DOCSLIB.ORG

Moneta Regis Pro Sclavonia from the Mekiš-Zgruti Hoard 179 Moneta Regis Pro Sclavonia from the Mekiš-Zgruti Hoard

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Moneta Regis Pro Sclavonia from the Mekiš-Zgruti Hoard 179 Moneta Regis Pro Sclavonia from the Mekiš-Zgruti Hoard vamz / 3. serija / lii (2o19) luka štefan: moneta regis pro sclavonia from the mekiš-zgruti hoard 179 moneta regis pro sclavonia from the mekiš-zgruti hoard Luka Štefan Archaeological Museum in Zagreb Trg Nikole Šubića Zrinskog 19 HR – 10000 Zagreb [email protected] UDK/UDC: 904:737.1(497.5-35 Koprivnica)''12/13'' Izvorni znanstveni rad / Original scientific paper The term “banovac” (denarius banalis) has been known in litera- characterized by superficially executed obverses and reverses, ture since the late 19th century, when Ćiro Truhelka published his which especially applies to legends, in contrast to earlier issues. capital work Slavonski banovci: prinos hrvatskoj numismatici The overall aim of this paper is to draw attention to the impor- in 1897. This type of coin has been sporadically mentioned ever tance of this autonomous coinage from the region of Slavonia, since, usually in the form of short research papers or in larger which was used for financial transactions in that area during syntheses. The denars issued by Ban1 Miklós Amade (Lat. Nicola the 13th and 14th centuries. Also, by taking into consideration Omodei; Cro. Nikola Omodejev)2 were unknown as such at that the Mekiš-Zgruti hoard, this paper will offer some insights on a time. Rather, they were attributed to the reign of King Bela IV, al- small part of the hundred-year history of the minting of “bano- most a century before their actual time, until the discovery of the vac” coins. Mekiš-Zgruti hoard. The denars or “banovci” from the hoard are Key words: “banovac”, Mekiš-Zgruti, late medieval mints, Nikola Omodejev, Slavonia, de- narius banalis, coinage, medieval numismatics Introduction3 From the 13th century, under the rule of Bela IV, a new, highly Free Cities, received by individual settlements (e.g. Varaždin) as valued coin was introduced, known in the literature as the early as the 13th century, also contributed to the development of Slavonian “banovac” or, as the contemporary sources called it, the denarius banalis, as an autonomous means of payment in denarius banalis.4 Made of silver with a very small percentage of the area of modern northern and eastern Croatia.6 copper, and with its outstanding stylistic characteristics, it was very popular in the earliest stages of its distribution within and The denar, therefore, has never been minted out of pure silver, beyond the borders of modern Croatia. According to Metcalf, its but it also contained copper in a ratio that, depending on the po- production began due to the economic prosperity of Zagreb and litical and economic situation, was subject to change.7 trade with the German area.5 The privileges and status of Royal 1 “Ban” was a title given to the legal representative of the king in medieval 6 Metcalf 1978, 46. Croatia, Slavonia and Bosnia. 7 Truhelka 1897, 36. 2 Miklós Amade was his Hungarian name. Nikola or Nicola was the name he was known by in the Croatian area. 3 This paper is a modified version of my graduate thesis, defended on 23rd October 2018 in the Department of Archaeology at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Zagreb, under the mentorship of Ana Azinović Bebek. 4 This is the most common variant of the name. Some of the others are: denarii zagrabienses, Grechenses, verocenses. Although they are known as “banovci” in Croatia, the term is not correct because this was a name used for a vice-Ban (Dolenec 1982, 4; Križan 2010, 7–8; Rengjeo 2011, 180). 5 Metcalf 1965, 165. 180 luka štefan: moneta regis pro sclavonia from the mekiš-zgruti hoard vamz / 3. serija / lii (2o19) Figure 1. Inventory of the Mekiš-Zgruti hoard (AMZ, G1039; photo by Igor Krajcar). From a charter of Bela IV of 1256, it is evident that Bans issued With time the quality, and thus the value, of the denarius banalis money as royal representatives in the mint vltra Dravam (camera fell, until its complete disappearance in the late 14th century.12 de vltra Drava).8 This probably refers to the Pakrac mint, which is In the first quarter of this century, King Charles Robert I tried to also called camera de Puchruch, and is known as the oldest mint bring back the lost value of this coinage by introducing a reform,13 of this Croatian autonomous coinage.9 As mentioned before, dur- during the regency of Ban Miklós Felsőlendvai Amade, whose ing the 13th and 14th centuries, Zagreb developed into a strong coins (denars and oboli) are found in the Mekiš-Zgruti hoard. By economic center of Slavonia, which conditioned the mint’s relo- the king’s command, he tried to imitate the coins of the same cation.10 quality as minted earlier under Bela IV, which is noticeable on the coins themselves. Apart from the loss of Gothic inscriptions, Particularly interesting is the