V'0Ad>^ C. CRISPI SALLUSTI1 OPERA, EXCEPTIS FRAGMENTIS, OMNIA; AD OPTIMORUM EXEMPLARIUM FIDEM RECENSITA, NOTULIS SERMONE ANGLICANO EXARATIS ILEUSTRATA, ET INDICE NO MIN CM PHOPRIORUM UBERRIMO INSTRUCTA. STUDIO. JOANNIS DYMOCK, LL.D. EDITIO NONA.

EDINBURGI: TYPIS ET SUMPTIBUS OLIVER & BOYD, APUD BOSDEM VENALIA PRO ST ANT ; ET LONDINI, APUD SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, St SOC. 1841. [Pries Two Shillings and Sixpence bound.] ^ B - \l976/''tv

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Pauca sunt, quae, dehujus libelli ratione, legen- tium ipsorum et caussl nostri, praefanda esse vide- antur. Consilium a nobis complexum in operi- bus C. Julii Caesaris et Deeerptis ex P. Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseon libris secuti sumus; propterea qudd docentibus, saltern Nostratibus, baud displicuit. Editionum nostri auctoris copiam habuimns ne- quaquam aspernandam, ex quibus lectiones ele- gimus quae, judicio nostro, ad pristinam fere ser- monis integritatem Sallustii opera reducerent. Codicum fidem secuti, verba plurhna, ab inter- pretibus temere extrusa, tanquam spuria aut su- pervacanea, restituimus, orationi mentique aucto- ris consulentes; qua re multorum sensus locorum rudioribus, quorum nunquam fuimus immemores, facilius captandus. Consilio eodem usi, libros Sallustianos interpretari, eorumque priorem par- tem omni cur& retractare, constituimus. Notulas, gratis tyronum, in locos aliqua obscuritate labor- antes, auctore ilia insigni breviloquentia gau- dente, aut inusitatam verbis notissimis sententiam iv subjiciente, conscripsimus, “ quo ad cognoscen- dum, omnia illustria magis, magisque in aperto sint." Quseque videbantur digna, ut pluribus verbis explicentur, in Indice nominum Proprio- rum posuimus, sumptibus usuique Icctorum in- servientes. Omnes, qui nobis nostrisque studiis fa vent, hu- manissimis verbis rogamus, ut nobis, hunc libel- lum edentibus eodemque tempore muneris scho- lastici officia praestantibus, alicubi peccantes vide- rint, benignius indulgeant, quod beneficium pec- tore nostro nunquam labetur. 1FSISaiDCCCXXIV. KALINDIS MAU, S) C. CRISPI SALLUSTI1 DE CONJURATIONE CATILINE EJUSQUE SOCIORUM LIBER. OMNES homines, qui sese student praestare ce- teris animalibus, summa ope niti decet1, vitam silentio 2 ne transeant, veluti pecora, quae natura prona atque ventri obedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vis in animo et corpore sita est; animi im- perio, corporis servitio magis utimur: alterum nobis cum dis, alterum cum belluis3 commune est. Quo mihi rectius4 esse videtur, ingenii, quam virium opibus6 gloriam quaerere, et, quo- niam vita ipsa, qua fruimur, brevis est, memo- riam nostri quam maxumes longam efficere. Nam divitiarum et formas gloria fluxa atque fragilis est; virtus clara aeternaque habetur. Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis, an virtute animi, res militaris6 magis procederet. Nam et prius, quam incipias, consulto; et, ubi 1 stare Ordo ceteris est; animalibus, Decet omnes niti homines,summa ope, qui ij-c. student * Silentio, sese ]>ribus; with ingeniipowers. qudm • Militaris virium, res, by ourthe intellectual success of a than military by our enterprise. corporeal 2 SALLUSTII CATILINA. consulueris, mature facto opus est. Ita utrumque per se intligens, alterum alterius auxilio veget. II. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen imperii id primum fuit1) diversi2, pars ingenium, alii corpus exercebant: etiam turn vita hominum sine cupiditate agitabatur ; sua cuique satis place- bant. Postea verb quam in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses ccepere urbes atque nationes subigere, lubidinem dominandi causam belli habere, maxumam gloriam in maxumo im- perio putare; turn demum periculo atque negotiis compertum est, in bello plurimum ingenium posse. Qubd si regum atque imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita, uti in bello, valeret, aequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae haberent; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac misceri omnia cerneres. Nam imperium facile his artibus re- tinetur, quibus initio partum est. Verum, ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et sequitate lubido atque superbia invasere, fortuna3 simul cum moribus immutatur. Ita imperium semper ad optumum quemque a minus bono transfertur. Quae homines arant, navigant, aedificant, virtuti omnia parent4. Sed multi mortales, dediti ventri atque somno, indocti incultique vitam, sicuti pere- 1 authority; Id fuit primummonarchy nomen was imperii,the first that form was of the government. first title of * Diversi, applied themselves differently: in consequence3 of different opinions, they4 acted on different plans. For- thetuna vigour (Principum). of the mind, Parenti. e. to thevirtuti right (animi), exercise pay of thehomage mental to faculties;they were inventedare the result and improved.of the powers of the mind, by which SALLUSTII CATILINA. gririantes, transegere; quibus, profecto contra naturam, corpus voluptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortemque juxta asstumo, quo- niam de utraque siletur1. Verum enim verb is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima2 videtur, qui, aliquo negotio'inlentus, praeclari facinaris aut artis bonae famam quaerit. Sed, in magna copia rerum, aliud alii natura iter ostendit. III. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicse: etiam bene dicere3 baud absurdum est. Vel pace, vel bello, clarum fieri licet: et qui fecere, et q>*i facta aliorum scripsere, multi laudantur. Ac mihi quidem, tametsi haudquaquam par gloria sequatur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, tamen in primis arduum videtur res gestas scribere : primum, quod facta dictis sunt exaequanda4: dehinc, quia pleri- que, quae delicta reprehenderis, malivolentia et invidia dicta putant: ubi de magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, quae sibi quisque faci- lia factu putat, aequo animo accipit; supra ea, veluti ficta, pro falsis ducit. Sed ego adolescen- tulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad rempubli- cam latus sum, ibique mihi advorsa multa fuere. Nam pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute; audacia, largitio, avaritia vigebant. Quae tametsi animus aspernabatur, insolens malarum artium; 1 Siletur de utraque, i. e. vita et morte, there is silence re- specting both; 8 they leave no memorial of their having ever existed. Frui anima, to enjoy his8 rational nature; tospeak answer well forthe it.end 4 ofFacta his suntexistence. extsquanda Bene dictis, dicere,the fact* to themust subject. be equalled by the words; the style must be suited to 4 SALLUSTIX CATILIIrA tamen, inter tanta vitia, imbecilla aetas ambitione corrupta tenebatur : ac me, quum ab reliquorum malis moribus dissentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido,*eadem, quae ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat1. IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque periculis requievit, et mihi reliquam aetatem a re- publica 2 procul habenJam decrevi, non fuit con- silium, secordia atque desidia bonum otium conte- rere; neque verb agrum colendo, aut venando, servilibus officiis intentum, aetatem agere; sed a quo incepto studio me ambitio mala detinuerat, ebdem regressus, statui res gestas populi Romani carptim, ut quaeque memoria digna videbantur, perscribere; eo magis, quod mihi a spe, metu, par- tibus reipublicae, animus liber erat. Igitur de Catilinae conjuratione, quam verissume potero, paucis absolvam3: nam id facinus in primis ego memorabile existumo, sceleris atque periculi no- vitate. De cujus hominis moribus 4 pauea prius explananda sunt, quam initium narrandi faciam. >V. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. Huic ab adolescentia bella intestina, * Lectio vnria — cupido, eadem, qua ceteros, fama atque invidia,1 vexabat. quce Ordo veiabat est; ceteros, Cupido (vexabat) honoris me—vel,(et) eadem cupido fama honoris atque invidia,vexabat ceteros.me eddem If famd supported atque by invidid the authority qua (cupido of any honoris good MSS.vexabat) a insteadslight alteration of cupido. would * A remove republicd, all difficulty,from the reading administration. cupidum *’ DeAbsolvam moribus, paucis of the (verbis), character. I shall give a short account. SALLUSTII CAT1LINA. b esedes, rapinae, discordia civilis, grata fuere; ibi- que 1 juventutera suam exercuit. Corpus patiens inediae, vigiliae, algoris, supra quam cuique credi- bile est. Animus audax, subdolus, varius, cujus- libet rei simulator ac dissimulator2 ; alieni appe- tens, sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus; satis loquentiae, sapientiae parum3. Vastus animus im- moderata, incredibilia, nimis alta4, semper cupie- bat. Hunc, post dominationem Lucii Sullae, lubido maxuma invaserat reipublicae capiundse; neque, id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum pararet, quidquam pensi habebat. ^Agi- tabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox ino- pia rei familiaris, et conscientia scelerum ; qua> utraque his artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prasterea corrupt! civitatis mores, quos pessuma ac di versa inter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa hortari videtur, quo- niam de moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, su- pra repetere. ac paucis instituta majorum domi tnilitiaeque; quomodo rempublicam habuerint, quantamque reliquerint; ut, paulatim immutata, ‘ ex pulcherruma pessuma ac flagitiosissuma facta sit, disserere, /„ C'C-taA^-V VI. Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, cond'i- dere atque habuere initio Trojani, qui, Ainea duce, profugi, sedibus incertis vagabantur; cumque 1 Ibique, and in these. * Simulator ac dissimulator, a pro- tender and dissembler; i. e. 3assumed what was unreal, and dissembledtirr, of sufficient what loquacity,was true. of littleSatis wisdom.loquentite, parum* Immoderata, sa}nen- incredibilia,the unattainable. nimis alia, the. extravagant,„ the romantic, and SALLUSTII CATILINA. his Aborigines, genus hominum agreste, sine legi- bus, sine imperio, liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam inunamoenia convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alii alio more viventes; incredi- bile memoratu est quam facile coaluerint. Sed, postquam res eorum, civibus, moribus, agris auc- ta, satis prospera satisque pollens videbatur, si- cuti pleraque mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur reges populique fi- nitumi bello tentare; pauci ex amicis auxilio esse. Nam ceteri, metu percussi, a periculis aberant. ^ At Romani, domi militiaeque intenti, festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus ob- viam ire, libertatem, patriam, parentesque, armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant; magisque dandis, quam accipiundis, beneficiis1 amicitias parabant. Imperium2 legitimum , nomen im- perii regium habebant. Delecti, quibus cor- pus annis infirmum, ingenium sapientia vali- dum erat, reipublicae consultabant; hi vel aetate, vel curae similitudine, Patkes appellabantur. Post, ubi regium imperium, quod initio conser- vandae libertatis, atque augendae reipublicae3, fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque convertit; immutato more, annua imperia binosque impera- tores 4 sibi fecere : eo modo minume posse puta- bant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. 1 position Legitimum to despotic. imperium, ’ Regium, a legal government;monarchical. legal* (Causa) in op- pugendreconsuls. reipubli iv. by the 8, intreaties30—35. SALLUSTII CATILINA. 9 que tardius, revocati, proelio excesserant, quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi erant; in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis, quam metu, imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ig- noscere quam persequi malebant. X. Sed, ubi labore atque justitiarespublicacre- vit, reges magni bello domiti1, nationes ferae2, et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula im- perii Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant; saevire Fortuna, ac miscere omnia, ccepit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias at- que asperas res, facile toleraverant, iis otium, di- vitiae, optandae aliis, oneri miseriaeque fuere. Igitur prime pecuniae, deinde imperii, cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, ceterasque artes bonas, subvertit; pro his, superbiam, cru- delitatem, deos neglegere, omnia venalia habere, edocuit: ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri sub- egit; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex commodo, aestumare: magisque vultum, quam ingenium bonum habere. Haec primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari: post, ubi contagio3, quasi pestilentia, invasit, civitas immutata, imperium, ex justissumo atque optumo, crudele intolerandumque factum. 1 Magni reges domiti bello, etc. Allusion is here made to Parses, king of Macedonia, Jugurtha,a king of Numldia, althoughand Mlthridates, of the latterking ofonly Pontus. a few of The the Gauls small and states Britons, had Us/erathen submitted nationes, to the* Contagio Homans, (ritiorum). Sallustius no doubt included 10 SALLUSTII CATItINA. XI. Sed prime magis ambitio, quam avaritia, animos hominum exercebat: quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium, bonus et ignavus aequo sibi exoptant: seel ille vera via nititur; huic quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens con- cupivit: ea, quasi venenismalis imbuta, corpusani- mumque virilem efFeminat: semper infinita, insatia- bilis, neque copia, neque inopia, minuitur. 1Sed, postquam L. Sulla, armis recepta republica , ex bonis initiis malos eventus habuit; rapere omnes, trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere; neque modum, neque modestiam, victores habere, feeda crudeliaque in civibus facinora facere. Hue acce- debat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asik ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem majorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter2 habuerat. Loca amcena, voluptaria, facile in otio feroces mili- tum animos molliverant. Ibi primum.insuevit ex- ercitus populi Romani amare, potare; signa, tabu- las pictas, vasa caelata mirari; ea privatim ac pub- lice rapere3 ; delubra spoliare ; sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam vic- toriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecere. Quip- pe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant; ne- dum illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent4. 1 Becnptd republica, having recovered the government; hav- ing re-established the former Constitution. * Nimis luxuries}8 liberaliterque,ea, seized them in byexcessive violence. luxury 4 Nedumand dissipation. illi corruptis Rajtere mori- busmake temperarent, a moderate usemuch of. less could they of vicious morals SALLUSTII CATJLINA. 11 XII. Postquam divitise honori esse coepfire, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia, sequebatur; he- bescere virtu s, paupertas probro haberi, innocen- tia pro malivolentia duci ccepit. Igitur, ex divi- tiis, juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum su- perbia invasere: rapere, consumere1; sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere; pudorem, pudicitiam, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi atque moderati habere. Operap pretium est, quum do- mes atque 2villas cognoveris in urbium modum exasdificatas , visere templa deorum, quae nos- tri majores, religiosissumi mortales, fecere. Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria decorabant; neque victis quidquam praeter inju- riae licentiam eripiebant. At hi contra, ignavis- sumi homines, per summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere, quae fortissumi viri victores hosti- bus reliquerant: proinde quasi injuriam facere, id demum esset imperio uti3. XIII. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi iis qui videre, nemini credibilia sunt: a privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa esse4; quibus mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divi- tiae; quippe, quas honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem properabant. Sed lubido stu- pri, ganeae, ceterique cultus, non minor incesse- 1 Rapere, consumere, plundered, wasted. * Exadificatas in blingmodum cities urbium, in extent built andafter grandeur. the manner * Proindeof cities, quasi i. e. facereresem- missioninjuriam, of id injustice demum wereesset utithe imperio,proper justexercise as ifof the power. com- *fices Maria were constructa erected on esse, the thatbed seasof the were sea. built upon ; that edi- 12 SAIXUSTII CATILINA. rat: viri pati muliebria, mulieres pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causa terra marique omnia exquirere ; dormire prius, quam somni cu- pido esset; non famem, aut sitim, neque frigus, neque lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant. Ani- mus imbutus malis artibus baud facile lubidinibus carebat: eo profusius omnibus modis quaestui' atque sumptui deditus erat. XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate, Cati- lina, id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium fla- gitiorum atque facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas1 habebat. Nam, quicum- que impudicus, adulter, ganeo, manu, ventre, pene, bona patria laceraverat; quique alienum ass grande conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redimeret2; praeterea, omnes undique parricidoe, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis3, aut pro factis judi- cium timentes ; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat; postremo, omnes, quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat; ii Catilinae proxumi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. Sed maxume adolescenfcium familiaritates adpete- bat: eorum anirni molles, et aetate fluxi, dolis 1 Catervas fiagitiorum atque facinorum, tamquam stipato- rum,ants. bands* Quo of redimeret the profligate flagitium and aut the facinus, flagitious, to purchaseas attend- a pardoncits, conricted for a scandalous on trial; condemnedor criminal byaction. a Court ’ Convictiof Law. judi- SALLUSTII CATILINA. 13 baud difficulter capiebantur. Nam, uti cujusque studium ex aetate flagrabat, aliis scorta praebere, aliis canes atque equos mercari; postremo, neque snmptui, neque modestiae suae parcere, dum illos obnoxios fidosque t'aceret. Scio, fuisse nonnullos, qui ita aestumarent, juventutem, quae domum Cati- linae frequentabat, parum honeste pudicitiam ha- buisse: sed ex aliis rebus magis, quam quod cui- quam id compertum foret, haec fatna valebat. XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili1, cum sacerdote Vestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fas- que2. Postremo, captusamore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus, praeter formam, nihil umquam bonus lau- davit; quod ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens pri- vignum adulta aetate; pro certo creditor, necato filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quae quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse facinoris maturandi3. Namque animus im- purus, dis hominibusque infestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem excitam vastabat. Igitur colos exsan- guis, foedi oculi, citus modd, modo tardus inces- sus; prorsus in facie vultuque yecordia inerat4. XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra dixi- mus, illexerat, multis modis mala facinora edoce- bat. Ex illis testes signatoresque falsos commo- ^ ATofci/t virgine ; see Fabia T2rent1a.3 * Contra jus fasque, ofcontrary accelerating to the civilthe plot.and divine4 Vecordia law. prorsus Maturandi inerat facinoris, in facie tenancc;et vultu, madnessdistraction was appeared visible overin every his wholelook andface feature. and coua* B u SALLUSTII CATIL1NA. dare; fidem, fortunas, pericula villa habere; post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem attriverat1, majora alia imperabat. Si causa peccandi in prae- sens minus suppetebat, nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes, circumvenire, jugulare: scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuitd potius malus atque crudelis erat. His amicis sociisque confisus, Catilina, simul qu6d aes alienum per omnes terras ingens erat, et qudd plerique Sudani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris memores, civile bellum exopta- bant, opprimundas reipublicae2 consilium cepit. In Italia nullus exercitus; Cn. Pompeius in ex- tremis terris3 bellum gerebat; ipsi consulatum petundi magna spes; senatus nihil sane inten- tus4; tutae tranquillasque res omnes. Sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinae erant. ^ £ XVII. Igitur circiter Kalendas Junias, ‘ L. Caesare et C. Figulo consulibus, primd singulos adpellare; hortari alios, alios ten- tare : opes suas, imparatam rempublicam6, magna praemia conjurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in unum omnes convocat, qui- bus maxuma necessitudo, et plurimum audaciae inerat. E6 convenere, senatorii ordinis, P. Lentu- lus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, C. 1 ’ Opprimundce Attriverat, reipublicee,bad worn ofaway; crushing had graduallythe Commonwealth destroyed. ; of overturning the Government. * In extremis terris,4 in natusmost distantsane intenlus countries, nihil, i. e.the in senate Pontus exceedingly and Armenia. careless, Se-or quitefenceless unapprehensive. condition of the * state.Imparatam rempublicam, the de- SALLUSTII CATILINA. 15 Cethegus, P. et Servius Sullse, Servii filii, I/. Var- gunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Lseca, L. Bestia, i Q. Curius: praeterea, ex equestri ordine, M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Ca- ; pito, C. Cornelius: ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi nobiles. Erant praeter- ea complures paulo occultius consilii hujusce participes nobiles1, quos magis dominati mis spes | hortabatur, quam inopia, aut alia necessitudo. Ceterum juventus pleraque, sed maxime nobi- lium, Catilinae inceptis favebat; quibus in otio vel magnifice vel molliter vivere copia erat, in- certa pro certis, bellum, quam pacem, malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui crederent M. Li- cinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii fuisse ; quia Cn. Pompeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exer- citum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra il- lius potentiam crescere; simul confisum, si con- I juratio valuisset2, facile apud illos principem se fore. XVIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci con- tra rempublicam, in quibus Catilina: de qua3, quam verissume potero4, dicam. L. Tullo, M. Lepido consulibus, P. Autronius et P. Sulla, 1 Complures nobiles, several noblemen. In this expression nius,the author M. Ltciniusprobably Crassus,included etc.C. Julius8 Si conjuratio Caesar, M. valuisset, Anto- ifefiected. the conspiracy * De qua should (conjuratione) succeed; if ; aor revolution the antecedent should may be be supposed to be contained in4 the verb conjuravere, con- spiredtruly as ; Iformed shall bea conspiracy.able; with the Quamstrictest verissumb possible potero,regard asto 16 SALLUSTII CATILINA. consules designati, legibus ambitus interrogati, poenas dederartt. Pdst paulo Catilina, pecunia- rum repetundarum1 reus, prohibitus erat consu- latum petere, quod intra legitimos dies profiteri nequiverit2. Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adol- escens nobilis, summae audacias, egens, factiosus, quern ad perturbandam rempublicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant. Cum hoc, Catilina et Autronius, consilio communicato, parabant in Capitolio Kalendis Januariis L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere; ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinendas duas mittere. Ea re cognita rursus, in Nonas Februarias consilium caedis transtulerant. Jam turn non consulibus modo, sed plerisque senatoribus, perniciem machinabantur. Quod ni Catilina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die post conditam urbem Romam pessumum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit3. XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam quaestor pro praetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cog- noverat. Neque tamen senatus provinciam invi- tus dederat: quippe fcedum hominem a republic* procul esse volebat: simul, quia boni quam plu- res praesidium in eo putabant: et jam turn po- 1 pro/Uer.i Repetundarum (se candidatum) pecuniarurn, intra legitimos of extortion. dies, couldNequiverit not de- appointedclare himself by alaw, candidate viz. thirty. within the’ Ea legal res days,diremit i. e.consilium, the day* aoon)that circumstance, frustrated the (t.design. e giving the signal for massacre too 8ALLUSTII CATILINA. 17 tentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Seel is Piso, in provincia, ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in ex- ercitu ductabat, iter faciens, occisus est. Sunt, qui ita dicant, imperia ejus injusta, superba, crudelia1, barbaros nequivisse pati: alii au- tem, equites illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque clientes, voluntate ejus Pisonem adgressos; num- quam Hispanos prseterea tale facinus fecisse, sed irnperia saeva multa antea perpessos. Nos earn rem in medio2 relinquemus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum. XX. Catilina ubi eos, quos paulo ante me- moravi, convenisse videt; tametsi cum singulis multa ssepe egerat, tarfren in rem fore credens, universes adpellare et cohortari, in abditam par- tem aedium secedit; atque ibi, omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujuscemodi habuit: Ni virtus fidesque vestra satis spectata mihi fo- rent, nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset; spes magna, dominatio3, in manibus frustra fuissent: neque ego per ignaviam, aut vana ingenia4, in - certa pro certis captarem. Sed, quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus maxumum atque pulcher- rumum facinus incipere: simul, quia vobis eadem quae mihi, bona malaque intellexi; nam idem velle atque nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est*. 1 and Injusta, tyrannical superba, orders. crudelia * In imperiamedio, in ejus, the his middle severe, ; haughty,undeter- mined. * Dominc.tio,4 dominion, i. e. the power of seiring the ofgovernment. cowardly or irresolute Per ignaviam, associates. aut vana* Idem ingenia, velle atque by means nolle, sameea demum aversions estjirma is the amicitia, firmest bondto have of the friendship. same desires and the 18 SALLUSTII CATILINA. Sed, ego quae mente agitavi, omnes jam antea di- versi audlstis. Geterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, quum considero, quae conditio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in liberta- tem. Nam, postquam respublica in paucorum jus atque ditionem concessit, semper illis reges, tetrarchae vectigales esse; populi, nationes sti- pendia pendere ; ceteri omnes, strenui, boni, no- biles atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gratia1, sine auctoritate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica valeret’, formidini essemus. Itaque omnis gratia, potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi volant: repulsas nobis reliquere, pericula, judicia, egestatem. Quae quousque tandem pa- tiemini, fortissumi viri ? Nonne emori per vir- tutem praestat, quam vitam miseram atque inho- nestam, ubi alienae superbiae ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere ? Verum enim vero, pro deum atque hominum fidem ! victoria in manu nobis est. Viget aetas3, animus valet; contra, illis, annis atque divitiis, omnia consenuerunt. Tan- tummodo incepto opus est: cetera res expediet4. Etenim quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium, tol- erare potest, illis divitias superare, quas pro- fundant in exstruendo mari et montibus coaequan- dis; nobis rem familiarem etiam ad necessaria deese? illos binas, aut amplius, domes con- tinuare5 ; nobis larem familiarem nusquam ullum 1 if the Sine government gratia, without had strength influence. ; if the* Silaws respublica were in valeret,force. JEtas4 viget, our age flourishes, t. e. we are in the bloom of life.5 Continuare, lies expediet join, i. cetera,e. form the a communicationplot will accomplish by porticos. the rest. SALLUSTI1 CATILINA 19 esse ? Quum tabulas, signa, toreumata, cmunt; nova diruunt, alia aedificant; postremi omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant1: tamen summa lubidine divitias vincere nequeunt2. At nobis domi inopia, foris ses alienum : mala res, spes multo asperior: denique, quid reliqui habemus praeter miseram animam ? Quin igitur expergis- cimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, libertas, praeterea divitiae, decus, gloria, in oculis sita sunt! Fortuna omnia victoribus praemia posuit. Res, tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnrfica magis, quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. Vel im- peratore, vel milite, me utimini: neque animus, neque corpus a vobis aberit. Haec ipsa, ut spero, vobiscum consul agam, nisi forte me animus fal- lit, et vos servire magis, quam imperare, parati estis. XXL Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala abunde omnia erant, sed neque res, neque spes bona3 ulla; tametsi illis, quieta movere, magna merces videbatur, tamen postulare pleri- que, uti proponeret, quae conditio belli foret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid ubique opis aut spei haberent. Turn Catilina polliceri tabulas novas4, proscriptionem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdo- tia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae, bellum, atque lubido * Trahunt, vexant, waste and consume. ' Nequeunt vin- cere divitias summd lubidine, theya cannot exhaust their wealth bythe thehope utmost which extravagance. a good or virtuous Bona manspes, couldgood hope,entertain. i. e. *them—hence Novas tabulas, a remissionnew tablets, or abolitioni. e. effacing of debts. what wasSee written Tabula. on 20 SALLUSTII CATILINA. victorum fert*. Praeterea, esse in cite- riore Pisonem, in Mauritania cum exercitu P. Sit- tium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes: petere consulatum C. Antonium, quem sibi collegam fore speraret, hominem et familiarem, et omnibus ne- cessitudinibus circumventum: cum eo se consu- lem initium agendi facturum. Ad hoc, maledic- tis increpat omnes bonos : suorum unumquemque nominans laudare: admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, complures periculi aut ignominioe, multos victorias Sullanae, quibus ea praedae fuerat. Postquam omnium animos alacres videt; cohortatus, ut petitionem2 suam curas ha- berent, conventum dimisit. XXII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent, Ca- tilinam, oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum populares sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem, vino permixtum, in pateris circum- tulisse ; inde quum post exsecrationem omnes de- gustavissent, sicuti in sollemnibus sacris fieri con- suevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque, eo, dicti- tare, fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent, alius alii tanti facineris conscii. Nonnulli ficta et base, et multa praeterea, existumabant ab his, qui Cicero- nis invidiam, quae postea orta est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui pcenas dederant. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine parum comperta est. XXIII. Sed in ea conventione fuit Q. Curius, natus baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinori- 1 for theFert, consulship. includes, comprehends. * Petitionem, canvass, viz- SALLUSTtI CATILINA. 21 bus coopertus; quem censures senatu probri gra- tia moverant. Huic homini non minor vanitas, quam audacia inerat: neque reticere, quae audie- rat, neque suamet ipse scelera occultare : prorsus neque dicere, neque facere, quidquam pensi ha- bebat. Erat ei cum Fulvia, muliere nobili, stu- pri vetus consuetudo: cui quum minus gratus esset, quia inopia minus largiri poterat1, repente glorians maria montesque polliceri ccepit; minari interdum ferro, nisi obnoxia f’oret; postremo ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. At Fulvia, insolentiae Curii causa cognita, tale periculum reipublicae baud occultum habuit; sed, sublato auctore2, de Catilinae conjuratione quae quoque modo audierat, compluribus narravit. Ea res in- primis studia hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tullio Ciceroni. Namque antea pleraque nobilitas invidia acstuabat, et quasi pol- lui consulatum credebant, si eum, quamvis egre- gius, homo novus adeptus foret. Sed, ubi peri- culum advenit, invidia atque superbia postfuere. XXIV. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules de- clarantur3 M. Tullius et C. Antonius; quod fac- tum primo populares conjurationis concusserat. Neque tamen Catilinae furor minuebatur : sed in dies plura agitare; arma per Italiam locis oppor- tunis parare ; pecuniam, sua aut amicorum fide sumtam mutuam, Faesulas ad Manlium quemdam portare, qui postea princeps fuit belli faciundi. 1 (Curius) poterat largiri minis (quam solitus crat). clarant’S'lblato ur auctore,consules, i,(a e. pracone).auctore de Seenarratione Consules. sublato. ’ De- 22 SALLUSTII CATILINA. Ea tempestate plurimos cujusque generis homines adscivisse dicitur; mulieres etiam aliquot, quae primo ingentes sumtus stupro corporis tolerave- rant1; post, ubi aetas tantummodo quaestui, neque luxuriae, modum fecerat, aes alienum grande con- flaverant: per eas se Catilina credebat posse ser- vitia urbana sollicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum vel adjunge.re sibi, vel interficere. XXV. Sed in hi erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. Haec mulier genere atque forma, viro, liberis satis for- tunata: literis Graecis atque Latinis docta, psal- lere, saltare elegantius2, quam necesse est pro- bae: multa alia, quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. Sed ei cariora semper omnia, quam decus atque puchcitia fuit: pecuniae an famae3 minis parceret4, baud facile decerneres: lubidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret viros, quam peteretur. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem prodiderat, creditum abjura- verat, caedis conscia fuerat, luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. Verum ingenium ejus baud absurdum: posse versus facere, jocum mo- vere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel molli, vel 1 Primb toleraverant ingentes sumtus stupro corporis, i. e. utrotatefiorente ingcntes sumtus conjlavernnt tolerare possent.tantam pecuniam* Elegantius, stujtro with corjioris, greater toelegance. loose, indecent,This wordand theatricalseems used gestures in a bad in sense,dancing. referring Her ful.movements, Nor wouldalthough the immodest, favourite appearmusic toof haveso abandoned been grace- a woman be less srepugnant to female purity and delicacy than ceret,her dancing. less spared; Famre, less regarded.character, reputation. * Minus par- SAtLUSTII CATILINA. 23 procaci: prorsus multae facetiae, multusque lepos inerat. XXVI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo minus in proxumum annum consulatum petebat; sperans, si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae1 deerant. Namque, a principio consulatus sui, multa polli- cendo per Fulviam effecerat, ut Q. Curius, dequo paulo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae sibi prode- ret. Ad hoc, collegam suum Antonium pactione provinciae2 perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret; circum se praesidia amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. Postquam dies comi- tiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio, neque in- sidiae, quas consulibus in campo fecerat, prosper^ cessere; constituit bellum facere, et extrema om- nia experiri, quoniam quae occulte tentaverat aspera foedaque evenerant. XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in earn partem Etruriae, Septimium quemdam, Ca- mertem, in agrum Picenum, C. Julium in Apu- liam dimisit; praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum credebat. Interea Romae multa si- mul moliri; consuli insidias tendere, parare in- cendia, opportuna loca armatis hominibus obsi- dere; ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere; hor- tari, uti semper intenti paratique essent ; dies noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis ne- 1 »■ e. DolusMacid&nicc. nut astutue, See M dexterity Antoni us.or address. * Provinciee, 24 SALLUSTII CATIUNA. que labbre fatigari. Postremo, ubi multa1 agi- tanti nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte con- jurationis principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam: ibique, multa de ignayia eorum questus, docet, se Manlium praemisisse ad earn multitudi- nem, quam ad capiunda arma paraverat; item alios in alialocaopportuna, qui initium belli face- rent, seque ad exercitum proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem oppressisset: eum suis eonsiliis multum obficere2. XXVIII. Igitur, perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, C. Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius, sena- tor, constituere ea nocte paulo post cum armatis hominibus, sicuti salutatum, introire ad Cicero- nem, ac de improviso domi suaj imparatum con- fodere. Curius, ubi intellegit, quantum periculi consuli impendeat, propere per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enunciat. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tantum facinus frustra susceperant. In- terea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, eges- tate 3simul ac dolore injuriae novarum rerum cupi- dam ; quod, Sullse dominatione, agros bonaque omnia amiserat; praeterea latrones cujusque ge- neris, quorum in ea regione magna copia erat; nonnullos ex Sudanis colonis, quibus lubido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis nihil reliqui fecerant4. XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nunciarentur, anci- 1 Intempesta nocte, in the dead of night. • Multum ab- Jicere, greatly obstructed. * Cvpidam4 nnvarum rerum, de- hadsirous left of nothing. revolutions in the State. Fecerant nihil relijui, SALLUSTU L'ATJLINA. 25 piti malo1 permotus, qudd neque urbem ab insi- diis private consilio2 longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii quantus, aut quo consilio foret, satis compertum habebat, rem ad senatum refert, jam antea volgi rumoribus exagitatam. Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci negotio3 solet, senatus decrevit, darent operam consules, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet. Ea potestas per senatum, more Romano, magistratui maxuma permittitur; exercilum parare, bellum gerere, coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi militiaeqne imperium atque judicium summum habere4 : aliter, sine populi jussu, nulli earum re- rum consuli jus est. XXX. Post paucos dies L. Saenius, senator, in senatu literas recitavit, quas Faesulis adlatas sibi dicebat; in quibus scriptum erat, C. Manlium ar- ma cepisse, cum magna multitudine, ante diem vr Kalendas Novembres. Simul, id quod in tali re solet, alii portenta atque prodigia nunciabant; alii conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuae atqne in Apulia servile bellum moveri. Igitur senati de- creto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Cre- ticus in Apuliam circumque loca, missi: ii utri- que ad urbem imperatores erant; impediti, ne triumpharent, calumnia paucorum, quibus omnia 1 from Ancijyiti the conspirators malo, by thein Rome,double and danger, from i. the e. byarmy danger of Man- both liusby his in ownEtruria. private * Privatevigilance. consilio, 3 Atroci by his negotio, single inmanagement; a dangerous conjuncture;mum imperium in atque a case judicium, of extreme to danger.exercise the Haberehighest sum-mili- tary and civil authority. Q 26 SALLUSTII CATILINA. honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat. Sed praetores, Q. Pompeius Rufus Capuam, Q. Metel- lus Celer in agrum Picenum; iisque permissum, uti pro tempore atque periculo1 exercitum com- pararent: ad hoc, si quis indicavisset de conjura- tione, quae contra rtmpublicam facta erat, prae- mium servo libertatem et sestertia centum ; libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia ducenta: item- que, uti gladiatoriae familiae Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur pro cujusque opibus; Romae per totam urbem vigiliae haberentur, bis- que minores magistratus 2 praeessent. XXXI. Quibus rebus permota civitas, atque immutata urbis facies: ex summa laetitia atque lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes tristitia invasit: festinare, trepidare; neque loco nec homini cuiquam satis credere; neque bellum gerere, neque pacem habere; suo quisque metu pericula metiri. Ad hoc, mulieres, quibus, reipublicae magnitudine, belli timor insolitus, ad- flictare sese, manus supplices ad ccelum tendere ; miserari parvos liberos ; rogitare, omnia pavere ; superbia atque deliciis omissis, sibi patriaeque dif- fidere3. At Catilinae crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat, tametsi praesidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus erat ab L. Paullo. Postremo and* Prothe danger,tempore t.atque e. the periculo, exigency in proportionof the occasion, to the exigencyand the greatness of the danger. * Minores magistratus, the inferiors fideremagistrates, sibi patrierque, t. e. the Tribunes, despaired jEdiles, of themselves Quaestors, &c.and theirUif- SALLUST1I CATILINA. 