Fish Anatomy

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Fish Anatomy Objectives: become acquainted with the general external and internal structures of fishes, and how they vary functionally and taxonomically Head mouth mouth position – superior, terminal, sub-terminal, inferior teeth types and locations barbels, tubercules – what are their positions and uses? sensory pores nares Body shapes – which taxa have each, what are the advantages of each type? fusiform sagittaform aguilliform compressiform depressiform filiform Fins – what are each used for? how does their presence or location vary among taxa? paired fins: pelvic pectoral anal single fins: dorsal - one or two; rarely three, as in cod family (median) caudal - adipose spines vs. rays Internal organs GI tract, reproductive organs, excretory system including kidneys, liver gas bladder (present or absent, sealed or unsealed, connected or not to other organs) Body musculature (more on these later when we talk about swimming) hypaxial muscles epaxial muscles myomeres Skin and scales presence, absence, or partial covering of scales functions of scales types of scales: placoid, ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid, scutes skin pigmentation: melanophores Anatomy, cont. Terms/structures you should know: Osteology Skull branchial arches; gill rakers premaxilla, maxilla, dentary operculum: opercle, subopercle, preopercle, interopercle bones which have teeth attached, including pharyngeal teeth otoliths Vetebral column neural spine, neural arch, neural canal centrum zygopophysis, basapophysis hemal spine, hemal arch (not always present?), hemal canal ribs (dorsal - epipleurals, and ventral - pleurals) Caudal skeleton urostyle hypurals epurals Appendicular skeleton pterygiophores lepidotrichia ceratotrichia pectoral girdle - cleithrum pelvic girdle .

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BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes
click for previous page BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes GENERAL REMARKS by K.E. Carpenter, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA ony fishes constitute the bulk, by far, of both the diversity and total landings of marine organisms encoun- Btered in fisheries of the Western Central Atlantic.They are found in all macrofaunal marine and estuarine habitats and exhibit a lavish array of adaptations to these environments. This extreme diversity of form and taxa presents an exceptional challenge for identification. There are 30 orders and 269 families of bony fishes presented in this guide, representing all families known from the area. Each order and family presents a unique suite of taxonomic problems and relevant characters. The purpose of this preliminary section on technical terms and guide to orders and families is to serve as an introduction and initial identification guide to this taxonomic diversity. It should also serve as a general reference for those features most commonly used in identification of bony fishes throughout the remaining volumes. However, I cannot begin to introduce the many facets of fish biology relevant to understanding the diversity of fishes in a few pages. For this, the reader is directed to one of the several general texts on fish biology such as the ones by Bond (1996), Moyle and Cech (1996), and Helfman et al.(1997) listed below. A general introduction to the fisheries of bony fishes in this region is given in the introduction to these volumes. Taxonomic details relevant to a specific family are explained under each of the appropriate family sections. The classification of bony fishes continues to transform as our knowledge of their evolutionary relationships improves.
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