denarii Gurches, which are thought the difference is evident in the simplicity and “negligence” in the to have been named according to the monetarius and comes production of some dies, as well as the process of minting itself. camerae from 1323 who minted them (Ladislavs Gurches).11 Given During the analysis, some inconsistencies and doubts about the that this is precisely the period when denars under Ban Miklós coins appeared, with respect to the authors who had previously Amade were minted, we can not exclude the possibility that the studied the hoard, which will also be presented and explained in coins which are the subject of this paper, and are discussed in more detail in the continuation of the text. the continuation of this study, were called by that name. 8 Truhelka 1897, 5; Herman Kaurić 2006, 10; Križan 2010, 5. 11 Truhelka 1897, 9, 16. 9 Truhelka 1897, 8; Herman Kaurić 2006, 10. 12 The exact date is unknown (Mirnik 1981, 16). 10 Kampuš 1981, 10. 13 Smičiklas 1911, 105–106. vamz / 3. serija / lii (2o19) luka štefan: moneta regis pro sclavonia from the mekiš-zgruti hoard 181 Map 1. Location of the sites Mekiš-Zgruti and Ruškova greda (Čimin 2017a, 280). The hoard was found in a place where archaeologists recently cavations of the eponymous medieval village, settled from the discovered a medieval village dated from the late 11th century to late 11th century to the mid-16th, which belonged to the Gorbonok the mid-16th.14 At the time of the purchase in 1967, the hoard con- estate.15 tained a large number of denarii banales alongside a pair of tem- ple rings and three signet rings. The coins, as an important part Several pit structures were found at Zgruti, some of which have of the inventory, have never been studied in detail. This paper, been confirmed as houses of various shapes.16 The archaeologi- therefore, seeks to give insight on one small part of the hundred- cal material found inside houses and waste pits, such as frag- year history of the minting of the “banovac”. ments of ceramic vessels, ceramic balls, animal bones etc., indi- cates the above-mentioned time period, which corresponds to About the Hoard the general dating of the hoard.17 The commonest type of vessel is kitchen pottery decorated with wheel ornaments, horizontal The hoard, consisting of silver coins and jewellery (Fig. 1), was notches and horizontal grooves, as well as tableware of Austro- found near Podravske Sesvete, in the settlement of Mekiš, at the Hungarian provenance, which points to the considerable pur- position called Zgruti (Map 1). The place is located in the eastern chasing power of this small community.18 part of the Koprivnica-Križevci County, where, in recent years, the Museum of the City of Koprivnica has conducted partial ex- 14 See below. 15 Čimin 2014, 149; 2017a, 279; 2017b, 7–8. 16 Čimin 2013, 173; 2017b, 8. 17 Čimin 2017b, 10–11. 18 Čimin 2017b, 11–12. 182 luka štefan: moneta regis pro sclavonia from the mekiš-zgruti hoard vamz / 3. serija / lii (2o19) As an extremely valuable, and almost unique, finding of this in the inscriptions, the poorly executed and superficial depic- type in Croatia, the hoard was purchased by the Archaeological tions, and with the jewellery that was found in this and other Museum in Zagreb from the famous Croatian artist Vanja Radauš hoards (e.g. Sokolovac, Rakitovica),30 it is possible to argue that in 1967 for the amount of 10 000 ND.19 The hoard contained a these denars were minted during the rule of Ban Miklós Amade large number of silver denars, two well-preserved temple rings (1322–1324).31 Initially, Rengjeo considered them to be the oldest and three signet rings. The jewellery has been thoroughly stud- “banovci” because of the rough minting,32 but later, after study- ied and published by Ivan Mirnik and Željko Demo.20 ing historical sources, he changed his mind and included them among the later types. Although the coins at first sight look iden- Hitherto the coins have been used only for dating purposes tical, there are some differences in the inscriptions and presenta- and not studied in any detail.21 With that in mind, the burial of tion, which suggests that different dies were used in the minting, the hoard was placed at the end of the 13th century and the be- made by different artisans. Rengjeo distinguished over 30 vari- ginning of the 14th – or, more precisely, in the period of Miklós ants of Miklós’s coins within this hoard by noting the differences Amade.22 The denarii banales were issued for the area of medi- in the size and thickness of the letters minted on the blank, and eval Slavonia (Regnum Sclavoniae), which included the counties the differences in their placement.33 But if we take into account of Križevci, Zagreb and Varaždin.23 In 1958, Ivan Rengjeo pub- the possibility of a weaker strike or a shift during minting, these lished a short review of the coins from the hoard.