27 dissimulandi causa, atque sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in senatum venit. Tam M. Tullius consul, sive praesentiam ejus timens, seu ira commotus, orationem habuit luculentam, at- que utilem reipublicae, quam postea scriptam edidit. Sed, ubi ille adsedit, Catilina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso voltu, voce supplici postulate, Patres conscripti ne quid de se temere crederent: ea familia -ortum, ita ab adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut omnia bona in spe haberet: ne aestumarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem Romanam essent, perdita republica opus esse, quum earn servaret M. Tullius, inquilinus civis urbis Romae. Ad hoc maledicta alia quum adderet; obstrepere omnes, hostem atque parrici- dam vocare. Turn ille furibundus: “ Quoniam quidem circumventus,” inquit, “ ab inimicis prae- ceps agor, incendium meum1 ruina restinguam.” XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit: ibi multa secum ipse volvens; quod neque insi- diae consuli procedebant, et ab incendio intellege- bat urbem vigiliis munitam, optumum factum cre- dens exercitum augere, ac prius, quam legiones scriberentur, antecapere2 quae bello usui forent; nocte intempesta cum paucis in Manliana castra profectus est. Sed Cethego atque Lentulo, ce- terisque, quorum cognoverat promptam auda- ciam, mandat, quibus rebus possent, opes factio- nis confirment, insidias consuli maturent, caedem, 1 me. Meum’ Antecapere, incendium, to securemy fire, beforehand. i. e. the fire kindled around 28 SALLUSTII CATILINA. incendia, aliaque belli facinora parent: sese prope diem cum magno exercitu ad urbem accessurum. Dum base Romae geruntur, C. Manlius ex suo numero ad Marcium Regera mittit, cum manda- tis hujuscemodi: XXXIII. Decs hominesque testamur, impe- rator, nos arma neque contra patriam cepisse, ne- que quo periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti cor- pora nostra ab injuria tuta forent; qiA', miseri, egentes, violentia atque crudelitate foeneratorum, plerique patriae, sed omnes f'amS atque fortunis1 expertes sumus: neque cuiquam nostrum licuit, more majorum, lege uti2, neque, amisso patrimo- nio, liberum corpus3 habere: tanta saevitia feene- ratorum atque praetoris fuit. Saepe majores ves- trum, miseriti plebis Romanae, decretis suis ino- piaeopitulati sunt: acnovissumememorianostra, propter magnitudinem aeris alieni, volentibus om- nibus bonis, argentum sere solutum4 est. Saepe ipsa plebes, aut dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magistratuum, armataapatribussecessit. At nos non imperium neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella atque certamina om- nia inter mortales sunt; sed libertatem, quam 1 and Expertesproperty. fama ’ Utiatqve lege, fortunis, to use deprived the law of ; ourto enjoycharacter the benefit of the laws: i. e.s our cruel and unjust treatment is a sonalviolation freedom. of the laws.See Debitor. Liberum corpus,4 Argentum a free solutum body ; are,per- silverThe creditor was paid in with place brass, of the i. e.full three-fourths sum received were only remitted. a fourth part.five shillingsIn Mercantile in the pound.language, he accepted a composition SALLUSTII CATILINA. 29 nemo bonus, nisi cum anima simul, amittit. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis miseris civi- bus; legis praesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris eripuit, restituatis; neve earn necessitudinem im- ponatis, ut quaeramus, quonam modo, ulti max- ume sanguinem nostrum, pereamus. XXXiV. Ad haec Q. Marcius: Si quid ab senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Romam supplices proficiscantur: ea mansuetudine atque misericordia senatum populumque Romanum semper fuisse, ut nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxilium petiverit. At Catilina ex itinere pleris- que consularibus, praeterea optumo cuique, literas mittit: Se, falsis criminibus circumventum, quo- niam factioni inimicorum resistere nequiverit, fortunae cedere Massiliam in exsilium proficisci; non quo sibi tanti sceleris conscius; sed uti respublica quieta tbret, neve ex sua contentione seditio oriretur. Ab his longe diversas literas Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas sibi nomine Catilinae redditas dicebat: earum exemplum infra scriptum. XXXV. L. Catilina Q. Catulo S. Egregia tua fides, re cognita, gratam in magnis periculis fiduciam commendationi meae tribuit. Quamobrem defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare ; satisfactionem ex nulla conscientia de culpat pro- ponere decrevi, quam, me dius fidius’, veram licet cognoscas. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, ciiles,)Deus assist Fidius me ;(juvat) by Htrciiles. me, may (he god of faith (i. e. Her- C 3 30 SALLUSTII CATILINA. quid, fructu laboris industriaeque meae privatus, statum dignitatis non obtinebam, publicam mise- rorum causam pro mea consuetudinesuscepi: non quin ses alienum meis nominibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque copiis persolveret: sed quod non dignos homines1 honore honestatos videbam, meque falsa suspicione alienatum sentie- bam. Hoc nomine satis honestas pro meo casu spes reliqua; dignitatis conservandae sum secutus. Plura quum scribere vellem, nunciatum est, vim mihi parari. Nunc Orestillam commendo, tuae- que fidei trado: earn ab injuria defendas, per li- beros tuos rogatus. Haveto. XXXVI. Sed ipse, paucos dies commoratus apud C. Flaminium Flammam in Agro Arretino, dum vicinitatem, antea sollicitatam, armis exornat, cum fascibus atque aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. Haec ubi Romae comperta, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes judicat; ceterae multitudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prae- ter rerum capitalium condemnatis. Praeterea de- cernit, uti consules dilectum habeant; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi maturet; Cicero urbi praesidio sit. Ea tempestate mihi imperium populi Romani multo maxume miserabile visum est: cui quum, ad occasum ab ortu solis, omnia, domita armis, paterent, domi otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, adfluerent; fuere 1 M. TulliusXon dignos Cicero. homines: Catilina probably alluded chiefly 10 SALLUSTI1 CATILINA. 31 tamen cives, qui seque remque publicam obsti- natis animis perditum irent. Namque, duobus senati decretis, ex tanta multitudine neque prae- mio inductus conjurationem patefecerat, neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium discesserat: tanta vis movbi, uti tabes, plerosque civium ani- mos invaserat. XXXVII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui conscii conjurationis ; sed omnino cuncta pie- bes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepla pro- babat. Id adeo more suo videbatur facere. Nam semper in civitate, quis opes nullae sunt, bonis invident, malos extollunt; vetera odere, no/a exoptant; odio suarum rerum mutari omnia stu- dent ; turba atque seditionibus sine cura1 alun- tur, quoniam egestas facile habetur sine damno. Sed urbana plebes, ea vero praeceps ierat2 multis de causis. Primum omnium, qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxume praestabaiit; item alii, per dedecora patrimoniis amissis ; postremo om- nes quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam, sicuti in sentinam, confhixerant. Deinde, multi memores Sullanae victoriae, quod ex gre- gariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita divites, uti regio victu atque cultu setatem age- rent, sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia sperabant. Praeterea, juventus, quae in agris manuum mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis largitionibusexcita, urbanum otium ingrato labori prretulerant. Eos atque alios om- s consilium Sine curd Catili^x). (siptTum rerum). ’ Ea verb ierat prcecept (in 32 SALLUSTII CATILINA. nes malum publicum alebat. Quo minus miran-

c. CRisri S A L L U S T 11 BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. IFals6 queritur de natura sua genus humanum, quod, imbecilla atque aevi brevis, forte potius, quam virtute, regatur. Nam contra, reputando1, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius, invenias ; magisque naturae industriam2 hominum, quam j vim3 aut tempus, deesse. Sed dux atque im- I perator vitae mortalium animus est: qui, ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur, abunde pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortunae 4eget; quippe probitatem, industriam, alias artes bo- | nas, neque dare neque eripere cuiquam potest. Sin, captus pravis cupidinibus5, ad inertiam et voluptates corporis pessum6 datus, est perniciosa lubidine paulisper usus, ubi per secordiam vires, 'Rejrutayido, on reflexion; on proper consideration. 1 In- dustriam, the diligence, the exertion. • Vim,5 power, ability. ' cupidinibus,* Artes, qualities; enslaved mental by vicious acquirements. passions. * CaptusPessum, pravis the supineI am trampled of the obsolete upon, according verb petior, to some; I am butforced others downward, consider foot,it a nounright deriveddown. fromPlautus, pcs, theTerence. foot, andTacitus, signifying Lucan under and i instancesOthers appear pessum to seemssupport used the adverbially. latter idea, although it> most 60 SALLUSTII JUGURTHA. tempus, ingenium defluxere1, naturae infirmitas* accusatur: suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. Quod si hominibus bona- rum rerum3 tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura, multumque etiam peri- culosa4, petunt; neque regerentur magis, quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent. II. Nam, uti genus hominum compositum e> anima et corpore, ita res cunctae, studiaque omnia nostra, corporis alia, alia animi naturam sequun- tur. Igitur praeclara facies, magnae divitiae, ad hoc vis corporis, alia hujuscemodi omnia, brevi dilabuntur: at ingenii egregia facinora, sicuti anima, immortalia sunt. Postremo corporis et fortunae bonorum, uti initium, finis est; omnia- que orta occidunt, et aucta senescunt5: animus incorruptus, aeternus, rector humani generis, agit atque habet6 cuncta, neque ipse habetur. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda est, qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luxum atque ignaviam aetatem agunt; ceterum ingenium, quo neque melius, neque amplius, aliud in natura mortalium 1 Defluxere, have passed away; have3 been destroyed. *virtuous Infirmitae, pursuits; the weakness; laudable designs.the frailty. 4 Aliena Bonarum ac profutura rerum, nihil,profitable, etiamque and besidesmultum verypericulosa, dangerous. uninteresting 5 Omniaque and ortaun- set,occidunt, and, havinget aucta increased, senescunt, decay; and allwhatever things, rises, having rises risen, only seedsto fall,, of and decay. whatever * Agit has atque the seedshabet, ofregulates increase and has compre-also the SALLUST]I JUGURTHA. 61 est, incultu atque secordii1 torpescere sinunt; quum praesertim tam multae variaeque sint artes animi2, quibus summa claritudo paratur. III. Verum ex his3 magistratus et imperia, postremo omnis cura rerum publicarum*, rninume mihi hac tempestate cupiunda videntur : quoniam neque virtuti honos datur; neque illi, quibus per fraudem5 jus fuit, tuti, aut eo magis honesti sunt. Nam vi quidem regere patriam, aut parentes6, quamquam et possis, et delicta corrigas7, tamen importunum est; quum praesertim omnes rerum mutationes8 caedem, fugam, aliaque hostilia, por- tendant; frustraautemniti9,neque aliud se fatigan- do, nisi odium, quaerere, extremae dementiae est; nisi forte quem inhonesta et perniciosa lubido tenet, potentiae paucorum decus atque libertatem suam gratificari. IV. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio ex- ercentur10, in primis magno usui est memoria re- rum gestarum : cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, praetereundum puto; simul, ne per insolentiam 1 cise. Incultu* 4rtes atque animi secordid, sint tam by multcewant of varierque, cultivation the and employ- exer- ments of the mind are so numerous4 and diversified. * Ex hisall charge(variis artibusof public animi). affairs; everyOmnis officecura jniblicarumof administration. rerum, *not Per by fraudem, the free andby illegal unsolicited means, votes t. e.of bythe bribery,Electors. or •force, Pa- rentes, i. e. 7obedientes, the subjected states, the conquered provinces.tationes rerum, Corrigas all innovations delicta, rectify in the abuses.state. * •Niti Omnes frustra, mu- to14 Erercenturstrive in vain, ingenio, viz. to form reform the exercisethe morals of theof mind.the citizens. 62 SALIUSTII JUGURTHA. quis existumet, memet, studium meum laudando, extollere. Atque ego credo fore, qui, quia decrevi procul a republica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen inertias imponant: certe, quibus maxuma industria videtur salutare plebem, et conviviis gratiam quaerere. Qui, si reputave- rint, et quibus ego temporibus magistratus adep- tus sum, et quales viri idem adsequi nequiverint, et postea quae genera hominum in senatum per- venerint, profecto existumabunt, me magis merito, quam ignavia, judicium animi mutavisse, majus- que commodum ex otio meo, quam ex aliorum negotiis, reipublicae venturum. Nam saepe audivi, Q. Maxumum, P. Scipionem, praeterea civitatis nostrae praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, quum majorum imagines1 intuerentur, veheraentissumd sibi animum ad virtutem accendi. Scilicet2 non ceram illam, neque figuram, tantam vim in sese habere; sed memoria rerum gestarum earn flam- mam egregiis viris in pectore crescere, neque prius sedari, quam virtus eorum3 famam atque gloriam adaequaverit. At, contra, quis est om- nium his4 moribus, quin divitiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque industria, cum majoribus suis contendat? etiam homines novi, qui antea per virtutem soliti erant nobilitatem ante venire, furtim et per latrocinia5 ad imperia et honores nituntur : proinde quasi praetura et consulatus, atque alia 1 Majorum. See Imagines. 4 His, these,* Fim, i. e. power, modern, efficacy. present. * Eorum,5 Furtim i. ete. permoney latrocinia, obtained by by means violence. of clandestine contrivances and of SALLUSTII JUGUIITHA. 63 omnia hujuscemodi, per se ipsa clara magnifica sint, ac non perinde habeantur, uteorum, qui sus- tinent, virtus est. Verum ego liberius altiusque1 process!, dum me civitatis morum piget taedetque ; nunc ad inceptum redeo. V. Bellum scripturus sum, quod populus Ro- manus cum Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit: primum, quia magnum et atrox, variaque vic- toria, fuit: dein, quia turn primum superbiae no- bilitatis obviam itum est; quae contentio divina et Humana2 cuncta permiscuit, eoque vecordiae processit, uti studiis civilibus bellum atque vasti- tas Italiae finem faceret. Sed, prius quam hujus- cemodi rei initium expedio, pauca supra repetam3; quo ad cognoscendum omnia illustria magis, ma- gisque in aperto4, sint. Bello Punico secundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal, post magni- tudinem nominis Romani, Italiae opes maxume adtriverat, Masinissa rex Numidarum, in amici- tiam receptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute fuit, multa et praeclara rei militaris facinora fecerat; ob quae, victis Cartha- giniensibus, et capto Syphace, cujus in magnum atque late imperium valuit, populus Romanus, 5quascumque urbes et agros manu ce- nerat, regi dono dedit. Igitur amicitia Masinis- 1 Liberius alliilsque, too freely anti too far. ’ Divina takehumana, a short religious review. and 4 civil.Magis *Uluslria, Supra repetam magisqve pauca, in aperto I shall ad cognoscendum,stood ; more clearly more clearand distinctlyand more comprehended.distinct for being *under- Regi, i. e. Maslnissce. F 2 64 SALMJSTII JUGURTHA. see bona atque honesta nobis permansit: imperii vitaeque ejus finis idem fuit Dein Micipsa filius regnum solus obtinuit, Mastanabale et Gulussa, fratribus, morbo absumtis. Is Adherbalem et Hiempsalem ex sesegenuit: Jugurthamque, Mas- tanabalis fratris filium, quern Masinissa, quod ortus ex concubina erat, privatum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo liberos suos-, domi habuit. VI. Qui, ubi primum adolevit, pollens viri- bus, decora facie, sed multo maxume ingenio va- lidus, non se luxui neque inertiae corrumpendum dedit; sed, uti mos gentis illius est, equitare, ja- culari, cursu cum aequalibus certare: et, quum omnes gloria anteiret, omnibus tamen carus esse: ad hoc pleraque tempora in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras primus, aut in primis, ferire plurimum facere, minumum ipse de se loqui. Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio laetus fuerat, existumans virtutem Jugurthae regno suo glorias fore; tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem, exacta sua aetate, parvis liberis, magis magisque crescere2 intellegit, vehementer negotio permotus, multa cum animo suo volvebat. Terrebat natura mortalium, avida imperii, et praeceps ad explendam animi cupidinem3 ; prasterea opportunitas suasque et liberorum aetatis, quae etiam mediocres viros spe praedae transvorsos agit: ad hoc studia Numi- darum, in Jugurtlfam accensa; ex quibus, si * Quo (habuit) suos liberos. ’ Vrescere magis magisque, tincrease more and more; rising daily in reputation. inPreeceps gratifying ad explendamthat passion cupidinem of the mind. animi, hurried headlong SALLUSTII JUGURTHA. 65 talem virum interf'ecisset, ne qua seditio1, aut bellum2 oriretur, anxius erat. VII. His difficultatibus circumventus, ubi vi- det, neque per vim, neque insidiis, opprimi posse hominem tam acceptum popularibus; quod erat Jugurtha manu promtus et adpetens gloriae mili- taris, statuit eum objectare periculis, et eo modo fortunam tentare. Igitur bello Numantino Mi- cipsa, quum populo Romano equitum atque pedi- tum auxilia mitteret, sperans, vel ostentando vir- tutem, vel hostium ssevitia, facile occasurum, prsefecit Numidis quos in Hispaniam mittebat. Sed ea res longe aliter, ac ratus erat, evenit. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque acri ingenio3, \ibi naturam P. Scipionis, qui turn Romanis im- perator, et morem hostium cognovit; multo la- bore, multaque cura, praeterea modestissume parendo, et ssepe obviam eundo periculis, in tan- tam claritudinem brevi pervenerat, ut nostris ve- hementer carus, Numantinis maxumo terrori esset. Ac sane, quod difficillumum in primis est, et proelio strenuus erat, et bonus consilio: quorum alterum ex providentia timorem, alterum ex audacia temeritatem adferre plerumque solet. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas per Ju- gurtham agere, in amicis habere, magis magisque in dies amplecti; quippe cujus neque consilium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. Hue accede- bat munificentia animi, et ingenii sollertia4, quis 1 Seditio, insurrection. * Bellum, war, i. e. civil war. ' Impigro 4atr/ue arri ingenio, of a <|iiick and penetrating genius. Sollertia i/lgenii, shrewdnessF 3 of intellect. 8ALLUSTII JUGtTRTHA. rebus sibi multos ex Romanis familiari amicitiA conjunxerat. VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere complures, novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono honestoque potiores erant, factiosi, domi1 po- tentes2, apud socios clari magis, quam honesti: qui Jugurthae non mediocrem3 animum pollici- tando accendebant, si Micipsa rex occidisset, fore, uti solus imperii Numidiae potiretur: in ipso maxumam virtutem, Romae omnia venalia esse. Sed postquam, Numantia deleta, P. Scipio dimit- tere auxilia, ipse revorti domum decrevit; dona- tum atque laudatum magnifice pro concione Ju- gurtham in praetorium abduxit, ibique secretd monuit, uti potius publice, quam privatim4, ami- citiam populi R. coleret, nec quibus largiri in- suesceret; periculose a paucis emi, quod multo- rum esset5: si permanere vellet in suis artibus6, ultro illi et gloriam et regnum ventura ; sin pro- perantius pergeret7, suamet ipsum pecunia prae- cipitem casurum8. IX. Sic locutus, cum literis, quas Micipsae red- 1 Domi, at home, i. e. at Rome. ' Potentes, of great power; theof extensive ambitious. influence. 4 Publici ’ Non potiits mediocrem, gudm privatim, the immoderate; publicly privaterather thaninterest. privately, 5 Quod i. e.esset by multorum,public services what rather was the than pro- by inperty virtuous of many. practices. “ In suis’ Pergeret artibus, properantius, in his own practices, he should i. ad- e. byvance bribery. too hastily, * Ipsum i. e. hecasurum should accelerate(esse) prcecijntem his elevation, sudmet viz. pecunid,money (bribery) that he wouldwould fallprecipitate headlong his by destruction. his money ; that his Sallustii jugurtha. 67 deret, dimisit. Earum sententia haec erati:

HISTORICUS ET GEOGRAPHICUS IN SALLUSTIUM. ABBREVIATIONS.

or Cic.Ap. f Cicero.Appianus. Claud.Cor. Nep. CorneliusClaudianus. Ncpos. Eutrop. Herodotus.Eutropius. Hor. Juvenalis.Horatius. Liv.8 Lactantius. Manil. Lucanus.Manilius. Mart. MartialOvidius. is. Plin.Or. Plinius Nat. Hist. A nit, Plut. Propertius.Plutarchus. Sil.Sal. Ital. SiliusSallustius. Italicus. Stat. Strabo.Statius. Suet.Strab. Suetonius. Val.Tac. Max. ValeriusTacitus. Maximus. Vel.Virg. Pat. Virgilius.Velleius Paterculus. INDEX HISTORICUS ET GEOGRAPHICUS IN SALLUSTIUM. ABO ABO AbSriglnes, um, m. a very ancient people of Italy, who hadderers this when name, they according took possession to Festus, of thatbecause part they of the were country wan- whichIn this afterwards opinion Festus fell under is supportedthe dominion by theof authorthe Romans. of the circumstances,Origin of the adds,Romans, that theywho, wereafter first mentioning called Aberngines, the same another,which, bywas the afterwards change of written one letter Aborigines. and the suppressionDionysius of withoutHalicarnassus towns, states, drove that out they the livedSicilians, at first whom on the hemountains, calls an Llris,Indigenous the Garigliano, nation, and andoccupied liber, the the whole Tevere, territory and betweenretained thatTrojan name war, until and the under reign whom of Latlnus, they beganwho livedto be duringcalled L&-the tlni.the firstThe inhabitants same historian of Italy, admits although that somehe seems considered to withhold them derers,his assent and fromthe same that with conjecture, LSlSges consideringor Nomades, them having as wan-acci- pasturage.dentally met LHggesand lived appears in fortified to have placesbeen aby common robbery appel- and lationfrom various of banditti places. of thisHe kind, ridicules consisting the idea of variousof their nations being Ligurians,C4to, C. Sempronlus,and seems to and adopt many the others, opinion who of M.maintained Porcius that the Aborigines were originallyP 2 Greeks, according to ADH 172 ADH some,With considerablefrom Achaia, probability, and, according their to origin others, may from be ArcSdla. referred underto a colony CEndtrus, of the a sonlatter of Lycaon,district, andwho settled migrated in the to south-Italy, war.east coastIt must of thatbe allowed country that many the statementyears before of these the writersTrojan isthere too seemsdeficient ground in minuteness for believing to warrantthem to itsbe certainty. descendants Still of considerablethe CEnotri; time, and inin migratingthe Apennines, westward and mightmight thereremain, acquire for a affordthe praedatory them protection, habits peculiar and to mountaineers,these practices whose their fastnessesancestors inHere Peloponnesus, it may be easily the conjecturedMorea, were by perhapswhom theyno strangers.would be joined,descent onand the hence district their above character, mentioned. when Hadthey themade Romans their soil,believed according them the to firstancient possessors fiction, of theyItaly, would or natives have ofcalled the respectthem Indigenre, to the Britons. not Aborigines; “ Britanniam as Tacitus qui mortaleshas done initiowith compertum”coluerint, indigenas (Tac. Agric.qn advecti, 11.). Butut interto this barbaros, appellation, parum nei- seemsther their to afford history, the slightestnor a single pretence. feature of their character, giers.Adherbal, At his alls, death m. athis son monarchof Mlclpsa, divided king hisof Numldia,kingdom intoAl- histhree son parts, Hlempsal, of which and hea thirdgave toone Jugurtha, to Adherbal, who anotherwas an il-to legitimatethe strongest son passion of his brotherin the breast Mastanabal. of Jugurtha, Ambition and his formed want gratifyof principle his favouriteinduced himinclination. to adopt everyHe hired measure assassins likely to murderwhither Hiempsal,Jugurtha senton whichambassadors. Adherbal The went senate to havingRome, mostfixed eleganta day forspeech, hearing calculated the parties, to excite Adherbal the sympathy delivered and a Jugurthasecure the scarcelyprotection attempted of that aassembly. reply, depending The deputies solely onof avaricethe money of thewhich Romans. they hadThus, brought by the with united them, influence and the of ADR 173 JED briberyNfimidla and from favour, the Roman Jfxgurtha senate, obtained and Adherbal the one-half the other. of anIn increaseplace of punishment,of territory, andthis the decree injustice rewarded of the hiscommission- crime by herbal,ers, appointed adjudged to tosettle him the the boundaries preferable betweenpart of the him Numidian and Ad- whoterritory. had setThis his mindadditional on the grant whole did kingdom, not satisfy and, Jugurtha,therefore, heThe used latter, every conscious mean toof inducehis inferiority Adherbal as to a takesoldier up toarms. the former,some time; submitted but at lastto his levied encroachments troops, joined and battle, hostilities and was for sentdefeated. ambassadors He took to refuge home, in beggingthe town the Orta, protection Constantina, of the theirsenate, return. and endeavoured The Italians, to hold whose out againstbravery Jugurtha protected until the power,place, advised although him he to distrustedsurrender, theand, promises being entirely of his inenemy, their assented.5—26.). ClaudianJugurtha touches put him slightly to death on theby torturehistory (Sahof Adher- Jug. bal"“Adrumetum, XV. 409. i, n. Mahometa, the capital of Byzaclum, abuilt district by theof Africa.Phoenicians. Sallusfius It had says a goodthat harbour.this town Ink.was Adrumetani,AEdilis, is, m.orum, an m.Edile, an inferior Roman magistrate. populationThe duty of of the the Tribunescity, to relieve of the them people from increasing the inferior with parts the ofand their the electionoffice, two naturally Ediles werefell on chosen their inown the order. year 493 Besides B. C. newthe power magistrates of judging to inspect in trivial all matters,buildings, it belongedboth public to these and private,that the latterto see didthat not the project former into were the in streets, complete or repair,from decay and endangerduty the thename lives is of evidently the citizens. derived. From Commonthis part ofsewers, their streets,measures, roads, were aqueducts, subject tomarkets, their jurisdiction. provisions, weightsThe Ediles and andseem toto have hadhad thethe charge power of of the clearing com (Liv. the XXIII.streets (Liv.41.), 174 coincidedXXV. 1.). with In that some of theinstances, Censors. the Theyauthority fined of or the banished Ediks extravagancewomen of infamous at funerals, characters set bounds (Liv. toXXV. the avarice 2.), restricted of usur- actions,ers, and butsubjected even forto impertinentpunishment or not abusive only language.for immoral It newalso formedgods, andpart addingof their toduty the to number prevent ofthe religiousintroduction obser- of resolutionsvances. To of thethe people,care of and the theEdiles decrees were of thecommitted senate. the tent,Whilst the officethe authority would be of neither the Ediles very continued honourable of smallnor very ex- ed,eagerly the Edileshipsolicited. wouldIn proportion rise in theas theirestimation jurisdiction of the extend-public. tiousHence of we that find honour, in the andyear the 366 poverty B. C. ofpatricians the plebeian were Edilesambi- thanksgivingsecured the objectto the ofgods, their and wishes. appointed The the senate Ediles ordered to cele- a brateTheir itfortunes with numerousbeing unequal sacrifices, to the and expense, splendid the games.people purpose,agreed to and the theappointment first who ofheld two that patrician office were Ediles Cn. forQuinc- that tmsThese Capltolinus had honours and denied P. Cornelius to the plebeian Scipio Ediles.(Liv. VII.Besides 1.). whenwearing administering the ■prcetexta, justice, they in had an ivorythe rightchair (Sellaof images, CurSUs), sat, theyand had were a distinguishedcalled JRdlles seat Curules, in the and senate. to mark From the their superiori- chair andty of to their administer rank Majures.justice, seemTo exhibitto have thebeen solemn the principal games, partsas to extent,of their was duty. the But same some with have that asserted of the thatplebeian their Ediles. office, byIf A.LictSres Gellius or beVtdtOres, correct, butnone only of bythe public Ediles slaves. were precededOthers thinkCnrnle this Ediles refers was to thenot plebeian restricted Ediles. to theThe patrician election order.of the PlebeiansC. Julius were Caesar sometimes added otherappointed. two, called AEdiles Cereales, ever,to take improbable care of provisions, that this henceinstitution the name. was a consequenceIt is not, how- of JEM 1/5 ^*M the city,multiplicity which ofthe business other four from could the increasednot overtake, population and that of thisExcept was in merely a few enlarging particulars, their it number is supposed by a newthe appellation.powers and jurisdictionThe age atof which all the a Ediles person were could the be same. elected Curule Edile litas,appears atis, to v.have iEdilltia, been thirty-seven &,/. et, iEdllatus, (Liv. XXV. us, m. 2.). (not much-Edl- used),iEdilitills, the v.office iEdilicius, or dignity a, um, of of,Edile, or belonging the Edileship. to, an Edile,Adj. oroffice the of Edileship. Edile. iEdlEtfus, i, m. one who has borne the tn. L.a RomanyE mill usof LSpidushigh rank, Paullus, who, inL. earlyiEmiiii.LJpidi life, commenced Paulli, a prosecution(Sal. Cat. 31.). against See L. M. Sergius Plautius Catilina Silvanus. upon HeLex wasPlautia the brothertus and ofM. M. AntoniusyEmflius LSpidus,that conspiracy who formed against with the Augus- stats whichIn consequence is usually of denominatedhis rank and theinfluence, Second he Triumvirate.made a consi- raignedderable figureraised aboutthe standard the time of rebellionthe man inwhom Italy. he yEmiliushad ar- theheld year the consulshipthat the censors with expelledC. C. Crispus Marcellus Sallustius, (52 B. C.),the historian,among patriots, from thesince senate. C. Julius He Cassar has nobought title tohim be rankedover to hisIn theinterest infamous with confederacy a large sum already of money mentioned, (Suet. hisCaes. brother 29.). proscriptionM. iEmilius 45 Lepldus B. C. andallowed M. Antonius'him to be acted included in the in same the manner120.). to his maternal uncle L. Julius Caesar (Liv. Ep. noblemanM. jEmilius of great Scaurus, ability, M.who ASmllii held the Scauri, consulship m. a with Roman M. Rutllius,Caecilius Metelluswhen they 116 mutually B. C. havingaccused succeededeach other againstof bribery. P. centia,He triumphed Piacenza, over to theParma, Carni, Parma, and made called the via road Emilia. from Pla-He hadwould the have honour ranked of being in history appointed with Princethe very of thefirst senate, characters and nishedof the withRoman avarice state, and had other not hisdegrading splendid passions. talents been When tar- eloquenceJugurtha hadin vain murdered to persuade Hiempsal, the senate he exerted to punish his powerfulthat ini- paternalquitous outrage. kingdom, Adherbaland besieged having in Cirta,been drivenConstantina, from hisby theM. usurper,iE mill us aScaurus, deputation sailed from for the Africa, senate, with among instructions whom was to continuedthreaten the the vengeance -blockade. of theSallustlus Roman people,states thatunless Jugurtha he dis- liuswaited Scaurus, on the whosecommissioners, displeasure lest he he dreaded should offendmost, aM. proof Aimi- of failedhis high in itscharacter object, andand Adherbalrespectability. surrendered, That bycommission advice of theviolation Italians, of thewho treaty, defended put thehim town, instantly to Jugurtha, to death who,by tor- in theture. senate, For warthis wasmurder, declared and against for contempt Jugurtha, of andthe orderL. Cal- of purniusAfrica, in llestia, whose consul,army /Emillus appointed held to commandthe office ofthe lieutenant- troops in general.and his lieutenant-general,Jugurtha bribed towho his concluded interest botha dishonourable the consul dreadtreaty ofwith the him,Commons, which and the hostilities, senate hesitated chiefly throughto ratify means from procuredof C. Memmtus, his appointment recommenced. as one ofThe the threeinfluence Commissioners, of A! mill us inwho which were he named had ato principalinquire into share, that anddisgraceful he, among transaction, others, agreedJug. 15—40.). to the condemnation Me afterwards of L.held Calpurnlus the office Bestia of Censor, (Sal. andthe writingsthe consulship of Cicero, a second who time.speaks Hisin high name terms occurs of oftenhis vir- in cordingtues, abilities, the principiil and achievements. occurrences Heand wrote transactions three books of hisre- life,Xenophon’s which thelife Oratorof Cyrus. commends, To this and Juvenal considers alludes, equal Sat. to II.AJneas, 35. a-, m. an illustrious Trojan Prince, the son of An- mus,chises kingand Venus.of Troy, byHe whom married he CrCusa,had a son, a daughterlulus, afterwards of Pri3- &TH 177 i'ETH respectingcalled Ascamus. the character Ancient of authors this prince. are not agreedHis bravery in opinion and patriotismwith betraying are extolledhis country by tosome, the Greeks,whilst othersand preserving charge him his onlife no by better that traitorous ground than conduct. the surmise This accusationof Homer, reststhat perhapshe was braveryat variance in the with night his in father-in-law. which the Greeks He tookdisplayed Troy, greatand, afterted his making native many city, gallanthaving buthis agedunsuccessful father on efforts, his shoulders, he quit- histhe sonother, Ascanius hence inOvidius the one calls hand, him and pendtiyer the household (Met. gods XV. in 450.).Rutulians, • Diomedes, affirms that in ifhis there speech had beento the two ambassador such other of men the notas Hector only have and defendediEneas within their thenative Trojan city, walls, but wouldthey would have achievementsconquered Greece of Aineas, (Virg. from Ain. the XI.destruction 285—290.). of his nativeThe city,by Virgil, to his settlementthe Prince in ofLatlum, q.Poets. v. have Aineades, been celebrated te, m. ALneas,Ascanius i. (Virg.e. a sonAin. of IX. AEneas 653.). (Virg. Parvvlus Ain.. JEneas, IV. 329.), a little of whichFrom Juvenalthe Hero, makes the a humorousimmortal applicationBard has called( Sat. V.his 139.). poem theAineis, Romans. v. Aineis, Adj. idds,Ainelus, f. Aineadae, a, um. arum,JEneia the nutrix, Trojans Caieta or (Virg.Aitlnopia, Ain. VII.&,/ a1.). large country of Africa, the exact boun- dariesPlinlus, of seemwhich to comprehendare unknown. under Herodotus, ^Ethiopia theStrabo, whole and of A741.) frica, derives south theof Egypt name andfrom the Aithiops, Barbary a sonStates. of VulcanPlinlus ; but(I. otherswords (Ada,suppose uro, the and term w-f, to vultus), be compounded from an ofidea two that Greek the heatblackness of the of sun. a negro’s Sallustlus skin placeswas a Aithiopiaconsequence to the of souththe violent of the Aithiopes,Gsetuli, but um to (sing.the north Aithiops, of the opis),Equator the (Jug.Ethiopians, 19.). who,Ink. fromboth inthe complexion great extent and of manners,their country, as the probably nations varied inhabiting much A Fit AFR thesetheir skinsparts offirst Africa became do in black modern in consequencetimes. According of the to heat Ovid, to edwhich was they burnt were to exposed, sandy anddeserts, by which at the a great time part Phaethon of Afri- ofattempted Aithiopes, to driveRoman the authors, chariot particularlyof the sun. theUnder poets, the included name ofthe Asia,inhabitants to the ofwest the of southern the Ganges. parts ofAdj. all Africa,JEthiopicus, and also a, commonlyAfrica, se,reckoned f Africa, the third called division by the of Greeks the ancient Libya, world. was ByBut some, the ancient the world geographers was divided were intonot agreedfour parts on this; Europe, point. Asia, Africa, and Egypt; and by others into two, Europe whichand Asia, seems including originally Africa to have in Europe.been the nameIn general, of but Africa,a small Uspart eastern of the boundary,country, was we reckonedalso find a athird diversity part. ofRespecting opinion. moreAccording naturally, to some, and, Egypt therefore, formed more part commonly, of Asia ; butconsidered it was asMare belonging Rubrum, to Africa.v. Sinus OnArabicus, the E. theAfrica Red isSea bounded and Isth- by musthe Mediterranean,of Suez, which allied separate by theit fromRomans Asia; Nostrum on the Mare,N. by occursby the inGreeks, Latin Mareauthors, Internum, and by anthe appellationJews, the whichGreat Sea,also lanficus,which divides scepius, it fromMare, Europe v. iEquor ; on Atlantlcum, the W. by OcSSnusthe Atlantic At- peninsulaOcean, on is thesituated S. by between the Indian 34>0 30'Ocean. S. and This36° 30' immense N. la- istitude. 