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20 Years Later: Problems and Prospects of Countries of Former Yugoslavia Copyright © – Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, 1St Edition

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20 Years Later: Problems and Prospects of Countries of Former Yugoslavia Copyright © – Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, 1St Edition 20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Copyright © – Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, 1st edition This monograph is the result of a research project J5-2294 (Value Shifts in the countries of former Yugoslavia) and is co-financed by the Slovenian Research Agency. 20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Sergej Flere (Editor) Chapter Authors Sergej Flere Miran Lavrič Rudi Klanjšek Marina Tavčar Krajnc Bojan Musil Andrej Kirbiš Faculty of Arts Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies University of Maribor Slovenia May, 2013 20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Published by Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor Editor Sergej Flere Authors Sergej Flere, Miran Lavrič, Rudi Klanjšek, Marina Tavčar Krajnc, Bojan Musil, Andrej Kirbiš Reviewers Ivan Cvitković, Rudolf Rizman Text editor Michelle Gadpaille Design Grafični atelje Visočnik Printing Tiskarna Saje 300 copies Maribor 2013 CIP – Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor 323(497.1)(082) 316.3434.3(497.1)(082) TWENTY 20 years later : problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia / Sergej Flere (editor) ; chapter authors Sergej Flere … [et al.]. – Maribor : Faculty of arts, Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societes, 2013 ISBN 978-961-6656-99-3 1. Flere, Sergej COBISS.SI-ID 73316609 Contents NOTES ON THE COntrIBUTOrs 13 PREfacE 17 1 EXIT YUGOslaVIA: LONGING FOR MONOnatIOnal StatES OR EntrEPRENEURIal ManIPUlatION? (R. KlanJšEK & S. FLERE) 21 1 1 Introduction 22 1 2 The Current Study 27 1 3 Method 28 1 3 1 Data and samples 28 1 3 2 Measures 29 1 3 3 Data Analysis 31 1 4 Results 31 1 5 Discussion 39 1 5 1 Limitations 42 1 6 References 43 2 THE DEVELOpmEnt OF RESEarcH SOCIOLOGY IN POst-YUGOslaV COUntrIES (1991–2011) (S. FLERE) 47 2 1 Introduction 48 2 1 1 The problem and its relevance 48 2 1 2 Focus and limitations 48 2 2 Transition 50 2 2 1 Dissolution and war 50 2 2 2 Transition to a capitalist economy 57 2 2 3 Transition to pluralist democracy 58 5 2 3 Stratification (inequalities, elites) 59 2 3 1 Social inequalities, exclusion 59 2 3 2 Elites 62 2 4 Religion 64 2 4 1 Dynamics of religiosity 64 2 4 2 Religious organisations and institutions 66 2 4 2 1 Small groups 67 2 4 3 Associations between religion and other social phenomena 67 2 5 Ethnicity 68 2 5 1 Ethnic identity and inter-ethnic relations 68 2 5 2 The Roma 70 2 6 Family and Gender 71 2 6 1 Family 71 2 6 2 Issues of Gender 74 2 7 Politics, power 75 2 7 1 Power structure 75 2 7 2 EU orientation 78 2 8 Other significant issues (as subject of study) 79 2 8 1 Social capital 79 2 8 2 Youth 80 2 9 Conclusion 81 2 10 References 85 3 20 YEars LatER: (SOCIO)ECONOMIC DEVELOpmEnt aftER THE BREakUP OF YUGOslaVIA (R. KlanJšEK) 95 3 1 Introduction – A Brief Look into the Past 96 3 2 After the Break-up – New Hopes and New Realities Of The Transition 102 3 2 1 Economic Growth and Development 103 3 2 2 Unemployment, Inequality and Human Development 117 3 3 Conclusion 123 3 4 References 125 4 RECEnt CHanGES IN THE POst-YUGOslaV FamIly (S. FLERE) 131 4 1 Historical Introduction 132 4 2 Structure and Pattern of Conjugal and Family Relations Today 137 4 2 1 Method 137 4 3 Discussion and Conclusion 143 4 4 References 146 6 5 GEndER ROLE AttITUDES IN POst-YUGOslaV COUntrIES: A CROss-NatIONAL and LONGITUDINAL AnalysIS (A. KIrbIš & M. TAVčar KraJnc) 151 5 1 Introduction 152 5 2 Micro- and macro-level correlates of gender role attitudes 153 5 3 Cross-national and longitudinal trends in gender role attitudes 155 5 4 Gender attitudes in (post)communist countries 156 5 5 Hypotheses 159 5 6 Plan of analysis 160 5 7 Method 160 5 7 1 Sample 160 5 7 2 Measures 161 5 7 2 1 Traditional gender role attitudes 161 5 7 2 2 Predictor variables 162 5 8 Results 162 5 8 1 Cross-national comparison of gender role traditionalism 162 5 8 2 Cross-national and longitudinal comparison of gender role traditionalism 163 5 8 3 Predicting gender role traditionalism 165 5 9 Discussion and conclusion 168 5 10 References 172 6 DETErmInants OF POLITIcal partICIpatION IN WEstERN EUROPE, East-CEntral EUROPE and POst-YUGOslaV COUntrIES (A. KIRBIš) 177 6 1 Introduction 178 6 2 Political participation, democracy and ongoing trends 178 6 3 Determinants of political participation 179 6 3 1 Age 180 6 3 2 Gender 181 6 3 3 Socioeconomic status 182 6 4 Hypotheses 183 6 5 Method 183 6 5 1 Sample 183 6 5 2 Measures 184 6 6 Results 185 6 6 1 Longitudinal changes in political participation in the post-Yugoslav states 185 6 6 2 