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ANNEXES REGIONAL FILES VOLUME 2 PART I EASTERN SLAVONIA 1 MARCH 2001 II CONTENTS ETHNIC STRUCTURES 1 Eastern Slavonia 3 Tenja 4 Antin 5 Dalj 6 Berak 7 Bogdanovci 8 Šarengrad 9 Ilok 10 Tompojevci 11 Bapska 12 Tovarnik 13 Sotin 14 Lovas 15 Tordinci 16 Vukovar 17 WITNESS STATEMENTS TENJA 19 Annex 1: Witness Statement of M.K. 21 Annex 2: Witness Statement of R.J. 22 Annex 3: Witness Statement of I.K. (1) 24 Annex 4: Witness Statement of J.P. 29 Annex 5: Witness Statement of L.B. 34 Annex 6: Witness Statement of P.Š. 35 Annex 7: Witness Statement of D.M. 37 Annex 8: Witness Statement of M.R. 39 Annex 9: Witness Statement of M.M. 39 Annex 10: Witness Statement of M.K. 41 Annex 11: Witness Statement of I.I.* 42 Annex 12: Witness Statement of Z.B. 52 Annex 13: Witness Statement of A.M. 54 Annex 14: Witness Statement of J.S. 56 Annex 15: Witness Statement of Z.M. 58 Annex 16: Witness Statement of J.K. 60 IV Annex 17: Witness Statement of L.R. 63 Annex 18: Witness Statement of Đ.B. 64 WITNESS STATEMENTS DALJ 67 Annex 19: Witness Statement of J.P. 69 Annex 20: Witness Statement of I.K. (2) 71 Annex 21: Witness Statement of A.K. 77 Annex 22: Witness Statement of H.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 Years Later: Problems and Prospects of Countries of Former Yugoslavia Copyright © – Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, 1St Edition
    20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Copyright © – Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, 1st edition This monograph is the result of a research project J5-2294 (Value Shifts in the countries of former Yugoslavia) and is co-financed by the Slovenian Research Agency. 20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Sergej Flere (Editor) Chapter Authors Sergej Flere Miran Lavrič Rudi Klanjšek Marina Tavčar Krajnc Bojan Musil Andrej Kirbiš Faculty of Arts Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies University of Maribor Slovenia May, 2013 20 years later: Problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia Published by Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societies, Faculty of Arts, University of Maribor Editor Sergej Flere Authors Sergej Flere, Miran Lavrič, Rudi Klanjšek, Marina Tavčar Krajnc, Bojan Musil, Andrej Kirbiš Reviewers Ivan Cvitković, Rudolf Rizman Text editor Michelle Gadpaille Design Grafični atelje Visočnik Printing Tiskarna Saje 300 copies Maribor 2013 CIP – Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor 323(497.1)(082) 316.3434.3(497.1)(082) TWENTY 20 years later : problems and prospects of countries of former Yugoslavia / Sergej Flere (editor) ; chapter authors Sergej Flere … [et al.]. – Maribor : Faculty of arts, Center for the Study of Post-Yugoslav Societes, 2013 ISBN 978-961-6656-99-3 1. Flere, Sergej COBISS.SI-ID 73316609 Contents NOTES ON THE COntrIBUTOrs 13 PREfacE 17 1 EXIT YUGOslaVIA: LONGING FOR MONOnatIOnal StatES OR EntrEPRENEURIal ManIPUlatION? (R. KlanJšEK & S. FLERE) 21 1 1 Introduction 22 1 2 The Current Study 27 1 3 Method 28 1 3 1 Data and samples 28 1 3 2 Measures 29 1 3 3 Data Analysis 31 1 4 Results 31 1 5 Discussion 39 1 5 1 Limitations 42 1 6 References 43 2 THE DEVELOpmEnt OF RESEarcH SOCIOLOGY IN POst-YUGOslaV COUntrIES (1991–2011) (S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formation of Croatian National Identity
    bellamy [22.5].jkt 21/8/03 4:43 pm Page 1 Europeinchange E K T C The formation of Croatian national identity ✭ This volume assesses the formation of Croatian national identity in the 1990s. It develops a novel framework that calls both primordialist and modernist approaches to nationalism and national identity into question before applying that framework to Croatia. In doing so it not only provides a new way of thinking about how national identity is formed and why it is so important but also closely examines 1990s Croatia in a unique way. An explanation of how Croatian national identity was formed in an abstract way by a historical narrative that traces centuries of yearning for a national state is given. The book goes on to show how the government, opposition parties, dissident intellectuals and diaspora change change groups offered alternative accounts of this narrative in order to The formation legitimise contemporary political programmes based on different visions of national identity. It then looks at how these debates were in manifested in social activities as diverse as football and religion, in of Croatian economics and language. ✭ This volume marks an important contribution to both the way we national identity bellamy study nationalism and national identity and our understanding of post-Yugoslav politics and society. A centuries-old dream ✭ ✭ Alex J. Bellamy is lecturer in Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Queensland alex j. bellamy Europe Europe THE FORMATION OF CROATIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY MUP_Bellamy_00_Prelims 1 9/3/03, 9:16 EUROPE IN CHANGE : T C E K already published Committee governance in the European Union ⁽⁾ Theory and reform in the European Union, 2nd edition .