4,656 miles,Its greatest and its length, greatest which breadth is aboutfrom 3,500.north toExcept south, terranean,Egypt and comprehendingthe countries along what the are south now calledcoast ofthe the Barbary Medi- theStates, ancients. this prodigious Even in tractmodem of land times, was the almost interior unknown of Africa to isInk. unexplored. Afri, orum The(sing. population Afer, ri.). is reckonedAdj. Afer, at 30,000,000.Africus, ct, S4.African 53.) us,This a, um. bird Afra is also avis, called the Guinea Numidtca, hen (Hor.et Africdna Epod. ALB 179 ANT betweenavis. A/ricum Sicily andmare, Africa that (Sal.part Jug.of the 18.). Mediterranean Sea Allobroges,Alblnus. Seeum, Postumlus. acc. as (sing. AUSbrox, tgis, acc. a, v. countryem), the lay AHobrogians, between Isara, a people the here,of Gallia, and Rhodanus,France, whose the powerRhone. of Theythe Romanbravely, legions, and forbut a werelong attime, last resisteddefeated theby countrymen,Pomtlnus. ofCicero which extols they them gave fora remarkabletheir fidelity proof to hisin thethem conspiracy for their loveof L. of Sergiusnovelty, - CStillna.which seems Horace characteristic censures ofdern the times. inhabitants The ofchief that town country, of the bothAllobroges in ancient was andVienna, mo- dunum,Vienne, onLyons. the leftAger bank Alldbrffgum, of the Rhme, the 13 territory miles below of the Lug- Al- calledlobroges CIcSro (Plin. an III.Allobrogian, 462.). Dixitt. e. blamed CicerGnem him ~Allobrdga,for writing badAllobrogtcus, Latin like a, anum. Allobrogian (Juv. VII. 214.). Adj. madeL. Annins,a vigorous L. effort Annli, to retainm. a tribunehis office of after the thepeople, expiry who of joinedthe legal him term. in thisP. Llcinlusattempt Lucullus,to break onethrough of his establishedcolleagues, people.usages, andOf that the infeeble opposition administration to all the ofother the Tribunes laws at Rome,of the merelyIt is scarcely to state, necessary that the tostruggle produce of theseany two,other not proof only than un- ofsupported both, prevented either by the law election or precedent, of the otherbut inmagistrates open violation dur- ingQ. a wholeAnnius, year Q. (Sal. Annti, Jug. m. 37.).a man of senatorian rank, who enteredSergius intoCatiilna. the conspiracy He effected against his escape,the state when formed some ofby theL. thatother hetraitors suffered were the apprehended*;punishment decreed and it against does not him, appear, from agentswhich ofit maygovernment be inferred, (Sal. thatCat. he17.). eluded the search of the Antonlus,C. Antonlus, a celebrated C. Antorili, orator, m. and a noble brother Roman, of M. son Antonins of M. ARM 180 ARM Cretlcus, the father of the triumvir. . He held the consulship againstwith M. the Tullius rebel L.Cicero Sergius 65 Catillna.B. C. and commandedWith that traitorthe army he electedHad formerly to the beenconsulship in habits at the of intimacy,same time, and the haddestruction they been of indigentthe government circumstances would haveCatillna been trusted the inevitable would have result. subjected His himthe ingenuityto subserviency of M. in Tullius his flagitious CicSro measures, to withdraw and ithim required from the state.conspiracy, According and from to Sallustius,every other the design gout formedprevented against him againstfrom appearing Catllxna; at thebut headsome of have the troopsalleged in thatthe engagementhe feigned inability on purpose to avoid meetingT with the traitor, who accessarymight, before to the both conspiracy, armies, hh. ande reproached afterwards him betraying with being his consulship,associates (Sal. through Cat. the 21—59.). interest of AfterCicSro, the he expiry obtained of thehis and,province on hisof Macedonia, return to Rome, where he he was continued brought for to twotrial, years, and makingsentenced war to beyondperpetual the banishment, bounds of hisfor province extortion (Liv. and Ep.for had103.). expelled Before him he from obtained the senate, that and,appointment, considering the the censor! state veryof morals wicked at thatand timenefarious in Rome, habits, he qualitiesmust have which been rendereda man of destructionhim a very properof the government,accomplice in and the massacre plot of Catillna, of the virtuous for the andArmfinia, wealthy. x, f. a large country of Asia, divided into Major boundedand Minor. on theArmenia S. by Syria Major, and nowMesopotamia, called Turcomania, on the E. was by triesMedia, extended on the from N. by Pontus Iberia Euxinus, and Colchis, the Black which Sea, two to coun-Marti .Caspium,Medes by theAstyages, Caspian and Sea. Cyrus It wasreduced made it tributary to a province. to the wardsAlexander fell theunder Great the also power subdued of Antiochus this country, the whichGreat, after-who mandsent two of deputies,it. But Zadriadesthese governors, and Artaxias, stimulated to take by the love com- of ARM 181 ARM fulpower, war excited against the several Armenians neighbouring to revolt, carriedstates, onand a success-shared wasbetween first themdivided the into sovereignty AnneniaMajor, of the country. and Armenia By themMinor; it tothe Zadriades. former of whichArmenia fell to Major, the lot Turcomania, of Artaxias, was, and accordingthe latter province,to Str&bo, boundedwho was on a nativethe N. of by Cappadocia, part of mount a neighbouring Caucasus, whichon the separatesE. by Media it from and MSsopbtamia, Atropatena, onand the on S:the by W. Taurus, by the riverParyades Euphrates, which divideor Armenia it from Minor, Cappadocia and the and mountain Pontus. Taurus,The boundaries separating of itAnnenih from Cilicia, Minor, on werethe E. on the the Euphrates, S. mount andthe nameson the ofN. Amanus, and W. thatAntitaurus, chain of andmountains Sordiscus. known The by limitsare not assigned materially to these different two countries from those by ancient above-mentioned, geographers, whichArmenia were Minor generally little isadopted known. by Tigranes,subsequent king writers. of Arme- Of niaRomans, Major, but made was aat bravelast subdued and long by resistancePompey. againstFrom thatthe tilltime, the the reign kings of of , this country when were it was tributary reduced to to the a province.Romans, tainedUnder theirJustin possession, IL it was until subdued they by were the Saracens,conquered whoby there. theirTurks, freedom, who gave the it theArmenian name of princes Turcomania. ascended On the regaining throne, andBut incontinued the year even 1522, during the Turks its subjection again subjected to the it Tartars.to-their empire,power, andexcept it has the ever eastern since part, been whicha province is included of the Turkish in the ThePersian most dominions. remarkable Armeniaare Taurus, in generaland Antitaurus. is mountainous. It is, andhowever, is watered reckoned by one several of the largemost fruitfulrivers. countriesThe Lycus of Asia, and whichPharis, run which into fallthe intoCaspian the BlackSea, and Sea, Euphrates the Arax which and Cyrusflows sourcesinto the inPersian Armenia. Gulf, Ink.besides Armeni, others oftener of less Amienli,note, have oruin, their Q ! ARP ASP ArminidccEthe Armenians. arbtires, Adj. apricot ArmSnlus, trees; Armeniaca et, ArmSntacus, mala, apricots. a, um. cientArpTnum, times belonged i, n. Arpino, to the a townVolsci, of andLStium, which which the Romans in an- recoveredM. Tullius from ClcSro the and Samnites C. M&rlus 307 wereB. C. born (Liv. at IX.Arplnum. 44.). theInk. Romans,Arpinates for (sing. which Arpinas, they atis),received favoured the freedom the interest of the of state(Liv. (305X. 1.). B. “ArpinasC.), at the Ardtor, same the time ploughman with the of TrehulaniArplnum, atis,t. e. C.et, MariusArplnus, (Plin. a, um. V. 73.). Adj. Arpinas, as, as, gen. world.Asia, se,It f.is Asia,bounded one ofon thethe three \V. bydivisions Mare ofiEgeum, the ancient the Archipelago,Sea of Marmora, Hellespontus, Thraclus B5sphorus,the Dardanelles, the Strait Propontis, of Constan- the ' phorus,tinople, thePontus Strait Euxlnus, of Caffa, the Palus Black Mseotis, Sea, theCimmerlus Sea of Asoph, Bos- Europe.and Tanais, The the other Don, western which boundaries separate itof fromAsia, Euroare the pa, v.Mediterranean, Sinus Arablcus, the theIsthmus Red Sea,of Suez,or, the and Arabian Mare Gulf.Rubrum, The sides,last two Asia divide is encompassed it from Africa. by the ocean.On the Theremaining name isthree said situatedto be derived between from 26° Asia,and 190° a daughter of E. long, of OcSSnus.and between It 2*is breadth.and 77° N.A lat. small beirtg tract 7,583 only miles of this in extensivelength, and country 5,250 was in liesknown between to the the Greeks Black and Sea Romans. and the MediterraneanThat part of received,it which orin theNatalia, middle aages, name the which appellation does notof Asia occur Minor, in any Anatolia, classic author.Taurum, andThe AsiaRomans Ultra, divided r. Extra it Taurum. into Asia, In Cis, Met. v. XIII. Intra j idea484, ofOvid the wealthuses Asia and instead grandeur of Troja,of that to city. give aInh. magnificent Asian!, j orum,feminine. the Adj.Asiatics. Aslus, Asis,Aslacus, Idis, Aslanus, of Asia, et, applied Aslatlcus,a, to a noun um. [j Bocchus,Aspar, whomSris, m.Jfigurtha a Numidian, sent to thaton intimatemonarch afterterms he with had ASS 183 AVE Ii Invitedto obtain L. information Cornelius Sullarespecting to his his court intentions on purpose with secretly regard i toAspar himself, the deputyand the of Jfigurtha,Roman people. said littleThese on twothe outwittedsubject in Ii histhe presence,Roman on only the tenthBocchus day. promised Instead, to however, give an ofanswer waiting to ti night,ten days, and B5cchus he assented gave toSulla measures a private for audience delivering during Jugurtha nexv *i intoexecuted, the handsand thus of theput Romans, an end towhich the Numidian he soon afterwardswar (Sal. Jug.Assensie, 108—112.). onis,^ In the Roman senate, assent was given in threea single ways. sentence, 1st, orby more,words, as which the person might chose,either or,be bydorw a hand.single word,3d, by dssSntw. the senator 2d, risingby a nod,from andhis seat,raising and up going the wasto the expressed individual, by orpedibus party, inwhose sententiam motion alicujus he approved. that. ThisThe onelast timeonly thewhen practice a division in the took British plac^ Parliament, and was probablywhence ori- at onginated a division, the phrases, &c. the House divided, a division took place, of AGreece. then®, arum,It is f.said Athens, to have the been capital founded of Attica, 1556 aB. country C. by founderCecrops, itv. wasCecrops, called and Cecropia, a colony afterwardsfrom Egypt. A then®,From itsin Athenshonour wasof Minerva, long the whoseat ofwas learning. the protectress In it manyof the of city. the somesciences carried and lineto a artsdegree were of cultivatedperfection, andwhich improved, later times and haveAtherilenses, not been ium able (sing.to imitate, Athenlensis, much is),less theto excel.Athenians, Inh. shoneThey wereunrivalled early indistinguished oratory, music, by their painting, ardent and love statuary. of free- asdom, for and their were ingenuity as eminent and for industry their skill in andthe bravery arts of in peace. war, AdjjAventinus, Athenlensis, i, m. is,the e, son et, ofAthen®us, Romulus a, Silvtus(Liv. um. I. 3.) teenthRSmulus king Silvlus of Alba, (Ov. and, Fast. after IV. a reign 49.). of thirty-sevenHe was the yearsi thir Q 2 AUR AUR partwas killedof Rome by waslightning, afterwards and built,buried and on tothe which hill heon gave which his name.(Dion. Hal.Dionysius 56.). doesAdj. not mentionAventinus, the a,manner um. of• Aventinus his death mons,Politorium, Monte and Aventino, afterwards first by occupied those of by Tellense the inhabitants and Ficana of passedduring (4<56the reign B. C.) of for Ancus disposing Marcius of it (Liv.as public I. 33.).property A to law be althoughbuilt upon within and inhabited. the walls ofAt the that city, time was the covered greater with part wood. of it, theSoon tragical after this, fate theof Virginia,Roman army mutinied, at Algldum, came onto Rome,hearing and of joinedpitched byon the mount other Aventinus, army (Liv. where III. they50.). were Rihnus soon choseafter sovereigntythis mountain claimed for taking both bythe him omen and which Romulus, was toand decide on it the he is saidAurelia to have Orestilla, been buriedAureliie (Liv. Oresfillse,/! I. 6.). a woman in whom menSergius of virtueCatilina, saw conceivingnothing to praisea violent except attachment her beauty. to thisL. towomkn, accept, offered merely her because his hand he hadin marriage, a son of awhich former she marriage, refused putarrived his atson man’s to death, estate. and, Toby removethat atrocious this objection, act, cleared CafiEna his ahouse fact forgenerally their impiousbelieved, nuptials. but Valerius Sallusfius Maximus mentions (IX. it 1.)as atstates his expresslyfuneral pile that his he second took off nuptial his son torch, by poison, gratifying and lighted Ores- c&rotilla withinsinuates, his childlessness that to accomplish in place of thea marriage same purpose gift. Ci-he wife.would haveIt is byeasy similar to conjecture means clearedwhat sort the ofhouse a woman of his Aurelia former suchOresfilla a monster must have as been,Catilina, who and readily when formed their marriagea union with was allege,preceded she by was such his enormity own daughter (Sal. Cat. by 15.).the wife Ancient of Cn. authorsAure- publiclylius Orestes, declares, with that whom by onehe criminalhad an intrigue,act he obtained and Cicero both a mistressL. Aurelius and aCotta, daughter. L. Aurelli Cottse, m. youngest sin AUT 185 BAL of M. Aux-elliis Cotta, held the office of prator (71 B. C.) andTorquatus that of were Censor consuls four 67 years B. C.after. L. SergiusHe and CatlllnaL. Manlius and bothP. Autromus these consuls Patus in theformed capitol the on resolutionthe kalends of of murdering January. ofThe the design consuls, having and transpired, obliged thesethe discoverytraitors savedto defer the theirlives intendedP. Autronlus massacre Patus, to a future P. Autronli day (Sal. Pati, Cat. m.18.). a Roman of senatorianpected of bribery dignity, during who hiswas canvass, appointed he was consul brought elect. to trial,Sus- declaredfound guilty, incapable degraded of holding from theany rankoffice ofunder a senator,government and insuch future. men asThis Ciitillna, disgrace whom perhaps he ledjoined him into associatehis traitorous with bymeasures the activity against of the M. state.Tullius After ClcSro, the whose defeat schoolfellow of that party he hadeffected been his in escape, youth and and the colleague Ojator, induring the quaestors!)ip,his banishment, he haddreaded a readiness the revenge of utterance, of Autronlus which fittedand hishim associates. for taking partHe thein the ears conspiracy, of his hearers, and theand agreeableness diverted their of attention his voice fromcharmed the ■statementsweakness of(Sal. his Cat.arguments, 17.). and the incorrectness of his B JugurthaC. Bteblus, prevailed, C. Btebli, by extreme m. a tribune bribery, of theto espousepeople, hison whomcause, andsingle by question whose atadvice the barthat of Numidianthe .Roman refused Senate. to Jugurthaanswer a showedto regulate his hisknowledge conduct ofat Rome,mankind as hein provedselecting his this bulwark tribune in openBsebius defiance treated of with law andequal justice. contempt The the daring authority impudence of the Se- of nate,seems anda compound the opinions of determined of his constituents. resolution andHis matchlesscharacter effronteryBSleares, (Sal. him, Jug. y! (insuUe),33, 34.). the islands Major, et, Minor, BEL 186 BOC S.Majorca, E. of theand mouths Minorca, of onIberus, the coast the ofEbro. , The about former 50 milesis 60 length,miles long, and and12 in53 breadth. broad ; butThese the islands latter iswere only distinguished about 30 in liSarldes,by this epithet um, f. among from thethe Greeks,ancient who natives also calledbeing themexcellent 153.- stingers,remarkable. an art for which the modern inhabitants are likewise jectWhen to the first Carthaginians. mentioned in history,In the year the 122BalSares B. C. were they sub- fell tributaryunder the untilpower the of fall the of Romans, the empire. to whomThey they were continued overrun byMoors, the northern and, about barbarians, 1229, annexed were afterwards to the dominions conquered of Spainby the possessionby the king of ofthe Arragon.British. Adj.Minorca 1531Saricus, has been a, twiceum, et,in B3-the learis,II. 420.). is, e. BdledricaBdlSaricus funda actor, (Qv. a Balearian Met. IV. slinger 708.). (Stat. Bdledris Ach. verherL. Belllenus,(Sil. Ital. L.I. 314.).Bellfeni, m. the praetor at Utica, whom stantina,C. Marius towards summoned the end to attendof the wara meeting with Jugurtha at Cirta, king Con- of uncleNumidia. of Catilina According" (Sal. Jug.to some, 104.). Bellienus was the maternal Bocchus,Bestia. Seei, m. Calpurnius. king of Mauritania, Morocco and Fez. assistedHe was him,the father-in-law after C. Marius of Jugurthahad driven (Sal. him Jug. out of80.), Niiml- and wasdla. anHe entire had strangerheard of to the their name character of the asRomans a nation, only, and and to doesthe extent not appear of their to dominions.have been muchLike above other that savages, rank offor hu-he selfishnessman beings, regulated he had somehis conduct: fortitude, for but generosity more cunning or greatness ; and ofunsuccessful mind is seldom battle foundor two amongstwithdrew uncivilised him from thenations. interest An of theinduced Numidian him to king,deliver and up theJugOrtha promise in of chains additional to C. territoryMarius, general108 B. C.of (Liv.Marius, Ep. tieated 66.). withL. Cornelius him respecting Sulla, lieutenant-Jugurtha; BOM 187 CiBC andctiliar in tothat uncultivated transaction minds. he displayed His guilt,all the in betrayinginconstancy to pe.hi» tectionenemies in the his unfortunate kingdom, doesmonarch not exceedto whom the he meanness offered pro-and ininjustice order toof getthe into Romans, their hands,who impelled by treachery, him to a thatprince measure whom theyBomilcar, could not aris, conquer m. an by officerforce ofin arms. the army of Jugurtha, tantking business.of Nfimidia, With to whomthe elephants he entrusted and part secret of the and infantry impor- underFaithless his andcommand,, unsteady, he attackedhe conspired Rutilius against and his was master, defeated. ad- mittedurging theNabdalsa execution as an of accomplice, the plot, which,to whom having he wrote accidentally a letter beencessary discovered, Jo his design cost (Sal.Bomilcar Jug. his35—72.). life and many others ac- Bruttii,Brutus. orumSee Junius.(sing. Bruttius, i,), the Bruttians, a peo- plewere of generally Magna shepherds,Gracia, sprung and, according from the to Lucani.some, were They cal- inled theBruttii, second from Punic their war, cowardice without in submitting-making any to resistance.Hannibal womanBut Justin who informs betrayed us, the they castle took possessed this name by from a band Bruttia, of rob- a bersby Dionysius, who infested king the of country,Sieily, to to quell six hundredthem. StraboAfricans writes, sent guagethat the signifies Lucani deserters gave them or revolters,this name, adding, which that in theirthey lan-had formerlythe effeminacy been theof theirherds mastersof that assumedpeople, andtheir encouraged independence by of(367.). the word, Diodorus in which Siciilus, he agrees besides with mentioning Strabo, gives the meaningthis rea- sonThese for troops their ofname, the Sicilianthat the king greater bdilt parta city had into been which slaves. the shepherdsBruttius, a,flocked, um. Bruttius and assumed ager, thethe nameterritory of Bruttii. of the Bruttii. Adj. C Q. C ted IT us Metelius C61er, Q. Csecilli Miftelli Celeris, C/EC 188 CjEC praetorot. whose in fatherthe consulship was of theof CicSro,same name, 63 B.held C. theand office levied of oftroops his praetorship,against the rebelhe obtained L. Sergius the province Catillna. of Gallia,On the France, expiry andClodia, held the the sister consulship of P. Clodius,with L. and Afranius. lost his lifeHe by married poison theadministered Lesbia of by C&tullus. his wife, CicSrowho was commends an abandoned him for woman,his elo- hisquence, virtues which as aappears man, andto have his integritybeen of aas popular a patriot kind, (Brut. for 30,70.). 42, He57.). is mentioned by Horace, Od. II. 1. 1 (Sal. Cat. Numidlcus,Q. Caeclllus obtained MStellus, the consulshipQ. Csecilii with Mctclli, M. Junius m. surnamed Silanus Numldla111 B. C. had To fallen the byformer, lot as a hisman province. of activity His and political genius, proprietysentiments marked led him his to conduct, oppose thatthe hepopular maintained party; a characteryet such thenot dutiesonly unblemished of his office butwith highly a due respectable.sense of their He importance, undertook and,equal trustingshare of theto businessthe fidelity of the of state,his colleague he turned in his taking thoughts an andchiefly resolute to the enemy. war he wasKnowing to conduct the againstinsubordination, an able, artful,indo- lencevide troops and luxury and every of the requisite army ofin war, Numidia, in which he he began received to pro- the readydisplaying support an ardentand voluntary zeal in calling auxiliaries forth thefrom united the allies, strength all rityof the of empire. his character The armament superior beingto the complete, allurements and theof bri-pu- hisbery, moral a general principles expectation and* military pervaded talents the wouldpublic compensatemind that forIt required the avarice, great dishonesty address to andrestore infamy the discipline of the former of the officers. troops, into inureconsequence them toof fatigue, their having and animate been long them slothful, against licentious danger, andtend cowardly.with a commander Jugurtha very now different perceived from that his he predecessors, had to con- orwhom overcome he could by bravery.not allure Evenby bribes, the advantagessurprise by arising stratagem, from c;es 189 CAL nsequence knowledge of theof thecaution country and did judgment not benefit with Jiigurtha, which Caecilius in con- regulatedthey came his to actionmarches he inalways the enemy's defeated territory.Jugurtha, andWhenever always asreceived left' himself the proposals full liberty of that to actprince as he for should peace, judgein such best terms for hissuccess own had reputation, been so anduniform, for the and honour the oftroops the Romans.had acquired His broughtsuch confidence the war in to their a final commander, termination, that hadhe would not C. soon Marius, have tainedan officer for inhimself his army, the consulship,shamefully supplantedand the command him, and of ob-the tificationwar against of Jugurtha.this virtuous Every and noblereader Roman, must feel insidiously for the mor- su- perseded,of men, andnear one the ofconclusion the most of pernicious the war, by citizens one of that the worstRome featingever beheld Jugurtha, (Sal. Jug. and 43—89.). desolating Nilmldia,Livius writes, he receivedthat for thede- surnamenour of a oftriumph Niimidicus; (IV. 27.). and Eutropius,L. Apuleius that (4 hesyl.) had Satiimi- the ho- henus; had a tribunenot sworn of the to observepeople, summonedthe Agrarian him law, to trial which because this tribunezens supported had carried him, byto forceprevent ; and contention although he all went the good into citi- vo- readingluntary exileand conversingat Rhodus, withRhodes, illustrious where he men. spent hisC. timeMarius in pronouncedtwo years after sentence which, of he banishment was recalled against with the him highest 104 appro-B. C bationinformation of the at StateTralles, (Liv. Sidtan-hisar, Ep. 65, 69.). when Hewitnessing received some this games,indicating and the he least continued joy discernible till the end even of theto thoseexhibition, next him, not hutthe historian,retaining histhe countenancesame strength unaltered, of mind inand prosperity, showing, which says he Caesar.had done See in adversityJulius. (Val. Max. IV. 1.). consulshipC. Calpurnlus with Manius Piso, C.Aciltus Calpumli Glabrlo Pisonis, 69 B. C.m. andheld after- the wardswhich, obtaineda prosecution Gallia had for been his provinceraised against ; on himreturning for corrup- from CAL 190 CAL thetion, north in the of unjust the Po. punishment In this prosecution of a native C.of theJulius country Ccesar, to partprobably against acting him, as and counsel Cicero for undertook the inhabitants, his defence took anda warm pro- thecured particulars his acquittal. of the The case speech are unknown. of the orator In is pleading lost, so thatfor displayedFlaccus, he both mentions steadiness that andCalpurnlus, courage; in leaving his consulship, it to be hadin- theferred, question, that his had previous induced character, the judges rather to acquit than him.the merits Sallus- of histlus utmost attempts influence to sully with his reputationCIcSro, unjustly by stating, to name that C. he Julius used thisCaesar prosecution among the as aconspirators cause for the with resentment CatIRna, of and Calpumlus he gives againstCn. Calpurnlushim (Sal. Cat. Piso, 49.). Cn. Calpumli Pisonis, in. a noble needy.Roman youth,The urgency bold andof his enterprising, wants, uniting but with profligate the depra- and hadvity forof hisits dispositions,object the convulsion instigated himof the to anystate, measure as the which only rassments.remedy which He could readily relieve entered him frominto the difficulties conspiracy and of embar- Catl- resoluteRna, and of authors his accomplices. rank him amongstIn the theexecution most dangerous of that plot, and inCalpurnlus subjection. was Theat the design head oftranspired, an army toand hold necessarily the Spaniards pre- ventedCiesar, itsand execution. M. LIcInlus Suetonius Crassus, seems at the to head consider of the C. conspi- Julius racyto attempt ; and they an qdmittedinsurrection Calpurnlus against asthe an governmentaccomplice, who abroad, was homewhilst (Suet. they Jul.excited Caes. sedition 9.). Soon against after, the this administration turbulent youth, at althoughSpain with only the quaestor, authority obtained of propraetor, the government by the interestof Hither of MagnusM. LIcInlus supported Crassus, Calpurnlus who detesting in opposition Cn. Pompeius to him, and(3 syl.) the citizenSenate atreadily a distance assented, from thein order seat of to government. have such a dangerousThe Spa- nishsoon cavalry,after his which arrival formed in thatpart ofcountry. his train, Someassassinated ascribe himhis CAL 191 CAP treateddeath to the his natives arrogant ; others,temper, to and the the instigation severity withof Cn. which Pom- he peiusL. Magnus,Calpurnlus towards Bestia, whom L. heCalpumfi avowed inveterateBestise, m. hatred. called likewiseheld the L.consulship Calpurnlus with Plso P. Bestia,Cornelius a nobleSclplo Roman,Naslca who113 Jugurtha,B. C. It fellking to ofhis Numldla,lot to carry and on the warSenate in Africavoted theagainst ne- cessaryexcellent supplies qualities of moneyboth of and body troops. and mind,He possessed which avarice many renderedspirit, of greatuseless. caution, He wasskilled patient in military of fatigue, affairs, of and an guard-active edNilmldla, against whenstratagem Jugurtha and danger. discovered Scarcely his ruling had passion, he entered and easilyof character, corrupted truth him and by honour.bribery, soM. that iEmlllus he at once Scaurus, lost sight his lieutenant-general,sures of the consul, readily and consequentlyentered into thereceived scandalous part ofmea- the bribe.of money, On bring a few delivered elephants, to some the horses,quaestor, and by aJfigurtha, small sum a treatyout for of Rome peace to was preside concluded at the with election him, of and the Calpumlusconsuls. The set influencesome time of against iEtmllus, the measuresadded to ofhis C.own, Memmfus, protected instituted him for oned hison thereturning Mamilian home. law At(Cic. an afterBrut. period 34.), andhe was died condemn- in exile. BesidesPlinius, thethe chargesnaturalist, brought mentions against that himM. Cfflclliusby the historian, brought himbane toadministered trial for Misoning in sleep, at leastwhich two the of hisRomans wives bybelieved, wolfs- deathwhen applied(Plin. IV.in a503.). particular manner, produced immediate confinesCamerinum, of Picenum. i. n. Camerino,Ink. Camertes, a town ofhim, Umbria, v. um near {sing. the hundredCamera, armedtis), the men Camertians, to P. Cornelius furnished Sclplo a Afrlcanuscohort of (£07 six AfricanB. C.) whenwar (Liv. he was XXVIII. allowed 45.). to enlist Adj. volunteers Camera, era,for era,the gen.Capsa, ertis, le.et, f Camifrinus, Cassa, a town v. Camertlnus, of Africa at a, which um. Jugurtha CAP 192 CAP beingdeposited situated his treasures, in the midst judging of extensive It a place deserts. of security, The Libyan from SallustiusHercules waswrote,- believed it was to a greathave andbeen opulent its founder city, strongly; and when for- arms.tified, containingC. Marius, a conceivingnumerous garrison,that the takingand a vastof this store place of ofwould access add rendered greatly itto almosthis military impregnable, reputation, by judiciousas its difficulty mea- ninesures days,reached took it withoutit by surprise, losing aset man it immediatelyafter a march on of fire,eight put or slaves,to the swordand gave all thecapable plunder of bearing to the soldiers.arms, sold This the cruel rest con- for ency,duct thean historianunsustainable attempts apology to justify for the on destruction the score ofof expedi-a large aimstown, againstthe massacre the Romans, of its inhabitantsand seizure whoof their had property never lifted con- Inh.trary Capsenses,to the laws ium of civilised(Sal. Jug. warfare 92.). (Sal. Jug. 89—91.). betweenCSpiia, Laflum'and «, f. the- capital Lucania of Campania, in the west a ofmaritime Italy, of district which toC&pys, be the a Trojan,founder who(Virg. came iEn. into X. Italy 145.). with Yet /Eneas, Plinius was traces said theCapua name a camponot from dicta, CSpys, which but seems from also its tosituation have been in thea plain, opi- tionsnion ofthe Livius, other asa campestrithe received agro derivation appellata, (IV. although 37.). he Aftermen- inthe CSpiia, battlp of and Cannae, the luxurythe veterans of that of Hannibalcity proved were fatal quartered to the riorbravery in beautyof the troops.and splendour At one to time Route it w^oWllarthage. not greatly Sooninfe- afterdered theat discretionretreat of tothe the Carthaginian Roman consuls general, Appms Capua Claudius surren- anddemned Q. Fulvlusthe nobles Flaccus, to perpetual who butchered imprisonment, the senators, and sold con- the tocitizens jnhabit for this slaves. city, it Althoughnever regained colonies its ancientwere afterwards magnificence. sent burntA Vandal, the houses Genseric, to the put ground. the inhabitants Narses, theto thefavourite sword, of andthe rebuiltEmperor CSpua Justinian, about perceivingthe middle the of advantagethe sixth century,of its situation, which CAR 193 CAR theModern ferocity Capua of the is ofSaracens much lesstotally extent destroyed than thein the ancient year 8-11.city sTHnum.of that name, Campana and stands urbs, oni. e.the Capua site not (Virg. of Capua iEn. butX. of145.). Ca- GreeksCarthago, Karchedon, inis,_/; El-Meosathe chief citynear of Saka-kah, Africa, andcalled long by the rivalpower of or Rome.more eminentFew cities distinction of antiquity than this. possessed, It was greater built toby denotea colony a newof Phoenicians city. Stephanus under Dido,says it and was the called name Cadmea, is said theffinussa, language and ofCaccabe, the Carthaginians, which signifies i. e.the the head natives of a horseof that in 444.part ofIt Africa, stood upon to which a peninsula perhaps which Virgiltus jutted alludes, out from Ain. near- I. lysite the of inmostthis city part was ofnearly a deep three bay. hundred The circumference and sixty stadia, of theex- nent,clusive which, of the accordingneck of land to Appian which connectedand Polybius, it with was the twenty- conti- triplefive stadia, wall thirtybut Strabo cubits makes high, it assixty had stadia. the cityThjs also part on had the a doublesouth. town,Cor. asIS'epos if the says one it surrounded presented thethe other;appearance the inte-of a riorThe wasdate calledof its Byrsafoundation (t. e. ais fort),uncertain; and the according exterior Magalia.to some onlyfore athe few Trojan years war.before ItRome, was anddestroyed according by P.to othersCornelius be- dredScipio years JEmilianus (Liv. Ep. (147 51.). B. C.)If after this itstatement had stood of seven Livius hun- be correct,Rome. itInh. must Carthaglnienses, have been founded lum, ninety-fourv. Pteni, orum, years like before the employedother Phoenicians, in trade. in Thethe early erection ages ofof otherthat statecities were and chieflyacqui- naturallysition of territory, lead to the by whateverraising of means armies, at andfirst toobtained, contests would with playedthe adjoining great knowledge. nations. BothThe in bravery commerce of andthe warCarthaginian they dis- readilysoldiers, admit; and skill and of it musttheir begenerals, acknowledged, the Roman from historians the states beingoverrate, rivals, their that merits. they areFaction more provedinclined the to ruin lessen, of , than to CAS 194 CET severelyand the crueltyatoned forof theby theRomans civil warto the and unhappy massacre natives which wasfol- lowedRoman soon ambition after, when had nothingno country farther remained to aspire unsubdued, at. SHIus and fightingItalicus describesbarefooted, them using as anlight inelegant made, lowshield, in stature,and a short and woundssword. (III.Their 231,clothes seqq.). were redAdj. to concealCarthaglnlensis, the effect is,of theire, et eaPremcus, fides, faithlessness,Punicanus, Pumcius,or treachery, e<, Punlcus,a common a, expression um. Puni- of beenthe Roman transmitted historians; to us, had we the would writings most of probably the Carthaginians have had afterRomano, the fides Carthaginian in the same manner, sense. in Adv.the Punic Poenice, tongue. ct, Punice, senatorianL. Cassius rank Longinus, who entered L. Cassiiinto the Longini, conspiracy m. aof Roman Catilina, of consul,and engaged M. Tulliusto set the ClcSro, city on prevented, fire, which and the heactivity fled beforeof the 68the B.discovery C. he stoodof the candidate plot (Sal. for Cat.the consulship 17, 44.). togetherIn the withyear theC&tillna, treasonable and the designs canvass of ofhis both associate, having perhaps failed, hepartly embraced from citieshis disappointment; which the traitors and intendedsuggested tomost perpetrate. of the horrible From atro- his extraordinaryproverbial expression. corpulence, the fatness of Cassius became a to Cat&bathmos,the east of i,Cyrenalca, m. Akabet-Ossolour, commonly a calledsloping Catabathmos tract of land tentMagnus, nearer to Egypt.distinguish Both it arefrom on a the similar coast declivityof the Mediterran- of less ex- ean.Egypt Sallustiusand Africa makes (Jug. the 19.), former and thePfinlus boundary of Cyrenalca. between nameFrom (I.the 545.).latter, thereThe appears natives to perhaps have been never also recognised a town of this appearancename, as the of word the country. is evidently Greek, and expressive of the C5to.Catillna. See SeePorcius. Sergius. Cethegns.Catttlus. SeeSee Liitatliis. Cornelius, CIC 195 cm CIcSro. See Tullius. GermanCImbri, nation, orum supposed (sing. Cimber,to be descended bri), the from Cimbrians, the Asiatic a susCimmerians, Clmbfica, whose Jutland, country which was now from forms them part called of the Chersone- kingdom oftus, Denmark. signifies, inThis the word,language according of the to GermansPlutarchus and and Gauls, Fes- robbers,their habits banditti, (424, which425.). agreesAbout with 113 Strabo’sB. C. the description Cimbri leav- of beinging their joined territories, by the which Teutones, were botha neighbouring narrow and barren,people, andde- army,feated severalwho had German been sent nations, against and them. a Roman They consul invaded, with and his beingseem tostrengthened-by have overrun, thea great accession part of of many Gallia, of theFrance tribes; and,who teringinhabited the that whole country, army marched of Caepio against and Borne.Malllus, After except slaugh- ten menthem, and slew two a hundredgenerals, andC. twentyMarius thousand,(q. v.) marched and took against sixty rlusthousand settled prisoners. in that partThose of the who Alps escaped called the Sette sword Commune, of M5- language,where their and descendants the traditional still remain,account retainingof their origin. the Teutonic They bykeep which themselves means quitethey separatehave preserved from the the surrounding language of states, their ancestorsthese Alpine uncorrupted. Cimbrians, Theand lateconversed king ofreadily Denmark with visitedthem, ingboth each parties other. speaking Though their only native an inconsiderablelanguages, and peopleunderstand- in the founddays of historian TScltus, wasit is apprehensive manifest that of the the sagacity final destruction of that pro- of happenedthe Roman about state three by the hundred hordes yearsof Germany, after his whichdeath. actuallyJuve- Adj.nal represents Cimber, et,them Cimbrlcus, of uncommon a, um. size (Sat.Cimber VIII. triumphua 252.). (Ov.V. 341.). Ep. Pont.Clmbrica IV. 3. Tethys, 45.). theCimbricum Cimbrian (bellum) Sea, i. e.(Plin. part ofChersonesus, the German Jutland. Ocean (Claud. XXVI. 335.). Clmbrlca Clnna. See Cornelius. R 2 CIR 196 COX saga,CTrta, the te.Sulgemar, f. Constantina, at a considerable a town distanceof Numldla, from onthe Amp-coast, onceSyphax. the royalWhen residence, Plinius andwrote, a placeit was of a great colony wealth of veterans under mandedwho had byfought P. underSlttlus, C. henceJulius called Caesar, Slttidnorum and had been Cohnia com- tiful(Plin. remains I. 532.: of Pom.Roman Mel. works. I. 46.). It contains many beau- Roman,Tib. Claudiuswas the , grandfather Tib. Claudli of the NSronis, Emperor m. Tiberius a noble andClaudius apprehension Nero. Onof severalthe discovery of the ofringleaders Catlllna’s in conspiracy, that trea- nate,sonable that combination, the guards Tib. on dutyClaudius should NSro be strengthened,moved in the andSe- ducethe debate an unanimous adjourned. sentence, This withmotion the seems view ofintended giving timeto pro- to whatthe parties the severity to come of to D. an Junius agreement, Silanus, abating and perhapsadding to some- that latterof C. Juliusonly for Caesar confiscation ; the former and confinement. having voted forJunius, death, after the thatthe speech of Tiberius of Caesar, (Sal. fellCat. from 5CT.). his own motion and adopted racina,Q. Cuiparlus, an associate Q. Cceparli,of Catlllna, m. a whonative was of preparingTarraclna, to Ter- set atout the for time Apulia the conspiracyto rouse and was arm discovered. the slaves againstHaving the learned state ficersthat the sent plot by wasthe consulsdetected, to he apprehend fled from Romehim arrived before theat hisof- house,(Sal. Cat. but 46—55.).was afterwards taken and strangled in prison supremeConsules, magistrates um (sing. in Consul, the Roman iilis), state.m. the Consuls,Various thederiva- two tooktions theof thisopinion term of* have the beensenate given. on everyAs importantthey consulted matter or thereverb consitlere. can be little It doubt,has been that maintained it ought that to be these referred magistrates to the tifywere that at first assertion. called PrcetOresLivlus, in; butthe classicconclusion authors of his scarcely first book, jus- createdsays, that at theon theCdmttta expulsion Clnturiata. of the kings,The Romanstwo consules appointed were CON 197 CON two, in order that they might mutually restrain each other | tinuanceand, to check of this the office insolence to one ofyear. power, On they the authoritylimited the of con- the thatsame theirhistorian, power beginning was equal of Secondto that book, of the it maykings, be and stated, the badgesThey wore of office the thettiga same, prcetexta, except heldthat theyin their wanted hand the an crown. ivory lictors,sceptre, orsat public on an officers, ivory chair,who carried and were a bundle preceded of rods by twelvein the midstThis last of whichbadge ofwas office an seemsaxe, tohence have called been intendedfasces et tosecures. deter powerthe citizens of the from consuls the commissionnot only to ofbeat crimes, with rods,by showing but also the to ofbehead, the consuls, or punish by capitally. restricting Poplicola their jurisdiction lessened theto authorityscourging only.consular The prerogative. same citizen He made passed other a law entrenchments rendering an onappeal the andfrom also the ordained,sentence ofthat the whenconsuls, even competent the consuls to theentered people, an assemblythe Commons of the by people, lowering they the should fasces. own The the creation supremacy of theof thesetribunes magistrates; of the people since most they of couldall weakened in every the instance authority inter- of thepose consuls their negative, nugatory. which See renderedTribunus. the decision or law of withWhen their both fasces consuls alternately, were inlest the the city, people they might had thebe alarm-lictors eddifferent by double places, terror each (Liv. enjoyed II. the1.); full but pomp when of office.abroad, Everyor in markWhile ofthey respect passed, was no paidperson them continued by their to sit,fellow-citizens. all rose up, uncoveredfrom horseback. their heads,Neglect went in anyout of of those the road,particulars and alightedsubject- ed Beingto punishment.