J. E. Lange) Imbach, a Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5943. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11135943 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 17 Appl. Sci. 2021 , 11, 5943 2 of 16 Agaricus is one of the largest genera of macrofungi, with several edible species that memberhave of the medicinal Agaricaceae and high family, nutritional ranks at values the top [11]. among Agaricus cultivated bisporus mushrooms,(J. E. Lange) Imbach, and is a well knownmember for itsof edibility.the Agaricaceae It is considered family, ranks as one at the of the top most among important cultivated mushrooms mushrooms, based and is on its culinarywell known and medicinalfor its edibility. values It [ 12is ].considered Production as andone consumptionof the most important of this mushroom mushrooms have beenbased consistently on its culinary increasing and medicinal for the last values six to [12]. seven Production decades. Chinaand consumption ranks at the of top this with themushroom highest production have been consistently of A. bisporus increasing. It exports for theA. bisporuslast six tomainly seven decades. to Russia, China Japan, ranks Vietnam,at Korea,the top and with Thailand the highest and production in low amounts of A. bisporus to Australia,. It exports as well A. asbisporus several mainly European to Rus‐ and Africansia, Japan, countries Vietnam, [13]. Korea, and Thailand and in low amounts to Australia, as well as sev‐ Buttoneral European mushroom and is anotherAfrican countries name of A. [13]. bisporus and it is a valuable source of food and several importantButton bioactive mushroom compounds is another [name14]. Several of A. bisporus important and bioactiveit is a valuable compounds source haveof food been isolatedand several from importantA. bisporus bioactiveduring compounds the past few [14]. years Several [15]. important The bioactive bioactive compounds compounds with nutritionalhave been value isolated in A.from bisporus A. bisporuscontribute during tothe human past few health. years Several[15]. The studies bioactive have com‐ also reportedpounds the with role nutritional of this mushroom value in A. inbisporus the cosmetics contribute industry to human as health. it contains Several certain studies constituentshave also that reported enhance the facial role of beauty this mushroom by controlling in the variouscosmetics skin industry problems as it contains [8,16,17 cer]. ‐ A summarytain constituents of the nutritional, that enhance medicinal, facial beauty and cosmeticby controlling value various of A. skin bisporus problemsis given [8,16,17]. in Figure1A. summary of the nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic value of A. bisporus is given in Figure 1. •Carbohydrate and Fiber •Protein and amino acid Nutritional •Fat content value •Mineral content •Vitamins •Sugars • Antioxidant •Anticancer Medicinal •Anti‐diabetic value •Anti‐obesity •Antimicrobial •Anti‐inflammatory Cosmetic •Creams value •Lotions Figure 1. A summary of nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic value of Agaricus bisporus. Figure 1.From A summary Figure 1of, itnutritional, is clear that medicinal,A. bisporus and cosmetichas great value potential of Agaricus from bisporus. nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic aspects. There is a need to emphasize these aspects, and this could only be possible throughFrom aFigure comprehensive 1, it is clear reviewthat A. bisporus of multidimensional has great potential aspects from of nutritional,A. bisporus mediciand ‐ findingnal, out and the researchcosmetic gaps. aspects. In There this way, is a theneed quality to emphasize and quantity these aspects, of bioactive and this compounds could only in A. bisporusbe possiblewould through be enhanced, a comprehensive ultimately review contributing of multidimensional towards nutritional, aspects of medicinal, A. bisporus and cosmeticand finding aspects. out The the newresearch research gaps. work In this may way, also the result quality in and the discovery quantity of of bioactive new drugs com‐ from thepounds bioactive in A. compounds bisporus would in A. be bisporus enhanced,by employing ultimately latestcontributing state-of-the-art towards technolo-nutritional, gies. Basedmedicinal, on these and hypotheses, cosmetic aspects. the present The new review research aims work to have may a also comprehensive result in the viewdiscovery of the nutritional,of new drugs medicinal, from the and bioactive cosmetic compounds value of bioactive in A. bisporus compounds by employing in Agaricus latest bisporus state‐of. ‐ 2. Nutritional Value Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of A. bis- porus [8,18–25]. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5943 3 of 16 Tables1 and2 represent the various nutritional components of A. bisporus found in different studies. A. bisporus is relatively rich in carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as compared to some other widely consumed species [26]. According to El Sebaaly et al. [27], mushrooms exhibit different nutritional value when grown on different substrates. Table 1. Nutritional status of A. bisporus. Raw Nutritional Value/100 g Energy 94 KJ (22 kcal) Water 92.43 g Fats 0.34 g Proteins 3.09 g Carbohydrates 3.26 g Dietary fibers 1 g Sugar 1.65 g Iron 0.50 mg Vitamin C 2.1 mg Niacin (Vit B3) 3.607 mg Riboflavin (Vit B2) 0.402 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 1.497 mg Source:
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