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Downloads
    The Educational Review, USA, 2021, 5(3), 79-86 https://www.hillpublisher.com/journals/er/ ISSN Online: 2575-7946 ISSN Print: 2575-7938 A Museum Picture Book as a Child’s Entertainment Bridge to the Past and to the Richness of Heritage Diana Zalar Early Childhood and Preschool Education and Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Zagreb, Croatia. How to cite this paper: Diana Zalar. (2021). A Museum Picture Book as a Abstract Child’s Entertainment Bridge to the Past This research was conducted at the Faculty of Teacher Education in Zagreb. It is and to the Richness of Heritage. The Edu- cational Review, USA, 5(3), 79-86. about the production of museum picturebooks in Croatia, their types, purpose DOI: 10.26855/er.2021.03.008 and the ways in which children are involved in their creation or are encouraged to use them. What is special about picturebooks published by museums is their Received: February 12, 2021 obvious intention to acquaint children and young people with times past as well Accepted: March 10, 2021 Published: March 30, 2021 as with numerous interesting details and facts associated with the past. It may be done by telling the tales which used to be passed from generation to generation, Corresponding author: Diana Zalar, creating a simultaneity of two periods with the help of a supernatural being Early Childhood and Preschool Educa- which gets into contact with a child of the present time, mentally reviving ma- tion and Teacher Education, Faculty of Teacher Education, University of Za- terial monuments by returning to the times when they were built, telling of bio- greb, Croatia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nation in Social Practice I Economy, Football and Istria
    5 The nation in social practice I Economy, football and Istria The following two chapters assess the way that the disputes about the meaning of Croatian national identity in the 1990s (discussed in the previous chapter) were manifested in a variety of social practices. This third level of abstraction is concerned with how competing conceptions of national identity (Chapter 4) that make use of abstract frames (Chapter 3) are manifested and embedded in social practice and in identifying sites of resistance to the national ‘common sense’. The six brief studies contained here reveal the nation to be a terrain of political competition in which the state is but one, albeit powerful and well resourced, protagonist. Such disputes take place not only among political and intellectual elites but also within a diverse range of social practices. The focus here then is on how interpretations of the historical statehood narrative are manifested in the identities that inform social practices. These chapters ask how competing ideas about Croatian national identity are manifested in different areas of social activity by considering the resonance and reinterpretation of abstract ideas in six areas of social activity. In each of these areas the ‘nationalising state’ attempted to enforce the Franjoist conception of national identity articulated in the previous chapter. However, there were also radical reformulations of nation identity manifested in social practice. Although the government was successful in enforcing its own account of national identity in some areas, such as the education system, alternative accounts flourished in others, such as sections of the economy and the senior hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of the Street Names in Two Neighboring Croatian Regions Ivana Crljenko
    ONOMÀSTICA BIBLIOTECA TÈCNICA DE POLÍTICA LINGÜÍSTICA Representations of Regional Identity: A Case Study of the Street Names in Two Neighboring Croatian Regions Ivana Crljenko DOI: 10.2436/15.8040.01.184 Abstract In the northwestern part of the Croatian littoral two regions can be identified. The first one occupies the largest Croatian peninsula (Istria), and the second one is the neighboring region of the Kvarner Bay area, which stretches to the east and southeast of Istria. Although both are small in size (Istria 2950 km2, the Kvarner Bay 3270 km2), these regions had different historical developments, which is the major reason for different notions and expressions of regional identity. In that context, Istria is the most regionally oriented part of Croatia, where 4.3% of the total population identified themselves in the sense of regional affiliation (according to the 2001 census data). It is also a part of Croatia that has been exposed to Italian influence during a long period in history, as well as today. Effects of such a historical background can be identified in many ways in everyday life: in using the Italian language in some parts of Istria as the first or the second language, as well as in the greater significance of the local regional party, but also in the urban landscape – in street names (which are bilingual in some, but not all, parts of Istria). The Kvarner Bay region recorded only 0.05% of the total population that claimed regional affiliation: national identity is deeply expressed in supporting national political parties and in the urban toponymy.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Regionalism in the Mirror of Croatian Nationalism: the Case of Istria, 1990-96