* at the head of the state they necessarily possessed greatposed authority.whatever lawsThey they convened deemed the necessary, senate at held pleasure, a certain pro- jurisdictionof the Tribunes over ofall thethe people,other magistrates, gave audience; with to the foreign exception am- bassadors, and all letters respectingR'3 the state, whether from CON 198 CON ces,the werekings addressed of other nations,to them. orDuring from the war, governors they levied of provin-troops, premeappointed command the officers, of the procured armies. provisions,In dangerous and conjunctures, held the su- decreethe senate in these invested words, them Dent with opernm unlimited Consules, power ne by quid a solemn detri- vnentiFrom respublica the dignity caperet. and power attached to the office of con- birth,sul, it talents,was consequently or fortune. aspiredAmbition at byamong all distinguishedthe Romans hadby liusno higher Ctesar aim, to grasp until at the the lawless sovereignty, lust of bypower crushing stimulated the liber- Ju- becameties of hisin acoflntry. great measure From nominal, that period and thewas consular at last finallypower suppressed.the two consuls, The and Romans the scholar marked must the notyear confound by the names it with of thewhich civil these year. magistrates The former entered commenced on office, with and thethat dayperiod on edunderwent on the 23d, several or 24th changes. of February, The first which, consuls from were the induct-festival commemoratecelebrated on thatthe expulsionday called of RSgifugium, the tyrant Tarquintus, seems intended and the to findcommencement the consular of year Roman commenced liberty. onAt 15th a future December; period, after- we wards154, B. 1st C. July, it was then changed 15th toMarch, 1st January, and in thewhich, year from153, itsor coincidenceteration. with the civil year, continued without farther al- as Theythe votes were had elected been attaken, the .Comitia a public Centuriata, crier proclaimed and, as soon the Declaranturnames of the Consules, successful are candidates. declared consuls, Hence t. thee. by expression a public crierThe (a election pnecone). of the consuls always preceded their induc- theytipn severalwere elected months. end ofIn July, the latteror beginning years ofof August;the republic, and ingto the that first time of Januarythey had were no authority, called CSnsules but certain Deslgnuti. honours Dur- pe- respectingculiar to themselves. the means Inemployed that interval to procure too, if suspicion the election, arose CON 199 CON victiontheir conduct of bribery during deprived the canvass them wasof theinvestigated, consulship, and by con- an ■ duction,nulling their the senateappointment. and people On met the atday the fixed house for of their the new in consuls,cession, toand the conducted capitol, when them, each in a of formal them andsacrificed pompous an oxpro- to Jupiter,specting theand Latinentered holidays, on office and by other consulting matters the of senate religion. re- louslyWithin observe five days the lawsthey had; and, to at swear the expiry that they of their would office, scrupu- they hadassembled fulfilled the their people promise. when theyThey declared commonly on oath, made that a speech they thein which fortunate they events stated, which what had they occurfed had done during for the their state, consul- and deliveringship. The anyTribunes address had to the the power people, of preventingbut not from them making from -';.thAmong that they their had first not acts violated was the the settling laws. of their provinces, whichperly belonging they did eitherto the by senate, lot or agreement.and, in later That times, power when pro- it thatsignified body a generallyconquered exercised country it.under In the the Roman early agesdominion, of the state,signified they a hadcertain no suchduty departmentsto be performed, to fill, orand a provincecertain trustthen thecommitted provinces, to orthe recalled consuls. them . The at pleasure,senate sent though the consuls the latter to vernorswas much of seldomerprovinces donewere than often justice guilty demanded,of enormous as cruelty,the go- injustice,The patricians- and oppression. at first engrossed all the higher offices ot thelong state, time, and deemed only thoseworthy of of the being very consuls. first families But were,afterwards for a beian.a law wasSometimes, passed permitting but rarely, one both of theconsuls consuls were to plebeians. be a ple- haveBefore been so highQuaestor, an office Edile, was and attainable, Praetor. theTo candidate secure respect must toed theunder highest 43 years office, of a age.law declaredBut this that regulation, none could as be well elect- as sentthose at decreeing his election, a man with to beits inbeing a private unlawful situation, to be reand elected pre- COR 200 COR beryWithin began 10 years,to prevail, were andoften tyranny violated, to partieulariysap the foundation after bri- of the constitution.Romans, love ofThe their senate country, then and,lost theunder ruling the passionemperors, of force.passed anyRoman law whichliberty caprice expired might at Philippi,dictate, or andbarbarity consular en- us,power m. was,the officefrom thatof consul, period, the an consulship.empty name. Consuiaritas,Conshlatus, consul,atis, /l wantsor who classical had been authority. consul, Adj.relating Cdnsizlaris, to the consulship, is, e, of a consular.Proconsul, Adv. illis, Cdnsulariter, a proconsul, in a theperson manner invested of a withconsul. con- sularThe consuls, authority at forthe theexpiry government of their office, of a conqueredwere generally country. ap- pointedcharge of proconsuls, their province. and soonTheir after powers, quitted though the city subject to take to extensive.the will of theThey senate had andthe authorityappointment of the of people, the taxes were and very of denied,the contributions that avarice imposed and rapacity on the toocountry, often trampledand it cannot on the be senateprinciples it must of justice be mentioned, and humanity. that they To frequently the honour punished of the wereacts both generally of extortion very flagrant and cruelty. before Thesethey becamecrimes, subjecthowever, of prosecution.which continued Proconsulatus, only for one us, year; m. thebut office there of was proconsul, no law longingto prevent to, re-election. a proconsul, Adj. or the Prdcdnsularis, proconsulship, is, proconsular.e, of, or be- fice.Exconsul, Classic iilis, authors a person seldom who hasuse thisbeen term.consul, but out of of- ed C.in Cornelius,the conspiracy C. Comelii, of CStlEna, m. a Romanand undertook, knight, whowith join- L. cSro,Vargunteius in his own Senator, house, to on murder the 4th the of consul, November, M. Tulliusin the year Cl- 65 C.B. CorneliusC. (Sal. Cat.CSthegus, 17. 28.). C. Comelli CSthegi, m. a man of avicious suppliant morals, to L.who, Cornelius having been Sulla, banished whose frominterest Rome, he fledafter- as encewards which embraced. he formerly In consequence possessed, he of joined losing in the the great conspiracy influ- COR 201 COR merwith rankCatilina and (65dignity. B. C.) Ciceroin expectation informs of us, recovering that in rashness his for- andof body, audacity love heof arms,surpassed and Catifinadignity othimself; birth, heand, was in little strength inte- riorfierce, to in that spirit traitor. impetuous, Sallustius and in writes, person “prompt he was and by active.” nature atIn the the door execution of the consul,of the plot,CicSro; Cornelius and, after was he to had post forced himself an andentrance, vigilance murder of Cicerothat illustrious frustrated Roman that ;design. but the precautionHe, along ledwith in Lentulus, prison (Sal. Statilius, Cat. 17. and 55.). othyr conspirators,Catilina (aecusct) was strang-Cethe- gumone traitor? (Juv. accuseSat. 11. another? 27.), alluding The tosame the conspiracypoet mentions : Should their noble231.). birth, being both of senatorian dignity (Sat. VIII. manL. ofCorneBus considerable Clnna, influence L. Cornelli and personal Cinme, bravery. m. a noble Of Ro- his militarythe year talents91 B. heC. gavehe and the Cn.first Octaviusproof in thewere Social consuls. war. HisIn himcolleague and sixdeprived tribunes him of of the his people consular out authority,of the city and ; because drove laws.he had byBy force bribery procured he obtained the enactment the army of Applusseveral injuriousClaudius withtance whichC. Marius he made and warother on exiles Rome, from and Africa. called toCn. his Pom-assis- peiusing to Magnustake' any secretly share inencouraged it, until many this war,of the without nobles hadappear- lost theirtinuance lives. of hostilities,The inactivity which of at the first consul might permitted have been the easily con- whichterminated. they commandedClnpa and in Marius, person, withand thefour other armies, two two by Q.of principalSertorius men,and Papiriushaving lost Carbo, all laidconfidence siege to in the the city, troops and theon accountThese monsters of their of cowardice cruelty instantly and treachery, began toopened murder the the gates. in- habitants,consul, Cn. seize Octavius, on their and property, all the leading and to men put ofto thedeath oppo- the ansite election,party, or they that declared of Sulla. themselvesVVithout evenconsuls, the andformality MSiIus of COR 202 COR 79,died 80.),on the and very L. firstValerius day of Flaccus his entering succeeded on office him. (Liv. In Ep.his h forthird his and colleague, fourth consulships,with whom Cinnahe made had preparation Cn. Papirius for aCarbo war t« theon L.senate, Cornelius and the Sulla; friend hut of peace,L. Valerius carried, Flaccus, that a deputation Prince of j*it pacification.should be sent During to treat the with fourth Sulla consulship respecting of L. the Cornelius terms of ?SI whoCinna, had C. to Juliushim Julia. Caesar Manymarried of thehis nobility daughter, fled Cornelia,from the tSy tyrannicalwho had carried domination on a ofsuccessful Cinna, andwar took against refiige MIthrldates. with Sulla 1S killedCinna, by after his raisingown men a powerful in attempting armament to againstforce them Sulla, to em-was 1 tesbark (Vel. (Liv. Pat. Ep. II. 83.). 24.). Adj. Cinndnus Cinnanus, tumvltus, a, um. theCinndnce civil par-war betweenL. Cornelius Cinna andSisenna, Sulla L.(Cor. Cornelli Nep. Sisennee,Att. 2.). m. a Roman hehistorian, spoke the highly Latin commended language well,by CIcSro. was a manThis authorof learning, says, acelled skilful all statesman,who had wri and tten full before of hu hi. dour. n ; yet theIn oratorhistory reckons he ex- inhis commonwork far use, from and perfect. therefore He used wished uncommon to improve words. the style• At positionthat time in there the language,existed no and good Cornelius specimen does of historicalnot appeal' com- to haveBrut. been 63. acquainted&c.). Some with allege, the writingsthat he held of thethe officeGreeks of (Cic.pra>- ’ warstor, and between others L. deny Cornelius it. He Sulla wrote and the C. history MSrlus of (Vel. the Pat.civil mentions,II. 9.). Thisthat heauthor began says to writenothing history of his in merits, early life,only and he i earlypublished periods that of above literature, mentioned the historian when an directs old man. his whole In theat- trustingtention to that accuracy truth ofwill date interest and fact,the readercareless without of the the style, aid 1! oftlus rhetorical bears honourable embellishments testimony or graphic to his description.diligence, and SalKis- excel- 1 lence(Jug. in95.). his history of the war between Sulla and Marius J COR COR PatricianL. Cornelius rank, whoSulla, served Lucll at Cornell! first under Sull®, M&rius. m. a Roman His ac- of tivitywar to and a addresssuccessful contributed termination. greatly Mariusto bring thebecame Jugurthine at last jealoustween them,of Sulla’s which merit; was henceproductive originated of the that most quarrel enormous be- liberty.cruelties, Beingand contributed sent to Asia to tothe restrain final extinction the power of of Roman Mith- rfdates,both a brave though soldier under and a different an able pretence,general. heOn proved his himselfreturn, heSocial displayed war. hisSo militarystrongly talentswere his to soldiersgreat advantageattached toin him, the army,that when and twogive tribunes it to Marius, were sent they to takestoned the themcommand to death. of his sword,Marius, upon in revenge, which, puthe marchedSulla’s friendsto Rome, in theand city compelled to the priceMarius was to setfly. onThe the horridhead of proscription Marius, but now he effectedbegan. hisA armiesescape. underSulla different then set generals, out against and Mithridatcs, concluded a defeated peace with his himlive afteron very the advantageousAsiatic manner, terms. which Hefirst allowed unnerved his the army hardy to ofsoldiers Sulla’s of friendsItaly. inMarius Rome, and he Chinareturned having to Italybutchered to revenge many clemencytheir deaths. and moderationOn his arrival, ; but his no conduct sooner waswere marked his enemies with barbarouswholly in his acts power, of cruelty. than he commTo aggrandise itted the most himself, enormous to exalt and mies,the Patricians, induced Sullaand toto glutassume his desirethe reins of revengeof absolute on hisgovern- ene- ment.unprincipled He reclaimed demagogues, the abusesrestored introduced the ancient by popular laws, and rannyenacted marked many whichhis whole were conduct, salutary and and rendered beneficial. his adminis-Still ty- trationferable despotism.a scene of terrorDesire by ofhis revenge personal was enmities a stronger and passion insuf- vengeancein the mind with of Sulla the blood than loveof thousands, of power. andAfter governing glutting with his despoticty, and authoritylived undisturbed for three as years, a private he resigned citizen. theHe sovereign- died in COR 204 COR age,great about torment 78 B.of morbusC. The pediculuris, perpetual in intoxication the 60th year to whichof his tohe hastenhad recourse his death. to avoid To the Sulla horrors must of be remorse, conceded contributed the intre- piditybut his of character a brave soldier,as a monster and the of cruelty,talents ofcannot an able be general; held in tooSullanus, great abhorrence.a, um. Cruentus Sulla (Mart. XI. 6.). Adj. Splntheris,P. Cornelius m. held Lentulus the office Splnther, of a Curule P. EdileCornelii in theLentuli year consuls.65 B. C. whenHis great M. Tulliuswealth enabledCicero himand toC. exhibit Antdnlus a magni- were hadficence ever and been splendour before seenin thein Rome.games, whichFrom surpassedhis being whatPrae- committedtor Urbanus, to thehis traitor,charge (Sal.P. Cornelius Cat. 47.). Lentulus In the Sura year was 59 edB. consulC. he was with propraetor Q, Caeclllus of Hlspanla Metellus Citerior. Nepos, andHe wasprocured elect- pirythe recal of his of consulship, the orator CIcSrolie obtained from banishment.the government On of the Cili- ex- cia,procure which the herestoration held for threeof PtolSmaeus successive Auletes,years, and who laboured had been to opiniondriven from prevailing his kingdom in the bysenate, his subjects he did not; but succeed. a difference In the of andCivil having War beenhe attached taken prisoner, himself wasto Cn. brought Pompeius before (3 C. syl.), Ju- liusthe battleCaesar, of at Pharsalla, Corfinlum, and and fled set to at Rhodus; liberty. butHe foughtthe Rho- in anddians Caesar refused mention, him protection. and nothing This farthercircumstance respecting both CIcSrohim is withknown. any ofThe the formerrequisites author of an says,orator, that and hethat was whatever not bom at- oftainments education he and had practice acquired (Cic. in speaking,Brut. 77.). they Valeriuswere the Maxi-result ther,mus informsfrom his us,resemblance that Cornelius to a comedian had the ofsurname that name of Spln-(IX. 14.).P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, P. Comelli Lentuli Surse, m.Prince a noble of the Roman, senate. grandsonHe married of Julia,P. Cornelius sister of Lentulus,L. Julius COR 205 COk Casar, after the death of her first husband, M. Antonins HisCreticus, talents to entitledwhom she him had to rankborn highM. Antonlus, among men the of triumvir. genius; pervertedand had not the his powers enormous of his vices mind, destroyed he would his have recitation been one and of family,the most and illustrious affability men of his in manners, the state. proceeding The interest from loveof his of nourspopularity, to the raisedconsulship, him withthrough Cn. theAuf usual idius Orestesgradation 73 of B. ho- C. hadExpelled procured from the the prsetorship, senate on accountthe usual of hisstep immoralities, for being again he restoreded his horrible to the senatedesign forof massacre,a second time, rapine, when and Catilina subversion form- of thecessive government. dissipation, Poverty,added to immoderatethe natural vanityconsequence and extrava- of ex- ganttraitor. ambition, The soothsayersinduced him easily to become persuaded an himassociate that ofhe thatwas premethe third power of the at Rome.gens Cornelia L. Cornelius appointed Cinna, to obtain and L.the Cor- su- neliussoothsayers Sulla, asserted had risen that to it thatlay withauthority^ him to and fulfil therefore the ancient the noneprophecies exerted respecting greater activityhis family. or zeal Of in allaccelerating the conspirator* the plot thandestiny, Lentulus. and would foolishly soon imagining be at the headthat heof wasthe fulfillingstate. The his crimeFates byhad the passed ignominious a different death decree, of a traitor, and heat theexpiated hands his of receivedthe common the surnameexecutioner. of Sura Plutarchus in consequence informs of havingus, that wast- he edSulla, a large who, sum enraged of the at public his conduct, money indemanded his qusestorship a state underof his difference,accounts in declared the senate, he hadwhen no Leutulus,accounts to with produce, the utmost and con- in- temptuouslyAmong the Romans, presented particularly to him the among calf theof boys,his leg the (sura). player atto receivetennis, whoas a punishmentmissed his stroke, a certain presented number the of calf blows of the upon leg justit. described,Lentulus, whichin allusion accounts to that for game, the surname acted in or the nickname manner of Sura (Sal. Cat. 17. 55.). S con 206 con surnamedPi Cornelius Africanus, Sciplo, son P. Comettiof P. Cornelius Scipionis, Scipto, m. afterwards consul, Ticinus,saved the tirelife ofTessino, his father when in only the seventeenbattle with years Hannibal of age; on sium,and after Canosa, the battle bestowed of Cannse the supreme the troops command collected on athim C&nu- and disastrousAppius Claudius engagement. Pulcher, The both plebeian military tribunes tribunes without in suc-that wascess opposedunder age, his beingand he appointed obtained Curulethe office Edile, of becauseproconsul, he thebefore war he in had Spain, completed in which his both twenty-fourth his father andyear, uncle to carry had fal- on withlen. hisHis best friend, efforts, C. Lsellus,every measure attended adopted him, andby theseconded, com- pearedmander-in-chief. conspicuous Humanity,in every action, moderation, and attached and justicethe natives ap- toThe Cornelius, Spaniards whomalthough he madenaturally prisoners, hostile he tosent the home Romans. with- sedout theirransom, gratitude which byadded saluting to his him popularity; king, a titleand whichthey expres- he re- infused. proportion The Carthaginianas that of Cornelius influence increased, in that country and success declined in countryevery engagement in arms. soonHis renderedmilitary skillhim overcamemaster of the the Cartha- whole gainedginians, an with ascendency whom overhe disdained their allies, to whomtreat; hebut not his only policy de- thetached Romans. from theirThe interest, most illustrious, but added theiras well strength as the mostto that im- of portant,whose activity, of these bravery princes, and was fidelity Masinlssa, rendered the himNumidian, a very greatstate. acquisitionOn the conquest not only of to Spain,Cornelius, in which but afterwards he had defeated to the fourTtome, Carthaginian was elected consul,generals and with obtained their armies, Africa he forreturned his pro- to conquervince. ItHannibal had occurred in Africa to thanhim inthat Italy, it wouldand, therefore, be easier heto measure,proposed towhich transfer success the afterwardsseat of war justified, to that country.to many ofThis the casionedSenators discussionappeared rash and and delay injudicious. for some time;Their butopposition the popu- oc- COR 207 COR larity of Cornelius triumphed over every hindrance, and he thaginiansset out with to a recalpowerful Hannibal army whichto defend soon theircompelled own the capital. Car- thaginianTo Roman troops, bravery, commanded under this bygreat Hasdrubal commander, and theSyphax, Car- yieldedshore, • revivedan easy thevictory. sinking Hannibal, spirits of on his reaching countrymen, his native and madestates, preparationsRome and Carthage.for a decisive The battle inveterate between enemy the of rival the litaryRomans skill left could nothing accomplish, undone, towhich secure human the empire ingenuity to the or Car- mi- thaginians.gained at Zama, The Zamora, Fates denied the most him memorablesuccess, and victory Cornelius per- terminatedhaps recorded the in second Roman Punic history. war inThis 204 decisive B. C. engagementThe con- queror,decreed ashim usual, the honoursdictated ofthe a termstriumph, of peace, and theand surname the senate of aAfricanus, surname fromthe first the instance, country onwhich record, he hadof a subduedRoman receiving by force ofship, arms. and electedPopular him favour consul next for conferred the second on time. him theThe censor- un- relentingbal, was at hatred direct with variance which with the the Romans sentiments persecuted of Africanus, Hanni- towho harbour considered malice it againsta degradation a brave, ofthough their implacable,national character, enemy. hadThe asenate second appointed interview him with ambassador Hannibal, to theCarthage, first having where pre- he cSdoniaceded the for battle his province, of Zama. he volunteeredWhen his brother his services obtained as a lieu-MS- kingtenant-general; of Syria, his and advice in andthe militaryexpedition skill against contributed Antiochus, great- lyof toAslatlcus. the victory Detraction which obtained ever foraccompanies his brother renown, the surname and tribunesenvy rejoices brought at the to falltrial, of aftermerit. so longThis and noble splendid Roman a theca- reer,Prince and of beingthe Senate,three times the highestfirst in honourthe list in of that Senators, venerable or aassembly. sufficient justificationThe bare recital in the of mind his ownof the transactions people, who, formed from the tribunal attended him to Sthe 2 Capitol, on purpose to re- COR 208 COR sndertun thanks his administration. to the gods for theHe afterwardsaggrandisement retired of tothe Liter- state ciousnum, malignityTorre di Patria,of the tribunes and did againnot appear summoned when him the pertina-to trial. whomTiberius a severe Sempronius sentence Gracchus, might have a tribune been expected, of the people, pronounc- from warmested the highest thanks eulogium of the senate, on his and character, checked which the proceedings met with the of derthe prosecutors.of his life, without At Litemum, ever visiting African Rome, us spentdied there,the remain- leav- ingthat orders his ungrateful that his countrybody should should be not buried possess at his his ashes. villa, andHe leftFaullus, behind known him one in son,history who by adopted the name the son of of P. L. CorneliusiEmllius SciploP. CorneliusiEmlllanus Seiplo Afrlcanus iEmilianus, Numantinus. P. Cornelli Sciplonis ./Emlliani,IV. 12.) a m.celebrated sometimes Roman, called wasAfricanus the son Junior of L. (Eutrop.iEmlllus P.Paullus, Cornelius and theSciplo adopted Afrlcanus. son of P.His Cornelius knowledge Sclplo, of war son heof againstacquired Perseus in the camp (2 syl.), of his king father, of Macedonia, who commanded 170 B. in C.,Greece and monarch.fought in theAlthough engagement only in which the seventeenth decided the year fate of hisof thatage, hewith pursued so great the bravery, enemy, that after from the the rout lateness had becomeof his returning general, toL. the/Emlllus Roman Paullus, camp, anxietybanished for all his joy son resulting had, in fromthe mind the de- of followedcisive victory. his father’s JEmillanus chariot howeverin the triumphal returned processionin safety, andfor theWhen conquest no Roman of Macedonia citizen would (Liv. take XLIV, the command44. XLV, of 40.). the itarmy had inlatterly Spain, been in consequenceattended, he of declared the ill successhis willingness with which to judgeaccept himof any fit, appointment and his example for which excited his thefellow-citizens whole to a mightdesire premefor war. command L. Llclnlus devolved, Lucullus, appointed Consul, him aon military whom tribune, the su- andchallenged he distinguished him to single himself combat, by slaying and by a being barbarian the first who who had COR 209 COR scaledThe fame, the whichwalls ofhe Intercafiahad acquired 153 in B.former C. (Liv. wars, Ep.obtained 48.)• additionalsuls L. Marcius celebrity Censorious, at the siege and of Carthage,Manius Manilius, under the whenCon- heventured saved twointo militarya place tribunes,negligently with guarded, their troops,defended who a Ro-had mansed the fort Carthaginian which the enemy who attackedhad assailed with in their the night,whole repul-troops havingthe Roman gone camp,to Rome and to rescued hold the one elections), of the Consuls who had (the in other op- andposition had tobeen his routed. opinion chargedFor his fortitudeHasdrubal and in valour, a narrow M. place,Por- butcius that Cato iEmllianus said, that the was rest vigour. who foughtOn the in same Africa account, were shades, a ma- joritythe ensuing of the election,tribes voted though for hisunder obtaining age. In the 150 consulship B. C., theat onlypeople for elected the Edileship, him Consul, in oppositionwhen he appearedto an active, as abut candidate unsuc- cessful,ed him aresistance decisive victoryof the nobles. over Hasdrubal, His military at NSpheris, talents gain-after whichheroism, he markedtook and his destroyed conduct, Carthage.and he returned Justice, the as wellgreater as parttaken, of and, the inspoil the tomanner the Sicilians, of his father, from L.whom jEmlltus it had Paul- been lus,which the he conqueror exposed fugitives of Macedonia, and deserters exhibited to wild games, beasts. during For hisof a conquest triumph, of and Hasdrubal received andthe Carthage,surname of he Africanus. had the honour The protractedunskilfulness hostilities, of the commandersand induced theof thepeople war to at appoint Numantia him anyagain person Consul, from in beingopposition elected to successivelythe law which to thatprohibited office. andiEmilianus then invested first restored Ntimantia the ancientso closely, discipline that the of inhabitants, the army, reduceddeath, and to thethe utmostconqueror extremity levelled of the famine, town putwith themselves the ground, to inFor the bringing fourteenth to a successfulyear after termination the destruction this war, of heCarthage. had the honourNuiwutinus. of a triumph, His full and name received from the this additional time was surname P Corne- of COR 210 COR HusAntlochus, Sclplo kingiEmlllunus of Syria, Afrlcanus sent him someNumunflnus. valuable presents,Whon commanders,he received them who openly,used to contrary conceal toroyal the gifts,practice ordered of other the misedquaestors to rewardto place thethem soldiers to the whocredit should of the distinguishpublic, and them- pro- selvesCarbo, during a tribune the ofsiege the of people, Numanfia proposq^ out of law, these allowing donations. to thethey commons pleased, libertywhich toASmilianus choose the opposed,sarnTtribune and maintainedas often as dtath.that Tiberius The powerfulSempronius influence Gracchus obtained had been by justlyhis military put to prowesssupported and by success,Fulvius heFlaccus, employed C. Semproniusagainst the AgrarianGracchus, law, and eveningC. Pilpirius in perfect Carbo, health, and returnedbut was foundhome deadfrom inthe his Senate bed naxt one publicmorning. opinion Suspicion accused fell of murderingupon his wife, him Sempronfa,by poison, chieflywhom perhapstigation afterfrom herhis deathbeing thetook sister place, of and the thereforeGracchi. theNo matterinves- thenmust blazedremain forth undetermined. with all itsThe baneful sedition consequences, of these triumviri when nlustheir informschief opponent us, that was this no illustrious more (Liv. Roman Ep. 49—59.). was the Pli-first recordedwho shaved of theevery destroyer day (II. of 108.), Carthage the onlyand personalNumantla. anecdol^ T* himP. SallustiusCornelius refers Sclplo Jug. NiisTca, 7. andP. ComelliEutroplus Sciplonis IV. 10—12. Naslcse, elllusin. surnamed Metellus, Scrapion, surnamed married M&ccdonlcus MJStella, daughter from ofsubduing Q. Cas- tors,Pseudophlllppus. mentions, that ClcSro,in wit andin his humour treatise he on surpassed illustrious all ora- his withcontemporaries. L. Calpurnlus He Piso obtained Bestla, the when -onsulship Italy fell(113 to hisB. lot,C.) 27.).and Numldla, He died , in office, to onthat which of hisaccount colleague Caipurnlus (Sal. Jug. re- turnedP. Cornelius from Numldla Sulla, toP. presideComelli at Sulla;,the elections. m. a son of Ser. BothCornelius he and Sulla, hi* brother ofSer L. CorneliusCornelius Sulla, werethe dictator. among COR 211 CRE andthe accomplicesP. Autronlus of L.Psetus, Sergius after CStllina being elected(Sal. Cat. Consuls, 17.). wereHo broughtvicted, their to trial nomination for bribery was at set their aside, election, and others and, beingchosen con- to fillCornelius their place. held theDuring office ofthe qusestor, Dictatorship and, afterof his the uncle, conspira- this cy,ClcSro, he was with prosecuted Hortenslus, as an pleaded accomplice his cause, of that and traitor, made awhen suc- andcessful commanded defence. Inthe the right civil wing war ofhe hisjoined army C. at Julius the battle Ctesar, of Pharsalla.Ser. Cornelius Sulla, Ser. C5rnelii Sulhe, m. son of Ser. tator.Cornelius Both Sulla, he andand hisnephew brother, of L.P. Cornelius Cornelius Sulla, Sulla, the were dic- amongstgius Catllina the conspirators (Sal. Cat. 17,who 47.). attached themselves to L. Ser- custodyQ, Corniflclus, the traitor, C.Q. CorneliusCornlficli, Cethegus, n. a Roman, was committed to whose before47.). he suffered the punishment due to his crime (Sal. Cat. Creta,Crassus. se, v.See Crete, Liclnius. es,f. Candia, a large island in the Me- diterraneanIt is said toSea, have opposite had into ancientMarS TEgieum, times a the hundred Archipelago. cities. fromThe firstPalaestina, inhabitants or . of Creta, Candia,The Agarenians, were most an probablyArabian securenation, their on obtaining conquest, possession which they of calledthe island, Khandak, erected i. e.a fortan en- to trenchment.known by the The same adjoining name. townIt occupies was built the afterwards, site of Hera- and cleum.changed KhandakThe Venetians, into Candia. for conveniency For many of years pronunciation, past, Can- diaits name.has been Antlqua the capital Crlta, of thisancient island Candia; to which from it hasits givenbeing early270.). inhabited, Ink. Cretenses, i. e. in very ium ancient (sing. timesCretensis, (Juv. is), Sat. the XIV. Cre- tans.Candia. Cres, Cres etis, puer, m. et,The Cressa, Minotaur s?, f(Claud. a. native LIV. of Creta,11.). orCretis, to a 'idis,/.noun feminine. of Creta, Candia,Cretides with nymphce relation (Ov. toFast. a female, III. CRI 212 CRI et,443.). Cretensis, Adj. Cretans,is, e. CretaaCrertcus, Ida CrCsstus, (Claud. Cressus,XXIV. a,251.). urn, MetellusCreiicum 61helium, B. C.the for Cretan which war, he terminatedreceived the by Q.surname Caecillus of Sea,Creticus i. e. (Eutrop.that part VT.of the 11.). Mediterranean Creticum whichMare, washedthe Cretan the morashore (Virg.of Creta, iEn. Candia IV. 70.).fHor. CressaOd. I. nota,26. 2.).the CretanCressia mark, ne- t.days e. awith white white, mark. generallyThe ancients chalk, usedand toas markthe soiltheir of lucky that markisland ofwas a fortunateremarkably day chalky, (Hor. Od.Cressa I. 36.nota 10.). signified Crlssce the possessingherbee, medicinal healing herbs,virtues from grew an.in thatopinion island. that many herbs Amitemum,C. Crispus Amiterno, Sallustius, a townC. Crispi of the Sallustii, SXblni, m.about was 84 bom years at Plebeian,B. C. The and family Sallusfms of the the Sallustii first of appears the name to have who been attained only turnedeither rank to literary or celebrity. pursuits, The and mindunder of the Sallustius celebrated was philolo- early progressgist Atteius in his Prsetcxtatus, studies. Athe iswhat said age to haveambition made seduced uncommon him hasfrom been the transmitted.path of science Veryand fewof virtue, particulars no certain respecting account his juvenilerecorded. habits He are lived known, in an and age still when fewer licentiousness are worthy andof being cor- haveruption plunged had arrived headlong at theinto highestthe vices pitch, which and undermined he seems the to constitution,At the age andof 32, destroyed Sallustius the was liberties, appointed of Rome. a tribune of the people.tion, and Accordingaccording toto some,others, CSto when was he his was rival made at that praetor. elec- toTo the his Romansuccess state,over thathe alludes stern patriot,with considerablewhich was avanity disgrace in “the et Introductionquibus ego temporibus to the Jugurthine magistratus War, adeptus in thesesum, etwords, qua- everyles vlri advantage idem adsCqui afforded nequiviSrint. by his office, ” heAvailing was active himself in pro- of ofcuring Clodlus, sentence with of whom banishment Sallustius against lived Milo. in theThe closest murder inti- cm 213 cm disgracefulmaey, was exposurethe ostensible and punishment cause of his in violent the chamber hatred; of but Faus- his orta, banished.was the realHis cause enmity why tohe CiciSro,wished whichher husband originated, executed per- haps,vigorously, in opposite after thatpolitical great and man moral had principles,crushed the he conspiracy exerted so secutors,of C&tilina, he wentthat timidlyinto voluntary yielding banishment. to the clamour of his per- theLicentious lewdness and and depravity corrupted of as Sallustiusthe Romans did at not that escape time severewere, censure.B. C.), andHe remained was degraded two years from in the ignominious rank of a senatorretirement. (49 turnedBut the to interest Italy, afterof his a patron,series of Caesar, brilliant who victories, at that raisedtime hisre- mortifiedthe induence spirit, of andthat kindled general anewhe was the made dames quaestor, of ambition. which Byre- storeded praetor, him andto senatorial about the dignity. same time In married45 B. C. Terentia,he was elect- the lieutenant-generals,divorced wife of CIciSro. and gaveCaesar him appointedthe command him ofone a ofconsi- his andderable embark body forof men,Africa, whom to crush he was the toRepublicans march to underthe-coast, C&- serviceto and Sclplo.abroad, they,Having on formerlylearning submittedthe place ofto longtheir and destina- hard tion,threats mutinied; to no purpose, and Sallustius,had to consult after hismany safety promises by dight. and deathThe mutineers who came then in their marched way, backwithout to Rome, regard and to ageput orall sex. to inCajsar which went he outused alone the wordto meet Quirltes them, insteadand in ofa Milites,short speech, made themAfter ashamedCsesar had of theirbeen someconduct, time and in begAfrica, his forgiveness.dreading a scarcityto take possessionof provisions, of the he islandgave partCerclna, of his to deet the northto Sallustius, of Syr- luabletis Minor, magazine. the Gulf There of Kabes, is no otherwhere importantthe enemy occurrencehad a va- hadeither a principalnaval or militaryconcern. inThat which he Sallustiusconducted himselfseems to during have thetionable, whole from war histo thebeing satisfaction appointed of governor his general, of the is provinceunques- cm 214 CRI Atlanticof Africa, Ocean. extending In onefrom year, Llb^a so very to MSre rapacious Atlanficum, and oppres- the partsive hadof which his conduct was afterwards been, he amassedexpended a prodigiouson the extravagant fortune, name.hut beautiful He died gardens at the at ageRome, of fifty-one, which, tothirty-five this day, yearsbear be-his foreSallusfSus the Christian wrote Era.detached parts of Roman history, which thewere work greatly of Llvius.esteemed, Theand, merits by many, of these considered two authors superior can to ascarcely complete be broughthistory ofinto Rome, fair comparison;and Salliistius since selected Llvius only wrote im- advantageportant and over interesting the other portions, who narrated which gavethe occurrenceshim a decided of voidableevery year in withthe latter, minuteness wearies and the fidelity. reader, havingA sameness, little to una- ar- restindispensable the attention in continuedand less to history. inform theOnly judgment, a few fragments but still ofConspiracy the work and of JugurthineSallustlus War,now haveremain. been transmittedHis Catiline’s en- toricaltire. • Theycomposition give sufficient were of proof, no ordinary that his kind. talents A forsenten- his- ed,tious distinguishes brevity, which the hassentences been greatlyof Sdllustlus. and deservedly His style* admir- is * His style differs materially from that of any other Latin author. lativeThe attentive absolute reader he sometimes will observe suppresses the following the noun peculiarities. ; as, proditis In (homini- the ab- tive;bus v. as,militibus) quam ob mws (negotia) ducebat. qiue Jug. preedicabat. 106; and Jug.the antecedent108. Particular to the expres- rela- sionswords frequently nearly synonymous occur; as, ;ex as, sententia, cans acceptusque—variw etiam tvm, sine mora, incertusquc— ic.: two atquebonum hortatvr—funduni, atque honestumr—incerti fvgant—pulsi ignariqur—proditos fvga/iqne, 8.C.et circvmventos—rogat These words are ofnot the precisely former, synonymous, yet it is considerably for although enlarged, the latter or additional word includes circumstances the idea feated,are suggested. which isFor the instance, meaning fugati of pulsi, implies but thatnot onlythey thatwere they pursued were and de- Theconsequently infinitive unable in the tosense rally of againthe gerund; and come as, graiificarito a second for engagement.gratijicandi. theJug. conjifnction 3, adgredi etfor or adgrediendi. que may be foundJug. 