Individual-level predictors of political participation in Europe 188 7 6 7 Discussion and conclusion 190 6 8 References 193 7 BasIC SHIfts IN ValUE OrIEntatIOns IN POst-YUGOslaV REGION: CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE? (B. MUSIL) 201 7 1 Values and value orientations: Stability or change 202 7 2 Focusing the scope 205 7 3 Method 206 7 3 1 Procedure 206 7 3 2 Measures 207 7 4 Analysis 208 7 4 1 Cross-national and longitudinal comparison of value dimensions 208 7 4 2 Changes in the importance of child qualities 211 7 5 Discussion and Conclusion 215 7 6 References 218 8 RELIGIOUS CHanGE and THE Impact OF RELIGIOSIty UPON EmancIpatIVE ValUES IN POst-YUGOslaV COUntrIES (M. LAVRič) 223 8 1 Introduction 224 8 2 Method 228 8 2 1 Procedure 228 8 2 2 Measures 228 8 3 Analysis 230 8 3 1 The privatization thesis 230 8 3 2 Religious change among the young and the educated as a foundation for predictions 235 8 3 3 Privatization of religiosity and emancipative values 237 8 4 Discussion 238 8 5 References 240 8 Tables Table 1-1: Mean level analysis – agreement with the statement “The preservation and progress of all republics depends on the preservation and progress of Yugoslavia as a whole” (YUPIO86), by republics and provinces 32 Table 1-2: Mean level analysis – agreement with the statement “Each nationality should have its own state” (LOL91), by republics and provinces 34 Table 1-3: Zero-order Correlations between Longing and Indicators of “Elite status”, 1986 (YUPIO86) and 1991 (LOL91), by federal units 35 Table 1-4: SEM Analyses on the Relationships between “Elite status” and Longing, 1986 (YUPIO86), by Federal Units 37 Table 1-5: SEM Analyses on the Relationships between “Elite status” and Longing, 1991 (LOL91), by Federal Units 38 Table 3-1: Differences in Economic Development of Yugoslav Republics, GNP per capita, in 1972 prices, 1952–1987 (Yugoslav Average = 100) 98 Table 3-2: Real Gross Domestic Product (per capita, PPP U$ 1989) 104 Table 3-3: Real Gross Domestic Product (annual percent change) 105 Table 3-4: Perceived Levels of Public-Sector Corruption in Post Yugoslav countries, Rank/Score, 2011 112 Table 3-5: Real Gross Domestic Product (annual percentage change), Post-Yugoslav republics, 2000–2011 115 Table 3-6: Estimates of Relative Economic Development, GDP per capita, current international dollars – Yugoslavia/Post-Yugoslav republics vs Austria and USA, 1985–2009 116 Table 3-7: Unemployment Rates (share of unemployed in the total labor force), (Post)Yugoslav republics, 1953–2011 119 Table 3-8: Income distribution, Yugoslavia, EU and Post-Yugoslav entities, 1964–2010 120 Table 4-1: Average household size, by units of former Yugoslavia 137 9 Table 4-2: Average number of respondents’ children, by units of former Yugoslavia 138 Table 4-3: Descriptives of independent variables, by units of former Yugoslavia 141 Table 4-4: Regression analysis, predicting number of children, by units of former Yugoslavia 142 Table 4-5: Mean agreement with “Husband holding the job is more appropriate”, by units of former Yugoslavia 145 Table 5-1: Regression model explaining gender role traditionalism, post-Yugoslav compound and country samples, EVS 2008 166 Table 6-1: Logistic regression predicting non-voting, EVS 2008, three European regions 188 Table 6-2: Regression model predicting protest participation, EVS 2008, three European regions 189 Table 7-1: Levels and changes in the importance of child qualities, WVS 1995–8 and EVS 2008 212 Table 8-1: Rotated pattern matrix from principal axis factoring of four items representing privatized and institutionalized religiosity 231 Table 8-2: Levels and relative changes in the presence of privatized and institutionalized religiosity in the period between 1995–8 and 2008 232 Table 8-3: Relative changes in the presence of privatized and institutionalized religiosity in the period between 1995–8 and 2008, by age group and educational level 235 Table 8-4: Pearson’s r coefficients between the two measures of religiosity and the three measures of emancipative values within six Ex-Yugoslav countries 237 10 Figures Figure 3-1: Yugoslavia, GNP per capita, 1952–1987 (dinars, 1972 prices) 100 Figure 3-2: Economic development (GDP per capita, 2005, PPP, US$), 1990–2009, by (Post)Yugoslav entity 108 Figure 3-3: Differences in Economic development of (Post)Yugoslav Entities (GNP/GDP per capita, fixed prices*), 1952–2009 111 Figure 3-4: Satisfaction with life: 1 = Dissatisfied, 10 = Satisified, Post-Yugoslav Entities 121 Figure 3-5: Human Development Index, by Post-Yugoslav entity 122 Figure 5-1: Cross-national comparison of gender role traditionalism (composite GRT2), post-Yugoslav states, WVS 1995–8 163 Figure 5-2: Cross-national and longitudinal comparison of gender role traditionalism and GDP, post-Yugoslav states, WVS 1995–8 and EVS 2008 164 Figure 5-3: Comparison of gender role traditionalism among major religious groups in Kosovo, BIH
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