    ECONOMIC REGIONALISM IN THE MIRROR OF CROATIAN NATIONALISM: THE CASE OF ISTRIA, 1990-96 By JOHN EDWARD ASHBROOK A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2002 This dissertation is dedicated to four wonderful women and my son. First, there is my Mother, Susan Scantlebury, who gave me the love and support I needed to finish this long project called graduate school. Second, there is Michelle Phillips, a childhood fiiend, who died in 1990 just after I graduated from my first undergraduate institution. I miss you and think of you often, Shel. I hope you are exploring worlds more fantastic than the ones we explored together with our bizarre circle of friends. Third, there is my sister in spirit, Mary Sue Fields. Thanks for all the help on the dissertation and the love and support for 25+ years. Fourth, there is Magdalena Markovinovic, who recently entered my life. Your help and love in Croatia contributed a great deal to tliis work. Last, but not least, is Richard James Macdonald, my son. Richard, this dissertation and all my future work will be for you. I love you all and thank you for the time and support each of you gave me in so many different ways. Thanks for believing in a country boy's dream to make something of himself. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this dissertation was funded by a Short Term Grant from the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, DC for research in the National Archives and the Library of Congress; a National Security Education Program Fellowship, 1998-9; and a Fulbright Student FeUowship, 2000-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sixth Periodical Report Presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in Accordance with Article 15 of the Charter
    Strasbourg, 26 July 2019 MIN-LANG (2019) PR 6 EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES Sixth periodical report presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter CROATIA GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA SIXTH REPORT BY THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ON THE APPLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN CHARTER FOR REGIONAL OR MINORITY LANGUAGES ZAGREB, June 2019 SADRŽAJ 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2 2. PART I ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Legislation .................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Action Plan for the Implementation of the Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities for the Period 2011 – 2013 .................................................................... 4 2.3. Implementation of the Recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (RecChL(2015)2) ................................................................................... 20 2.4. 2011 Census in Croatia ............................................................................................ 21 3. PART II– Objectives and principles ................................................................................ 23 3.1. Article 7, paragraph (1) ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Coins and Kings of Hungary to Leopold I
    The Coins and Kings of Hungary To Leopold I David P. Ruckser Stephen I of Hungary 997-1038 St. Stephen was born "Vajk" in the town of Esztergom. His father was the ruling Magyar Prince Géza; his mother was Sarolt, the daughter of the Transylvanian gyula. [1] Vajk was baptized at age 10[citation needed] by Saint Adalbert of Prague as a precondition of accepting the crown from Rome. He was given the baptismal name Stephen (István) in honour of the original early Christian Saint Stephen. As it turned out, this was a fitting choice, as the name Stephen derives from the Greek stefa???, stephanos, meaning "crowned". Between 995 and 997, Stephen (still known as "Vajk") was the lord of Nitra (an appanage principality of Géza). Prince [2], or duke[3] according to dif- ferent authors. Stephen married Giselle of Bavaria, the daughter of Henry II the Wrangler and Gisela of Burgundy circa 995, but sources give various years for this event. By this marriage he became the brother-in-law of the future Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor. Stephen and Giselle had at least three children: sons St. Imre (also Henry or Emeric) and Ottó, and a daughter Hedvig. In 997, prince Géza died and a succession struggle ensued. Stephen claimed divine right to rule the Magyars, while Stephen's uncle Koppány, a powerful pagan noble, claimed the traditional right of seniority. Eventually the two met in battle and Stephen was victorious, partly thanks to Stephen's German retinue and military assistance from the noble Poznan and Hunt families.