89. almost Instances in every of page his suppressing; as, homi- JUtanes arant,profaisis, navigant, Cat. S. tedificant.paupertas Cat.probro 2. haberi,and of imweentiavarying tire pro Syntax nialevolcn- ; as, CM 215 CM perspicuous, animated, and forcible; his descriptions lively, propriate,picturesque, and and persuasive. beautiful; Whenand his he speeches pursues energetic,his narration, ap- heBut does he isit aptin a to very run clear, into digressionspleasant, and which instructive have little manner. con- nectionthat of showingwith his the subject, extent apparently of his information, with no other or the view superio- than ritythem of are his both abilities. entertaining It is andnot toinstructive, be denied, but that they many break of the threadwriter. of theHis narration, Prefaces toand the betray Conspiracy the self-importance of Catiline and of Jugurthinethese histories, War, compliments are, instead paid of pertinent by the author introductions to his own to ments,character as andwell pursuits. as bitter invectivesThey contain against many corrupt excellent govern- senti- theyment, are which contradicted did not probablyby the habits proceed of hisfrom life. the heart,In his sincecom- blemendation not to charge of virtue him and with in hypocrisy, his censure when of vice, we itreflect is impossi- on the bablygross immoralitiescomposed these of very his works,own life, where and hethat could he most not turnpro- hehis hadeye, committedbut every objectagainst reminded the unhappy him nativesof the crimes of Africa. which ThanTo thehis chargecharacter of partiality,of Caesar, andSallustius treatment must of plead CicSro, guilty. no- thingCaesar, can the be principal more unjust. point of Indifference his comparison between themof Cato is care- and fullyter. concealed,Cato laboured in consequence through his of hiswhole obligations life to reforihto the andlat- culiarity,ua dud ccepit. arising Cat. either 12. furtimfrom a desireet per of latrocmia. varying the Jug. expression, i. Another or per-pe- rendershaps from the using meaning words doubtful in an uncommon to the more sense, advanced perplexes scholar. the Tyro, The andin- troductiongiving to the to wordthe conspiracy virtm very of nearly, CatUIna if furnishes not exactly, a striking the same instance, meaning in meaningwith vis ; thanthus, the in words the second vis anind chapter would mrtus have animi done. suggestsIf this noobserva- other tionit appears be well probable founded, that and Sallustius the author’s considered meaning virtvs correctly a derivative understood, from ■visvirtus" not from(Tusc. vir, 11. in 18.).which he differs from Cicero, “ appcltata est« viro Clio 21t) CUR aggrandise,Livtus held Csesartruth sacredto corrupt : but and Sallust!us destroy, concealedthe commonwealth. or disguis- ofed party,it, accordingly or the malignity as he judged of personal better suitedhatred. to the prejudices observedThat genius ; and theand life virtue of Sallusfius are seldom justifies united the hasremark. been oftenThe tion,powers nor of the his depravitymind cannot of hishe heartcontemplated without without contempt. admira- His splendidNothing talents,sinks the far nature from of diminishing, man so low, aggravateas the hateful his vices.mix- tureYet, suchof transcendent was the life ofabilities, this eminent and consummateAuthor, whose profligacy. writings rianhave mayimmortalised indeed be his studied name. with The advantage, excellences and ofcopied the histo-with norsafety; merits but imitation. the character Brevis of the Sdttustius, man neither Sallustius claims respect, distin- guished55.). Martialby the bearsconciseness honourable of his testimony style (Stat. to theSyl. merits IV. of7, historyour historian:—“ according to This the Crispusjudgment will of be the the learned” first in Roman(Mart. XIV.Croto, 191.). v. Croton, onis, f. Cotrorie, a large city of the wallsBruttians, of which founded are statedby a toGrecian have beencolony twelve (959 milesB. C.), in cir-the thecumference. tomb of CrotonAccording who hadto Ovidlus, entertained Myscelos Herciiles, built and it onto hiswhom ashes that and hero bear had his foretold name (Met. that aXV. town 15. would seqq.). be builtDiony- over foresius, heking had of invested Sicilia, Sicily,it both carried by land it andby storm, sea. Pythagorasbut not be- exampleestablished to hishave school greatly there, reformed and is thesaid dissolute by his doctrinemanners and of {sing.the people. Crotonlensis, Ink. Crotonlatse, is.), the Crotonians. arum, et, Crotonlenses,Adj. Crotonlen- lum sis,Q. is, Ciirlus,e. Q, Curli, m. a Roman of no mean extraction, inwho consequence had been degraded of his crimes from senatorianand infamy. rank Heby the was censors, one of formedthe conspirators the design who, of overturningwith L. Sergius the CatlBnagovernment, at their and head, en- CYR 217 CYR resolvedricfaing themselvesto put to death. with theAudacity property and of vanitythose whomformed theythe ducedmost prominent him to discover features whatever of his hecharacter. knew, andThe even former to boast in- gardlessof his own of wickedness;danger, consequently whilst the a fitlatter associate rendered for himsuch re- a riustraitor indulged as Cafilina. his unlawful Unrestrained inclinations by moral without principle, reserve, Cii-and highhad formed rank, who,a criminal on obtaining connection information with Fulvia, from ahim woman of the of governmentconspiracy, communicatedand the lives of the the danger citizens. which A generalthreatened alarm, the zensexcited of byRome, the calleddiscovery forth of thethe exertionsplot, pervaded of all thewho whole regarded citi- selectedeither life, a magistrate property, orcapable the constitution of thwarting of thatthe state, iniquitous and they de- activity,sign. The energy community and mental placed capacity the highest of M. confidence Tullius Cicero, in the andest magistracy elected him at consul, that dangerous as the fittest conjuncture. person to holdBy thehis high-inge- andnuity measure he prevailed of Catillna, on Curius and thusto discover baffled everyevery effort movement of the thetraitor. guilt ofThe some evidence of the conspirators,of Curius contributed and enabled to ClcSroestablish to adopt17—28.). measures In returnwhich forclearly the informationconvicted others which (Sal. he com-Cat. weremunicated voted andfrom by the which public the funds;state was hut preserved, C. Julius rewards Csesar, whomfor that Ciirius impeachment, named amongstexerted himselfthe conspirators, against the in fulfilment revenge Jul.of the Cees. public 17.). promise, and the rewards were not given (Suet. Mediterranean,Cyrene, es.f 22° Caren, east longitude,a city in Africa, built, according near the shoreto some, of the by Aristaius,Aristaeus, surnamedand named Battus, after his t. e.mother. tongue-tied, Justinus who says,built thatthis islandtown, wasin the the Archipelago. son of Cirnus, Still king he ofallows Thera, that Santorin, Battus gave an ealarthe name response. of the Ink.virgin Cyrenenses, to his city, ium, in consequence the Cyrenians, of an whom ora- CYR 218 CYR Cyrenaicus,Sitllustlus calls a, um.Greeks Cyrenaica, (Jug. 79.). se, f Adj.the districtCyrenseus, of Cy^et, Cyrus, i, m. son of Cambyses, king of Persia, and Man- hisdana, father daughter was of of mean Astyages, condition; king ofbut Media. his account Herodfitus of the birth says foreand preservationIlls statement of Cyrusrespecting is manifestly Cambyses fabulous, is entitled and tothere- less utmostcredit. minutenessXiSnophon every in his circumstance Cyropaedia hasrespecting detailed his with educa- the tion,Here andtoo wethe meet manner with muchin which which he mustpassed be his refereed earlier chiefly, years. charmsif not wholly, by its elegance, to the invention and his narrative of the author. by its liveliness;His language still thatthe treatise of Q,. Curtius.can only be counted a historical novel, such as theAt Persian the age forces, of thirty, when his he father joined placed Cyaxares, him at his the maternal head of numerousuncle, and and their powerful united forcesarmies of defeated the king andof Babylon,dispersed who the wasallies. preparing Cyrus toafterwards attack the entered latter, andCappadocia those of which his numerous he sub- hisdued, capital and thento surrender, defeated Croesus,making kinghimself of Lydia,prisoner. and Inforced his wetreatment see none of thatof the monarch fine disposition after he had and fallen noble-mindedness into his hands, whichHis conduct the fancy towards of XSnophon Croesus, king has ofso Lydia,admirably shows delineated. a cruelty mentioned.at direct variance He afterwards with the returneddescription towards of the his author own coun- just cousin,try, conquered the heiress the Assyrians, of all his uncle’stook Babylon, dominion. and marriedHe spread his byhis hisconquests princes, to andthe Redfixed Sea,his residencegoverned atthe Babylon, subdued nationswhich, fromRespecting situation his formed death various the most accounts convenient have place been fortransmitted, his court. iswhich known. prove Itthat is generallynothing certain supposed with that regard he died to thatat the event age 2.of seventy.His naxns He frequently is the person occurs mentioned in Holy by Writ.Sallustlus Solium Cat. DAB 219 DEB (Hor.Cyri, theOd. throneII. 2. of17.). Cyrus, i. t. the kingdom of Parthfa D Dakar, Sris, m. son of Massugrada, was a descendant of mother,Masiriissa, who hut was less anoble, concubine. on the sidePossessed of his ofpaternal great grand-talents andchus, many who amiable had long qualities, known he his was attachment high in favour to the with Romans, Boc- and,to appoint therefore, the place,sent himday, as and his hour deputy for toan L. interview, Cornelius in Sulla,order to112.). bring the war with Jugurtha to an end (Sal. Jug. 108— Debitor,Dama-sippus. oris, m.See a debtor.Juntas. According to the Roman law thirtywhen days,a debtor find was security unable for tothe pay, sum and which could he not, owed, within the judgefetters delivered of not less him than over fifteen to his pounds creditor weight; bound but with they cords might or beown heavier. expense Heif he was chose, then keptif not in theprison creditor for sixty was days bound at his to givethe endhim of not that less time than he a might pound be weight put to ofdeath, meal ora day.sold forAt a mentslave; ofand the when adjudged the creditordebtor was took often him moreto himself, cruel theand treat- mer- cilesstude didthan not that entirely of the destroy purchased the slave.rights ofThis a Roman state ofcitizen; servi- butson thefrom privilege stripes. availedIn the little, year since 325 itB. did C. not a protectlaw passed his per- re- strictingand prohibiting the power from of putting the creditor him in to chainsthe goods or fetters.of the debtor,Still, himafter duringtaking pleasure,his whole althoughproperty, hethe could creditor not might subject imprison him to moreBy creditorsthe laws thanof the one, twelve and hadtables, not when property the to debtor satisfy had all andtheir divide claims, it theyamong might, them. if theyIt is chose, true A. cut Gelltus his body states, in pieces, that the Romans never carried thisT2 law into execution, so far as ETR 220 ETR he had heard (XX. 1.), yet this was entirely owing to the showsclemency the of severity the creditor, of the framersand such of athe legislative constitution enactment against allMost whom of the misfortune laws of the or twelve misconduct tables wererendered borrowed insolvent. from thesell hisGreeks, debtor and into a creditora foreign at country, Athens hadbut powereven his not children. only to theAmong creditor, the Jews, who hadthe debtornot power became to sellthe slavehim. or bondmanThe debtor of awas hired not servant; even to beand'his compelled master to servewas not as ato bondman, rule over but him as outwith from rigour servitude (Levit. in XXV. the year 39. of 53.). the jubilee.Besides Thedebtors children went solvency,of that nation become did bondmen not, in consequence or slaves. of their father’s In-

MareEtruria, Tyrrhenum, v.district Tuscum, of Italy, on the bounded north byon Ligtiriathe west and by byGallia Latlum Clsalpina, and the on country the east of by the Umbria, SSblni. andInk. on Etrusci,the south v. excelledTusci, oruip,in the theknowledge Etrurians, of augury, or Tuscans, and in appearthe worship to have of littlethe gods. more thanIn these adopted respects the ceremoniesthe Homans and seem institutions to have done of edtheir and neighbours, powerful enemies.who were, Afterfor several long ages,continued their determin-war and them,much carnage,and compelled the Romans them toobtained submit a tocomplete such conditions victory over as states,they chose of which to dictate. each adoptedThe Etrusci that form were of dividedgovernment into twelvewhich seemedone common most bond,agreeable mutual ; and jealousies although werethey almostwere united unavoid- by ofable, Rome. and contributedAdelung maintains to their finalthat subjugationthe Etrusci wereto the a powerCeltic thenation, valley who of migratedthe Adiye from into Rhoetla,Italy, about Tyrol, 1000 by B. Trente, C., expel- and ledof the the PoUmbri, and anotherafterwards Celtic formed nation, a connection who occupied with the the banks PS- EUR 221 EUR lisgi who were, before that time, settled in the middle of thatItaly. the ThisEtrusci rejects came the from opinion Lydia, of HerSdotus,in which he whois followed states, canicus,by Livius. a, um. Adj. Etruscus, Tuscus, Tuscanus, et, Tus- theEuropa, world among se, f Europe, the ancients, one of is the said three to have grand obtained divisions that of nameFabulous from history Europa, informs daughter us that of Agenor, Jupiter, king captivated of Phoenicia. with ofthe a elegancebull when and she beauty was gatheringof this princess, flowers assumedwith her the compa- form innions, Crete, crossed Candia. the seaIn with explanation her on his of back,this fable, and somelanded have her beenfrom ofPhoenicia opinion, inthat a ship, Minos which had hadviolently a bull taken painted her onaway its prowwhose ; nameand otherswas Taurus, have conjecturedcarried her thatfrom a herCretan native captain, coun- sons,try, brought Minos, herSarpedon, to Creta,- and Candia,Rhadamanthus. and had byShe her is, inthree ge- tree,neral, and represented an eagle nearsitting her, dejected to which under she the seems shade turning of a plane her If the fiction of Europa originated in truth, the name pelago,would beand at strait first confinedof Hellespontus, to the western the Dardanelles. shores of the Thence Archi- it becamemight gradually a common extend appellation over the of adjacentthe whole countries, tract of untilland lyingis proper on theto add,W. ofthat Asia the andname N. of of this the division Mediterranean. of the world It ingis of it doubtful is known. derivation, and that nothing certain respect- ply,Europe AEgeum, is boundedthe Archipelago, on the eastHellespontus, by MSre iEgeum, the Dardanelles, or sim- Propontis,Strait of Constantinople, the Sea of Marmora, Pontus Euxlnus,Thracius theBosphorus, Black Sea,the Mseotis,Cimmerius the Bosphorus,Sea of Asoph, the TanStrait aw, ofthe (, Don, andand Palusother riversand Asia. of Russia On thewhich S. theform Mediterranean the boundary Sea, between called Europe by the Romans Nostrum Mare, and,T 3 by the Greeks, IntOrnum FAB 222 FAB MM,Atlantic separates Ocean, whichit ft'om was Africa. known amongM&r8 theAtlantlciun, Greeks by the appellationFrozen Ocean, of Mare the northern, Externum, shores washes of theEurope. western, When and thege- includedographers Africa. divided the ancient world into two parts, Europe millionsOf this and extensive a half of tract square of country,miles, and containing in modern about times two one hundredparts were and known fifty millionsto the Greeks of inhabitants, and Romans. only theWith southern Nor- northway, ,of Germany, Russia, they Prussia, were wholly , unacquainted. Penmark, andTheir the ofknowledge the Danube, even wasof the by countriesno means lyingaccurate. along Itthe is northonly of bank late withyears, precision.that the northernAdj. Europteus, parts of Europe a, uni. haveEuropoeus been known dux, ropeanMinos (Ov.opponents Met. (Cor.VIII. Nep. 23.). Eum. EurSpcei 3.). adversarii, Eu- F Fabia Terentla, Fabise TSrentise,/ a vestal virgin whom FromClodius, the a charactertribune, broughtof her paramour,to trial for L. violation Sergius of Catilina,her vow. believeit may thatnaturally the accusation be supposed was that well the founded, public andwould give readily credit histo Clodiusconduct. for Sothe farrectitude from being of his the motives, case, several and propriety of the most of respectablewilling to thwartcitizens, the cithertribune, convinced exerted themselvesof her innocence, in her de-or offence acquittal, with such but success, her prosecutor that she notwas only obliged obtained to flee sentence from Rome.She was theCato, sister Catullus, of Terentia, and theCicSro wife espousedof CIcSro, her and cause.to her (Cat.Sallustl 15.). us alludes in the expression Cum sacerdote Vestce RomanQ. Fab! first us mentioned Maximus, byQ. LivlusFabli Maxtmi,when sent m. on an an illustrious embassy toM. CarthageLivlus. withThe L. Carthaginians jEmtltus, Q. Bseblus,had besieged C. LIcinius, SSguntum, and FAB 223 FAB Murviedro,quire whether and that the violationRomans sentof thethese treaty ambassadors proceeded to from en- publicby a senator or private of Carthage,design. OnFabius, a violent who speechwas the being principal made youspeaker, peace folded or war, a part take of which his Tdga, you choose.”and said, “The here Carthagi- we bring nianschooses. with Fabius equal warmththen threw cried out out, the he fold, may and give said which he gave he withwar, thewhen same they spirit replied, which “ wewe have take shownit, and in shall its acceptance.” carry it on toAgreeably Spain and to theirsolicited instructions, the states theseof that ambassadors country, if went they over did notThe join Bargusii the Romans, only acceded at least to totheir withdraw request, from and Hannibal.in Gallia, France,to their proposal.they had noAfter better the success, battle at the Trasimenus, Massilians theonly Lake agreed oj Perugia,M. Miniicius Fabius Rufus, was appointedmaster of prodictator,the horse. andVeneration he named for notthe godsmore persuaded from the ignoranceFabius that and the rashness dreadful of disaster C. Flaminius, resulted fore,than fromat his neglect request, of thecertain Sibylline religious books observances, were consulted, and, there- from whichformed, it on was which reported he left that the certain charge ceremonies to M. iEmilius, must beprsetor, per- andcamp put within himself sight at ofthe Hannibal, head of the with troops. whom Hehe pitcheddeclined hisan himselfengagement, unable which to devise disconcerted any expedient that by general, which F&biuswho foundcould bea belief prevailed that onhe hadto depart a secret from agreement his resolution. with Fabius, To Hanni-induce balthis saved insidious his farm,conduct, whilst nor he the desolated discontent all aroundof his ownit. Neither troops, almostthem against on the the verge Carthaginian of mutiny, army, because had he the refused least effectto lead in makingto act. Inhim the deviate first Punic from thewar plan the Romanon which and he Carthaginianhad resolved generalswhoever hadmight agreed, receive that, the greaterin the interchangenumber, should of prisoners, pay two poundsnumber. and Without a half weight consulting of silver the senate,for each the man Dictator of the actedover FAB 224 FAB forty-sevenon this regulation, prisoners and, from having the Carthaginians received two morehundred than andhe thathad givenassembly, them, and their been ransom delayed, had because frequently he had come not previ-before ouslynibal hadobtained spared, their and sanction, paid the he stipulated sold the farmsum, whichwhich Han-both countcleared of the some public religious faith and ceremonies, added to hishis presenceown honour. was requiredOn ac- thein Rome, Horse and not he bothto engage entreated the and enemy commanded during thehis Master absence. of vainAvailing of his himself military of theskill, eagerness the Master of the of troopsthe Horse for battle, disobeyed and ginians.his orders, Theand enemiesfought not of theunsuccessfully Dictator magnified with the itCartha- into a victory,Fubius, anda measure the people equally made absurd him andequal unprecedented. in command withOn tweenreturning him to and the the army, Master the ofDictator the Horse, divided and the latterforces soon be- eitherrisqued killed an engagement or made the with whole Hannibal, prisoners, who had wouldnot Ffiblus have andcome confessed seasonably his to error, his relief. and placedThe Masterhimself of again the Horseunder sawFa- monthsbius, whom, having from expired, gratitude, he abdicated he called thehis Father.dictatorship, The ear- six whichnestly recommendinghe had formed, L.and ,®milius to guard Paullus against to the adopt rashness the plan of considerationhis colleague, ofC. theTerentius latter brought Varro. on Thethe ignorancebattle of andCannse, in- lingafter the which agitation FaMus at madeRome, some and judiciousthe senate proposals sanctioned for themquel- by'countrymen their approval. bestowed After on him he hadagain been the created consulship; Ponttfex when his mentshe took of some Hannibal, towns andfrom desolated the enemy, the lands watched of the the Campani move- whoOtacllius had joinedand M. the Aimfllus Carthaginians. Regillus wereAt the chosen elections, consuls. T. both,Fablus although made a Otaciliuspowerful hadspeech married against his the sister’s appointment daughter. of whenTo him he he commanded objected on the the fleet, ground he hadof incompetency, effected none because, of the FAB 225 FAB thepurposes Flamen for ofwhich Qumnus, it had would been given remain him. at homeJSminus, and neglect being jumorum,the war. onHe whom then orderedthe lot hadback fallen the Centurtato give the Athemensis first vote, sulon purposefor the fourthto vote time, again, with when M. he Claudius was himself Marcellus named for con- the thirdnibal hadtime. departed As soon from as heArpi received where informationhe had spent that the Han-win- concertedter, he hastened measures back for to besieging the army, Casilinum travelling whichnight andhe tookday, byCompulteria, assault. InTelesia, the same Compsa, manner Melse, he obtainedFulfulae, possessionand Orbita- of nium,JEcse inin Apulia.the district In of these Samnium, towns twenty-fiveBlandse in Lucania, thousand and of theand enemytwenty were deserters either were, taken on or being killed, sent and to threeRome, hundred beaten rock.with rodsAt inSuessiila the Comitium, he came andon horsebackthrown over to thethe Tarpeiancamp as lieutenant-generaland eleven of the Lictors,under his from son, respect who went to his out age to meetand char-him, theacter, twelfth, allowed “ himTake to care.”pass, onThe which Lictor the then consul called said out, to “Alight,”ed to try whether and having you dismounted, sufficiently heknew said, that “My you son, were I wish- con- sul.”Hannibal’s Of hisplans, military he gave talents a remarkable and accurate instance knowledge in the se-of nate,siege whenof Capila, that general,threatened finding Rome. it impossibleFabius declared to raise thatthe notHannibal dared tohad march no expectation against it ofafter taking the battlethe city, of sinceCarina, he thathad histhe solesiege object of Capua, in advancing which ought towards not theto be capital discontinued, was to raise and thatThe thesenate troops increased then inthe Rome armed were force sufficient within thefor walls, its defence. push- toed Romeon the proved siege of the Capua, accuracy and of Hannibal’s the opinion feint of Fabius. with respectPlan- nlbalmovement appeared indicated in some that force he nearhad theany city, serious but notintention a single of signedstorming to theF&blus walls. the warIn hisat Tarentum,fifth consulship Taranto, the senatewhere as-he FAB 226 FAB displayedSempronius his Tuditanususual activity, appointed prudence, him andPrince military of the skill. Senate, P. gus,a nomination who contended opposed that by thehis practicecolleague, transmitted M. Cornelius from Cethe- their censorancestors living ought Prince to he of observed, the Senate. which Accordingwas to make to precedentthe oldest quatus.this honour Sempronius should have maintained been conferred that the on lotT. leftManlius him at Tor- full consul,liberty tobecause name whomthat, even he would, in the and opinion that he of had Hannibal, chosen thehe dispute,was the thefirst other of the censor Romans. yielded To his this assent, election, and afterFabius a long be- nla,came Manduria,the Prince andof the TSrentum, Senate. Byhe obtainedthe capture a prodigiousof Caulo- quantity11 appears of surprising booty, besides that taking he opposed a great P. number Cornelius of prisoners. Sciplo in hiswhole proposal plan he to deliveredconquer aHannibal long and in forcible Africa. speech,Against which the characterLivlus has of recorded Cornelius (XXVIII. with great 40—44.). violence, inHe consequence attacked the of nessthe Locrenses and injustice complaining of the Roman to the army, senate both of the officers cruelty, and lewd- men, preventedsince it was the the commission duty of Cornelius of these as crimes. their commanderHis motion to havefail- proposal,ed with respect ordered to restitution Cornelius, to but be madethe senate, to the agreeably Locrenses, to andhis portedthe commissioners, to the senate appointed that the conductto examine of Cornelius, into the insteadfacts, re- of extrememeriting oldcensure, age in claimed the year high 205 approbation. B. C. after Fabiushe had died been, in offices,according says to Livlus,some, augurhe surpassed for sixty-two his father years. and In equalled honourable his ofgrandfather, the great andsurname, his uncommon even if hemerit had rendered been the him first worthy who ceededbore it not(Liv. from XXI. indolence 18. XXX.or timidity, 26.). but His from caution a convic- pro- restoredtion of its the utility, state, andsays its Ennius, success justifiedby judicious its adoption. delay. Vic-He tricesFabius, morcE by whichFdbii, hei. e.overcame the slow Hannibal and cautious (Prop. measuresIII. 3,9.). of FAB 227 FUL 4>.To andhim Cic. Claudlanus de Senec. alludes4. in his poems, Sallustius Jug. torianQ. Fab!dignity us Sanga,who patronised Q. Fahii Sangse,the state m. ofa Romanthe Allobroges, of sena- and,him theon thatconspiracy account, of theirCStilina, deputies which at heRome immediately discovered com- to municatedFaesula, &,fto M. et, Tullius Fsesulse, Cicero, arum, the Fiezola, consul a (Sal. town Cat. of Etru-41.). ria,the Apennines.Tuscany, east In of modem Florentia, times Florence, it is rather towards a village the foot than of asign, town. when Here he raisedCatlBna the executed standard part of ofrebellion his nefarious against thede- laws(Sil. Ital.of his VIII. country, 477. andSal. theCat. lives 24, 27.).of his Ink.fellow-citizens Ftesulani, sulanusorum {sing. ager Ftesiilanus,(Sal. Cat. i).43.). Adj. Quondam Ftesiilanus, Fcesulamm, a, um. Fce-i. e. quemdam(Sal. Cat. homlnem59.). natum Faesulis, i. e. P. Furium, q. v. ed Ferentarii,soldiers in orumthe Roman {sing. armyFSrentarius, who usually i) m. thebegan light the arm- en- gagement.bably their nameThey fought(Sal. Cat.with 60.). missile Inweapons, Latin authorswhence theypro arerarii. likewise called Milites levis armdtura, Accensi, and Itu- Flgulus.—SeeC. Flaminlus Flamma,Marclus. C. Flamlnii Flammse, m. a Ro- man,tor, L. of Sergiuswhom nothing CatlEna, farther passed is aknown few days except with that him the in trai- the territorytributed armsof Arretlum, among the Arrezzo, rebels whomduring hethe had time allured that he to dis-his beenstandard, discovered after (Sal.he had Cat. left 36.). Rome, and the conspiracy had life,Fulvla, with whoma>,y! a Q.Roman Curlus, woman one ofof high the rank,accomplices but of viciousin the conspiracyshe had lost of all Catllina, regard had for apersonal criminal purity,connection. she retainedAlthough a strongthe citizens, attachment and, therefore, for her native made country a full discovery and for theof the lives dan- of geragency, which prevailed threatened on Q,both. Ciirlus M. Tulliusto disclose Cicero, svery through measure her of FUL FUR the traitor as soon as resolved upon, and thus crushed one of throwthe most of powerfulthe Roman combinations state (Sal. Cat.ever 23,formed 28.). forFloras, the over- in lewdopposition woman to ofSallustius the most and degraded Plutarchus, kind (IV.describes 1.). her as a whoA. joined Fulvlus, Catilina, A. Fulvii, was taken,m. the brought son of aback Roman to the senator, city, andM. put Fulvius to death Flaccus, by his M.father’s Fulvii orders Flacci, (Sal. »i. aCat. Roman, 39.). who andheld wasthe theconsulship first who with subdued M. Plautfusthe Transalpini Hypsseus Figures, 127 B. hav- C. ingSalluvii been sentGalli to who the assistancewere desolating of the Massllienses their lands against130 B. theC. chus(Liv. inEp. his 60.). tumultuary He afterwards measures joined which C. embroiled Sempronius the Grac-state, and,(Id. 61.).on that Toaccount, his fate he forwas joining killed byin L.that Opimius, sedition Sallus-consul confiscatedtius refers Jug.his property,42. The levelled Romans, his accounting house with him the a ground,traitor, andFlaccianus, adjudged a, theum. area Fldcciuna on which area,it stood the to space the public.occupied Adj. by edthe long house waste, of M. Q. Fulvius Lutatlus Flaccus, Catiilus which, adorned after withit had the remain- spoils takenM. fromFulvius the Noblllor,CImbri 101 M. B.Fulvii C. (Val. Nobllloris, Max. m.VI. a 3.).Roman turnof senatorian the government, dignity, towho murder conspired the wealthy, with Catllina and to toseize over- on theirP. propertyFurlus, P.(Sal. Furli, Cat. m. 17.). an associate of Catlllna, and one forof the the mostdestruction active inof thestrengthening Commonwealth and accelerating (Cic. Or. Cat. that III.plot calls6.). himHe alwayswas a nativeFasuldnus, of Fsesfilae, without Fiezola, giving hence him hisSallustius proper namethe battle (Cat. at 59. PIstorla, &c.). inHe which fell fightingthe rebels in were the totallyfirst ranks routed in asand one the of greater the conspirators. part killed. CIcSro likewise mentions him GAB 229 GAL G P. Gabiriius Caplto, P. G&blnii CSpltonis, m. a Roman heof equestrianwas addicted rank to everywhom species Cicero of callswickedness Cimber, (Cic. adding Or. Cat.that conductIII. 3.). (Sal.He Cat.suffered 17. capital55.). punishment for his treasonable to theGaetulia, south v.of Getulia,Mauritania, ae, f. Morocco an extensive and Fez, country and Numldia,of Africa Algiers.Gaetuli, orumIt formed (sing. part Gaetulus, of the kingdomi), the Gaetulians.of Masiriissa. Sallus. Ink. longedtlus, from to Hiempsal,books written gives in thethe followingPunic language character which of thebe- GictuliGaetulians and andLibyes: Libyans, “ Africa a savage was at and first untutored possessed people,by the whoselike cattle; food wassubject the toflesh no ofestablished wild beasts, customs, or grass laws, of the or field go- vernmentand who lay ; a racedown of wanderers,to rest whenever who had night no settledovertook habitation, them.” horsemanship,(Sal. Jug. 18.). and, Likelike them,the Numidians rode without they saddles, excelled hence in 678.).Gcetulus Adj.inculto Gsetulus, (i. e. nonet, Gaetulicus,strato) equo a, (Luc.um, ofPhar. Gsetulia, IV. African;Sat. X. 158.). also tawny.Gcetulm Gcetula gentes, thebellua, inhabitants the elephant of Gsetutta (Juv. (Plin.Gallia, I. 524.).se. f. France,Gcetulica an purpuraextensive (Id. and 747.).populous country ofseparates Europe, it boundedfrom Germany, on the E.and by mount Rhenus, Jura, the theRhine, boundary which Mediterranean,of Helvetia, Swisserland, the limits ofon Gallia, the W. France, but from are Juranot exactly to the ascertained,the Rhone, hasnor frequently, were they but always inaccurately, the same. been Rhbdanus,considered thatthe line Provincla, of separation Languedoc, between Provence, it and Italy, and althoughDauphint, all lay agree on bothrum, sidesthe Unitedof that Provinces, river. On or the Holland; N. it hadon theInsula S. that Batavo- part Lyons,of the Mediterraneanand Montes Pyremei, called Galllcusthe Pyrenees, Sinus, which the Gulfdivided of GAU 230 GAU FranceCantabricus, from theHlspanta, Bay of Biscay,Spain; andand Fretumon the Britannleum,W. OceSnus mansr. Galllcum, gave the the name British of Gallia Channel. Trdnsulplna, To this countryto distinguish the Ho- it from itsthe lyingnorthern between part Romeof Italy, and Galliathe Alps, Cisdlpma, and being so called long inwearing possession long hair;of the and Gauls; Gallia Gallia Brucchata, Cdmdta, from from their the wearing natives ato kind have ofbeen trowscrs confined or tobreeches. the inhabitants The last of appellationthe southern seems dis- attrict upwards of that country.of 30,000,000. The population For the of sakeFrance of isthe estimated young thescholar, word it Gallia may not in senses be improper very different. to remark, In that the firstCsesar line uses ol hisdenote commentaries that part of of the the countryGallic war, unsubdued the term by is the employed Romans, to andthat inpossessed the same by chapter the Celts. to signifyIn Lib. the II.central 1. Gallia division, (omni or only,Gallia not pacata) the northernincludes theone southernpossessed andby themiddle Belgse. divisions An- cientthe whole, authors of appear Germany frequently in Gallia. to haveThus included “ omni part, Gallia if notcis Rhenumbooks of theperdomita” history of(Sal. Llvius, Frag. Gallia 1.). denotesAnd, thein Northernthe early partGrates of Italy.Gdllusagit Inh. (Claud.Galli, orum XXII. (sing. 186.). Gallus, Also i), the Gauls.priests bitantsof CjfbSle of Galatia.(Hor. Sat. Adj. I. 2.Galllcanus, 121.), and Galllcus, sometimes et, Gallus,the inha- a, partum. ofGalllcus the English OceSnus Channel, (Pliny), i. e. thefrom Bay the of mouth Biscay, of andthe 9.).Seine toGdllica the Pyrenees. ora, Gallic Gdllicanusmouths, t. cate. ulusmouths (Catul. of the XLII. Gallic Francehorses (Hor.(Juv. Od.VIII. I. 8,116.). 6.). Adv.Gdllicus Galilee, axis, afterthe countrythe man- of nerGauda, of the »,Gauls, m. aor noble the French.Numidian, son of Mastanabal and grandsonto the crown of Masinissa, of Nilmldla, whom failing Mloipsa his immediate had nominated successors. heir talDisease powers; had reducedand his petitionnot only tohis the bodily commander-in-chief, frame, but his men- Q* GRA 231 GR7E haveCsecillas a troop Metellus, of Roman to be cavalry allowed as histo sitbody next guard him, being and re-to spirefused, this C. weak-mindedMarius availed prince himself with of revengethat opportunity against the to con- in- merchantssul, and prevailed resident on there him, on and account others bothof trade, in the to army, write and to theyRome wished against to CseciHus, be appointed and in commander-in-chief. favour of C. Marius, Thiswhom is tenone resultof the frommany trivialinstances causes. which Theprove disaffection that great ofevents Gauda, of- toin theintellect consulship, nearly anand idiot, ultimately contributed to the tocommand elevate C.of theMarius for- himces in an Ntimldla, influence whichin the raisedstate which his name he asafterwards a soldier, pervertedand gave to Gracchus.the very worst See of Sempronlus. purposes (Sal. Jug. 65.). boundedGrseela, on re,the f N. Greece,by Thracla, a celebrated Thrace country (1 syl.), of Romania Europe, ; theon theMediterranean E. by Mare ; iEgeum,and on the the VV.Archipelago by that part ; on of the the S. Me- by diterraneanthe Gulf of called Venice. the IonianThis country sea, and was Mare chiefly Iladrlaflcum, peopled by andcolonies sciences, from whichEgypt, were who afterwardsintroduced improved,a knowledge and of manythe arts of themTo the carried inhabitants to the highestof Greece, degree the ofcivilization perfection and by therefinement Greeks. mostof the wholly ancient confined. world s'eem, The at Romans one period, were toindebted have beento them al- forrefined all whichlife. theyBut theknew fine of artsphilosophy, Were not and likely the comfortsto be much of justicecultivated to theor esteemednation of byMars, a race however, of ferocious it cannot soldiers. be denied, In notthat equal, in history, they didand not in severalfall much species short of of, poetry, their instructors.if they did injured,The liberties were of totally Greece, destroyed which Philipby his king son, of Alexander Macedon firstthe cessors,Great. untilThe itcountry was conquered continued by to the be Romansoppressed 145 by years his suc- be- foreno united the Christian effort to .Era.regain theirFrom independence, this period the but Greeks continued made GUL 232 GUL in subjection until the beginning of the 15th century, when conquest,they fell underthe descendants the tyranny of ofa refined,the Turks. intelligent, Since andthat inge-fatal slavery.nious people, The have population been sunk of inthis ignorance country and is estinaatedoppressed byat arum,1,920,000. the Greeks.Inh. Graci,GrseciUus, v. Grali, i, dim. orum, generally et, usedGrajugente, in con- naannertempt. ofGrsecismus, speaking. i, Adj.m. a Graecus,Grccism, Grajus,the Greek Grams, style, orv. ofGraecariicus, Greece, Greek, a, um, Grecian.et, Grseciensis, Adv. is,Greece, e, (not v. muchGrsecanke, used,) afterGulussa, the manner je, m. theof the second Greeks. son of Masinissa, king of Nfimi- thaginians.dia, was a skilfulIn the general year 174 and B. inveterate C., he and enemy the ambassadors of the Car- fromwhich that that state venerable had a bodykeen ordereddispute himbefore to thereturn senate, to his after fa- plaintsther, and advanced desire himagainst to send him ambassadors by the Carthaginians. to answer the Aftercom- receiving(Liv. XLII. the customary23, 24.). presentsNext year both heparties returned were todismissed Rome, thementioned Macedonian in the war, senate promised the aid givento execute by his whatever father fartherduring erydemands of the they Carthaginians. should make, Theand greaterwarned partthem of ofthe his speech treach- is tolost Carthage (Liv. XLIII. with whom 3.). heThe had senate returned, had andsent bothambassadors he and wisethey reporteda fleet, ready that forthe serviceCarthaginians (Liv. Ep. had 48.). an army, On theand death like- ofdom his (Id. father 50.). 150 TheB. C., account he received of Llvlus a third differs part from of the that king- of havingSallustius, died who a natural states, death, that bothMlcipsa, Gulussa on the and demise Mastanabal of his thefather, third succeeded Punic war to theGulussa whole contributed kingdom (Sal. to the Jug. conquest 5.). Inof sivathe Carthaginianswas the son of and Gulussa, the destruction and had offled their from state. Africa Mas- on Masslva.the murder of Adherbal by Jugurtha (Sal. Jug. 35.). See HAD 233 MAN II Hamllcar,Hadrumetum. aris, m.Seo a man"'‘Adrumetum. of low birth, but of a factious disposition,Leptis, Lebeda, who despisedplanned theto submitoverthrow to theof the laws, government and disre- of gardedtani were the the authority faithful of allies the ofmagistrates. Rome, it is probableSince the Hamulcar Lcpti- embracedtoo small, the and interest the territory of the Carthaginians,too inconsiderable for forthe him place to was at- Jug.tempt 77.). establishing himself as an independent prince (Sal. TheHannibal, family of alis, Hannibal m. a son appears of Hamilcar, to have beena Carthaginian. one of the mostthe Carthaginian noble, and to state. have possessedHis father, the an greatest inveterate inti^ence enemy inof solemnthe Romans, oath thatcompelled he would, him, asat soonnine yearsas possible, of age, wageto take war a them.against thatThis people, enmity and against that hetheir would formidable never be rivals at peace instilled with lifeinto hethe bent boy, the increased whole energywith his of growth,his powerful and inmind very to earlycon certof the measures, Romans. or undertakeHe joined enterprises, the Carthaginians for the destructionin Spain, and,The veteranat his very soldiers arrival, imagined attracted their the formergaze of thecommander whole army. was restoredsame animation, to them thein his same son, keen in whoseand piercing face they eye, observed the same the ciliatoryexpression and of captivatingcountenance, manner and the in samea short features. time so Hisendeared con- edhim the to weakest the soldiers, of their that inducements the remembrance to esteem of his him. father No form- man ties,ever commandpossessed aand genius obedience more ;fitted so that for itthe was most almost opposite impos- du- manderssible to discernor by the whether soldiers. heWhatever was more service loved required by the cour-com- ginianage and army, activity, entrusted Hasdrubal, to him then in atpreference the head toof theevery Cartha- other officer, nor did the soldiers feelU 3 greater confidence or intre- HAN 234 MAN piditybraving under danger, any he other added commander. perfect composure To fearless of mind courage in the in andmost his perilous mind situations.to depression. His bodyHeat wasand a coldstranger he boreto fatigue, with andequal drink indifference, to the demand and he ofrestricted natural theappetite, quantity despising of his meat the gratificationtention, and, ofthat the being palate. accomplished, Business demandedhe laid himself his first down at- forHe repose,had no withoutfixed time th« leastof rest, regard and to accustomed its being day himself or night. to thesleep, soldiers when onduty guard, did notor onrequire the advanced his being posts, awake. he wasAmidst often cloak.seen stretched His dress on thediffered ground, in nothing and covered from that with of ahis soldier’s equals, advancirwbut he bestowed to battle, great he painsuniformly on his appeared horses and among armour. the first,In virtues,and in miring says Livius, he was vices the oflast equal who magnitude quitted the counterbalan- field. These cednian, : inhumanno regard cruelty,for truth, perfidy no sense beyond of religiousthat of aobligations, Carthagi- threeno fear year’s of the which gods, he and served no underrespect Hasdrubal for an oath. he availedDuring him- the couldself of contribute every opportunity, to the forming either ofin atheory great orgeneral. practice, On which re- carryceiving the the war command immediately of the into army, Italy, he andmade with every that effort view • to capital.commenced This hostilities induced on the the smaller Olcades, states and to submit,plundered and their he declarationthen laid siege of hostilitiesto Saguntum, against Murviedro, Rome, since which the was Saguntines a virtual whowere camethe alliesto complain of that of state. the violationTo the of Roman the treaty, ambassadors he re- lyfused for anCarthage, audience; he and, sent knowing previous thatnotice they to would his countrymen sail direct- movementsto refuse the were Roman then demands, directed in.northward, which he andsucceeded. his address His onsecured his way him to an cross unmolested the Alps. passage Fertile through in expedients, the Gallic he states pas- sedRomans the Rhone under P.with Cornelius little loss, Sciplo, and whodeclined wished engaging to detain the HAN 235 HAN inhim skirmishing on the banks parties of that or river, in a generaland to weaken engagement. his forces Hanni- either bal,as large aware an ofarmy his intention,as possible, and defeated solicitous the toscheme enter ofItaly the with Ro- manhas beengeneral, so muchand preparedcelebrated for in making history. that Gauls descent from which the joicednorth ofin Italy,their whodestruction, hated the met Romans him before and would he quitted have there- thisRhone, advantage, and offered it rather to act appears as guides wonderful over the that Alps. his marchWith mentacross andthese admiration. mountains shouldThe Gauls have excitedhad, for so centuries much astonish- before, haveoften subsistedpassed from between France the into parent Italy, country and an andintercourse the colonies. must forces,Ancient some authors making differ thegreatly number respecting a hundred the strength thousand of foothis and sixtwenty thousand thousand horse. horse, An and uncertainty others twenty likewise thousand prevails foot accordingwith regard to toLivlus, his route was over that the he Alps.passed Theover general Alpes opinion,Peninae, passedv. Poenlnse, over Crcmo.whence theThe name. opinion Othersof Llvlus maintain appears that to be,he maintains,that he passed that through the Alps the did country not receive of the their Taurlni; name from and thehe pedCarthaginians, on the top but of fromthat ridgea person as anamed divinity. Pennius, In nine worship- days toHannibal general gainedreport, theand summit in six more of the he Alpinefound himselfrange, according in Cisal- hispine camp, GauL and On continued the top forof thetwo highest days to eminencerecruit the he exhaust- pitched edthe strength rock through both of which men andit was beasts. necessary To maketo effect a waya passage, down pilehe felled of timber, a number which of hetrees set whichon fire stood as soon near, as araised strong awind vast vinegararose, and, which when made the stoneit either was violentlycrumble heated,to pieces he or poured rend. edThrough a way thewith rock, iron disjointed instruments, by theand power made of the heat, descent he open- so begentle brought that bothdown. the Inbeasts forming of burden the road, and theand elephantsin descending, could HAN 236 HAN whomonly four this daysaccount were is taken,spent. Hannibal,According in tothe Llvlu*, fifth month from troopsafter he and left was Carthago in readiness Nova, to fightCarthagena, the Romans transported in their na-his clustive Allmentuscountry. Fromstates, thethat time Hannibal he passed declared the Rhone, in his hearing,L. Cin- Italy.that he hadOver lost the thirty-six Roman forcesthousand under men P. beforeCornelius he enteredScipio, onthe theconsul, Rhone, who he had gained endeavoured a victory to at provoke the foot him of theto battleAlps, theand braverythe consul of hiswould son, have Sciplo, lost afterwardshis life had called it not Afrlcanus. been for wasAt Trebia, wounded the himself Trehia, athe , again defeated near the Placentia, Romans, Pia-and Arno,cenza. wantIn crossingof sleep, thethe marchesdamps of overflowed night, and by the Arnus, unwhole- the iostsome the air, sight brought of one on of a hisdisorder eyes, onin whichhis head, account by which Juvenal he sneeringlyThe rashness calls and him ignorance the bliukard of C. generalFlaminlnus (Sat. Nepos,X. 138.). the consul,slmenus, occasioned the Lake theof Perugia,disastrous in engagement which fifteen at thousandLacus Tra- of withthe Romans such fury fell. did Theboth battleparties lasted maintain for threethe contest, hours, thatand overthrewnot one of large the combatantsportions of manyobserved Italian an earthquakecities, forced which the fulsea convulsions.up into the rivers,The Romansand levelled redoubled mountains their by efforts its dread- after morethis dreadful fortitude overthrow, than pruden'ce. and showed,The commanders, in many instances,too often impelledwith their by formidable their warlike enemy ardour, when rushed there wasinto no engagements probability ofRoman success, allies or evendeserted, of a andtemporary joined advantage.Hannibal, whoMany took of their the townsQ. Fabius and desolatedMaximus, their by landshis caution almost andwherever military he went.skill, wasshowed to watchhis countrymen his movements, that the cut way off stragglersto conquer and Hannibal prevent foraging,at Cannse, but the to resultavoid ofregular the inconsiderateengagements. rashnessIn the ofbattle C. HAN 237 HAN theTSrentius Romans Varro, lost, ain man killed grossly and ignorantprisoners, of aboutmilitary forty-five taetics, Rome,thousand the men.victory Hadat Cannae Hannibal would marched have been directly completed against by thewould capture have beenof the consummated city, and the by wishes placing of Romethat great in subjection general andto Carthage. fortune didHannibal not put anotherallowed inthat his opportunity power. About to escape, this unwillingperiod Livius to believeascribes ofto sohim great actions a man, which such the as reader making is bridgesteaching and his rampartsmen to feed of on the human bodies flesh. of theThe dead, longer and he evencon- thetinued Romans in the learnedcountry notthe lessonly formidable to keep him did hein appear,check, andbut frequentlyHannibal keptto gain possession considerable of many advantages towns, overand retainedhim; still a orconsiderable made head army against with the which Roman he overran consuls different as opportunities districts, occurredRoman history,or advantages that heoffered. could Itentertain does not theappear slightest from gatinghope, in the a fewstate. months That after he showed,the battle on of almostCannae, every of subju- occa- ledgesion, ofthe a talentscrafty politician,of a consummate all must general, allow ; andyet afterthe know-losing him,the advantageshis best efforts which only the went victory to harass,of Cannae without bad thesecured least oftendency the seat to of conquer, war from the Italy Romans. to Africa, Even bears the honourable transferring tes- timonyP. Cornelius to the Sclpiotranscendent must have merits despaired of this of great soon man, conquering whom beyondin his native seas; country,especially before when he we thought consider of transportingthat he did not troops ac- ofcomplish the first this men measure in the without state. powerfulAfter being opposition sixteen from years some in ownItaly, country, the Carthaginians and he obeyed recalled their Hannibal orders with to protect the bitterest their regrets.terview whichThe Romanproduced commander no beneficial indulged effects, him and with the anbattle in- oftary Zama, to Rome. Zamora, At followed,the earnest which recommendation rendered Carthage of Hannibal, tribu- HER 238 HER conquerorsthe Carthaginians chose toconcluded dictate. a peaceKnowing on suchthe undiminishedterms as the persecuteenmity of that Hannibal illustrious to their Carthaginian state, the Romanswith a meanness continued and to caperancour from most their disgraceful hands, Hannibal to their national found himselfcharacter. obliged To es-to hewithdraw found protection secretly from' in the his court native of Antioehus,city, and, forking some of Syria. time, sityAdversity again compelledseldom finds Hannibal faithfulness to make in friendship,a hasty and and concealed neces- retreatforlorn, fromhe next this appliedmonarch. to Prusias,Wandering king about, of Bithynla, destitute who and duringwould probablythe remainder have ofafforded his life, him had a thecomfortable persecuting residence hatred exiledof the HannibalRomans not a sacrifice obliged himto their to surrendervengeance. the Asaged scon and as werehe found beset that by armedthe outlets men, from and thethat fort his inlife which was inhe danger,resided andhaving on theimprecated monarch the who vengeance had violated of the the gods laws on of the hospitality, Romans, heHercules, swallowed is, am. quantity the son ofof Jupiter poison and Alcmena,expired. the daugh- ofter Anaxo,of Electryon, but, accordingking of Argos, to others, Argo, ofor, Eurymede, according to Eury- some, menadice, v. married Lysidlce. Amphitryon, During thewho time was of the her brother pregnancy, of Anaxo, Alc- and,tronymic from Amphitrydnmdes. his mother’s husband, Of thisHercules name receivedancient authorsthe pa- whomhave enumerated was the son upwards of Alcmena, of forty, called, the mostfrom distinguishedthe place of his of birth,Both GreekThebae, and Tlieva, Roman in authors Boeotia, have the extolled Theban the Hercfiles. strength, passingcourage, belief.and activity The greatestof this renowned difficulties hero and todangers a height seemed sur- howeverto vanish perilousbefore him, or impracticablenor did he shrink it might from anyappear. enterprise, The birth,cruelty rendered of Juno, him who subject plotted to thehis willdestruction of Eurystheus even before (3 syl.), his kingnarch of imposed Argos, enArgo, him andthe 12cousin labours of Hercules.so celebrated This In fabul- mo- HER 2S9 HER misGeorge's. history. 2d. 1st,To Todestroy kill thethe serpent famous of liou Lerna, of Nem&i, the Lake St. of ofMolini. (Enoe, 3d.remarkable To bring for alive its togolden Emystheus horns, (3brazen syl.), feet,the stagand astonishingrystheus (3 syl.)swiftness. a wild 4th.boar Toof prodigiousbring likewise strength alive andto Eu- fe- 5th.rocity, To whichclear thedesolated stables ofthe Augeas, country v. aroundAugias, Erymanthus.king of Elis, killwhich the had carnivorous contained birds 3000 whichoxen forravaged many theyears. country 6th. near To aliveStymphalus, to Argos, the Argo, Lake a of terrible Vousi, wildin Arcadia. bull, which 7th. laid To wastebring theDlomedes, island aGreta, king ofCandia. Thracla, 8th.Romania, To catch which the fed mares on hu- of manAmazons. flesh. 10th.9th. ToTo kill obtain the monsterthe girdle Geryon, of the king queen of Gades,of the flocks,Cadiz, whichand to werebring likewise to Eurystheus said to (3feed syl.) on hishuman numerous flesh. flesp^rides.11th. To carry 12th. off the To golden bring fromapples the from Infernal the garden Regions of the achievedthree-headed in little dog moreCerberus. than eightFor years, these helabours, received which a com- he shield,plete suit Apollo of armour a bow andfrom arrows, the gods. Mercuflus Jupiter a sword,gave him Nep- a andtunus a cluba horse, of brass, Vulcan and us Minervaa golden cuirass,a coat ofa brazenannour buskin, and a helmet.of their number,The other exceed exploits our limits, of Hercules, and it would from therequire greatness more children.space than weThe can greater afford part to ofenumerate the labours the of one-halfthis hero ofClau- his dianthe temple has sung, of Delphi, XXXIV. Castri, 9—48. because For the priestessattempting had to treat- rob edto anbe soldinquiry for ofa slave,his with and indifference, to remain thein servitudeoracle doomed for three him after,years. fromOmphale, admiration queen of of his Lydia, astonishing bought actions, him, and married soon him.to Peloponnesus, On completing the Morea, the period and ofmarried his slavery, DeKnira, he returned daugh- livingter of Gsneusmany years (2 syl.) in happinessking of CSlydon,together, inshe, iEtolia. from jealousy, After HIE 240 HIE edsent such him terrible a poisoned pain tunic that heby hiserected servant a funeral Llchas, pile which on (Eta,caus- Banina,IX. 134. stretched seqq.). himselfThe immortal upon it part and of expired Hercules, (Ov. by orderMet. horses,of Jupiter, and Juno,ascended changing to heaven her inhatred a chariot into esteem, drawn gave by him,four inter marriage, his death herhe receiveddaughter divine Hebe, honours. the goddess To of Herciiles youth. Af-the poplarthe banks was of sacred, Achgron. which Alcldes, he is saidte, m. toa patronymichave brought of Her-from godcules, of from faith; Alcaeus, hence Hercule,the father v. of Hercle Amphitryon. (Adv.), byHe Herciiles, was the faithor, upon assist my me; honour; Mehercule Deusfidius, v. Mehercules, sc. juvei, sc. may juvet, the ofgod the of same(Pers. import.II. 12.). HerculeHe was dextro, supposed by theto presidefavour ofover Hercules hidden treasures.Calpe, a mountain Herculis in columnce, Hispania, the Spain, pillars near of Hercules,Gibraltar, t.and e. expeditionAbyla, a mountain against Geryonin Mauritania, king of Morocco Gades, andCadiz, Fez. Hercules In his havewas saidseparated to have Spain raised fromthese Africa,mountains, that anda communication afterwards to mightterranean. be openedThe between ancients the were Atlantic not agreedOcean andon thisthe Medi-point, othei'ssome thinkingmoun tains. them Adj. statues, Herchlanus, others Herculangus,towns, others Heracle- islands, us,Gibraltar et, HerchlSus, (Sil. Ital. a,um. I. 199.).FrStum Herdcleas Heiculgum, (fabulas), the Strait the fa- of ges,bulous the labours part of of the Hercules Mediterranean (Juv. immediatelyI. 52.). Hercileus to the westpur- astfum,of the Strait the constellation of Gibraltar Leo (Juv. (Mart. XIV. VIII. 280.). 55.). Herculevm Hercu- Herculecelei colles, arbosthe hills coronce, about the Tibur, tree of Tivolithe crown (Mart. of IV.Hercfiles, 57.). »'. e.Hlempsal, the poplar alls, (Virg. m. a G.son II. of 66.).Miclpsa, and brother of Ad- thirdherbal. part On of histhe father’skingdom death of Numidia, 120 B. C., Algiers, he succeeded his brother to a Adherbalson of Mastanabal, to another tothird, the andremaining Jfigurtha, third. the Inillegitimate talents, HIP 241 HIS courage and activity Jfigurtha far surpassed the other two, tainand beingpossession a man of ofthe inordinate whole kingdom. ambition, Ahe stranger resolved to to gra- oh- ceededtitude andto. the the accomplishment tenderer feelings of of his humanity, nefarious Jugurtha design by pro- as- sassination,He employed and people Hiempsal to murder fell the him, first who victim severed to his his cruelty. head fromproof histhat body, they and had brought executed it to his Jugurtha commission as an indubitable(Sal. Jug. 3—12.).Hippo, onis," m. Ham, a town of Niimidia, Algiers, for- merlytlquvi dilectusthe capital regibus of that Hippo country, (III. hence239), whichSillus Italicus,accounts an~for theits beingcountry frequently in the vicinity called Hippo of this regius. town (207C. Ltelius B. C.) ravaged imme- diately(Liv. XXIX. before P. 3.). Cornelius Sclpio Africanus invaded Africa on Hlspanla,the S. by »,Fretum f. Spain, Gadltanum, a large country v. Herculeum, of Europe, the bounded Strai' ofknown Gibraltar; among onthe the Romans E. by bythe the Mediterranean, appellation ofwhich Nostrum was Mare,may likewise and, amongbe found the in Greeks,Roman authors,of Mare hut Internum, not of frequent which whichoccurrence; separate on it the from N. Gallia,-France, by Pyrensei andMontes, Oceanus the Cantabrl-Pyrenees, cus,(included the Bay in Hlspamaof Biscay; Ulterior,) on the W. and by Mare Lusitania, Atlanticum, Portugal, the stretchesAtlantic Ocean,from 35°, which 50', theto 44°,Greeks 40', callN. lat.Mare and Externum. from 9°, 30',It eastW. toto 3°,west, 15', extends E. long. to 660Its greatestmiles, and length, its greatestwhich breadthis from aboutto 550 148,000miles. Thesquare superficial miles. contentsSpain, includingof this country Portugal, are .wasrior. byHither the Romans Spain, anddivided Hlspanla into two Ulterior, parts, HlspanlaFarther Spain; CitS- henceSpains. duce The Hlspanice, former, orthe northern, two , comprehending or, Hispdnice, an theex- latter,tent of or country southern, equal the to restthree-fourths of the country. of Modern These Spain, two thedi- IMA 242 IMA visions were sometimes governed by proconsuls, but more commonlyAfter by praters. had completed the subjugation of the bouringwhole country tribes by(19 the B. conquest C.), he of divided the Cantabrians, the whole and peninsula neigh- intocipal threecity, parts.he called Hispania TdrrdcSnensis, CitiSrior, andfrom Hispania Tarraco, Ulteriorits prin- hetion formed was derived into Lusitania, from the Lusitani,and Hoztica. the mostThe powerfulformer appella- of the nationstis, the whoGuadalquivir, inhabited athat very country, large river and whichthe latter watered from thatBse- thisprovince. country Claudian in a single gives line—Dives a correct and equis, just frugwm description fdcilis, ol preciSsaHispanus, metdllis i), the (XXIX. Spaniards. 54.). Adj. Ink.Hispanus, Hispani, Hispanicus, orum (sing. a, 462.).um, et, Hispantensis,Hlspdna Tethys, is, e. theHlspdna Spanish humus Sea, (Ov. or, Fast.Western VI. I.Ocean 310.). (Claud. XVII. 50.). Hispdniense os Rhuddni (Plin.

Imagines, um, f. Images. Jus Imaginum, the right of joyedImages, originally t. e. the only right by of the forming Patricians Images in theof themselves, Roman state. en- includedCertain offices,the curule usually edileship, called the pratorship, curule magistracies, censorship, which con- thesulship, person and was dictatorship, by birth a conferredPlebeian. thisThis privilege, honour naturallyalthough resultedtricians. fromIn process these ofoffices time, thebeing Plebeians, at first tosolely whom held the by curule Pa- magistraciesdignities in thewere state, long and denied, all whobecame obtained eligible any to thecurule highest ma- likewisegistracy, theirhad notdescendants. only themselves The Imagesthe Jus were Imaginum, busts made but dividualof wax, havinghad enjoyed, labels enumeratingand the achievements the honours which which hethe had in- fromperformed. which Thesecomes inscriptionsthe English theword Romans title. Hlamcalled eeram.tUuli, IT A 24S ITA that wax, f. e. the wax of which the Images were made (SaL Jug.Italia, 4.). x,f. Italy, a large and celebrated country of Europe, situatedtween 38 between and 46 7degrees and 19 of degrees N. latitude; of E. longitude,bounded on and the be-S. byit fromFretum Sicily Siculum, ; and onthe the Strait N. E.of Messina,by Mare whichAdrlaflcum, separates v. dividesHadrtaficum, it from quod Grajcia, et Superum, Greece, nowthe Gulfpart of TurkeyVenice, inwhich Eu- rope.and Germany,Alpes, theon theAlps, N. ;form and onthe the boundary S. W. it between is washed Italy by rhenum,that part v.of Tuscum, the Mediterranean quod et Inferum, formerly the called Tuscan Mare sea, Tyr- not nusin use. and HyginusPenelope; refers Timseus the name to Italos, to Italus, an ox,son inof TelSgo-ancient tryGreek, was a calledderivation Italia which because Festushas it had great adopted. Itali, “i. Thee. oxen coun- andisland Servius to the tomouths Italus, ofa kingTiber, of theSicily, Tevere, who sailedand calledfrom thatthe countryApenninus, from the his Apennines, own name, form It&lia a ridge (Virg. of mountains Ain. I. 533.).which ofextends the country. from the AlpsThe tosources Ithegium, of all Reggio, the rivers the wholein Italy length are foundthe seat in of these universal mountains. empire, wasRoma, the capitalRome, of for Italy. many Fromyears itname the originallyinhabitants given of Italy only wereto the frequently natives of called that cityRomani, and its a theterritory, original which inhabitants, was long particularly very small. on Accordingthe banks ofto theVirgil, Te- vere,from weretrees; Fauns, by which nymphs, expression and a race he probablyof men whomeant sprung peo- pleWeather who hadin theno houses,hollow trunkshut sheltered of trees themselves (iEn. VIII. from 314.). the orum,Italia thecontains Italians. 1200 I tails,square Idis, miles. yl of Italia,Ink. I Italy, tali, et,applied Italici, to aII. female, 3, 84.). or toAdj. a noun Italus, feminine. et, Italicus, Italis a,ora uin. (Ov. ItdlaEp. Pont.tel/us (Ov.Itdlka Fast. gens, IV. the 64.).Romans ItdUcum (Stat. lltusSyl. (Ov.IV. 6.Met. 78.). XIV. 17.). JUG 244 JUG' J Jfigurtha, se, m. was the son of Mastanabal by a concu- broughtbine. Hishim uppaternal in his uncle,own house, Masinissa, and gaveking himof Numidla,the same celebrityeducation by as hishis activity,own sons. courage, Jugurtha and modesty. early acquired Observing great ments,his superiority and perhaps to his also cousins in mental in point endowments, of personal he, accomplish- most pro- wardsbably in executed, very early of dispossessinglife, formed thethe design,sons of whichMaslnissa, he after- and suspiciousseizing on theof his crown principles, of Ntimidia. the aged Aware monarch of his formed ambition, differ- and life.ent schemesThe extreme by which popularity he expected of the Jfigurtha youth rendered would loseany hisat- impracticable.tempt at cutting Masinissa him off by therefore violence endeavouredvery hazardous, to gain if nothis affectionsand Hiempsal, not only by treating to himself, him withbut also the toutmost his sons, kindness, Adherbal and fromat last satisfying by leaving the to ambitious him the third mind part of Jfigurtha,of his kingdom. this act Far of generosity,mulated him in toplace procure of endearing their death to him and the seize king’s their sons, posses- sti- hesions. attempted Having to bribeat last the accomplished Koman senators his iniquitousto secure himdesign, in periodthe kingdom he had which nearly he succeeded; had obtained but byhis murder.notorious Atbribery one edand by insulting the senate, impudence roused the at indignationRome, whither of all he men had of beenprinciple, call- againstand ultimately him. Forit was a long resolved time that he successfullywar should resistedbe declared and trayedfrequently by Bocchus,defeated theking Roman of Mauritania, forces; but whose at lastdaughter was be-he hadthe Romanman-ied commander,(Sal. Jug. 80.), who intoled himthe handsin triumph of C. withMfirlus, his •two(Liv. sons, Ep. after 64—67.). which he Adj.was put Jfigurthinus, to death in prisona, um. 105 Juyur- B. C. thinum23.). helium,SaJJustlus the has war written against a minuteJfigurtha and (Hor. elegant Epod. account IX. of JUL 245 JUL this war, which many consider as one of the purest models of Jugurthahistorical composition.(Ov. Ep. Pont. Jui/urthinus IV. 3, 45.). triumphus, Jugurthlna triumph victoria, over the victorypunishment over Jugurthaof J£igurtha(Claud. (Eutrop. V. XXVIII. I.). Jugurthina 381.). poena,From 600.),Lucanus and it thisappears is affirmed to have bybeen Eutropius strangulation (IV. 27.).(Phar. IX. whomC. Julius, he despatched C. Julii, to m. Apulia, one of with the theassociates view ofof acquiring CartlTna additionalC. Julius strength Csesar, toC. theJulfi conspiracy Caesaris, m.(Sal. the Cat.first 27.).distinguish- edAurelia character the daughterof the Caesars, of Cotta. was theHe son was of Caiusborn inCaesar, the and6tli consulship17th year, ofhe C. obtained Marius, the99 yearsoffice B.of C.Flamen When Dialis, only int. hisc. daughterHigh Priest of ofClnna, Jupiter. excited His against marriage him. with the hatredCornelia, of theL. years,Cornelius been Sulla, exposed to whosein consequence suspicion ofhe hishad, aunt from Julia his beingearly obligedthe wife to ofconceal C. Marius. himself, until,To escapeby the intercessionassassination of hethe wasves- talreluctantly virgins, inducedand the entreatiesto spare his of life.his relations,That Sulla the tyrantformed, was at isan provedearly period, by the aanswer correct which opinion he of returned his talents to and his ambition, friends, boywho to reproached death; in him that for boy, the said meanness he, I see of manywishing Marti. to put a vicThe crown, first at military the siege honour of Mitylene, which Caesar when obtained, the Roman was army a ci- hewas returned commanded to Rome, by Thermus, and before the he praetor. had completed On Sulla’s his death 23d year,cution accused terminated Dolabella in the of acquittal extortion. of theAlthough defendant, the prose-Caesar in thethat public trial gave opinion, such proofshigh among of his abilities,the most as distinguished ranked him, orators.to avoid theNot odium having necessarily obtained anyattendant public onoffice, an andunsuccessful wishing impeachment,under Apollonius, he retired the son to Rhodesof Milon, (1 syl.)who towas study a veryeloquence emi- ,nen* teacher of rhetoric. NearX 3 the island PharmScusa, on JUL 246 JVt remainedftis way to 40 , days. heAt was the taken end byof pirates,that time among he purchased whom he fromhis liberty the pirates, for 50 hetalents. procured Soon a ship, after pursued obtaining them, his freedomand, to themverify all the to threat death whichby crucifixion. he expressed After when his their return captive, to Rome, put bune.he was, Heby theafterwards vote of obtainedthe people, the appointed offices of Qutestor,a military Edile, tri* DuringHigh Priest his Quaestorship, (Pontifex MaximusJ,his wife Cornelia, Praetor, and and aunt Consul. Julia, thetion widowfrom the of Marius,Rostra in died; honour and of he both. delivered He athen funeral married ora- daughterPompeia of(3 Sulla.syl.) theTo daughter gain the of favour Q. Pompeius, of the people, and grand- when andEdile, magnificence he surpassed of allhis his shows. predecessors To dazzle in andthe extravagancecaptivate the constantmultitude, aim. and toIn weaken the pursuit the powerof his favouriteof the nobles, plans, was he hadhis ralrecourse restraint to means he knew the nothing,most wicked nor needand thisflagitious. appear wonder-Of mo- spiracyful, since, of Catllina,in his speech he avows for the his traitors disbelief engaged of the immortalityin the con- nishmentsof the soul, (Sal. and consequentlyCat. 51.). Inof spite,a state however, of rewards of his and vices, pu- lents,the agreeableness added to his of martialhis manners, valour and and splendour intrepidity, of hisgained ta- csAim rendered many admirers. him a favourite The successwith the of army,his military and his enteipris- profuse briberyhis object, secured from inhis his early interest years, the had populace been hisof Rome.own aggran-That havingdisement been on concerned,the ruin of first, his country,in the conspiracyis manifest of from Crassus his andCues. Sulla,9.). Theand, judgmentafterwards, which in that he gaveof Catllina in the senate, (Suet. withJul. respectcomplices to ofthe that punishment rebel, the of conduct Lentiilus, of theCSthegus, Roman &c.equites, ac- beingwho guarded arraigned the as temple an associate where ofthe that senate incendiary was met, before and thehis opinionQuaistor and and his the guilt. senate, He sufficiently leagued with prove these both ‘tailors, the public not JUL 247 JUL libertiesto promote of theirhis country,schemes, andbut toby become their means the unlimited to destroy sove- the reignCsesar of Rome.divorced Pompeia (3 syl.)» because Clodius had been lebratingdetected inthe his rites house, of Bona while Dea, she fromand other which matrons every male were crea- ce- thisture crime,was most and, carefullythrough excluded.bribery, obtainedClodlus a sentencewas tried of ac-for pularity,quittal. Caesar,As Clodius adthough was acertain man of of great the fact, influence declined and bear- po- period,ing evidence been againstin the smallesthim, lest degree it should injurious have, toat hisany plans future of ambition.The senate seem to have been apprehensive of the power whichand influence induced of them Caesar, to decreeby the provinces time he wasof little elected or consul,no im- portance,provoked woodshis resentment, and roads, and to the he consulslaboured for to that effect year. a reconci- This last,liation after between great exertion,Cn. Pompeius accomplished. and Crassus, The interestwhich ofhe theat lianfonner law, he hadwhich keenly conferred supported extraordinary in the passing powers of the on Mani- that withoutcommander, an ultimateand likewise view to on his other own advantage.occasions, thoughWhatever not servedpower, asbeyond a precedent what wasfor usual,his soliciting had been the assigned like for to himself. others, personalWith Crassus, merit, ahe man had oflong prodigious been in habits wealth, of friendship.but of no great Of power,all the CrassusRoman thecitizens greatest Pompeius riches, andpossessed Caesar thethe greatest abilities.against the Inliberties this coalition, of Rome, which they solemnlywas in fact swore a conspiracy that no- sent.thing wasThe to scandalous be done in combination the state but of by these their three common great con-men peiuswas called was thethe leastFirst criminal. Triumvirate. He appears Of to the have three, been dupedPom- expectedby the insinuating to get his addressacts in ofAsia Csesar, ratified. in whose The consulship decree could he theonly means gratify which his vanity, he employed which towas accomplish his ruling it passion were highly ; but JUI. 248 JUL andcriminal. to increase The objecthis influence of Crassus on the was state to addby theto hispower wealth, and yieldingtalents of to the the other fame two, of andPompeius, that of Caesar,to raise byhis occasionally own, and “ crownFrom thishis madperiod ambition.” the state was wholly managed by Caesar; objectsand the ofviolence just abhorrence of his proceedings to all classes rendered of the thecommunity. triumviri Caesar,Cic8ro, advisedto whom him Pompeius to break confessedoff all connection he had been with duped that in-by ningtriguing address and ofunprincipled Caesar had politicianmore influence, ; but with who himnot onlythe win- pre- servedCicSro, their but strengthenedformer intimacy, their inunion opposition by giving to thePompeius advice inof marriagedispositions, his anddaughter of the Julia, most aengaging woman ofmanners. the most Soamiable great spitewas her of influencethe mutual with jealousy both her and father aversion and whichhusband, afterwards that, in rupturesubsisted as between long as them,she lived. she preventedTo increase their his coming power toin anythe himstate, in and the toconsulship, command hethe married interest hisof Plso,daughter who Calpurnla. succeeded country,A strong thenand respectablebegan warmly party, to opposeanimated the bymeasures love of of their the triumvirate.Vettlus, who JL’sesar,had formerly anxious preferred to intimidate an accusation them, againstbribed nobles,himself, to to assassinate declare, that Pompeius. he had beenBut urged,this villany, by some being of thede- wastected glad by tothe drop people, it; and,was totreated prevent with discovery, such contempt, he put Vettlusthat he heto deathstill retained in prison. a very Notwithstanding powerful party in these the state.acts of enormity,Previous- people,ly to the through expiration his agent, of his the consulship, tribune Vatlnlus, he obtained the fromprovince the ofthree Gallia legions, Clsalplna, for five years;and Illyrlcum, and the senate,Upper atAlbania, the desire with of gion.Ctesar, Theseadded legionsGallia wereTransalplna, gradually France, increased and toanother thirteen. le- andSome to of prosecute the succeeding him for magistrates his illegal wishedconduct to during annul his acts,con- JUL 249 JUL sulship; but having the tribunes in his interest, a veto was putCaesar on all is their supposed proceedings, to have set out for Gallia Transalpina, thatFrance, country, in the checkingend of March, the inroads 57 B. C.of theOf hisGermans, conquest and of overrunningwar contain apart rapid, of Britain,but well thewritten, Commentaries account. ofThe the youngGallic readertions are must fully not recorded, infer that or allevery his circumstanceengagements withof his these conduct na- withRespect regard for histo.them character is either as a minutelyman, induced or faithfully hint to detailed. conceal manyThe precise particulars, time inand which to hint he at, conquered rather than Gallia describe, is not others. ascer- tained.I. 283.), othersSome make8, and it himself10 years, 9 (B.geminis C. I.lustris 7.). (Luc.His Phar.cruel- calledty and forth injustice merited in attacking reprehension the states in the in seliate,alliance when with Home,it was heeven should proposed, be given that up for to his the abuse enemy. of powerBut thein that splendour country, of hisThe success first seven prevented books thatof the motion Commentaries from passing were intowritten a law. by addedCtesar. an Toeighth, them which Hirtius brings Fansa, down at the the narrative request of Csesar’sBalbus, militarythe Rubicon, operations which in formed Gallia the to commencementthe time when of he the passed Civil istedThe between dissembled Csesar friendship and Pompeius, which onhad, the fordeath some of Juliatime, andex- NeitherCrassus, ofgave these place generals to personal could bearhatred an andequal, open much hostility. less a receivedsuperior. Csesar’sThrough petitions the influence with ofcontemptuous Pompeius, the indifference, senate had whichin all thewas horrors with him of aintestine good reason bloodshed. foi involving Csesar’s his crossingcountry lawsthe Rubicon, did not theallow boundary him to passof GalHa while CIsalpIna,in command, which was thean fledactual from declaration Italy, and of crossedhostilities. to Greece. Pompeius In 160 and days, his friendsCsesar treasury,conquered which all Italy, Pompeius, entered by Rome, an unaccountable and took possession oversight, of hadthe .TUL 250 JUL tiusleft behindcerarlum, him. he states,To diminish that it hiswas guilt left open.in plundering But this Sanc- as- ras.sertion Having is contradicted seized the by government Dio, Appian, money, Plutarch, he left andthe com-Flo- peius’mand ofbest the troops, army inwhich Italy wereto Antonius, then in Spain,and went under against Petrel Pdm- us, “Afranius that he andwas Viirro,going toobserving, fight an army on his without quitting a general, the capital, and wellwould received return byto thefight inhabitants a general withoutof all the an towns army.” on hisHe roadwas edthither, to admit exsept him the within people oftheir MassTlia, gates. Marseilles,Unwilling who to spendrefus- mandmuch oftime the in troops the reduction which were of thatto attack city, it heby landgave tothe Trcbo- com- nius,Brutus. his lieutenant-general,Having brought the and war of in the Spain fleet to toa successfulDeclmus bitantstermination, of Marseilles, on his return after ato long Rome and he brave compelled resistance, the to inha- sur- intorender Greece, (see Massilla.) conscious that,He then during prepared his life, to hefollow would Pompeius neither theenjoy two tranquillity armies came nor to security. a decisive Afterengagement several on skirmishes, Pharsaila, featedthe plain and of his Pharsa, camp intaken. which ImmediatelyPompeius was after completely that disas- de- enedtrous tobattle, the shoreshe, accompanied of M5re iEgseum, with only the 30 Archipelayo, horsemen, hast-and resolvedafterwards to pursuefled to Egypt,his enemy where into he whatever was murdered. part of theCa;sar, world soonhe might after go, the followed murder ofhim Pompeius. into Egypt, Embracing which he the reached inte- restfor some of Cleopatra, time the characterCa;sar became of theattached conqueror to her was person, lost and in rio,that orof Ccesarion,the voluptuary. who, at Bythe herage heof had18, fivea son years called after Ctesa- be Egypt,had been Cyprus, proclaimed, and Ctelesyrla, by his mother was put and to Antonius, death by kingAugus- of mentariitus. His de militaryBello Alexandrine, enterprises byin Egyptan author are whoserelated name in Cam- has notHaving been transmitted. placed the crown of Egypt on ClS8p3tra, with JUL 251 JUL whamPtoWmicUs, he had merely associated to save in theappearances, kingdom heher advanced younger withbrother, her upnot the his Nile,soldiers and refused would probablyto follow have him. goneRoused to jEthiopia, at last from had hisking indolence of Pontus, and he marchedeffeminacy against by the that revolt monarch, of Pharnaces, defeated him,that inand writing subdued an hisaccount country, of it with to a suchfriend ease at Rome,and rapidity, he em- fromployed whom only threehe had words, received Veni, so muchvidi, vici.assistance To Mithx-ldates,in the Alex- andrineMaxotis, war,the Sea he ofgave Asopk, the kingdomand entrusted of Bosporus Domltius on with Pal the us insettlement Italy, he of returned other affairs to that in Asia,country, To levying quell the great commotions contribu- tions,war, offrom which the statesa full throughaccount whichhas been he passed,given infor Commentarn the African detune Bello of CaesarAfricuito, did notby anfail unknown him in author.this expedition; The good he for-de- nearfeated , the republican and reduced forces theunder kingdom Scipio, of in their an engagementally, Juba, kingCaesar’s of Mauritania,success, Cato to killed a Roman himself province. at Utica. On Returninghearing of tofour Rome, different Caesar, times, at thein consequenceinterval of ofa fewhis havingdays, triumphedconquered Nfimidia,Gallia, France, Algiers, iEgyptus, Mauritania, Eyypt, Morocco Pontus and and Fez, Africa, &c. t. e. of Thethe worldplunder to ofglut so hismany soldiers countries with enabled presents, the and conqueror the citi- zensand towith divert largesses. the minds To of dazzle the citizens the eyes from of thethe multitude,extinction cence,of their and liberties, gave feasts he exhibited of the most shows unbounded of uncommon profusion. magnifi- Hu accordingalso enacted to somethe course useful of laws, the sun.and regulated the Kalendar Lablenus,Cneiipi (2having syl.) anddrawn Sextus, together the sonsa powerful of Pompeius, army in aided Spain, by them.Osar wasThey again came obliged to a decisiveto leave battleRome, at and Munda, march in againstwhich theThe formerveterans two of Osardisplayed were great forced, heroism to'fly, and and it generalship.required all JUL 252 JUL lasthis addressdeclared to for bring that them general, again which to the put charge. a final periodVictory to tbsat war,Roman and empire. left the conquerorThe eyes inof the his peaceful countrymen possession were of now the magnificence,opened. Though all that his hadtriumph ever beensurpassed, seen inin Rome,splendour the peo-and andple, withstood sorrowfulsilent. No hearts, acclamation gazed at followedthe pompous the carprocession of the extinctionconqueror. of TheRoman splendid independence, exhibition and was the beheld commencement as the final asof degradingtriumphing, slavery. not over The the citizensnatives ofjustly Spain, considered but over Csesar the Rome,sons of and Pompeius, over the their laws favourite of the commonwealth. general, over the nobles of gantThe honours, senate hasand beenfor bestowingblamed for such conferring unlimited such power extrava- on theCaesar; conqueror, but in andthis theymerely only granted yielded what to thethey inclination had then noof powerand dictator to withhold. for life ; appointedThey elected him himsuperintendent consul every of publicyear, morals,father ofand his conferredcountry. uponNor himdid theythe titlestop ofhere. imperator They andde- thecreed senate-house, him an elevated and seaton thein the tribunal theatre, in a thegolden forum. chair Toin destroyedcomplete their their extravagance constitution, and and impiety, enslaved to his the fellow-citizens, man who had thethey army, voted the temples, disposal altars, of the and treasury, priests. andThe the commandnomination of theof the success magistrates, of his aims, he considered hence the to concurrence be put in his of thepower senate by people,in these with mattera some was of thosedeemed powers unnecessary. he used occasionallyTo decoy theto view.dispense It; butmust only not when be denied it suited that the his object conduct, which whenhe had su- in premethat he commander, enacted several was salutary marked laws with for great the better clemency, regulation and addedof the tostate. the greatnessHe administered of the empire justice by without planting partiality, Roman andco Ionicsmeasures beyond by whichseas. itBut had his been elevated obtained, station, created as well him as enethe JUL 253 JUL Intimatemies; and friend the chief Brutus, of the conspired senate, amongagainst whom his life. was hisHe mostdied ofin histhe age,senate pierced house, by 15th 23 wounds,March, 44after B. C.he inhad the enjoyed 56th year the peacefulVI. 