    [Show full text]
  • Convergence of Marine Protected Area Policy with Common Pool Research Theory, a Case Study: the Lošinj Dolphin Reserve, Croatia
    Convergence of Marine Protected Area Policy with Common Pool Research Theory, a case study: The Lošinj Dolphin Reserve, Croatia Peter Charles Mackelworth Department of Geography University College London Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. University of London 2007 Abstract The thesis analyses the development of negotiations for the management of the Lošinj Dolphin Reserve in Croatia. Interviews, meetings and observations were undertaken at all levels and stages of the negotiation process in order to provide a clear narrative of the development of the process. An actor orientated approach was taken to provide empirical material that could contribute to the convergence of two academic debates, common pool resource management and marine protected area policy. The Lošinj Dolphin Reserve provides a complex contextual case study with international, national, regional and local changes confusing the production of social capital to promote collective action. Development of the Croatian nation-state and its transition from State controlled to market system, coupled with conflicting issues of regional identity and local island context, and has significant impact on levels of trust and social integration. Finally a local non-government organisation provides the motivation for the designation of the Reserve and facilitation between the varying stakeholders and relevant authorities. The new paradigm of participation and co-management in protected areas for participative conservation provides for the overlaps within both commons and protected area literature. It is suggested that common pool resource scholarship can provide a framework for the development of marine protected areas, with certain contextual caveats. In turn marine protected area case studies can provide insights into other fields of commons research, particularly complex common pool resource theory.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Money in Croatia, 1527 – 1941 the History of Money in Croatia, •
    Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević The History of Money in Croatia, 1527 – 1941 The History of Money in Croatia, • 1527 – 1941 Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević ISBN 978-953-8013-08-9 Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević The History of Money in Croatia 1527 – 1941 Zagreb, 2018 Dedicated to the first Governor of the Croatian National Bank, Ante Čičin-Šain. Acknowledgements The Croatian National Bank wishes to acknowledge all the contributors for their collaboration in the publication of this book. Particular gratitude goes to the author, Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević, PhD, Full Professor (retired) at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb, to the late Professor Ante Čičin-Šain, PhD, the first Governor of the Croatian National Bank in the independent Republic of Croatia, who initiated the project on the history of money and central banking in Croatia, and to Željko Rohatinski, PhD, who, as the Governor of the Croatian National Bank at the time the project was started, approved the project proposal. Their work, initiative and support were crucial for the publication of this book. The project will be finalised with the publication of a whole series of books presenting the full history of money and central banking in Croatia, with comments on the theory and practice of the country’s monetary policy and contemporary central banking. The book was reviewed by Ivan Mirnik, PhD, Museum and Scientific Adviser (retired) at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb and Vladimir Gajger, PhD, Scientific Adviser at the Croatian Institute of History. Their constructive remarks contributed not only to the content of this book but also to the course of the overall project.
    [Show full text]
  • War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina
    WAR CRIMES IN BOSNIABOSNIA----HERCEGOVINAHERCEGOVINA WAR CRIMES IN BOSNIABOSNIA----HERCEGOVINAHERCEGOVINA August 1992 A Helsinki Watch Report A Division of Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW, Ste 910 New York, NY 10017 Washington, DC 20005 Tel (212) 972-8400 Tel (202) 371-6592 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 WAR CRIMES IN BOSNIABOSNIA----HERCEGOVINAHERCEGOVINA A Helsinki Watch Report Human Rights Watch New York !!! Washington !!! Los Angeles !!! London Copyright 8 August 1992 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 92-73777. ISBN: 1-56432-083-9. Cover design by Robert Kimzey. Helsinki Watch was formed in 1978 to monitor and promote observance of domestic and international compliance with the human rights provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. The Chair is Jonathan Fanton; Vice Chair, Alice H. Henkin; Executive Director, Jeri Laber; Deputy Director, Lois Whitman; Staff Counsel, Holly Cartner; Research Associates, Erika Dailey, Rachel Denber and Ivana Nizich; Associates, Pamela Cox and Christina Derry. Helsinki Watch is affiliated with the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, which is based in Vienna. Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch is composed of Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Helsinki Watch, Middle East Watch and the Fund for Free Expression. The Executive Committee comprises Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant; Lisa Anderson; Peter D. Bell; Alice L. Brown; William Carmichael; Dorothy Cullman; Irene Diamond; Jonathan Fanton; Jack Greenberg; Alice H. Henkin; Stephen L. Kass; Marina Pinto Kaufman; Jeri Laber; Aryeh Neier; Bruce Rabb; Harriet Rabb; Kenneth Roth; Orville Schell; Gary G.
    [Show full text]