25.). possession of the empire only 5 months (Eutrop. mander,Of Caesar’s the armies intrepidity which as hea soldier, defeated, and and abilities the ascountries a com whicha consummate he conquered, general, are he sufficient added those proofs. of anTo elegant the talents writer, of nals,and a of persuasive the Gallic orator. and Civil Much wars, of hiswere, commentaries, it is said, composed or jour- neatnesson the spot of his where style, his notwithstanding battles were fought. the rapidity The with purity which and manhe must writer. have written,His narrative have isnot perspicuous, been surpassed simple, by anyand Ro-na- picturesquetural. It isdescription at once chasteplaces andthe animated.whole scene Hisdistinctly lucid andbe- foreis a witnessthe reader, of everywho accompanies engagement. him Few in all passages his marches, occur and in histhe writingsmost polished which thedo notmost approve. illiterate doTo not compose understand, a simple and narrativehis friends, of seemshis campaigns, rather to forhave the been amusement his object, of thanhimself to give and alitician. specimen Hence of his ittalents were asabsurd a profound to expect historian in the or commen-deep po- perhaps,taries a finishedentertained history. the hopeThey of are seeing mere filledoutlines up, whicheither he,by himselfBesides or aby few some juvenile other pieceshand. mentioned by Suetonius, and booksa collection on Grammar, of apophthegms, and a poemCaesar which left, heat hiscalled death, Iter, two or andThe hisJourney. friends, areBut lost. these, Noneas well of as his his writings letters tonow the remain senate except8th book 7 booksof the of Gallic the Gallic, war, andas formerly 3 of the mentioned,Civil, war. is Thethe wrotecomposition the accounts of A. Hlrtlusof the Alexandrine, Pansa ; but African,it is not knownand Spanish who Of Caesar’s talents as an orator, have the opinion of JUL 254 JUN qualities,ClcSro and not Quintilian. always united, His strengthorations andwere elegance. admired forCicero two placesspoke withhim amongthe same the spirit first orators,with which and heQuintilian fought. assertsHad not he ofambition, peace, sayshe would that great have critic, rivalled diverted the eloquenceCffisar from of theCicSro. arts ToCaesarem) him Maniiius qui deduxit alludes domitos V. Qulrltes512. Ilium ad sua (t, Jlagra—Hime. C. Julitnn whoC. Julius brought Caesar down who the enslaved tamed Romanshis country to his and scourges, treated i.Ro- e. usedman citizensas synonymous like slaves with (Juv. Emperor; X. 109.). hence, Caesar ad isiniquas often mensastables where Ccesaris, food atwas the set unequal before the tables guests, of thewhich, emperor, in point i. ofe. silreus,quality, et,corresponded Caesarianus, with a, um.their Casdrea rank (Juv. domus, V. 4.). the Adj.palace Cte- of VIII.Augustus 1.). (Ov.This Trist. applies I. to1, the 70.). emperor Casaridna Domitian. Pallas Casctrid- (Mart. numNep.Att. civile 7.).helium, i. e. inter Ccesdrem et Pompeium (Cor. MarcfusL. Julius Figiilus Caesar, 66 L. B. Jula C. Caesaris,During m. their was consulship,consul with L.C. vernmentSergius Catllina of the Romanformed empire, the design which of he overturning attempted tothe carry go- intoAntonlus execution held nextthe year,highest when office. M. TulliusBy the Ciciirovigilance and and C. promptitudeti-aitors punished of Cicero, (Sal. Cat.the conspiracy17.). was crushed, and the houseD. Juniuswas near Brutus, the forum, D. Jiinli and intoBruti, it m.Umbrenus a Roman, took whose the whichAllobrogian Catllina ambassadors, had formed toagainst whom the he state, discovered and named the plotthe principalto this wicked conspirators. design, the Whether historian Junius does not himself say ; but entered his wife in- that,Sempronla when wasthe anmeeting accomplice. was held From in hisSallustlus house, mentioning,Junius was thefrom conspiracy home, the (Sal. presumption Cat. 40.). is that he had no knowledge of consulD. Juniuswith L. SHanus, Llclnlus D. Murena Jfinli Sllani,64 B. C.m. heldThey the succeeded office of JUN 255 JUN M. Tullius ClcSro and C. Antonins. Being consuls elect, whenthe senate, the caseJunius of Cattllnawas first andasked his his accomplices opinion with came respect before to theHe punishmentmoved that whichthey should ought beto beput inflicted to death. on theseEither traitors. the speechor fear ofinfluenced C. Julius him Ccesar to depart convinced from him his thatmotion, he was and wrong, there- whofore hewas went for strengtheningover to the opinion the guardsof Tiberius and Claudiusadjourning Nero, the shoulddebate. be Csesarconfiscated, proposed that thatthey shouldthe property be imprisoned of the traitorsfor life motionin the strongest to the senate, free towns, or appeal and thatto the the manpeople who in madetheir anyfa- vour,supported should the bemotion held fromguilty which of treason. Junlu#had M. fallen,Porcius and CHto it havingsuffered beenthe punishmentunanimously of carried, death bythe strangulation traitors immediately in prison (Sal.L. JuniusCat. 50—55.). Brutus DSmSslppus, L. Junli Bruti Damasippi, m.rius was to put prsetor to death Urbanus, all the and, noblemen having whom been ordered he suspected by C. ofMa- fa- business,vouring the when other he party, massacred assembled a number the senate of the under leading pretence noble- of men,(Liv. allegingEp. 86.). that theyHis ownwere life in atonedthe interest for this of Sullaact of 84 horrible B. C. hecruelty. ordered Sullahim tohad be slainno sooner(Vel. Pat. gained II. 26the ascendencySal. Cat. 51.).than destroyed,V312rlus Maximus and, therefore, writes, his that memory he had might no reputationbe treated towith be greaterfirst men freedom; of the state adding, had beenthat bymixed his orderwith thethe headsheads ofof vic- the people,tims, and fixed the up maimed in the bodyporch of (IX. Carbo 2.). Arvlnas, tribune of the whoM. hadJunius for hisSllanus, colleague M. Junliin the SUani, consulship, m. a nobleQ. CebcIIIus Roman tallyMetellus defeated Numldlcus him, to 111 which B. C.Llvlus The alludes Clmbri Ep. in 65.Gallia Eu- to- troplusracy of states,Llvlus that surpasses he conquered that of theEutroplus, Clmbri; and, but therefore,the accu- JUP 256 JUP theIV. farmer27.). may be considered the true account (Eutrop. dorus,Jupiter, a son Jovis, of Satumus,m. was, according and his to sister Hesiodus Rhea and or Apoll5- Kh£a. therDiodorus more ancient,Siculus says,the brother besides of that Ccelus. Jupiter, CIcSro there enumerates was ano- three^Ether, of thisand name;father theof first,Proserpina born in and ArcSdla, Liber; was the the second, son of likewisefather of a Minervanative of ; ArcSdla,and the third,was the a Cretan,son of Cielus, was the and son the of tombSaturnus. of theThe third inhabitants Jupiter ofat Creta,the commencement Candia, showed of the notChristian less than Era. three Some hundred. writers The of antiquity son of Saturnus make the and number Rhea, ordivine Ops, honour’s is the most from distinguished, the Greeks and and Romans. the one whoThey received consi- racter,dered him as it as appears the father in their of gods writings, and men. there isBut little in eitherhis cha- to sions,be admired and to or the imitated. most criminal He was indulgences. a slave to theThe basest righteous pas- governmentcreatures, could of the form universe, objects and but the of veryperfect inferior happiness considera- of his criminaltion in his gratification.- polluted mind, In almost the pursuit wholly of bent his favouriteon impure plea- and restrainedsures, in general by an esteemmost degrading of virtue, anda respect vicious, for he innocence, was never a concomitantlove of justice, of vice.or a regardHence for we truth. find theMeanness sovereign is ever of the godswhich assuming the most the worthless form of of an men eagle, would a bull, be &c.ashamed for purposes to ac- knowledgethe human ! mind,Such unaided ideas of bya Supreme revelation! Being Jupiter were formedwas gene- by rallyin his represented right hand sittingthunderbolts, on a throne and ofin gold his orleft ivory, a sceptre holding of ivory.Among treesAn eagle, the oak with was expanded sacred to wings,him. stoodPalula at Jovis his feet. ar- bdre,(Ov. fromMet. theI. 106.). spreading Jupiter tree of is takenJupiter, for i.the e. air;from subthe Jdve oak Jrigido,malus Jupiter, in the cold unwholesome air; madidus air. Jupiter, Jdvis a moist ales, atmosphere; the eagle; LAC 257 LAT piter,Stjjgius without Jupiter, a heardPluto. or Vejupiter,a thunderbolt. v. VejSvis,Dijoyis, young a title Ju- of Jupiter.ter. Jdvla Adj. cohors Jovlus, (Claud. a, urn, XV. of 4.18.). Jupiter, Jovlalis,begotten is,of Jupi-e, of. occurrenceor fit for, Jupiter. in good writers.Neither of these adjectives is of frequent L In Lacedaemon,the S. of Peloponnesus, onis,/ the capitalthe Morea, of Laconia, which Bi,f& stood districtat the footVasilipotdmo, of mount aboutTaygetus, 30 miles on the from right the banksea. ofThe Eurotas, site of thisthe bycelebrated the small city town some Paleo-Chori, have supposed and is others,now partly perhaps occupied with moretroclus: truth, but by the Mistra. more generalStrabo opinion says, it wasascribes founded it to byL21ex, Pa- aboutLglSgla, 1516 afterwards B. C. Lacedaemon,The city was, from from a sonits founder,of Jupiter called and daughterTaygeta, aof daughter Eurotas, of the Atlas; Vasilipotamo. and Sparta, The from circumference his wife, the ofties LacSdiemon of Greece, wasresembled about six a milesnumber ; but, of adjoininglike the other villages ci- ratherof Athenae, than Athens,a regular and connected this jealousy city. spreadIt was the theflames rival of ofcivil that war city over was all thefinally states destroyed, of Greece, after by anwhich obstinate the liberty and greatestbloody contest,bravery, whichintrepidity, both andparties valour, maintained for twenty with years. the le.Laco, f. aet, native Lacon, of onis,Lacedaemon, m. (Stat. a Th.Lacedaemonian. VI. 767.) et, Laconis,Lactena, Idis,feminine. f. of Lacedaemon,Adj. LacedaemShfus, with relation v. toLacedaemomcus, a female, or to aet, noun La- niansconicus, conveyed a, um. theirThe ideas brevity became with proverbial. which the Lacedaemo-Hence L&- sion.conismus, In i,English, m. or LaconlcusLaconic has Stilus, the samea short meaning, mode of viz. expres- the conveyingLatlum, of ii, thought n. a small in countrythe fewest of Italia,words. Italy, on the south bank of the Teveri, where itY falls 3 into that part of the Medi- LEN 258 LEP quodterranean, et Inferum, anciently the called Tuscan M5r8 sea (notTuscum, in use). v. VirgilTyrrhenum, (iEn. becauseVIII. 322.)Saturnus derives concealed the name himself from therethe verb when latere, he tiedto lurk;from others,Creta, fromCandia, Latinus, to escape a king the offury that of country. his son JupiterInk. Latini, ; and riginesorum (sing. (I. 2.).Latinus, The i), the Latins, built Rome, whom by Livlus degrees calls extend- Abo- sulyecteded their territories, to their power at first the exceedingly different states small, of andItaly. gradually They ternext many carried years their war, arms their against rivals foreign the Carthaginians, nations, subdued, and, af-at knownthe commencement world. The of hardythe Christian Romans era, returned gave lawsfrom to their the theyAsiatic had conquests, vanquished. subdued From by thethat luxury period, of thecorruption, people whom effe- earlyminacy, ages and of indolence,the state, vicesacquired unknown a gradual at Rome ascendency, during de-the thestroyed constitution, the morals and of renderedthe people, them sapped a prey the to foundationsthe Goths and of empire.other northern Charlemagne, nations, whoin 800, began gave to makeRome inroadsand a consider-upon the ableLatinos, tract v.of Latius,the circumjacent a, um, Latialis, country Latiaris, to the et,Pope. Lafimen- Adj. sis,Latin, is, e,after Latin, the mannerRoman. of theAdv. Latins. Latialiter, Latinte, et, arum, LStine, yi fes- in thetivals Latin of L&tium language, in honourpure Latin of Jupiter.style, in oppositionLatin!tas, to atis, Pare- f. grinitas,Lentulus. foreign See words, Cornelius. or foreign idioms. Leptis,LSpldus. is, acc.See im,f.iEmilius. Lebeda, a maritime town of Africa betweenny of Sidonians the Syrtes, (Jug. built, 78.). accusing The emperorto Sallustius, Septtmius by a colo- SS- obtainedverus was the a nativepui-jile of(Eutrop. this town, VIII. and 18.). the onlyThere African is another who townAdrumetum, in Byzacium, which Tunis,appears of to this have name, been nowfounded Lemta, at a laternear Minor.period. AviaHence Leptis, the former inaccessible was called Lebeda, Major from and its thesituation latter LIB 259 LIC (Luc.between Phar. the SyrtesIX. 524.). (Stat. Syl.Ink. IV.Leptltani, 5, 30.). orum Tiplda (sing. Lgptis Lep- a,Ti tinum. us, i) Leptltdnus(Sal. Jug. 77.).ager (Amm.Adj. Leptltanus, Mar. XXVIll. et, Lepticus, 6.). LepticaLibya, (ostrea) ;e, v. Libye, (Plin. es,IV. f 850.).a country of Africa to the W. ofand Aigyptus, of the desert Egypt, of Zahara.corresponding Its boundaries to Barca, arepart not of exactlyTripoli definedGreeks, byLibye ancient most geographers.commonly denotes In thethe writingswhole of ofAfrica the exceptdaughter Egypt. of Epaphus According and Memphis, to Apollodorus, who gave Libya her wasname the to theGreeks, district became adjacent the generalto her native appellation country, of Africa.which, amongShe hadthe totled Neptunus in Phoenicia, two sons,and reigned Agenor over and thatBelus. country The ;former the latter set- succeededdaughter ofto Nllus,the crown the Nile,of Egypt, by whom and marriedhe had two Anchinoe, sons, AE- a gyptusGreeks. andInk. Danaus, Liby^, so um celebrated (sing. Libys, in the yos), writings the Libyans. of the African,Llbyssa, withre, et, relation Llbyssis, to av. female, Libystis, or to Idis, a noun f. Libyanfeminine. or Adj.Carthaginian, Libycus, African.Libysslnus, Libycus.dens, et, Libystlnus, ivory a, (Mart.um, Libyan, XIV. 3.).M. LibycusLicinius sol, Crassus, a vertical M. sun. Llclnli Crassi, m. surnamed Dives,life, very on poor,account but, of by his trafficking prodigious in wealth,slaves, andwas, byin otherearly escapedishonourable the cruelties practices, of CInna, soon he acquired fled to Spain, great whereriches. he hadTo offormerly that country passed ;some and remainedyears with eight his father,months when concealed governor in a forcave. whom On he hearing procured of Cinna’s shipping, death, sailed he raisedto Africa, 2,500 and men, at- sustached with himself Metellus to MStellus was not Pius.of long Thecontinuance. friendship ofHe Cras-then formedhim in thean alliancecivil war. with The Sulla, military and was talents of greatof Crassus service were to necessarilygreatly inferior stood to higher those inof thePompeius, favour ofwho, Sulla. on thatHence account, the LIC 260 LIC andenmity eloquence of these of two Caesar powerful could citizens,scarcely whichsubdue. all theThe address great wealth.object of CrassusBesides seemsbuying to the have estates been ofthe the accumulation proscribed, heof increasehad recourse his overgrown to other base fortune. and scandalous means in order to rosity.Crassus He was was not, honoured however, with destitute an ovation of bravery for putting or gene- an endwhich to the12,000 war of with the Spartacusslaves were by killed. a decisive He engagement, used frequent- in tertainingly to lend moneythe populace to his atfriends 10,000 without tables, interest.giving to Afterevery en-ci- ingtizen the corn tenth to supportpart of hishim property for three to months,Hercules, and he wasconsecrat- worth maintain7,100 talents. an army,He usedought to tosay be that called no man,rich. whoHis could slaves, not theywhom not he only had defrayedingenuity their enough own to expenses, employ sobut profitably added great- that anly toarmy. the wealth of their master, were* in number, equal to last,A reconciliationeffected by Caesar.between TheCrassus iniquitous and Pompeius combination was, ofat zens,these wasthree called men tothe destroy First Triumvirate.the liberties of Lesstheir solicitous fellow-citi- for chosehonour Syria than for riches, his province, Crassus, inin expectationthis division of of making the empire, large nate,additions he tocrossed his fortune. Euphrates, Without the theEl-Frat, authority and ofadvanced the se- againstArabian, Parthia.defeated byBut the heParthians, was deceived and hisby armyAgbarus, nearly an diersannihilated. to Came, He a townthen offled Mesopotamia, with a small numberJezirah, of and his wassol- peace,prevailed where on tohe meetwas treacherouslySurcna, on pretenceput to death. of negociating Eutroplus a bothsays nothingthe omens of treachery,and auspices, but and states having that beenhe fought conquered against by withSurena, his theson, commander a very distinguished of the forces and ofexcellent Orodcs, youth. was killedThe pouredParthians melted cut offgold his into head, his and,mouth in (Flor.contempt III. of 11.). his avarice,It ap- LIC 261 LUT pearsParthian that wives part of and his joined army theirsettled armies, in that on country, which marriedaccount countryHorace considered(Od. III. them5. 5.).unworthy The ofbond being of restoredunion betweento their thePompeius death ofand Julia, Csesar, was which finally had dissolved been greatly by that weakened of Crassus. by superiorityThey had now terminated recourse in to the arms, final and extinction their struggles of Roman for theli- hisberty. son ByP. LiciniusCrdssi, Juvenal Crassus, means who M.both Licinius fell in theCrassus, Parthian and himwar, Sallustiuswhich the alludes former (Cat. had 17.). excited Adj. (Sat. Crasslanus, X. 108.). a, um.To CrassianaC. Licinius eludes Murena, (Flor. 4. C.9.). LIcinli Murenae, m. held the tlllnaoffice ofattempted deputy-governor the execution of Gallia, of his France, plot for at thethe subversion time C&- ofrebels the whom,government after ofconvicting Rome, and agreeably secured toa anumber decree of the senate,P. Licinius he imprisoned Lucullus, (Sal. P. Cat.Llcinli 42.). Luculli, m. a tribune of thetinuing people, in officewho, beyondwith L. the Annius, time limited formed bythe law, design and of con-per- sistedand during in this the encroachment, contest, which in oppositioncontinued tofor their a whole colleagues, year, noJug. assembly 37.). was held for the election of magistrates (Sal. Parma,Liguria, &c. ue,fa country formerly of Italy, Lombardy, between now the Genoa,rivers Varus, Piedmont, the formedVar, and the Macra, one part the of Mayra,Gallia Citerlor,in Gallia CIsalpIna, Clspadana, v. Togata, which as(sing. Gallia Llgus, Transpadana v. LIgur, iiris), did thethe other.Ligurians. Ink. LIgustis,LIgures, Idos, um f.Adj. Ligurian, Llgiirinus, with Liguscus, relation to Llgurnus, a female, orLIgustInus, to a noun et,feminine. Llgus- tlcus,Limetanus. a, um. SinusSee Mamillus. LIgustIcus, the Gulf of Genoa. Lucullus.Longinus. SeeSee Licinius.Cassius. LiitatlusQ, CStulus,. a Roman Liitatlus of great Cat distinction, til us, Q. Liitafiiwho merit- Catiili, m. son of Q. LUT 262 LUT bationed, by ofhis his love fellow-citizens. of country and virtuousHe held conduct,the consulship the appro- (80 Italy,B. C.) because with M.he excitediEmilius a newLepidus, war inwhom attempting he drove to rescindout of andthe actsdedicated of L. theCornelius temple Sulla.of Jupiter, Ten inyears the after capitol, he rebuiltwhich commendshad been consumedhim for the by moderation fire (Liv. withEp. Which90, 98.). he andFlorus Cn. adds,Pompeius that (3they syl.) were acted satisfied on quelling with thesehaving disturbances, restored peace. and thatOf this he wasexcellent the lastman, Prince it ought of tothe be Senate,recorded a to high his honour,dignity perors.suppressed Aristocratic first by the in Triumviri, his politics, and he afterwards opposed, with by the all Em- the prevailedinfluence inagainst his power, him in the his measures canvass for of C.the Julius office ofCaesar, Pontlfex who andMaximus. stratagem, Nor and is thishis patriotismwonderful. abhorredHis heart aggrandisement despised deceit tion,to the he injury reproved, of the with state. equal A openness,stranger tothe flattery levity of and the adula- mul- subservienttitude and the to themisconduct advantage of ofthe the senate. state, andWith the him promotion all was withof virtue. extraordinary He opposed power investing for the suppression Cn. Pompeius of the (3 Sicilian syl.) pirates,the republic because permitted. he considered Although it greater in intimatethan the friendship safety of and,with findingthat great them man, deaf he to harangued the interest the of people the republic, on that hetopic, ad- dangers,vised them adding, not to “expose should a heman lose of his so greatlife at valour sea, whereto so many can youthe wholefind such assembly, another?” on whichThee he O retired.CATULUS! He livedexclaimed to a greatone of age, the and, wisest in theand judgment most virtuous of M. ofTullius the Romans. Cicero, heClcSro was althoughdoes not howeverhe spoke reckonwith judgment,him among and the withnumber a considerable of orators, portionwith the both title of of learningFather ofand his elegance. Country, Heand salutedthe Orator ClcSro in- traitortroduces CStlfina him as wroteone of tothe him speakers after hein hadhis Academics.reared the stand-The MAC 263 MAM ard of rebellion, and Sallustlus has preserved a copy of that letter72. (Cat. 34, 35.). To him Tacitus alludes Hist. III. M syllableMacedonia, making ae, Macedonia, f. (the Latin as does poets also lengthen Dionysius the secondin his havingPeriegesis), Mare an iEgseum, extensive the country Archipelago, to the and north Thracia, of Greece,Roma- nia,north on ; theMarS east; Hadrlatlcum, Moesla, Dardanla the Gulf and ofIllyrlcum Venice, on the west;It was andanciently Epirus called and Thessalla,Haimonia, Thessaly,et iEmathla, on thef south.Some howeverwas called have by thismaintained name, whichthat athe part, poets only more of Macedoniafrequently employthe exact to denote Thessaly. of Macedonia Respecting and Thessalla the boundaries great andun- certaintytransmitted prevails, by the in writers consequence of antiquity of the with scanty regard information to these dreddistricts. thousand. The populationMacSdo, v.in Macedon,modern timesonis, sometimesis seven hun-Ma- plu.cStes, MScetae, v. Maceta, arum, at, afrequently native of contractedMacedonia, Macetum, a Macedonian parti- ; nianscularly throw by the their poets. javelins Mdcetoe (Stat. sua Ach. gatsa II. citent, 418.). the Macedo-Subjecit conqueredMacedS Persen, the Persian, the Macedonian t. e. the (i.Persians e. Alexander (Claud. the XXSV. Great), donensis,165.). Adj. is, e. Macedonlus, Macedonia sarissa, Macedonlcus, a Macedonian a, um, spear et, MacS- (Ov, Met.C. XII.Mamillus 466.). Limetanus, MacSdSnicum C. Mamilli helium (Sal.Limetani, Cat. m.51.). a tri- bunethat anof enquirythe people, be institutedwho moved into that the a conductdecree pass, of the ordaining persons hadwho restoredhad received to him bribes his elephantsfrom Jugurtha, and deserters, king of and Nfimldla, had ad- thervised proposed him to disregard to call to theaccount authority all who of the had senate. concluded He trea-fur- sanctionties, either of ofthe peace senate. or war,The peoplewith withthe enemy, the greatest without zeal andthe MAN 264 MAN energybut from earned hatred this of themeasure, nobility not against from whom regard it to was the levelled. public, Adj.tioned Mamilius, (Sal. Jug. a, 40.).um. Mamilia rogatio, the law just men- peopleManiHus who, inMancinus, an assembly, Manilii asked Manclni, whom they m. wisheda tribune to ofcarry the lyon namedthe war for against that Jugurtha,command and(Sal. C. Jug. Marius 73.). was unanimous- armyA. ofManlius, C. Marius, A. Manlii,whom hem. sent a lieutenant-generalfrom Rome with military in the ofstores the toarmy Africa, in Numidla. on his being When appointed Bocchus, commander-in-chief king of Maun- tanta,Marius, desired the latter a conference entrusted thatwith business confidential to A. deputies Manlius from and butL. Corneliuswas his inferior Sulla. inIn eloquence, age the former and surpassedtherefore thegave latter, him the102.). precedence Here some in addressingcopies read that C. Manlius,prince (Sal. undoubtedly Jug. 86—. a mistake.C. Manlius, C. Manlii, m. one of the accomplices of CS- troops,tilina, whomto take that possession traitor sentof strongto Etruria, stations, Tuscany, and to to adopt levy whateverthe conspiracy. measures Robbers he considered crowded necessary in great for numbers the success to his of obtainedstandard, great and thewealth soldiers by plunder of L. Cornelius and rapine, Sulla had who, squandered having itMlrcius in dissipation, Rex, who and had were the overwhelmed command at Fsesulse,with debt. Fiezola, To Q.he duct,sent a whichplausible, having rather been than laid a satisfactory, before the defencesenate, ofthat his court con- mandeddeclared himthe aright public wing enemy. in theOf engagement the rebel forcesbetween he themcom- braveryand the troopsin the offoremost the republic, ranks. andHe fell held fighting a commission with great in quiredthe army considerable of L. Cornelius experience Sulla, as an under officer, whom and accumulatedhe had ac- extravagance,prodigious wealth and whichrejoiced he at soon the prospectdissipated of in another every kindrevolu- of tion,vices asin aexpectation man degraded of repairing him in histhe ruined opinion'of fortune. his fellowHis MAN 265 MAR citizens, who could not fail to commend his intrepidity as a lidnasoldier castra (Sal. (Sal.Cat. Cat.24—59.). 32.). Adj. Manlianus, a, um. Mdn- consulshipCn. Manlius with P.Maximus, Rutilius Cn. Rufus ManKi in 107 Maximi, B. C. m.He held and theQ. inServilius Gallia, Cseplo, France, proconsul, in order thatto subdue year commandedthe Gauls, or two at leastarmies to keepficient them in military in check. knowledge, Whether orthe the Roman barbarians generals surpassed were de- themthe authority in numbers, of Livius history for does stating, not inform that their us; butcamps we werehave fortytaken thousandwith the sutlersloss of andeighty other thousand followers soldiers of the killed, camp besides (Liv. Ep.Eutropius 67.). (V.To 1.) this calls defeat him ManiusSallustius Manilius, alludes andJug. makes 114. neverhim consul were withcolleagues Q.. Servilius in the consulship. Caepio, both C. mistakes. Atilius Sen-a-They nusP. Rutiliusheld that Rufus office withand Cn.Q. ServiliusManlius MaximusCa-pio, the obtained year before the consulship.L. Manlius Torquatus, L. ManlXi Torquati, m. a noble 67Roman, B. C. who He held was the the consulship particular with friend L. ofAurelius M. Tullius Cotta Ci- in manycero, whoof his mentions letters. himHe inobtained terms Macedoniaof high approbation for his pro- in vince,Orator, with who the extols title hisof Imperdtor,elegance in at speaking, the suggestion prudence of thein judgment,In the civil and commotions, the politeness Manlius of his mannersprobably, (Cic. like hisBrut. friends, 68.). formationsupported Cn.either Pompeius on this particular,(3 syl.). Weor respectinghave no certain the time in- andC. manner Marclus of Flgulus,his death C. (Sal. Marcli Cat. Figuli, 18.). m. a Roman, who helding that the yearconsulship L. Sergius with L. Catilina Julius Ctesarformed in his 66 planB. C. for Dur- the subversionCatiilna and of thethe othergovernment. conspirators, To Cicerohis Opinion alludes respecting Ep. Att. beenXII. raised21, and to histhis memory author atmentions, a prodigious that expensea monument (Leg. hadII. MAH 266 MAR 1j. Q,.Caeclllus Marcius Metellus Rex, Q.in 80Marcii B. C. Regis,When m. Catfflna, was consul five yearswith ment,after, formedQ, MarciuS a conspiracy Rex was for sent the to destruction Fsesulae, Fiezola, of the govern-to levy necessarytroops, and for to suppressing adopt whatever the rebellion,measures andhe mightpreserving consider tiie tionstate. to Q,C. MarciusManlius, Rex,one ofstating the conspirators, their reasons sent for takinga deputa- up hearms, pretended, and requesting they had a restorationbeen unjustly of deprived.their rights, Marcius of which, re- heturned held aand short the and senate dignified under reply, whom becoming he acted. the He rank had which just umph,returned and from met a withmilitary opposition, command, for nothad bribingdemanded a few a un-tri- monprincipled practice voters, (Sal. whichCat. 30, appears 34). then to have been a com- townC. ofMarius, the Volsci. C. Marii, On comparing m. a native his of virtues ArpTnum, with Arpino, his vices, a moreit is difficult iniquitous to decidein peace. whether Having he preservedwas greater .he instate war, by hisor andbravery, finally he byafterwards hostile violence destroyed (Liv. it Ep.by every80.). kindIn earlyof fraud, life, employment,he was a ploughman, he went andinto wroughtthe army, for and hire. distinguished Quitting him- that monself under soldier, Sciplo he gradually at Numantla rose into theSpain. command From of being the Roman a com- recordarmy, theand disgracefulto the office means of consul. employed The by pages Marius of Sallustiusto obtain tionsthese inhonourable Numldia. appointments, That Jugurtha as well fell as intohis military his hands opera- by trymentreachery, were reflects more noanxious disgrace to onget his an character,enemy into since their his power, coun- plished.than delicate In astwo to terriblethe measures battles by he which defeated it might the beTeutdnes accom- andwere Cimbri,killed and in takenwhich prisoners. many thousands His ambition, of the afterbarbarians these occasionedsignal victories, a Civil began War. to opposeTo crush L. theCornelius power Sulla,of his whichrival, ' theSulla war marched against the MIthrldates, troops, which to Rome,he had and raised compelled to carry M5- on MAS 26? MAS rlushardships, to fly. fromIn hiswhich banishment he was inhe theunderwent end released uncommon by L. edCornelius to Rome, Clnna’s to satiate embracing his inhuman his interest. resentment, He andthen butcher- return- edder many and assassination,thousands of thehe citizens.and Cinna Tired appointed at last withthemselves mur- consuls.excessive intoxication,But Marius, toworn which out he by had infirmities, recourse age,to blunt and beingthe stings invested of a guiltywith conscience,the consulship died foron thethe firstseventh day oftime. his rencesLucanus of hashis givenlife (Phar. a short II. account 67—135.). of the Rellnquasprincipal occur-nume- rumships Mdrii, of C. Mariusthou mayst (Claud. exceed VIII. the 641.). number Adj. of theMarius, consul- et, MariusMSrlanus, (Prop. a, um. III. Mdridnum3, 43.), i, slgnum,e. the eaglethe standardwhich Ijf ofmade C. peculiarII. 394.). to theMariana Roman pars, army the in factionhis second of Mariusconsulship (Eutrop. (Plin. V. Maslnlssa,9.). ae, m. son of Gala, king of the Massyli, who inhabiteddid the other, one partwas broughtof Numldla, up at Algiers,Carthage, as wherethe Masaesyli he con- tractedthe state, friendships and prevailed with theon nobles,his father embraced to make the war interest on Sy- of ginians,phax, king he ofdefeated Niimldla. Syphax, In conjunctionpursued him with to thethe Maurusii Cartha- Numidce(i. e. the whoAtlantic) lived, andsays maintained Llvlus, on a thewar coast against of thehim oceanwith greatbeyond renown. the limits The of hisCarthaginians own kingdom, did notso thatfollow Maslnlssa Syphax hadfurnished the merit by his of carryingfather. onNext hostilities year, assolely an ally with of the the troops Car- activity,thaginians, and he military crossed skill,into Spain,he harassed in which, the byRomans his bravery, under whichP. Cornelius that noble Sclplo, Roman and broughtfell. After on the Sclplo, engagement surnamed in niansAfrlcanus, in Spain, had gained Maslnlssa a decisive formed victory an overalliance the Carthagi-with the endRomans, of his which life. heDuring observed his withabsence the instrictest this country fidelity histo thefa- MAS 268 MAS accordingther died, andto the his lawpaternal of the uncle, Numidians, whose name succeeded was CEsalces, to the cession,throne. andBeing his advancedeldest son, in Capusa years he (the died other, soon afterLacumaces, his ac- thebeing royal a boy) family, declared opposed himself him, king.and CapusaMezetlus, was relatedkilled into battle.Lacumaces Mezetlus king, onlystrengthened assumed histhe titlepower of Protector,by marrying called a ofdaughter hospitality of Hannibal, with Syphax. and renewedTo the offencean ancient given connection to Masi- ofnissa Mezetlus, by the Carthaginians, may be attributed and Syphaxwith considerable espousing theprobability interest histrymen, alliance added with to the his Romans. martial abilities,His popularity enabled with him histo defeatcoun- inthe the troops territory of the of usurpers, Carthage. whom Such he forcednumbers to seekflocked protection to his notstandaifl only withouton his returning an army, to but his alone paternal and dominions,unattended, although that re- withoutsistance onendangering the part ofin histhe slightestenemies onlydegree added his just to his claim fame, to pers,the crown. Masinlssa Far recalled from wishingthem to thetheir destruction native country, of the whereusur- hehis placedfather hisCEsalces, cousin duringin the thesame reign honourable of Gala, stationand to heldMezet- by lusfirst he his restored general allBocchar, his property. who overpowered Syphax senthim againstwith num- him monarchbers, and afterwards, obliged him with to hisseek son safety Vermina, in flight. gained The a similar same paternalvictory, afterkingdom, Misirussa and had had raised returned another a second army, timewhich, to hisal- forcethough brought considerable against in him point by of Syphax. strength, Fromfell far this short time, of un-the tilMSslnlssa the arrival spent of his P. timeCornelius between Sciplo the Carthaginian Afrlcanus in Emporia Africa, himand thethe nationcommand of theof GSramantes.the cavalry, a Thatproof noble both Romanof his highgave opinionthe battle of hisof militaryZama, Zamora, talents and his unsuspected well-timed fidelity.and furious At successcharge ofwith the theday. Numidian After thecavalry destruction contributed of thegreatly combined to the MAS 269 MAS ofarmy, Hasdrubal Cornelius and despatched Syphax, who him broughtand C. themLselius to inan engage-pursuit vailedment inon which Laellus they to advancemade Syphax to Cirta, prisoner. Constantino., Masinissa the capi-pre- whomtal of Syphax,the inhabitants carrying no the sooner captive saw king in chainsalong withthan him,they openedMasinissa their in gates.the vestibule Sophonisba, of the thepalace, wife and of onSyphax, her knees met hyentreated her youth him andnot beauty,to deliver he herrashly up accededto the Romans. to her request,Moved hisand promise. married herLselius that veryfirst daystrongly in order reprobated that he this might measure, fulfil andwhich all Corneliusthat appertained afterwards to Syphax condemned, had become telling himthe property that she ofDeeply the Roman affected people, by this and speech, were Masinissa,at the disposal to prevent of the senate.Sopho- nisbadiately coming sent her alive a cup into of poisonthe hands which of shethe readilyRomans, drank imme- and expired.commander The who, excessive at one grief time, of consoled, Masinissa and, alarmed at another the Roman time, otherreproved of sohim, horrid because a nature. he had Next atoned day for in one a public rash actassembly, by an- tolledCornelius his honouredmerit with Masinissa the highest with -commendation, the title of king, and ex-be- stowedfied the on title, him and many promised very valuable to confirm presents. whatever The senatethe consul rati- assignedshould do to agreeably him, besides to the his wishes paternal of Masinissa.kingdom, Cirta,Cornelius Con- stantino,which had with fallen the into other the towns hands and of allthe the conquerors. lands of SyphaxMSsl- nissawhatever continued troops theyfirmly required, attached and to made the voluntaryRomans, offersgranted of butvarious did kindsnot in whichevery instancethey always accept. gratefully From aacknowledged, spirit of am- bition,Carthaginian or desire territories, of revenge, seized he onmade some many of their inroads lands, on andthe compelledThese aggressions several inducedother tributary the Carthaginians cities to pay to himmake taxes. fre- quenttle the complaints differences. to theFrom senate, Livius who it sentappeal’s ambassadors these deputies to set- MAS 270 MAS norin most could instances, the Carthaginians, left matters whom nearly the as Romansthey found hated them, as a laynation, between expect an them old enemy, to act andimpartially, so faithful when and theefficient matters an princeally as defeatedMSslnissa. the Carthaginians,At the advanced had age a ofson ninety-two when be wasthis eighty-six(150 B. C.) years retaining old, andthe vigourdied in of his youth ninety-seventh till the very yearend of11.), life. he Besidesleft three upwards legitimate of forty sons, reputed Miclpsa, sons (Eutrop.Gulussa IV.and domMastanabal, (Liv. Ep. among 50.). whom the Romans divided his king- opulentMassilta, town, ie. inf thatMarseilles, part of Provinctaan excellent now sea-port, called Provence,and very wasStrabo, washed a colony by the of sea,Greeks on nearly from threePhoctea sides. founded According this city to the(Sil. Ionian Ital. XV.laws, 169.)and theand religious established rites a ofrepublic, the Ephesians. adopting dependedIn consequence for their of the subsistence sterility ofmore the country,on navigation he adds, than they on period,agriculture. the Romans From used its eminence to resort foras a their seat ofeducation learning, to at Mas- one extendsilla, in theirgreater trade, numbers for which than theyto Athens. were longWith celebrated a view asto wellAfter as the for time their of literature, Herodotus, they they planted were numeroussaid to have colonies. fitted outed north, two fieets visited for Shetland, voyages of the discovery: Baltic Sea, of whichand Frozen the one Ocean, sail- wentand afterwards south no returnedaccount wasin safety; ever received.but of theThis other city which was oflong Pompeius, the faithful the allyresentment of Rome. of But,Csesar embracing robbed it ofthe its interest great- warlikeness, so spirit.that it Nonever vestiges recovered of its eitherancient its magnificence independence now dr merremain. stands It onis divideda steep intodeclivity, the old and and the new latter town. at theThe foot for- of seillesthe hill, is stillwhich a placeis more of considerableregular and moretrade, neatly and its built. population Mar- amountstook it in to 1660,80,000. knd It added continued it to a therepublic kingdom till Lewis of France, XIV. MAS 271 MAS wereThe senate,over the in rest,ancient and times, 3 had consisteda certain ofauthority 600, of overwhom these. 15 Inh.Massiliensis, Massflienses, is, e, ium,Massilianus, rarius, Massilltani,et, Massilltanus, omm. a, Aoj.urn. doesMassallotfcus, not often a, occur um, isin foundclassic in authors.Pliny; butMus&tiidni this adjective fumi nated(Mart. with III. smoke82.), wines in order which to disguisewere very the harsli, taste. they See impreg- Mar- tial,Mass'! X. 36.va, re, m. son of Gulussa, and grandson of Masiuls- partsa. Inwith the the contest former, between and, onAdherbal his murder and Jugurtha,at Cirta, he tookfled consul,from Africa advised and this went exile's to princeRome. to Sp.petition Postumfus the senate Albmus, for ingthe-ifiilgdom the only survivingof Ntimidia, heir to of which Masunssa. he had Theajust province claim, be- of ofNQmidia military had fame, fallen exerted to the every lot of nerve Postumfus, to have who,the direction ambitious of the112 war. B. C.,With which this Jfigurtha view he urged no sooner Masslva knew, to press than his he claims em- tiieployed death Bomllcar, of that prince. his most Faithful trusty toadherent, his undertaking, to accomplish Bo- assassin,rn! tear hired from ruffianshaving rashlywho soonand almostmurdered openly Massiva. executed Thehis commission,before the proper did not tribunal, escape madedetection, a full and, discovery, on being which brought ex- giirthacited the by public whom indignation he had beenboth againstemployed Bomflcar (Sal. Jug. and 35.). Jii- theLlvfus idea makes that the his Romansapplication hated for Jfigurthathat kingdom (Ep. 64.).proceed on sa, Massugrada,but not born re, in m. wedlock. a Numidian He ofwas the the family father of of Masfnls- Dabar, (Sal.Mastanabal, Jug. 108.). fills, m. youngest son of Maslnissa, king of ther'sNumfdfa, death and in brother150 B. ofC., Micipsa he succeeded and Gulussa. to the third At parthis fa-of talents,the kingdom, from hisand being appears appointed to have tobeen judge a man in ofcivil considerable matters, andvlus tostates determine the same controversies circumstance (Ap. respecting Bel. Pun. the 107.).division Li- of MAU «72 MED the kingdom (Ep. 50.)• This prince either did not marry, ortorians had byonly his mention wife no Jugurtha son who outlivedwhom he himself; had by sincea concu- his- historians,bine. Sallustius, declaring in that his narrative,both Mastanabal differs andfrom Gulussa these pre-two deceaseddoes not invalidatetheir father the (Jug. statement 5.). Theof Llvlusassertion who of Sallustiussurpasses andhim truth.in two essential qualifications of a historian, accuracy on Mauritania,the north-west te,f. part Morocco of Africa, and Fez,bounded an extensive on the countryeast by Niimldia, Algiers ; on the south by Geetulla ; on the north byGibraltar the Mediterranean, ; and on the andwest Fretum by Mare Herciileum, Atlantlcum, the the Strait Atlan- of ticMoors, Ocean. who Ink.are saidMauri, to haveMaurici, received et, Maurusli,this name orum,from the 6etGreeks nomen on oris account (incolarum) of their (Manil. dark complexion. IV. 727.). MauritaniaLucanus saysha- Maurusthey are (Phar.of the sameIV. 678.).colour withIncocti the Indians,(sole) corpora Concolor Maun, Indo deredthe Moors black having (Sil. theirItal. bodiesXVII. burned 632.). by Adj.the sun, Mauritanus, t. e. ren- MauraMauritanlcus, unda, the Maurus, African Mauruslus, wave, i. e. et, the Maurusiacus, wave on the a, Afri- am. canPhar. coast IX. (Hor. 426.). Od. Maurusia II. 6. 3.). teUus Maurusia(Claud. XXIV. robora 278.).(Luc. Maurusidcumwhich the Romans citmm, considered Mauritanian most citron; valuable tables (Mart. of citronXII. 67.).Media, te, f a country of Asia, bounded on the east by the territoriesSuslane and of thePersia Caspii ; on and the Parthi, west byon Adiabene,the south by and Sittacene, on the countrynorth by by Armenia Strabo is(Plin. not materiallyI. 709.). different.The description The latter of thedi- videspita] wasMedia Ecbatana, into two and parts, Media Media Atrbpatia. Magna, Ink. of which Medi, the orum ca- man(sing. authors, Medus, particularlyi), the Medes the (sing. poets, Mede), confounded are, often with in Ro-the thePersians Modes and were Parthians. a brave people,When successful first mentioned against intheir history, one- MEM 272 MIC mies,wealth and and unitedpower renderedamong themselves. them insolent Likeand luxurious, other states, and, ratein the kingdom, reign of andCyrus, became they lostsubject their to independence the Parthians. as a sepa-Adj. Medus,C. Memmius, et, Medicus, C. a,Memmii, um. m. son of C. Mem ml us, a officesRoman of of quaestor, considerable tribune distinction, of the people, who heldand praetor.the different He warmlythe nobility embraced for theirthe interest overbearance of the popular in political party, andmatters. hated haveAvowed escaped and withopen asimpunity, the bribery had ofnot Jugurthawas, Memmius convincedhe would histhe crimes,people, thatand ato faction protect had him undertaken from justice. to conceal In oppositionor palliate edto theon theintrigues people both to send of Jiigurthathe pnetor, and L. theCassius, senate, to he bring prevail- Jii- gurthato the people,to Rome, and which in hishe accordinglyaccount of did. Jugurtha’s In his conduct,speeches whichmind biassedhe delineated no doubt before to the the interests senate, ofwe the discover people, abut strong still actingthe dignity with ofcandour, the state. judgment, He lost and his anlife immediate in a canvass regard for the to consulship(4 syl.) Saturnlnus, (102 B. C.), a tribimehaving beenof the murdered people, fromby L. anApuleius appre- hensionKp. 09.). that heThe would horrible oppose riots him which in his thenevil actionstook place (Liv. in killed,Rome, andprove in that which the manymagistrates virtuous had and no eminentauthority, men and were that thefell undercitizens repeated regarded strokes no law by humanthe bludgeons or divine. of hired Memmius assassins pearsin the tovery have midst been of an the excellent assembly speaker, ! From and Sallustius yet Cicfh'o he does ap- notrous rank accusations, him high he amongst generally illustrious succeeded orators. in procuring In his nume- sen- lenttence invective against theand impeached, cutting severity, perhaps rather from excellingthan in forcein vio- of argument,(Sal. Jug. 27—34;.).elegance of language, or gracefulness of delivery Mlcipsa,Metellus. 30, m.See the GecIIIus. eldest son off Mnslmssa, king of Nfimldla, MIN 274 MIT andP. Cornelius brother of Scipio Gulussa iEmilianus and Mastanabal, allotted a thirdto each part of of whom their thatfather’s power kingdom (Liv. (150Ep. 50.)• B. C.), Sallustius whose will does invested not mention him with this taineddivision the of governmentthe kingdom, alone and aftersimply his states, brothel's that had Micipsa been cutob- andoff by Hiempsal, a natural and death. he educated,This prince in his had own two house, sons, Jugurtha,Adherbal nera reputed as his sonown of children. his brother, In Mastanabal,mental endowments, in the same personal man- ofactivity, the king, and warlikewho, finding courage, every Jugurtha attempt far atsurpassed his destruction the sons selfunsuccessful, and to his endeavoured children, particularly to secure histhe attachmentlatter, by assigning to him- ceed,him theand, third from part the of narrative his dominions. of Sallustius, His plan Jugurtha did not could suc- motivesnot fail towhich see the induced insincerity him to with that whichdeed of he apparent acted, andmunifi- the cence.Micipsa, Fromhe does the notlittle appear which to we have know possessed of the thecharacter qualities of necessarynal uses Micipsse to make as a agreat general king, appellation or an amiable 01 the man. Numidians Juve- s, (Liv. acc. XL.a (Liv. 20, XXXVII.22.), et, Perses, 57.), is v. (Luc. Perseus, Phar. i, hisIII. father 158.), sent m. awhen son of a Phllippus,boy (202 B.king C.) of toMacedonia, guard the whompasses inexperiencedof PClagonia, age.appointing Eleven some years of after his hefriends received to directtroops his to recoverAStoli obliged Uolopia him and to Ainphjlochia,raise the siege butof-that the approachcity and returnof the home.war with In this the prince, year 187who, B. by C. the the murder Romans of hisapprehended brother and n ofother Macedonia. nefarious means,The idea had of succeeded the war hisdid father not originate in the crown with Ihim,and in but every with respect PhiBppus, he was whose inferior son tohe Demetrius,was by a concubine, the legi- lengthtimate theson variousof that monarch.deceptions andLivlus plans has adopted recorded by atPerseus great i lent(2 syl.) too readyto accomplish an car to the the death insinuations of Demetrius. and false statementsPhillppus ,8I crown,made by and this to illegitimate his extreme son sorrow against only the came legal to heir the know-to the 'lsj ledgefered aof violent the truth death. after ToDemetrius avoid his had, father’s by hisfury, orders, Perseus suf- fl1 (2the syl.) men withdrewsent by Phlllppus from the tocourt, put andhim eludedto death. the searchSatisfied of u of the innocance of DemetriusA a and2 guilt of Perseus, Phl- PER 280 PER crownlippua toresolved his younger to disinherit son Antlgfinus; the latter, but and his todeath, secure which the design.happened Onesoon ofafter, the firstprevented acts of the Perseus ultimate (2 successsyl.) as ofsove- his becausereign of hisMacedonia, father intended was to putfor himAntigonus the kingdom, to death, and both be- causevinced it ofwas the through innocence his agencyof Demetrius that Philippus and criminality became con- of The prospect of hostilities between the Romans and Per- seusAsia. excited In the great raising interest of troops among he the displayed states ofgreat Greece activity, and prudenceand in attempting merits commendation; to form alliances but with his disregarddifferent ofstates human his assassination,life, and concerting excites measures only detestation for cutting and offhorror. his enemiesHe hired by oracleassassins at toDelphi, cut off Castri, EumSnes, merely king because of Asia, he aswas he a went steady to allythe theof Rome. assassins This supposed prince they recovered had deprived from the him wounds of life. by whichOther theinstances war we of similarperceive atrocity none of mightthe bold be designs, mentioned. or rapid During move- fulments ayailment of an able of existinggeneral; circumstances, no judicious expedient,either to obtainor success- im- tlieportant enemy. advantages Even when or successfully his troops tohad thwart routed the the schemes combined of victory,army on andone theremarkable Romans occasion,soon met he him did againnot follow in the up field. the nation,Defeat rousedand Perseus the courage should and have stimulated attended the to industrythe character of that of histhe enemy,result. andAt shown last L. his iEmillus judgment Paullus by active gained preparation a decisive for victoryumph before over him,his chariot, and led afterhim whichwith his he whole was sentfamily prisoner in tri- ofto whichAlba. PerseusWith this was war the endedtwentieth the kingdommonarch, of reckoning Macedonia, in successionThe Romans from treated Caranus, Perseus the withfirst greatking kindness,of that country.allowed grantedhim to hintretain every his indulgenceattendants, consistent money and with furniture, the security and PER 281 PET of his person. To him Sallustlus alludes Cat. 51. and Jug.In 81.the character of ambitious princes and great conquer- aors, disregard we generally of human discover life, featuresa restless nearly activity, of theand same a want kind, of appearall moral ; but principle. the chief Slightcharacteristics shades of beardifference a strong occasionally resem- blance,seus violates in many treaties cases or approaching fails to fulfil almost them, to as identity.he judges mostPer- cealadvantageous, crimes, the and discovery he cuts offof whichhis most would faithful have friends been hurtfulto con- menesto his interest.reminds theIn readercruelty of and the baseness fate of histhe conductDuke D'Eng- to Eu- riorhien, ought whose to murderer carry his (Bonaparte)heart in his head.avowed that every war- Asia,Persia, which, se, v.at Persis,first, had idos, on f.the Persia,S. Sinus a Perslcus, small country the Per- of sianE. Carmanla. Gulf, on theThese W. Susiana, narrow onterritories the N. wereMedia, gradually and on theen dus.larged Theuntil name they includedis thought all to Asia be derivedto the W. from of the Perses, river In-the sonand ofbuilt Perseus the capital (2 syl.) of theand kingdom,Andromeda, which, who in settledhonour there, of its founder,minar, on was a most called beautiful PersSpolis, plain Estakttr, to the E.or ofrather, Araxes, Tchel- the f.Bend-emir. a Persian woman,Ipsa Persis also (Manil.of Persia, IV. applied 748.). to Persis,females, Idis, or Inh.nouns Pers®, feminine. arum Persddes{sing. Perses, rates ®),(Ov. the Art. Persians Am. (Stat.I. 172.). Syl. um.V. 3, 187.).Adv. Persice,Semipersa, after halfthe mannerPersian. of theAdj. Persians. Persicus, a, of M.C. Antonius,Petreius (3 who, syl.), in M.consequence Petreii, m. of athe lieutenant-general indisposition of therouted consul, the rebelled on army, the troops and left of thethe republic traitor against himself Catilxna, among conjunctionthe slain. He,with in Afranius, the Civil exerted War, joined himself Pompeius, to protect and,Spain, in surrender.against the forcesThese of officers Ciesar. made They a very were able at resistance,last obliged and, to for a considerable time, baffledA a 3the utmost efforts of their PHI 282 PHI fidelity,brave enemy. activity, From and martialthe account talents, which as wellCawar as givesfrom ofthe their ho- spectednourable both terms their which military he granted valour, them,and their it is personalmanifest heindu- re- ence.the commonwealth After their capitulation,in Africa, and, Petreius on being joined defeated, the army Juba, of singleking of combat, Mauritania, that they Morocco might and die Fez,honourably. and he engagedJuba soon in laidfell byPetreius the hand dead of ata slave. his feet, and then, at his own request, trymen,Philseni, the orum,Carthaginians, v. on, m. deputedtwo brothers to set outwhom from their Carthage coun- andat a thecertain Cyrenenses, hour of awhen particular two should day agreed likewise on between be sent themfrom boundarytheir capital, between and the the place two contendingwhere they nations, met was who to formdisputed the aeach tract maintaining of land of uniformthat it belonged surface whichto them. lay betweenAfter havingthem, fleetsexhausted and armies,their strength and dreading in the a mutualsuperior destructionforce might both attack a* onthem this both, mode when of decision weakened to preventby alternate the farther defeats, loss they of agreed lives celerity,and treasures. and theThe deputies Philseni from travelled Cyrene withhaving extraordinary loitered by prevailthe way, in eitherthese sandyfrom indolencetracts, they or met from much hurricanes nearer Cyrenewhich dreadingthan Carthage. the vengeance The commissioners of their countrymen, from the at former first accused state, thewhich Carthaginians these denied of ; settingand, therefore, out before at thelast stipulatedproposed, time,that requiredthe Philaeni as theshould boundary be buried of the alive empire, in the and, spot ifwhich they hesi-they sideredtated, that the they proper would limit, advance and towould the place fulfil which the same they con- alivedition. at theThe placePhilaeni where accepted they metthe offer,the Cyrenian and were deputies. buried whichThere thewere Carthaginians kept in repair dedicated for many altars ages to(Sal. their Jug. memory, 79.>. unknown,The remote and period the storyin which it must this beoccurrence confessed, tookhas moreplace the is PHCE 283 PHCE appearanceBesides, if ofthe a legendarydistance betweenAction than Cyrene of a andhistorical Carthago truth. be havedivided travelled into eight six, equalwhile parts, the deputies the Philseui from willCyrene be travelledfound to futation.only two, of these parts. This is too absurd to require con- shorePhoenicia, of the Mediterraneanse, v. Phcenice, Sea, es,J\ now a country part of on Asiatic the eastern Tur- key.try theIt ancients was a provinceincluded ofunder Syria, this but name, what itextent is impossible of coun- toyEgyptus, ascertain. Egypt, on the makes S., and Syria the itsriver boundary Eleutheros on the on E.,the ofN. thatOthers territory. seem to Thisconsider diversity it as occupying of opinion only most a small probably part arisesname isfrom said its to limits have beingbeen deriveddifferent from at different Phoenix, times. a son The of toAgenor, search who,for Europa, like his and,brothers being Cadmus equally andunsuccessful, Cllix, was settled sent there.Phoenicians Some were make ingenious, Agenor active,king ofand that enterprising; country. Thebut avaricioustion (Prop. and II. deceitful. 27, 3.), andLetters colonization (Herod. are V. generally 58.), naviga- sup- posedthem tothe haveinvention originated of letters, among astronomy, them. Plinlus navigation, ascribes..to and theMela art adds of warconquest (I. 565.). and otherTo thesearts, whichdiscoveries, being Pomponlus a general expression,102.). Other he probably writers meantof antiquity several ofstate the the useful same arts facts. (I. modeHerodotus of writing says, fromthat rightthe loniansto left, andadopted like themthe Phoenicianwrote on skinsInk. Phoenlces,(Siffyxi) henceum (sing.this word Phoenix, was usedIcis), to the denote Phoenicians. writing. Ad/.(Plin. Phoeniclus,II. 441.), et,PhoenicSus, Phoenissus, red, a, um, applied Phceniceus to colour color, only a originallyred colour, written, in which from the thetitles Phoenicians and chapters being of the books inventors were mare,of letters. that part(Isiodor of the LevantTac. Ann. which XI. washed 14.). thePhoenicium coast of (Plin.Phoenicia II. (Plin.441.). I.Pheenissa 565.). a^minaPhcenlceum (Sil. Ital.caput, XVII. a red 146.). head PIC 284 PLA 670.).Phaenlssa These Dido, words Dido alsoa native apply of to Phoenicia the cities Theba;,(Virg. iEn.Theva, I. fromand Carthage,Phoenicia. from their having been founded by colonies alongPicenum, the coast i, n.of aMSrS district Hadrlaticum, of ItSKa, Italy, the Gulfwhich of extended Venice, cara,from onAternum, the south Pescara, to iEsis; at thebut, mouth with respectof Aternus, to its thewestern Pes- boundaryPlcentes, writersium (sing. on ancientPicens, geographytis), the Picentians. are not agreed. Adj. Inh.Pl- cenus,Piso. et, Picentlnus,See Calpurnius. a, um. aboutPistorlum, twenty Italiani, n. Pistoia,miles north-west a town of Florentla,Etruria, Fbrence,Tuscany, ofon theAmus, Stella, the which Amo. falls Near into theit the Ombrone, battle between a northern the branch forces of65 theB. republicC. Writers and onthe this rebels subject under have C&tllina differed was very fought widely, in tainingand much the pains ground and where ingenuity that traitorhave been fell. exercised Latterly in the ascer- ge- theneral language opinion seemsof Sallustlus in favour leads of theto vicinitythat conclusion. of Pistoia, Inh.and (Sal.Plstoricnses, Cat. 57.). ium. Adj. Plstoflensis, is, e. PistOriensis ayer theM. people, Plautius who Sllvanus,passed three M. lawsPlautli which Silvani, all took m. atheir tribune name, of wereaccording proposed to Roman and carried; custom, thefrom first the was person an byagrarian whom law;they cases,the second ordaining regulated that theythe electionshould beof chosenjurymen annually in criminal from derthe senators,which was knights included and every plebeians kind ; ofand conspiracy the third, andde vi, rebel- un- publiclion, violence functionaries, of whatever carrying sort of offered arms into public, the senate, all attempts or to perty.to disturb On the this public law peace,L. Sergius and theCatilina forcible was seizure arraigned of pro- by Plotius,L. JEmilms a, um. Paullus Plautice (Sal. leges, Cat. the 31.). three Adj.laws Plautius,above men- t>. clamationtioned. To of PlautiaSallustlus lex against de vi reference Cicero. is made in the De- PCEN 285 POM derivesPcenl, the oram name (sing. from Pcenus, Phtenices, i), m. thebecause Carthaginians. Carthage wasServiua built westward,by Phcenicians. and, atThey one graduallytime, possessed extended the greatertheir influence part of thagena,Hispania, hence Spain, Pcenus in which frequently they built denotes Carthago an inhabitant Nova, Car- of a,cither um. city.Adv. Adj.PoemccS, Peenus, et, et,Punice, Punicus after (seldom the Carthaginian Peenlcus), manner;22.). in the Carthaginian language (Plaut. Poen. V. 2, nusCn. on accountPompeius of his(3 splendidsyl.), Cn. achievements, Pompeii, m. thesumamed son of Cneius Mag- playedPompeius uncommon Strabo and fortitude Lucilia, and was dexterity bom 105 in B.war, C. atHe a very dis- earlywhose period life he of saved,life, when when serving TSrentius under and the others,eye of hisbribed father, by ganceL. Cornelius of form Cinna,and beauty were of sent countenance, to assassinate he addedhim. theTo win- ele- ningconvulsed graces by ofthe an avarice accomplished and ambition orator. of C.When Marius Rome and was L. measure,Cornelius desolatedSulla, and the citywhen by their the carnagebarbarity of herhad, butchered in some citizens,the latter, Pompeius, and obtained with his three patronage. legions, attachedHe, in ahimself few days, to edoverran all the Sicily, parts thenof Africa under which the partisans had withdrawn of Marius, from recover- Sulla, toriesand greatly in that extended country. the Onformer his limitsreturn ofto theRome, Roman Sulla, terri- at ofthe Magnus, head of theand nobility,allowed him,met thoughand saluted not without him with reluctance, the title mittedto enter into the citythe insenate. triumph, On when the death only ofEques, Sulla, and Pompeius not ad- joinedfaction, Catillus, headed byand M. supported TEmlllus himselfLepldus. against He defeated, the Marian but triumph,did not conquer, although Sertorlus still a private in Spain, citizen, and and obtained only of a secondeques- triancompleted rank. his The36th senate year, had,elected in himhis toabsence, the consulship, and before dur- he whiching which Sulla he had restored lessened, the andtribunes in return to their was, former through power, the POM 286 POM powers,interest ofin G&Mnlus,order to adestroy tribune, the invested pirates with who extraordinary infested the Rome.Mediterranean, This important and had warnearly he annihilatedfinished in fortythe naval days, force which at sentadded against greatly Mithridates,to his former king celebrity. of Pontus, Pompeius and Tlgranes,was next kingthese ofpotent Armenia. monarchs He, and in greata short warriors, time, not but only likewise subdued an- pire.nexed allOn Asia his returnlying westto Italy, of thehis Tigriscountrymen to the dreadedRoman thatem- curehe would himself march in thehis victoriousgovernment; troops but against he disbanded the city them and se-at wasBrundislum, received atBrindisi, Rome with keeping the utmost only a joy, small and retinue. his third tri-He tinuedumph, forthe twomost days. splendid In thatconsequence had ever of been many exhibited, of his acts con- in firmAsia them.being arbitraryEnraged and at despotic,this affront, the senate he entered refused intoto con- an agreementthat nothing with should C. Juliusbe done Csesar in the and state M. butLlcinius by their Crassus, com- monTo ratify consent, this nefariouswhich was treaty, called Pompeius the First married Triumvirate. Julia, the thedaughter ambitious of Caesar. views ofBy his this father-in-law, alliance, Pompeius not only promotedin direct violationthe strong of and justice urgent and remonstrances patriotism, but of alsoM. inTullius opposition CIcSro, to ofand this many pernicious of his best compact, friends. was The to causefirst step,a law in to consequence be passed, province;appointing toSpain Caesar, and Gallia, part ofFrance, Africa for to five Pompeius, years; andas histo bed,Crassus, which Syria, almost for entirelyten years. dissolved Julia diedthe alliancenext year which in child- sub- wassisted daily between heightened, Caesar andand Pompeius.no restraint Theirremaining mutual to check jealousy the atambition last to ofan the open former, quarrel, or the which power ended of the in latter, the Civil they War.came itPorapeius was not continueduntil his father-in-lawinactive, affecting had topassed despise the Caesar, Rubicon, and madethe boundary any exertion. between Finding Gallia himselfCIsalpIna unable and Italia,to meet that Caesar he POM 287 POM unaccountableon equal terms oversight, in Italy, hedid withdrew not take theto Greece,treasury and, with by him. an uncommonIn this, as wellmilitary as in talents. his former He wars,completely Pompeius routed displayed Csesar’s suspectingarmy at Dyrrachium, a feint on the Durazzo, part of andCcesar had to he drawnot, eitherhis troops from tointo discontinue a snare, or the from pursuit, an irresistible that day fatality, had put ordered a final his period men to theimprove war, thisand, advantage, most probably, a second to Caesar’s was denied. life. ButThese failing two greatthe plains generals near soonPharsalus, after camePharsala, to a or, decisive Pharsa, engagement in Thessaly, on taken.in which He the fled army to ofPtolemy, Pompeius king was of destroyed,Egypt, expecting and his tocamp re- ceivethe crown. assistance But from Potinus, him, v.as Pothinus, he had restored a eunuch, his hisfather mini- to chiefster, ThSodStns,of his forces, his advised preceptor, him andto invite Achillas, Pompeius commander-in- on shore, andtreacherous kill him, design in order was toexecuted obtain bythe Achillas, favour of and Caesar. Septimius, This aThey Roman, cut off formerly his head, a and centurion embalmed in itthe to armypreserve of itsPompeius. features, andHis thusbody renderwas thrown the present over-board, more gratefulwashed ashore,to the conqueror.and after- wardsof a fishing burned boat, on aby small his freedmanfuneral pile, Philip. formed The by Egyptiansthe wreck defacederected aby monument time, the emperoron the place, Hadrian which, repaired. after itIt had has been remarked,concerned inthat the all assassination the murderers of ofCaesar, Pompeius, atoned likefor thosetheir lascruelty and andPothinus perfidy were to that slain general, by order by violent of Caesar, deaths. and Achil-Th2o- Egypt,dbtus, afterwas foundwandering in Asia for by some Brutus, time, who like put a vagabond,him to death in bywife torture. was Antistia, Pompeius daughter was fourof Antisfius, times married. a praetor, His whom first hedaughter-in-law divorced, on purposeof Sulla. to marryShe died iEmilia, in childbed. v. JEmylia, He then the frommost amiablepolicy married dispositions, Julia, whoseCaesar’s address daughter, and prudencea lady of pre- the POM 288 POM herTented life. any Next quarrel year between Julia expired,her father soon and after husband, the birth during of herPompeius first child, then whomarried did notCornelia, long survive the daughter his mother’s of Metellus death. beenSciplo, much whose commended. beauty, accomplishments,She witnessed theand murder virtues, of have her husband;the superior but sailingescaped of the her bloody ship. hands Juvenal of his uses assassins, Pompeii, by orum,Sextus to(X. denote 108.); Cn. and Pompeius Martial andhas hisin thetwo same sons senseCneius Pom- and peiium, juvgnesof Pompeius (V. 75.).; of theAdj. party Pompeius, of Pompeius et, Pompeianus,; conquered bya, III.Pompeius. 11,68.). Pompeid Pumpeidni manu, (iby syl.)the hand triimphi, of Pompeius the triumphs (Prop. theof PompeiusCilician conquered (Claud. byXVIII. Pompeius 221.). (Luc. Pompeidnus Phar. IV. 448.).Ctiix, torQ, despatched Pompeius to Rufus, Capua Q. (65 Pompeii B. C.), Rufi, to takem. a possessionRoman prae- of derthat Catllina.place, lest Theit should senate fall invested into the him hands with of a thediscretionary rebels um power,the magnitude to levy suchof the forces danger as the might, exigency in his of opinion,the occasion require and (Sal.C. Cat.Pomptlnus, 30.). C. Pomptlni, m. held the office of praetor livedduring in thehabits consulship of intimacy of M. and Tullius confidence. CIcSro, withHis experience whom he inand opposing merits, theas anmeasures officer, renderedand thwarting him useful the designs to the ofconsul the traitorC. Pomptinus Catllina. and Ahis body colleague of troops, L. Valerius under theFlaccus, command formed of lobrogianan ambuscade deputies at Mulvlus and their Pons, suite, Ponte whose Molle, evidence seized proved the Al-the conspiracy,Cat. 45.). andOn freedthe expiration the commonwealth of his consulship, from danger he obtained (Sal. revolted,the government and reduced of Gallia, the countrydefeated to the tranquillity, Allobroges for who which had ployedhe had himthe honouras his lieutenant-generalof a triumph. His in thefriend government ClcSro em- of theCilicia, natives and of hisMount bravery Amanus contributed (Cic. Att. to the6, 3.overthrow &c.). His of FOR 289 FOR name is sometimes written Pomptlnlus, PomCnus, and Pon. UniM. us. Porcius Cato, M. Porcii C a ton is, m. sumamed Utl- censis,son of C5toon account the censor. of his deathHis parents at Utica, died was when the great-grand-he was rery young,brother, and Livius he was Drusus. educated Even in inthe infancy house heof displayedhis mother’s the anvirtues innate which hatred afterwards of despotism. adorned At his the riper age years.of fourteen, He hadhe requestedHe adopted from the his tenets preceptor of the a Stoics,sword toand stab was the one tyrant of the Sulla. most rigidnor intimidated of the sect. by Hethreats; could whateverneither he he cajoledwas convinced by flattery, was regardlessvirtuous and of theright, difficulties he pursued which with he undeviatingmight have tosteadiness, encoun- ter,exerted or ofhimself the dangers to stem to the which torrent he might of Roman be exposed. luxury andHe corruption.wealthy'citizens, Because he wore purple black. was theIn dresspublic, of thehe nobleoften andap- pearedever office barefooted, he was employed,and always he travelled never failedon foot. to reformIn what- its loveabuses, of truth,and restore that theits ancientveracity regulations. of C&to became So great proverbiaL was hi* sternTo the patriot, qualities Cato of addeda virtuous the intrepidity man, and ofthe a rectitudebrave soldier, of a whichand the he abilities served, of anhe ableacquitted general. himself In all most the campaignshonourably. in fromHe was any so command great a favourite was considered of the army, by thethat soldiers, his removal wh« hadwere hiswarmly constant attached and tovigorous him, as asupport. public calamity.Through Cicero him werechiefly, capitally in opposition punished. to Csesar, Of thatthe accomplicesable general, of CatoCatllina ap- keenlypears to opposed have beenthe decree early whichapprehensive, gave him and, the therefore, province hiof firstGallia, triumvirate, France, for he fiveforetold years. all theOn calamitiesthe formation with ofwhich the thatWhen infamous Cresar passed combination the Rubicon, would Citooverwhelm joined Pompeius,the state. who intrusted him with someB b important commands. He l! POR 290 POS afterwas present which heat thetook battle the commandof Pharsalia, of the plainCorcyrean of Pharsa, fleet, andpeius collected in Egypt. all theBeing troops informed which heby could, Sextus, to joinPompeius’ Pom- capitalyoungest of son,Cyrenalca, of his father’s Kairoin, death, which he opened went toits Cyrense, gates to there- andceive joined him. himselfAfterwards to Scipio he traversed; but refused the desertsto take ofthe Libya, com- hadmand accepted of the army,the government of which heof isUtica, said toto haveprevent repented. that gene- He toral, death. at the Insuggestion this city, of hearing Juba, fromthat Caesarputting had the both inhabitants defeated notScipio fail and into taken the handshis camp, of the he killedconqueror. himself, Vitium that he Catunis, might XI.drinking 90,), (Mart. in reference II. 89.). to his Durusgravity Cato, and strictness,severe Cato particu- (Juv. nmnalarly insententia the censorship. (Amm. Mar.Adj. Catonlanus,XXVI. 10.). a, um.Cdtumuna CdtB- lingua,to the rigida tongue virtue like of that Cato, of butCato, applied i. e. a totongue a very pretending different andM. a veryPorcius detestable Lseca, purposeM. Porcli (Mart. Lsecae, IX. m. 28.).a tribune of the magistratespeople, who fromin the punishing year ] 98 a B.Roman C. carried citizen a withlaw prohibiting death, and substituting,confiscation of in goods. place of capitalCondemned punishment, citizens banishment,had the right and of powerappeal toof the scourging, people by and Lex consequently Valeria, which deprivation took away of life.the prevails,Respecting since the evenextent citizens of these of laws,Rome considerable when in the uncertainty army were whethernot exempted citizens from of these Latium punishments, ever enjoyed and their it seems benefit doubtful (Sal. describedJug. 69.). (Sal. Adj. Cat. Porcius, 51.).—2. a, um.A descendant Porcia lex, of thethe lawformer, just theand deadone ofof thenight, accomplices convened of the the ringleaders traitor Catilina, immediately who, be-in fore17, 27.)tlie consul detected the whole confederacy (Sal. Cat. of A.Sp. PdstumiusPdstumius Albinus,Albinus, A.consul, Postumli who hadAlbini, obtained m. brother by lot POS 291 POS NtimMla, Algiers, for his province 112 B. C. Having ingspent a peacethe time with without Jugurtha, any decisivehe left Aulusengagement, with theor conclud- rank of Romeprcetor at to the command approach inof thehis elections.stead, on hisSolicitous setting either out forto terrorterminate of his the arms, war, orA. to Postumius obtain money marched from histhe troopsking by from the tempestuoustheir winter weather,quarters inunexpectedly the month appearedof January, before and, the in town very gurthaSuthul, soonwhere perceiving that prince his had vanity, deposited and hisignorance treasures. of war,Jii- whichbribed placedpart ofthe his whole army, Roman and armydecoyed in the him power into of a themeasure king. depart,Instead afterof putting they hadthem passed to the under sword, the he yoke, allowed on themthe ex- to pressA. Postumlus condition thatAlbinus they preferredshould quit these Numidla terms into tenthe days.only otherthe spot alternative, in such instantterms asdeath, Jugurtha and concluded chose to a dictate treaty upon(Sab Jug.(Liv. 36—39.).Ep. 64.). TheThis senatehistorian refused calls himto ratifylegatus, this not treaty pro- praetor,Sp. Posturalthe term us applied Albinus, by Sallustius.Sp. Postumli Alblni, m. was electedin the allotmentconsul with of theM. provinces,Minixcius heRufus obtained (112 Niimidia, B. C.), and,and hisexisted colleague, at Rome; Macedonia. part, bribed At bythat Jugurtha, time, a. fierceking contentionof Niimi- hisdia, iniquitousexerted themselves conduct, struggledin his behalf, hard and to bringpart, enragedhim to theat punishmentall in his power which to hisaugment crimes thehad violence deserved. of thePostumlus parties, didin heorder prevailed to obtain on the Masslva sole direction (<7. «.) toof petitionthe war. theWith senate this for view the kingdomexcited such of Ntimldla,odium against and Jugurtha’shim, that war murder became of thatinevitable. prince Africa,Postumlus and, accordingly having secured made the haste necessary to renew supplies hostilities of money in approached,and troops, sailedbefore for which that country. he trusted The to timeterminate of the theelections war, either by a decisive battle, orB byb 2 some other means. Jfigur- PUN 292 QUI foreJha, aton onethe timeother proposed hand, looked an immediate to delay surrender,for safety, andat another there- beforebroke offthe all Roman conference; army, thensometimes suddenly pretending wheeling fearround he made fled eda furious anxiety charge. for negotiation; Thus by he desultory baffled thewarfare consul, and who, well at feign- last, wasAlbinus, obliged and to depart leave forthe Romearmy toto attend his brother the elections. A. Postumlus Here, verelyfrom having censured; done it nothing was even in Africa,alleged thathis conducthe acted wasin con- se- ruptioncert with rather- the king, than and by thatinactivity. the war wasThe protracteddisgraceful by treaty cor- personalwhich his danger, brother on concluded which account rendered he laidhim the apprehensive matter before of therthe senate,had their who consent declared nor the that treaty of the invalid people. ; becauseMeantime it nei- he thecollected necessary auxiliaries, preparations and did in every forwardness thing in ; hisbut power the tribunes to have forewould he notset allowout himself the forces in a tofew embark days to for resume Africa, the and command there- quartersof the army. in the RomanOn landing province, he foundunfit forthe service troops by in idleness, winter lostinsubordination, reputation of and his cowardice. brother, by Inmarching place of directly retrieving against the ed,Jiigurtha, by the whichstate of he the anxiously army, wished,to remain he inactive.felt himself In oblig- this sededcondition him he in resignedthat command. it to Q,. CseclllusHe was MStellus,afterwards who arraigned super- onScaurus, the Mamilian one of thelaw commissionersand condemned, appointed although toM. investigate TEmllius everythe conduct effort toof certainfree him Romans from punishmentin regard to Jugurtha,(Sal. Jug. made35— 44.).Punlcus. See Poeni. Q. Qulrltes, ium {sing. Quids, Itis), the Romans, or Sa- bines,Ciires, mosta city commonly of the Sabines, the former, or from who Curis, had thisa spear. name fromAtfy. REA 293 RHO um,Quirinalis, of Cui'es, is, ofe, et,the Quirinus, Sabines, orQuirlanus, the Romans. v. Qulrinanus, a, R RealS, is, n. Rieti, a town of the Sabines on Nar, the Nero, onetini, of orum the eastern{sing. RSatinus,branches ofi), Tiber,promised the soldiersTevere. toJnh. P. R2a-Cor- neliuslowed himScipio to Africanusenlist volunteers (207 B. for C.), the when African the warsenate (Liv. al- (Plin.XXVIII. I. 241.). 45.). Adj. Reatinus, a, um. Redtinus ager tremityRhegium, of Italia, i, n. Italy,Reggio, founded a town bynearly a colony in the from southern Chalcis, ex- orumEgripo, {sing. under Rheglnus, Antimnestus i), the (Strab. Rhegians. 370.). Adj.Inh. RhCginus, Rhegini, a, um.Rhodus, \,f. Rhodes (1 syl.), an island in the Mediterra- neanris, a Sea,district about in thetwenty south-west miles distant of Asia from Minor, the coastNatolia. of Do-It tionswas known nine, Ophiusa, by a number Asteria, of names,iEthrjea, of Trinacria, which Pllnlus Corymbia, men- soilFeeessa, of Rhodes Atabyria, is uncommonly Macarla, andfertile, Olo’essa and produces (I. 616.). all kindsThe oflued. delicious li is fruits. subject toThe the wines Turks, of thisand islandlike the are other highly coun- va- triesand illunder cultivated. that despotic The government,colossal statue is ofbut Apollo, thinly peopled,seventy stoodcubits nearhigh, the and entrance esteemed to onethe ofharbour. the wonders The of head the world,j-epre- asented native the of sun,Rhodes, and planned one hand this held astonishing a light-house. figure, andChares, spent twelvework of years that iningenious the execution. artist, whenAn earthquake it had only destroyed stood about the hundredsixty-six years.camels. TheThe brass capital of itof is Rhodes'said to have is of loaded the samenine name,Several and illustrious was, at men one time,were nativesa place of of this considerable city. M. trade.Tul- liusRomans, CIcSro, studied and atC. Rhodes.Julius Cresar,Clara amongRhddos many(Hor. eminent Od. I. ROM 2

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